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Real Time Ampacity: How It Works
Real Time Ampacity: How It Works
Real Time Ampacity: How It Works
1. Sag – temperature
The State Change Equation
detailed f.e. in Kiessling et al Overhead Power lines,
2. Conductor temperature –
line loading & environment conditions
The IEEE thermal model
IEEE Std 738 - 2006
Mar 2011 2
1. State Change Equation
(8f2 / 3L2) - (pL2 / 8f ES) - aT = Cte (*)
These constants can be known with relative good accuracy and do not
tend to change in time.
(*) SI Units
Mar 2011 3
1. State Change Equation - Known State
Mar 2011 4
1. State Change Equation – Known State
Ampacimon Monitor Weather Station TSO
IEEE
Thermal Model
Conductor Mean
Temperature
Constant
(Known State)
(*) Stable observation conditions
Mar 2011 5
2. IEEE dynamic thermal model
The IEEE model is a differential equation due to the thermal inertia of
the conductor.
Mar 2011 6
2. IEEE model – IEEE parameters
Solar radiation:
• Full / Cloudy
• Evolution curve in function of localisation, moment of year and
orientation of the span
Absorptivity: = 0.9 (Cigre TB299 - conservative)
Emissivity: = 0.7 (Cigre TB299 – conservative)
Rain:
not directly considered, compensated by effective ambient
conditions
Mar 2011 7
2. IEEE model - Effective Ambient Conditions
The conductor temperature is also simulated using the IEEE model with
the actual current (from TSO) and environmental conditions (from
web/weather station).
Mar 2011 8
2. IEEE model - Effective Ambient Conditions
Ampacimon Monitor TSO
Conductor RT Line
Ruling Span Sag
Constants Loading
State Change
Equation
Effective
Ambient
Conditions (*)
Mar 2011 11
3. IEEE dynamic model - RT Ampacity
To determine the Ampacity the IEEE dynamic model is used with the
effective wind speed and solar radiation.
Note that as the sag increases, the system becomes obviously more
and more accurate. For a limit situation where the measured sag
equals the maximum sag, the Ampacity is then exactly reached ! In
such safety situation, Ampacimon only relies on its measurement of
the span fundamental frequency without any other parameter or
calibration !
Mar 2011 12
3. IEEE dynamic model – RT Span Ampacity
TSO TSO TSO
Effective
State Change
Ambient
Equation
Conditions
Maximum
IEEE
Conductor MIN
Thermal Model
Temperature
RT Span
Ampacity
(*) < Annealing temperature
Mar 2011 13
3. RT Ampacity – Static Rating Safety
In some cases the RT Ampacity cannot be determined :
Then the Ampacity is determined using the IEEE thermal model with
Safe Static Rating conditions:
Mar 2011 14
3. IEEE dynamic model - RT Line Ampacity
Mar 2011 15
3. RT Line Ampacity
Monitors may be installed in same or/
and in different sections !
MIN
RT Line
Ampacity
TSO
Mar 2011 16
3. RT Ampacity - Dispatching Operator Screen
Mar 2011 17
3. RT Sag & RT Ampacity / Time
Mar 2011 18
Ampacimon RT Ampacity - Conclusions
Mar 2011 19