BUAT OSPE FISIOLOGI IBD

EXERCISE 1
Pre-lab Quiz =
- The driving force for diffusion is = the kinetic energy of the molecules in motion
- In diffusion, molecules move = from high concentration to low concentration
- Which of the following dialysis membranes has the largest pore size = 200 MWCO
- Avogadro’s number is a contant for the number of = molecules
Pratikum
- The reason sodium chloride didn’t diffuse left to right is that (20 MWCO) = the
membrane pore size was too small
- Moluculer weight of urea is 60.07, -> the uria can’t move (no, not at all) throught
the 20 MWCO membrane
- Glucose is a six-carbon sugar. Albumin is a protein with 607 amino acids. The
average molecular weight of a single amino acid is 135 g/mole. There is no reason to
run these solutes at the 20 MWCO because = glucose and albumin are both too
large to pass
- The rate of diffusion for urea = is slower than that for sodium because urea is a
larger molecule
Post-lab Quiz
- The effect of increasing the concentration of sodium chloride from 9mM to 18Mm in
the left beaker was to = increase the rate of diffusion
- Describe the difference between the rate of diffusion seen for sodium and urea =
urea diffused more slowly because it is larger than sodium
- Which of the following solutes did not pass through any of the membranes? =
albumin
- When diffusion stops, we say the solution has reached = equilibrium
Worksheets
- The two variables affecting the rate of diffusion are the concentration gradient and
size of the molecule.

• Concentration gradient: The movement of the substance is generally along the

concentration gradient of the solute and it moves from a region of its higher
concentration to a region of its lower concentration. When there is concentration
gradient the net effect would be the spontaneous movement of the molecules until
equilibrium is attained.

• Size of the molecule: The size of the molecule is inversely proportional to the
diffusion rate. The smaller sized molecules have higher rate of diffusion than the
 larger sized molecules. The reason for this is that the energy requirement for
diffusion of smaller molecules is less as compared to the larger molecules

- Why do you think the urea was not able to diffuse through the 20 MWCO
membrane?
The molecular weight cut off (MWCO) of urea is 60. Therefore, the reason for the
inability of urea to diffuse through the 20 membrane was the smaller pore size of the
membrane as compared to the size of urea molecules. The pore size of 20 MWCO
membrane is very small for the urea molecules, which have molecular weight cut off
(MWCO) of 60 through the membrane.
Yes, our prediction coordinated with the results that were achieved at the time of
simulation, as urea couldn’t diffuse given its large molecular weight is 60.06 g/mole,
through the pores of the 20 MWCO membranes.
- Describe the results of the attempts to diffuse glucose and albumin through the 200
MWCO membrane
The molecular weight of glucose is 180.16 g/mole. The molecular weight cut off of
the glucose molecule is well within the range, to diffuse through the membrane of
200 MWCO. However, the albumin’s molecules were too large and therefore were
not able to pass through the membrane. The results are in conjunction with the
predictions.
- Put the following in order from smallest to largesy molecular weight: glucose,
sodium chloride, albumin, and urea
Following are the molecular weights of:
• Sodium chloride: 58.4428 g/mol.
• Urea: 60.0553 g/mol
• Glucose: 180.1559 g/mol
• Albumin: 67 kDa
Therefore, following is the arrangement of these molecules from the smallest
molecular weight to largest molecular weight:
Sodium chloride < urea < glucose < albumin
EXERCISE 2
PRE-LAB QUIZ
- Molecules need a carrier protein to help them move across a membrane because =
they are lipid insoluble or they are too larger
- Which of the true of facilitated diffusion = movement is passive and down a
concentration gradient
- Examples of solutes that might require facilitated diffusion include = glucose,
sodium potassium, etc
- What would not affect the rate of facilitated diffusion = the amount of intracellular
ATP
Pratikum
- What happened to the glucose transport rate when the glucose concentration was
increased from 2 mM to 8 mM ? = the glucose transport rate increase
- What effect do you think increasing the number of protein carriers will have on the
glucose transport rate? = increase the rate of diffusion glucose
- Describe the conditions that resulted In the fastest rate of glucose transport = the
highest glucose carrier and the highest mM glucose
- Why do you think equilibrium wasn’t reached? = the membrane protein were
saturated
- What effect do you think adding Na+Cl- will have on the glucose transport rate? =
there will be no change in the glucose transport rate
POST LAB QUIZ
- What variable increased the rate of facilitated diffusion of glucose? = increasing the
concentration of glucose and increasing the number of membrane carriers
- For facilitated diffusion, increasing the concentration of glucose on one side of the
membrane is the same as = making the concentration gradient steeper
- When all of the membrane carriers are enganged or busy we say they are =
saturated
- Na+Cl- had no effect on glucose transport because = sodium is not required for
glucose transport in the stimulation
Worksheet
- Explain in one way in which facilitated diffusion is same as simple diffusion and one
way in which it is different from simple diffusion
Similar ity between facilitated diffusion and simple diffusion: Both simple and
facilitated diffusion transport molecules down the concentration gradient i.e., from
higher concentration to lower concentration. In both simple and facilitated diffusion
the process does expend any energy from the cell.
- The larger value obtained when more glucose carriers were present corresponds to
an increase in the rate of glucose transport. Explain why the rate increased.

The rate of glucose transport increased with an increase in the presence of more
glucose carriers because more molecules of glucose are able to be transported across
 the membrane if there are more transporters present. There is an increased
sensitivity or upregulation of the transport of the glucose molecules with a higher
amount of carrier proteins, therefore the rate increased as the number of glucose
carriers increased.
- Explain your prediction for the effect Na+ Cl- might have on glucose transport. In
other words, explain why you picked the choice that you did.

Sodium chloride won't affect the rate of glucose transport because sodium chloride
is not needed for transport.
EXERCISE 3
Pre-lab Quiz
- Wihich of the following is true of osmosis? = it is a type of diffusion
- Which of the following occurs when a hypertonic solution is added to cells? = the
cells shrink
- The variable that affects osmotic pressure is = the concentration of nondiffusing
solutes
- The net movement of water would be into the cell in a = hypotonic solution
PRATIKUM
- What effect do you think increasing the Na+Cl- concentration will have? =
increased pressure (20 MWCO -> no diffusing on Na+Cl-)
- Why do you think there is no pressure change (10mM Na+Cl- into 50MWCO) =
sodium is able to diffuse through the pores
- Why do you think there was no pressure change? = there is no net movement of
water because the solute concentrations are the same
- What do you think will be the pressure result of the current experimental
conditions? = pressure above the albumin beaker - > albumin can’t diffuse and
glucose can diffuse
POST-LAB QUIZ
- If you double the concentration of a nondiffusible solute that is on one side of a
membrane, the osmotic pressure will = double
- Which membrane did not allow Na+Cl- to pass through = 20 MWCO
- When a solute is able to diffuse through a membrane = equilibrium
- Water diffuses = toward solutes
WORKSHEET
- Explain the effect that increasing the Na+ Cl- concentration had on osmotic
pressure and why it has this effect.
 Increasing the NaCl concentration increased the osmotic pressure because there was
an increase in force required to oppose osmosis in the closed system.
- Describe one way in which osmosis is similar to simple diffusion and one way in
which it is different.
Osmosis is similar to simple diffusion in that it's a passive process and moves
solutes. Osmosis is different from simple diffusion because it's the movement of
water rather than solutes.
- Solutes are sometimes measured in milliosmoles. Explain the statement, "Water
chases milliosmoles."
Water chases milliosomoles can be explained or translated to mean that water goes
in its diffusion towards a higher concentration of solutes down a gradient.
- Describe one way in which Osmosis is similar to simple diffusion and one way in
which it is different.
-
- both are passive transports of high concentration gradient to low concentration
gradient. Osmosis differs because it is the diffusion of water from a high to a low
concentration gradient through a selective permeable membrane.

- the conditions were 9 mM albumin in the left beaker and 10 mM glucose in the right
beaker with the 200 MWCO membrane in place. Explain the results.
glucose diffuses from right beaker to the left beaker until equilibrium is reached.
albumin can't diffuse through the membrane and osmotic pressure of 153mmHg
results.
EXERCISE 4
Pre-lab QUIZ
- filtration is a process that = is passive
- filtration is dependent upon a = hydrostatic pressure gradient
- the filtration = includes fluids, includes solutes, passes through the filter
- an important place that filtration takes place in the body is in = the kidney
PRATIKUM
- the reason none of the solutes were present in the filtrate was that = the solutes were
all too large to pass through
- what effect will increasing the pore size of the filter have on the filtration rate? = the
filtration rate increased
- what will happen if you increase the beaker (the driving pressure) = increase the
filtration rate
 - what does an increase in the driving pressure correspond to in the body? = an
increase in blood pressure
Post-lab QUIZ
- after filtration, substances that pass through the filter are called the filtrate, which
includes=
- the top breaker in the simulation corresponds to = the blood capillary
- why was there not 100% recovery of the Na+Cl- solute with any of the membranes ?
= some of the solute remained on the membrane filter
- an increase in blood pressure would probably initially ---- filtration in the kidneys =
increase the rate of
Worksheet
- which solute did not appear in the filtrate using any of the membranes? explain
why.
activated charcoal.
- why did increasing the pressure increased the filtration rate but not the
concentration of solutes?
because the pressure allows for more movement through the membrane but
equilibrium was not reached.
EXERCISE 5
PRE-LAB QUIZ
- the movement of sodium and potassium maintained by the Na+ K+ pump = requires
energy and is against a concentration gradient
- the sodium-potassium pump is classified as an = antiporter
- the sodium-potasium pump moves –3—sodium ions and –2—potassium ions
simultaneously
- solutes that require active transport for movement might be too large to pass or
might be = lipid insoluble
PRATIKUM
- why did the sodium transport stop before the transport was completed?= the ATP
was depleted
 -

- What do you think will result from these experimental conditions ? = no Na+ will be
transported
- Why was the equilibrium for the solutes reached earlier? = there were more pumps
for transport
- Do you think the addition of glucose carriers will affect the transport of sodium or
potassium? = no, it will no affect the transport of both ions
POST-LAB QUIZ
- What happened when you increased the amount of ATP dispensed with the same
concentration of sodium and potassium on either wide of the membrane ? = more
ions were transported
- At what concentration of ATP were the sodium and potassium maximally
transported? = 3 mM ATP
- What was the effect of adding more Na+ K+ pumps to the simulated cells? =
Transport of ions was faster
- Describe the effect of adding glucose carriers to the sodium and potassium transport
= there was no change in the transport rate because glucose is transported
independently
WORKSHEET
- describe the significance of using 9mM sodium chloride inside the cell and 6 mM
potassium chloride outside the cell, instead of other concentration ratio.
 because the Na/K pump allows for 3:2 ratio.
- Explain why there was no sodium transport even though ATP was present.
in order for Na/K pump to function both ions need to be present even if ATP is
present. since only Na was present it would use a passive diffusion down the
concentration gradient.
- Explain why the addition of glucose carriers had no effect on sodium or potassium
transport.
because glucose concentration does not affect the Na/K concentration. it only has
affect on glucose itself.
- do you think glucose is being actively transported or transported by facilitated
diffusion in this experiment? explain you answer.
it is being transported by facilitated diffusion. since glucose is a lipid insoluble and
too large to pass through the membrane it requires a carrier but not ATP.