Name : Umar Ali

Roll Number : 522

Class # : Bcs 5th Semester

Assignment # : 07

Submitted to : Iddress sir

Subject : “Data Communication and

Networking”
Q1.

1. Frequency Division Multiplexing

(FDM):-
Definition: Frequency division multiplexing is a multiplexing technique
in which multiple separate information signals can be transmitted over a
single communication channel by occupying different frequency slots
within common channel bandwidth. FDM technique is basically used for
muxing of analog signals.

Multiplexing is the process of combining multiple signals into one signal, over a
shared medium. If the analog signals are multiplexed, then it is called as analog
multiplexing. Similarly, if the digital signals are multiplexed, then it is called as digital
multiplexing.
Multiplexing was first developed in telephony. A number of signals were combined to
send through a single cable. The process of multiplexing divides a communication
channel into several number of logical channels, allotting each one for a different
message signal or a data stream to be transferred. The device that does multiplexing
can be called as Multiplexer or MUX.
The reverse process, i.e., extracting the number of channels from one, which is done at
the receiver is called as de-multiplexing. The device that does de-multiplexing can be
called as de-multiplexer or DEMUX.
The following figures illustrates the concept of MUX and DEMUX. Their primary use is
in the field of communications.
Types of Multiplexers:-
There are mainly two types of multiplexers, namely analog and digital. They are further
divided into Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM), Wavelength Division Multiplexing
(WDM), and Time Division Multiplexing (TDM). The following figure gives a detailed
idea about this classification.

There are many types of multiplexing techniques. Out of which, we have the main
types with general classification, mentioned in the above figure. Let us take a look at
them individually.

Analog Multiplexing-
The signals used in analog multiplexing techniques are analog in nature. The analog
signals are multiplexed according to their frequency (FDM) or wavelength (WDM).
Frequency Division Multiplexing
In analog multiplexing, the most used technique is Frequency Division Multiplexing
(FDM). This technique uses various frequencies to combine streams of data, for
sending them on a communication medium, as a single signal.
Example − A traditional television transmitter, which sends a number of channels
through a single cable uses FDM.
Wavelength Division Multiplexing
Wavelength Division multiplexing (WDM) is an analog technique, in which many data
streams of different wavelengths are transmitted in the light spectrum. If the
wavelength increases, the frequency of the signal decreases. A prism, which can turn
different wavelengths into a single line, can be used at the output of MUX and input of
DEMUX.
Example − Optical fiber communications use WDM technique, to merge different
wavelengths into a single light for communication.

Digital Multiplexing:-
The term digital represents the discrete bits of information. Hence, the available data is
in the form of frames or packets, which are discrete.
Time Division Multiplexing
In Time Division Multiplexing (TDM), the time frame is divided into slots. This technique
is used to transmit a signal over a single communication channel, by allotting one slot
for each message.
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) can be classified into Synchronous TDM and
Asynchronous TDM.
Synchronous TDM
In Synchronous TDM, the input is connected to a frame. If there are ‘n’ number of
connections, then the frame is divided into ‘n’ time slots. One slot is allocated for each
input line.
In this technique, the sampling rate is common for all signals and hence the same
clock input is given. The MUX allocates the same slot to each device at all times.
Asynchronous TDM
In Asynchronous TDM, the sampling rate is different for each of the signals and a
common clock is not required. If the allotted device for a time slot transmits nothing and
sits idle, then that slot can be allotted to another device, unlike synchronous
This type of TDM is used in Asynchronous transfer mode networks.
De-Multiplexer:-
De-multiplexers are used to connect a single source to multiple destinations. This
process is the reverse process of multiplexing. As mentioned previously, it is used
mostly at the receivers. DEMUX has many applications. It is used in receivers in the
communication systems. It is used in arithmetic and logical unit in computers to supply
power and to pass on communication, etc.
De-multiplexers are used as serial to parallel converters. The serial data is given as
input to DEMUX at regular interval and a counter is attached to it to control the output
of the de-multiplexer.
Both the multiplexers and de-multiplexers play an important role in communication
systems, both at the transmitter and the receiver sections.
2. Time-division multiplexing (TDM):-
Time-division multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting and receiving
independent signals over a common signal path by means of synchronized
switches at each end of the transmission line so that each signal appears
on the line only a fraction of time in an alternating pattern.

Multiplexing is used in the cases where the signals of lower bandwidth and the
transmitting media are having higher bandwidth. In this case, the possibility of
sending a number of signals is more. In this the signals are combined into one
and are sent over a link which has greater bandwidth of media than the
communicating nodes.

TDM is a digital multiplexing technique for combining several low-rate

channels into one high-rate one.

Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) –

This happens when data transmission rate of media is greater than that of the source,
and each signal is allotted a definite amount of time. These slots are so small that all
transmissions appear to be parallel. In frequency division multiplexing all the signals
operate at the same time with different frequencies, but in time division multiplexing
all the signals operate with same frequency at different times.
It is of following types:
1. Synchronous TDM –
The time slots are pre-assigned and fixed. This slot is even given if the source is not ready
with data at this time. In this case the slot is transmitted empty. It is used for multiplexing
digitized voice stream.

2. Asynchronous (or statistical) TDM –

The slots are allocated dynamically depending on the speed of source or their ready state. It
dynamically allocates the time slots according to different input channel’s needs, thus
saving the channel capacity.
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Difference between TDM and FDM
Prerequisite – Frequency division and Time division multiplexing
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM):
TDM is the multiplexing technique. TDM works with digital signals likewise as analog signals. In
TDM, synchronization pulse is important. TDM share the timescale for the various signals. It have
two types:
1. Synchronous TDM
2. Asynchronous TDM

Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM):

FDM is the multiplexing technique which is used in analog system. In FDM, Guard band is
required and the spectral efficiency of FDM is low. In FDM, Bandwidth(B) is committed to the
different sources.
The difference between TDM and FDM:

S.NO
TDM FDM

TDM stands for Time division FDM stands for Frequency division

1. multiplexing. multiplexing.

TDM works with digital signals as well While FDM works with only analog

2. as analog signals. signals.

3. TDM has low conflict. While it has high conflict.

While it’s wiring or chip is complex

4. Wiring or chip of TDM is simple. rather than simple.

5. TDM is efficient. While it is inefficient.

While in this, frequency sharing

6. In TDM, time sharing takes place. takes place.

In TDM, synchronization pulse is

7. necessary. While in it Guard band is necessary.

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Q1.
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL):-
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL, originally, digital subscriber loop) is a
communication o transfer internet through copper wire telecommunication
line.Along with cable internet, DSL is one of the most popular ways ISPs provide
broadband internet access.
 Its aim is to maintain the high speed of the internet being transfered.
 If we ask that how we gonna achieve such thing i.e., both telephone and internet
facility, then the answer is by using splitters or DSL filters(shown in below
diagram).Basically, the use splitter is to splits the frequency and make sure that they
can’t get interrupted.

Types of DSL –
1. Symmetric DSL – SDSL, splits the upstream and downstream frequencies evenly,
providing equal speeds to both uploading and downloading data transfer.This connection
may provide 2 Mbps upstream and downstream.it is mostly preferred by small
organizations.
2. Asymmetric DSL – ADSL, provides a wider frequency range for downstream transfers,
which offers several times faster downstream speeds.an ADSL connection may offer 20
Mbps downstream and 1.5 Mbps upstream, it is because most users download more data
than they upload.
Benefits –
 No Additional Wiring – A DSL connection makes use of your existing telephone wiring,
so you will not have to pay for expensive upgrades to your phone system.
 Cost Effective – DSL internet is a very cost-effective method and is best in connectivity
  Availability of DSL modems by the service providers.
 User can use the both telephone line and internet at a same time.And it is because the voice
is transferred on other frequency and digital signals are transferred on others.
 User can choose between different connection speeds and pricing from various providers.
DSL Internet service only works over a limited physical distance and remains unavailable in many
areas where the local telephone infrastructure does not support DSL technology. The service is not
available everywhere. The connection is faster for receiving data than it is for sending data over the
Internet.
Attention reader! Don’t stop learning now. Get hold of all the important CS Theory concepts for
SDE interviews with the CS Theory Course at a student-friendly price and become industry ready.