Buku Dasar Dadah Negara EN

NATIONAL
DRUG
POLICY
MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS
national anti-drugs agency
First Printing - 2017
National Anti-Drugs Agency

Ministry of Home Affairs
Jalan Maktab Perguruan Islam
43000 Kajang, Selangor
Tel: 03 - 8911 2200 Fax: 03 - 8926 2055
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD
Deputy Prime Minister cum Minister of Home Affairs ................................................... i
Secretary Ministry of Home Affairs ................................................................................ ii
General Director of National Anti-Drugs Agency ......................................................... iv
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..................................................................................................... 1
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 4
Drug and Addiction ......................................................................................................... 5
Issues and Challenges ..................................................................................................... 13
Function and Role of the Implementing Agency ........................................................ 20
CHAPTER 2: CONCEPT AND PRINCIPLE ROLE
Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 22
Basic Concept .................................................................................................................. 23
Core 1 - Preventive Education ............................................................................ 26
Core 2 - Treatment and Rehabilitation .............................................................. 51
Core 3 - Enforcement ........................................................................................... 64
Core 4 - Harm Reduction ..................................................................................... 69
Core 5 - International Cooperation .................................................................... 76
CHAPTER 3: ASSESSMENT AND MONITORING
Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 82
Types of Assessment ........................................................................................................ 83
Appraisal Commitee ...................................................................................................... 84
Assessment Report ........................................................................................................... 85
Core Monitoring ............................................................................................................... 87
i
National Drug Policy 2017
In the name of Allah, the Most Beneficent, the Most
Merciful,
Assalamu’alaikum WBT, salam 1Malaysia, and greetings.
The National Drug Policy (NDP) is enacted to serve

as a comprehensive policy encompassing all core
and priority areas for the prevention, treatment, and
rehabilitation of addicts as well as enforcing drug-
related laws in a holistic manner. The drafting of the
NDP is deemed to be timely and in line with current drug
development and scenario. This policy corresponds
with the transformation of services for the treatment
and rehabilitation of drug addicts offered by the
government, which remain relevant till today. This policy
coincides with the transformation of services offered by
the government to treat and rehabilitate drug addicts,
which are considered relevant today.
Foreword
Deputy Prime Minister
The NDP explains in detail the role and commitment
to be shouldered by all parties in all programmes and
activities to be implemented for the target groups.
cum Minister of Home Affairs Under this policy, the government, particularly the
Ministry of Home Affairs, continues to take a serious view
in addressing the issue of drug abuse and in supporting
all efforts taken by the government agencies, the
private sector, and non-governmental organisations in
providing the best service to the people.
Accordingly, the Ministry has high hopes that this policy

become one of the country’s key policies, particularly
with respect to reducing the supply and demand for
drugs in Malaysia. Lastly, I would like to congratulate
and thank all those who have contributed greatly to
the drafting of this policy. It is our hope that this policy
will serve as a guide to all parties in the planning and
in realising Malaysia’s goal of becoming a drug-free
nation. Together we shall work hand-in-hand to combat
drug abuse.
YAB Dato’ Seri Dr. Ahmad Zahid bin Hamidi
ii
Dasar Dadah Negara 2017
Alhamdulillah, thanks be to Allah SWT, for with His
bounty and blessings, the National Drug Policy
(NDP) has come to fruition through the combined
efforts and commitment of all parties involved. The
National Anti-Drugs Agency, through the Ministry
of Home Affairs (MHA), and with the co-operation
of all stakeholders, has successfully produced the
National Drug Policy (NDP) which could be a major
source of reference and guide in addressing the
drug problem in the country.
For the success of the mission and vision of this policy,

solid collaboration is needed from all stakeholders,
strategic partners, and smart partners to take on the
role and responsibility of eradicating drug abuse
across the country. The impact and effectiveness
of the effort will be seen if all the ministries and
enforcement agencies collaborate through the use
of the National Blue Ocean Strategy (NBOS) both
locally and internationally to curb and subsequently,
cripple the smuggling and trafficking of drugs.
As such, the government, particularly the Ministry
Foreword
General Secretary
of Home Affairs, hopes that the policy will be used
by all parties by studying each and every one of
the thrusts outlined in the policy. This policy can
Ministry of Home Affairs also be used as a reference and platform for the
implementation of preventive as well as treatment
and rehabilitation programmes across all levels of
the organisation or community.
I would also like to take this opportunity to express my

sincere gratitude and appreciation to the National
Drug Policy experts, government agencies, non-
governmental organisations (NGOs), and all those
who were involved, either directly or indirectly, in
the formulation of the National Drug Policy. Last
but not least, a warm thank you goes to those who
have given unwavering support to our effort in
combating the drug menace.
Dato’ Sri Alwi bin Hj Ibrahim
iii
Thanks be to Allah SWT, for with His consent, the
effort to produce a comprehensive and high quality
National Drug Policy has come to fruition through
the hard work of all parties involved, be it directly or
indirectly. It is hoped that this NDP booklet will be used
as a comprehensive and co-ordinated framework in
the design and implementation of core programmes
as set out under this policy. This policy should also
be implemented by all parties responsible through
collaborative and concerted effort to achieve the
government’s desire to combat the drug menace.
In order to achieve this goal, the National Anti-Drugs

Agency (NADA), as the leading agency in this field,
believes that the approach for every programme
to be implemented requires a paradigm shift in line
with the social transformation of this century. Sensitive
to current developments and drug scenarios, the
NADA takes the initiative to diversify efforts to ensure
that every programme and activity to combat the
country’s number one enemy is conducted in a
planned and systematic manner and meets current
Foreword
General Director
needs. In addition, the co-operation of all parties and
strategic partners is needed to improve performance
and enhance the delivery of agency services to
National Anti-Drug Agency customers.
Lastly, I would like to take this opportunity to extend

my sincere gratitude to the Ministry of Home
Affairs, Government departments/agencies, non-
governmental organisations (NGOs), expert groups,
and researchers as well as all those who have
contributed their ideas and views and given their full
commitment to ensure the successful drafting and
publication of the National Drug Policy. May our efforts
and intentions be blessed and of benefit to all parties
in the realisation of our goal to eradicate the nation’s
number one enemy.
Dato’ Dr. Abd. Halim bin Mohd Hussin
iv
Dasar Dadah Negara 2017
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
T he National Drug Policy (DDN 2017) was tabled at the Cabinet Meeting (MJM) and approved
on 10 March 2017. DDN 2017 was the first improvement on the first National Drug Policy (DDN)
that was enacted in 1996. The Government considers the National Drug Policy (DDN) 1996 needs
to be updated so that it is more inclusive with a more comprehensive action and in line with
current changes that need to be addressed in handling drug issues.
This requirement has been taken by the National Anti-Drug Agency (AADK), starting with the
National Drug Policy review process since 2014 involving the Ministry / department / government
agency, Non Governmental Organisation and relevant private sector to provide input and views
for improvements to this DDN.
The goal of DDN 2017 has been enhanced to create Malaysia and the Malaysian society free of
drug threats to ensure the well-being of the community, maintaining national stability and resilience.
It prioritises the collaborative approaches and strategies of various implementing agencies
including the Ministries, departments, government agencies, Non-Governmental Organisations
and the private sector through the implementation of five (5) principal cores namely prevention,
treatment and medicine, enforcement, harm mitigation and international cooperation.
The DDN 2017 is also designed and prepared based on scientific evidence as well as taking
into account best practices from developed countries such as Switzerland, Australia, the United
Kingdom, Germany and Canada.
Government departments / agencies / Government agencies, Non Governmental Organisations

and the private sector involved in the planning, implementation and delivery of services should
undertake a pre and post evaluation assessment of programmes to ensure that the programmes
implemented achieve DDN 2017 objectives.
The assessment results should be reported to the National Drug Policy Implementation Coordinator
as established by the Prime Minister’s Directive No. 1 Year 2004.
The Home Ministry (KDN) also hopes that the DDN 2017 will be used as a source of reference and a
guideline in combating drugs for all stages of implementation throughout the country. All Ministries
/ departments / government agencies, Non-Governmental Organisations and the private sector
should make this policy a key reference and guide in addressing drug problems in the country.
Implementation of DDN 2017 is expected to assist the Government’s efforts to achieve the goal of
supply and demand reduction against drugs in Malaysia.
The government will also ensure that the implementation of DDN 2017 does not involve any
implications for existing legislation but it increases the involvement of the community in dealing
with drug problems and reduces the harm and misuse of the drug from a social point of view
among Malaysians.
1
INTRODUCTION
Tabled at the Cabinet Meeting (MJM) and approved

on 10 March 2017
NATIONAL Improvement on the first National Drug Policy (DDN)
DRUG that was enacted in 1996
POLICY
2017 Requirement has been taken by the National Anti-
Drug Agency (AADK), starting with the National Drug
Policy review process since 2014 involving the Ministry /
department / government agency, Non Governmental
Organisation and relevant private sector to provide
input and views for improvements
MISSION
TO CREATE AND DEVELOPING RAKYAT

FREE FROM DRUGS
To create Malaysia and the Malaysian society

free of drug threats to ensure the well-being of
the community, maintaining national stability and
resilience.
To achieve the goal of supply and demand reduction

against drugs in Malaysia.
2
JOINT-EFFORT AND COLLABORATION
Departments Non-
/ Ministries/ Governmental
Enforcing Organizations Private Sectors
Agencies (NGO)
5 MAIN CORES OF NATIONAL DRUG POLICY
A. Preventive education
B. Treatment and recovery
C. Enforcement
D. Harm reduction
E. International cooperation
COUNTRIES THAT ACCOUNT BEST PRACTICES IN DRUG PREVENTION

BASED ON NDP 2017
United Kingdom Canada Australia Switzerland Germany
3
CHAPTER 1:
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
T he problem of drug addiction is complex and agreed globally as a chronic

and relapsing disease. Drugs directly affect the user’s brain and can affect
their thoughts, feelings, and behaviour changes. This problem also poses a serious
threat to the health, safety, prosperity and prosperity of the family, community
and the country, as well as to the addict itself. The final impact of this problem
can affect the overall development of the country or in particular resulting in
misery to the addicts and their families.
Malaysia as a country that supports the other government agencies, including non-
responsibility of ensuring the sustainability and governmental organisations, should make this
well-being of its people, recognises the dangers policy a reference and guide to addressing
and effects of drug problems. Thus, Malaysia drug issues in the country.
will actively carry out its responsibilities, in the
context of its territory and through international This will help the government’s efforts to
collaboration, by formulating a drug policy achieve the goal of supply and demand
aimed at ensuring the wellbeing, health, self- reduction of drugs in Malaysia.
esteem and safety of the people as a whole.
This drug policy will be a comprehensive

and coordinated framework in preventing,
treating and rehabilitating, enforcing laws,
and reducing the harm of drug addiction
problems. All drug enforcement agencies and
4
INTRODUCTION
DRUG AND ADDICTION
1.2.1 DEFINITION OF DRUG
Drugs refer to material produced from crops or synthetics, which can cause mood
changes and have psychoactive effects, which fall into the four main categories,
namely:
D rugs that depress the central nervous system (brain) and

Depressants
reduce pain. Its use can cause physical and psychological

dependence, while the cessation or reduction of use will lead
to the occurrence of withdrawal symptoms. Examples of this
category of drugs are alcohol, morphine, heroin, codeine,
barbiturates, and tranquillizers.
D rugs that act to stimulate the central nervous system (brain)

and produce a feeling of pleasure. Its use can cause
Stimulants
physical and psychological dependence, while its cessation

or reduction of use will lead to the occurrence of withdrawal
symptoms. Examples of this category of drugs are cocaine
and amphetamine.
D
Hallucinogenics
rugs that can alter the function of the sensory system,

especially hearing, sight, and taste. Its use can cause
physical and psychological dependence, while its cessation
or reduction of use causes no withdrawal symptoms. Examples
of this category of drugs are LSD and PCP, including organic
drugs such as Peyote and Salvia.
D rugs that have suppressive, stimulant and hallucinogenic

effects, which are difficult to classify. Among the drugs in
Other Types
of Drugs
this category are club drugs (such as Ecstasy and Erimin 5),
cannabis (marijuana and hashish), inhalants (glue and thinner),
other synthetic drugs (such as bath salts) and prescription
drugs (such as sleeping and anti depressant drugs). (American
Psychiatric Association, 2013, DSM-5, pp.- 481-590)
5
Based on the drug category above, and for this policy purpose, drugs can be
divided into 10 different classes, namely:
Alcohol, refers to a drink or liquid containing ethyl alcohol, ethanol or grain

alcohol;
Caffeine, refers to a drink or liquor containing an active ingredient of weakly

stimulated xanthine contained in coffee, tea, chocolate or soft drinks;
Cannabis, referring to drugs derived from marijuana or marijuana plants containing

active chemicals tetrahydrocannabinol (THC);
Hallucinogen, referring to materials that may alter the user’s audio and
visualsystems, such as LSD (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide), PCP (phencyclidine),
Mescaline, Peyote, Ecstasy (also categorised as stimulants), Ketamine and Salvia
Inhalants, refers to easily accessible and abrasive industrial, office, home or

commercial materials or products, including volatile solvents (such as paint
bleach, nail polish,gasoline, glue), aerosols (bleach and bleach) gas (ether,
chloroform, fuel gas such as gasoline, butane and propane), and nitrite (known
as poppers);
Opioids or narcotics, is a substance used to relieve pain, including heroin,

morphine, cough medication (codeine) and opium;
Sedatives, hipnotics or anxiolytics, are abused drugs, including

barbiturates,benzodiazepines, Z drugs (Zaleplon, Zolpidem);
Stimulants, is a substance that stimulates the central nervous system,

including cocaine, amphetamine, amphetamine-type stimulant (ATS), and
methamphetamine;
Tobacco, is a substance derived from plants containing nicotine active ingredients;
Other ingredients are substances that have an effect other than the above, or
acombination of elusive effects, such as Khat, bath salt, Mephedrone, Methylone
(MDMC) and Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV).
All drugs in this classes is known for various names, wherever it was based on trade,
chemical, generic or street names. In Malaysian law context, in purpose of preventive
education, drug treatment and rehabilitation and enforcement, drug refers to:
(a) Any drug listed in the First Schedule, the Dangerous Drugs Act 1952 [Sections 2,11 (1)
and 17 (3));
(b) Any drug listed in the Poisons, Poisons Act 1952 - First Schedule (Section 2), Second
Schedule (Sections 2 and 7), and Third Schedule (Section 30).
6
INTRODUCTION
1.2.2 ADDICTION
Drug use can be categorised into two types, namely:
ABUSE ADDICTION
Improper use of drugs, improper Type of simple, relapse chronic

use, and not for medical purposes illness, characterised by acquiring
(non-medical use) for the purpose and using drugs compulsively,
of getting pleasure or eliminating although its use causes harmful
the disorder effects.
Individuals who use drugs can be identified based on 11 main criteria, which can
also beused as a guide to illustrate their severity either mild, moderate or severe,
namely:
A Loss of control, which often involves drug in high doses or exceeds the desired
duration;
B Failure to reduce or control the use of drugs, ie there is a desire and effort to
reduce or control the use of drugs but not success;
C Time for drug activity, which is a lot of time spent on drug-related activities
such as finding and obtaining drug supplies, use, imagination, and recovery
from the effects of drugs;
D Addicted, which is experiencing addiction, desire or urgency to use drugs;
E Failure to fulfil their obligations, ie the behaviour of drug use causes them to
fail to carry out their responsibilities at work or school or at home;
F Continue the use of drugs even if it causes the user to experience social or
interpersonal problems as a result of drug effects;
G Continuing the addict behaviour even though the physical or psychological

problems experienced are stemmed or exacerbated by drug use;
7
H Having a condition of tolerance, ie a condition characterised by whether
to increase the amount of dose taken to get the same effect, or have a
reduced drug effect when using drugs in the same amount of dosage;
I Have at least three (3) withdrawal or retraction symptoms (varying by type

of drug) within a certain period of time once the use of drugs is stopped
or reduced, or use substitute drugs to relieve or avoid experiencing these
symptoms.
8
INTRODUCTION
1.2.3 RECOVERY INDEX
Recovery is a complex issue and it is very difficult to analyse until now. Communities
and stakeholders often address this issue as a benchmark to explain the success
of an intervention or programme implemented, particularly those involving drug
treatment and rehabilitation programmes. Often the rate of reimbursement,
or when a drug addict returns, becomes the primary and single gauge for the
diagnosis of a person’s recovery after treatment and recovery.
The Administration of Mental Material and For the purpose of looking at this issue in a
Health Abuse Services (SAMHSA, 2012) and the conducive and measurable manner, taking
National Institute of Illicit Abuse (NIDA, 1999), into account that the recovery is a lifelong
the United States, are reviewing the recovery process, and relapses are one of the recovery
as a process of change experienced by processes, the following indicators should
individuals in terms of health and wellbeing, be taken into account to derive the actual
living in self-directed ), and strives to achieve recovery index, namely:
the capabilities of the four main dimensions:
health (healthy living), shelter (stable and
secure), life goals (meaningful lives) and
communities (relationships and social
networks that support and assist recovery).
This definition does not limit the recovery only
to abstinence or reduction the use of drugs
solely.
9
REUSE OF DRUG SUBSTANCES
TREATMENT AND SUPPORT
PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH
PHYSICAL HEALTH
THE USE OF TIME
EDUCATION/TRAINING/OCCUPATION
RECOVERY
INDEX REVENUE INCOME
HOUSING
RELATIONSHIP
SOCIAL FUNCTIONALITY
ANTI-SOCIAL OFFENCES/BEHAVIOUR
WELL-BEING
SELF-IDENTITY/AWARENESS
GOALS/ASPIRATIONS
SPIRITUALITY
10
INTRODUCTION
A Reuse Of Drug Substances E The Use of Time
Its indicators are more structured

The indicator is a reduction in daily routines, using free time
the use of drugs or substances, with beneficial activities and
undergo a harm reduction reducing boredom;
programme, reaching abstinence
levels, and following a re-charge F Education/Training/Occupation
prevention programme.
The indicator is to continue the
education, training or volunteer
B Rawatan dan Sokongan charity work, and a stable career;
Its indicators are getting involved

or have access to supportive G Revenue
support and therapeutic groups.
Its indicators are more stable
income, reduced debt, and
C Psychological Health better financial management;
The indicator is the increase H Housing
in mental health in general,
confidence, mobility, self-control, Its indicator is to have a stable
self-esteem, self-reliance, emotional
and safe place to live, and to
management, accountability, and
live independently;
self-autonomy.
I Relationships
D Physical Health
The indicator is enhancing
The indicator is the improvement relationships with family members,
in physical health, practice peers and non-users, receiving
physical exercise, appearance, social support, honesty with
diet and nutrition. partners / friends, and marrying(or
stable marriage);
11
J Social Functionality O Spirituality
Its indicators are engaged in The indicator is the improvement

community activities, reduced of spiritual well-being, and life
socialproblems, social skills, expectancy.
quality of life with good
community members; The stated index-based indicators
can be added according to the
actual dimensions of the recovery
K Anti-Social Offences/ and to be defined or interpreted by
Behaviour the stakeholders. What is important is
that one or more measuring tools or
The indicator is to reduce the inventories need to be developed
illegal activity or not to commit to measure the true and scientific
offences; recovery index by taking into account
the stated indicators.
L Well-Being
Its indicator is less ashamed or

guilty, having a positive outlook,
ability to accept the problem of
stigma or prejudice openly;
M Self-Identity/Awareness
The indicator is to change

the identity of the addict to
nonaddictive individuals, high
self-awareness, increase self-
esteem;
N Goals/Aspirations
Its indicator is to have meaningful

life goals, to set realistic goals,
to make planning that can be
implemented and achieved;
12
INTRODUCTION
ISSUES AND CHALLENGES

Drugs are still the number one enemy of the country. In an effort to eradicate the
problem of drugs in the country, Malaysia is not spared from dealing with various
issues andchallenges, which directly affects the achievement of the government’s
goal of making the country free of drugs.
Drug offering issues
The use of various drugs among users

(Polydrug Users)
Addiction is the part of the easily-relapsed

chronic diseases
Increasing numbers of drug abusers among

children and adolescents
NDP 2017
ISSUES AND Challenges in assisting hardcore abuser’s
CHALLENGES rehabilitation
The emergence of new drugs or New Psychoactive

Drugs (NPD)
The process of reintegrating drug abusers
Psychotic disorder due to the abuse of synthetic

drugs
Transmission of infectious diseases
Increasing number of street crimes
13
1.3.1 DRUG OFFERING ISSUES
This issue refers to the availability of drugs in

the market economy, retail and social sectors
of a country and society. The General Causes
Model by Brickmayer, Holder, Yacoubian and
Friend (2004, pp. 124) states that drug supply
in the market is closely related to supply and
demand laws, pricing and economic status of
consumers (economics), access to legitimate
drug availability or illegal (retail) and drug
sources in the social (social) network system. The
determinants that can affect the availability of
this drug supply include enforcement, norms
and regulations in a community, promotions
and individual factors.
THE USE OF VARIOUS DRUGS AMONG USERS

1.3.2
(POLYDRUG USERS)
The use of this drug refers to the use of two or

more types of drugs at any one time, in order to
maximise the effects, balancing or controlling
the effects of drugs, and as a substitute drug.
In addition to the risk of death due to excessive
dose effects, this use directly affects the level
of consumer dependence on drugs due
to the effects of additive, synergistic, and
potentiating.
14
INTRODUCTION
1.3.3 ADDICTION IS THE PART OF THE EASILY-RELAPSED CHRONIC

DISEASES
Drug addiction is diagnosed by the World

Health Organization (WHO) as a chronic
and easily relapsed disease, which directly
affects the central nervous system (brain).
Drugdependent consumers are completely
hard-to-recover and will easily fall back
to addiction behaviour at any time after
treatment and recovery, or in recovery. This
is due to their inability to be empowered with
high-risk situations, in terms of their thoughts,
feelings and behaviours, which they face
during the recovery process.
1.3.4 INCREASING NUMBERS OF DRUG ADDICTS AMONG

CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS
The issue of drug addiction among adolescents

/ children should be taken seriously as the
onset of abusive drug abuse among children
is decreasing, which is 10 years. Early exposure
of children and adolescents to drugs, as well
as the presence of risk factors such as easy
drug acquisition, antisocial behaviour, family
members with addiction history, academic
failures, smoking, family affairs, and family
economic problems, giving space and
increase their probability of using drugs at a
younger age.
15
CHALLENGES IN ASSISTING HARDCORE ABUSER’S
1.3.5
REHABILITATION
This issue is directly related to the severity

of the addiction and duration of drug use.
Compulsive drug use and dependence
on drugs have a profound impact on
the central nervous system (brain) that
control the cognitive, emotional and
behaviour and create a new balance
(homeostasis) that make drugs as one of
the material needs of the body. Drug use
will be a necessity for living and functioning
normally. Even though in the early stages,
drug use has a fun effect, but routine
usage will turn into an addictive behaviour
that must be continued in order to avoid
suffering from pain. Individual involvement
in the old addict world, indirectly will inhibit
their function and social system. They will
create their own (sub-culture) culture, and
form different patterns and functions to
continue survival in society. This situation
affects the prospect and ability to recover
and restore them into a normal life system,
and they are more likely to choose the old
values and lifestyle that are compatible
with them and continue to take drugs
(relapse).
16
INTRODUCTION
THE EMERGENCE OF NEW DRUGS OR NEW PSYCHOACTIVE

1.3.6 SUBSTANCES (NPS)
The development of technology and the

sophistication of communication and
information systems provide considerable
space for the creation and emergence of
new psychoactive drugs in the market. Drugs
are no longer confined to conventional
manufacturing in forests or rural areas, but
are more advanced and sophisticated with
processing in small and sophisticated labs
in urban and residential (kitchen labs). With
modern technology, the materials commonly
used in industry and home, are very easy to
obtain and process into NPS, which are more
cost-effective and demanded. This NPS drug
is no longer smuggled, but is processed in a
local market system by using easily accessible
chemicals (precursors) within the country.
1.3.7 THE PROCESS OF REINTEGRATING DRUG ABUSERS
It is undeniable that family members and

members of the community play an important
role in the recovery process of an addict. They
become important agents and need to be
integrated in an effort to help recovering
addicts return to society through the
reintegration system. Often the reason why
the correctional process fails is that there is a
negative rejection and stigma in the family
and society against ex-drug addicts. The
reintegration system need to be encouraged
to raise awareness of how they have a role and
responsibility together with the government
in assisting ex-addicts through the recovery
process, as well as giving them the capacity
and basic skills in carrying out the recovery
process.
17
1.3.8 PSYCHOTIC DISORDER DUE TO THE ABUSE OF SYNTHETIC
DRUGS
Synthetic or derivative drugs produced through

the mixing of chemicals, in particular the type
of amphetamines, have a permanent effect
on the user’s brain damage, affecting their
behavioural patterns, thoughts and emotions.
Conventional methods such as psychosocial
therapy are no longer an effective approach
in treating and restoring them. Consumers of
synthetic drugs are often difficult to control
and are more aggressive than other drug users,
and can threaten the safety of others and
themselves.
1.3.9 TRANSMISSION OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Diseases such as HIV / AIDS, tuberculosis

(TB) and hepatitis are serious threats often
associated with drug addiction behaviour.
Drug users, in particular by injection and sharing
injection needles, are more vulnerable to the
transmission of the epidemic and subsequently
transmit diseases to other individuals among
addicts, family members and members of
the community who are exposed to their
activities. The same risk will be faced by officers
or personnel who deal and communicate
with them. In the treatment and rehabilitation
process, addicts who have symptoms or are
confirmed as carriers of this disease, need to
be isolated and given priority to be treated
beforehand, before the treatment is continued.
18
INTRODUCTION
1.3.10 INCREASING NUMBER OF STREET CRIMES
Drug addiction behaviour has been identified

to have an impact on crime index increases,
particularly those involving street crime
activities such as snatching, stealing and
public disturbances. Abusers and drug addicts
are using the easy way to obtain financial
resources through street crime activities to
cover the cost of getting drug supplies.
19
FUNCTION AND ROLE OF THE IMPLEMENTING AGENCY
The task of combating drug issues, in As the leading agency and leader in
particular in carrying out the functions the field of drugs, The National Anti-
and roles of enforcement, prevention, Drugs Agency will be an important
treatment and rehabilitation, harm agency in the implementation of this
mitigation and international cooperation, policy and coordinate co-operation
requires co-operation and consolidation and concerted efforts of all parties
of all government agencies, non- responsible for combating drug issues.
government organisations, corporate
bodies and the general public. This policy
will serve as a reference and guidelines
for all parties to carry out the functions
and roles of combating drug issues at
all stages of implementation involving
planning, implementation, monitoring
and impact assessment.
20
INTRODUCTION
Key ministries involved in this policy are:
Prime Minister’s
Office
10
KEY MINISTRIES
involved are:
Ministry of
Foreign Affairs
Ministry of
Human
Resources
Ministry of Home
Affairs
Ministry of Ministry of
Education Women, Family
Ministry of Ministry of Youth Ministry of Health Ministry of and Community
Higher and Sports Communications Development
Education and Multimedia
Key government’s agencies and departments involved are:
Malaysian Chemical
Royal Malaysian Police (RMP) Department
Prison Department of National Population and

Malaysia Family Development
Board (LPPKN)
Royal Malaysian Malaysian Defense Force
15
Customs (AKSEM)
Malaysian
Volunteering Agriculture
Department Department
KEY GOVERMENT
(RELA)
Malaysian
AGENCIES AND DEPT Road
Maritime
involved are: Transportation
Enforcement Department (JPJ)
Agency (APMM)
Department of
State Education Social Welfare
Department
Information
Department of
Malaysia
Higher Education
Department Youth and Sports
Department
21
CHAPTER 2:
CONCEPT AND CORE PRINCIPLES
INTRODUCTION
This chapter describes the two basic parts of DDN, the first concepts of policy
covering policy statements, policy goals and objectives and policy approaches,
and secondly, the principles that support DDN namely preventive, treatment and
rehabilitation, enforcement, deterioration and international cooperation.
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BASIC CONCEPT
2.2.1 BASIC STATEMENT
The basic statement is to bring and to develop the Malaysian drug-free nation
through the following efforts:
A Reduction of drugs offerings through law enforcement and

international co-operation strategies;
B Reduction of drug demand through international prevention,

treatment and rehabilitation, enforcement and international
cooperation;
C Harm mitigation resulting from drug abuse through a strategy of

reducing harm.
2.2.2 POLICY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
The goal of NDP is to create Malaysia and Malaysians free of drug threats to
ensure the well-being of the community and to maintain national stability and
resilience through the following strategies:
A. Preventive education
B. Treatment and recovery
C. Enforcement
D. Harm migitation
E. International cooperation
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The achievement of these policy is based on the following policy objectives:
A
To educate, create awareness and gain
community support in combating drugs
B
Provides planning, implementation and
evaluation services of treatment and
rehabilitation to drug abusers and drug
addicts
C Establishing a country free from the

cultivation, distribution and trafficking of
drugs
Enhances the ability to combat

D
smuggling, processing, distribution and
drug addiction
E Increase efforts to reduce the harmful

effects of abuse and drug addiction to
families, society and country
Enhanced international cooperation in terms

F
of exchange and information sharing with
drug enforcement agencies
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2.2.3 BASIC APPROACH
Effective drug-solving problems require a comprehensive, multi-disciplinary and

balanced approach to support five basic cores of DDN - prevention, treatment
and rehabilitation, enforcement, harm mitigation and international cooperation.
It should also be based on collaboration at all levels of drug enforcement agencies
and departments within and outside the country.
The three main approaches used in DDN are:
A
Reduction of drugs
offerings (through law Drug demand reduction
enforcement and (through a strategy of
preventive
cooperation
education,
strategies) treatment and
rehabilitation,
PENDEKATAN UTAMA enforcement
DDN and international
cooperation)
C Harm reduction as a result of drug

B
abuse (through the implementation of
harm reduction strategy programmes)
In summary this approach is like the following diagram:

Reduction Of Harm
Reduction of
APPROACH Drug Offerings
Drugs Mitigation
Demands
Preventive
Enforcement and Education, Harm Reduction
International Treatment and Programme and
Cooperation Rehabilitation, International
Enforcement and Cooperation
International
Cooperation
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CORE 1: PREVENTION EDUCATION
2.3.1 INTRODUCTION
Prevention is a long-term strategy to prevent, suspend and deter individuals from engaging
in drug abuse by focusing on programmes that are capable of enhancing protective
factors and reducing risk factors.
Prevention is aimed at improving skills, endurance and promoting individuals to function

in a healthy physical and socio-cultural environment.
In particular, prevention objectives are:
Prevent individuals from engaging

Conduct interventions to
in drug abuse;
prevent individuals who
are beginning to engage
with drugs from becoming
drug addicts
Implementing early intervention
to high risk individuals or groups
from engaging with drug abuse;
2.3.2 PHILOSOPHY AND CONCEPT
The philosophy and prevention concept is based on the following:
Preventive education Prevention and intervention

The concept of “prevention is programmes take into education programmes
better than treatment” account the stage of human should begin from the early
development stages
Preventative responsibility as Drug-prevention education Take into account the findings

the role of all parties should start from family of scientific studies and
institution recognised guiding principles
Should be based on
Social investment structured modules, having
programme contents and
delivery methods
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2.3.3 PRINCIPLES
Implementation of prevention programmes is guided by 16 principles divided into three

(3) dimensions:
Protective and Risk Preventive Planning Presentation

Factors of Prevention
Programmes
(a) Protective and risk factors
Principle 1: Preventive programmes implemented aimed at enhancing

protective factors and reducing risk factors.
Principle 2: Preventive programmes should take into account all forms of

substance abuse and substance, whether drugs are permitted or
unauthorised under the law.
Principle 3: The prevention programme should address the type of drug abuse
problem that occurs in the local community, reducing the risk
factors and improving the protective factors.
Principle 4: Developed prevention programmes need to take into account

risks specific to populations or audiences such as age, gender and
ethnicity to increase programme effectiveness.
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(b) Preventive planning
Principle 5: Family based prevention programmes should aim at enhancing

family ties and relationships, including parenting skills; practices in
the formation, discussion and implementation of family policies on
drug abuse; and training in drug-prevention education.
Principle 6: Prevention programmes can be designed to prevent drug abuse

as early as preschool to address risk factors such as aggressive
behaviour, low social skills and academic difficulties. (Not attuned
to human development)
Principle 7: Prevention programmes for primary school children should aim at

improving academic achievement and learning of social-emotional
skills to address the risk factors of drug abuse such as early aggressive
behaviour, academic failure and school dropouts. Education
should focus on skills such as self-control, emotional awareness,
communication, decision-making and problem solving as well as
academic support.
Principle 8: Prevention programmes for secondary school students should aim

to improve academic achievement and social competence.
The skills that need to be focused are the habits of learning and
academic support, communication, peer relationships, self-esteem
and self-assurance, the skills to say no to drugs, strengthening anti-
drug behaviour and self-commitment against drug abuse.
Principle 9: Prevention programmes that emphasise the transition to society

(such as transition from school to work) can benefit children and
families at high risk such as reducing stigma and promoting bonds to
schools and communities.
Principle 10: Community prevention programmes can be combined, such

as family based prevention programmes and school-based
programmes to give a better impact.
Principle 11: Prevention programmes in the planned community should include

all target groups in various settings (such as schools, associations,
organisations and media) and will be more effective when
implemented consistently and communicating information is done
extensively.
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(c) Presentation of Prevention Programmes
Principle 12: Prevention programmes that meet community needs, local

norms and cultures need to maintain the core elements
of the programme ie the structure (how the programme is
organised and developed), content (such as information,
skills and programme strategies) and delivery (how the
programme is adapted, implemented and evaluated).
Principle 13: Preventive programmes should be implemented

continuously and repeatedly to reinforce the prevention
objectives.
Principle 14: Prevention programmes should include teacher training

on effective classroom management practices, such as
rewarding appropriate student behaviour. Such techniques
can improve academic achievement, student motivation
and school relationships and help develop positive
behaviours among students.
Principle 15: Prevention programmes become more effective when using

interactive techniques such as peer group discussions and
role play among parents. Interactive techniques provide
an active participation in learning about drug abuse and
can strengthen their skills.
Principle 16 : Prevention programmes based on scientific studies are

more cost-effective.
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2.3.4 APPROACH AND PREVENTION STRATEGIES
The design, content and delivery of prevention programmes is based on the

approaches and strategies defined. The approaches used in the implementation
of preventive programmes are:
General (Universal) - Programme implementation for the whole

population with the goal of preventing or suspending drug abuse. The
programme’s target group is the entire community regardless of their
level of risk. Programme content is also more about the delivery of
information and education on basic skills in drug prevention.
Selective - The target group is a small group of highly identified high-risk

populations for abusing drugs (eg children of drug addicts, dropouts
of students or families living in high-risk areas). The target group is
determined based on the current risk factors faced by them
Focused (Indicated) - Implementing programmes aimed at preventing

drug abuse among high-risk individuals and showing signs of drug
abuse. It also aims to prevent and curb drug users from becoming
drug addicts.
These three approaches are implemented based on the following goals:
01 Promote
02 Developing and
strengthening the
03 Develop asset
or internal
and external
protective factors skills of resilience
and reduce risk capabilities,
among target especially among
factors. groups. adolescents.
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In terms of strategies in implementing the principles of prevention education,

there are six (6) strategies that can be used, namely:
(a) Information Dissemination - Provide and disseminate

information to target groups using appropriate
mediums such as new media, broadcasting media,
face-to-face media, external media and print media.
(b) Prevention Education formally utilises the concept of

teaching and learning to provide knowledge and skills
for drug prevention to target groups. This strategy is
implemented in two-way interactions and interactive.
(c) Community Empowerment - A strategy to provide

knowledge and skills on drug prevention education
to enhance the ability of community members to
plan, implement and evaluate effective prevention
programmes.
(d) Environment - Strategies for creating a drug-free

environment among communities by building and
setting drug-free values, codes and attitudes.
(e) Identification and referral - This strategy is to establish

a system to identify any individuals involved in drug
abuse and determine whether they can be assisted
through preventive education or need to be referred
to the treatment process.
(f) Alternative - The strategy is to create and mobilise

groups within a community that will promote drug-
free activities and lifestyles.
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2.3.5 PREVENTIVE FOCUS
TARGET
Workplace
Pre-school GROUPS FOR
students
PREVENTIVE
EDUCATION
ARE:
Secondary
school
students
Group of Familiy
youths
The design, content and delivery of prevention programmes should include four
(4) focus on prevention following:
Education Family Community Workplace

Institutions Institutions
32
(a) Education Institutions
(i) Pre-school
Target groups include
children ages 4 to
6, who are currently
pursuing a pre-school
education system whether
organised by government
agencies, private sector,
nongovernmental
organisations and private
parties.

Studies show that cases
of drug addiction begin to be detected among students at an early age at
primary school. This situation indicates that prevention programmes should start
at pre-school level. Preventive education programmes implemented should
focus on learning life skills. High life skills will give them the ability to cope with
environmental stresses that tend to lead to drug abuse.
Prevention Education programme to pre-school children should take into

account the following factors:
- It is easy and clear to communicate information.

- Focus on life skills such as communication skills.
- Not using an intimidating approach to drug-prevention education.
- Emphasize on the development of attitude and responsibility to self and
others.
- Promote the development of personality and self.
- Apply pure values. Handle aggressive behaviour.
Pre-school drug education programmes should focus on those who are

exposed to risk factors of drug abuse such as aggressive behaviour, poor social
skills and learning difficulties using physical, social and intellectual development
approaches.
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(ii) Primary School
This group covers children ages 7 to 12, who are currently pursuing a Primary
school system whether organised by government agencies, private sector, non-
governmental organisations and private parties.
Prevention programmes should aim for academic improvements and socio-

emotional learning to address risk factors such as aggressive behaviour, academic
failure and falling behind in school. Skills that need to be applied include self-
control, emotional awareness, communication, problem solving and academic
support.
This preventative education programme needs to be continued at the secondary

level through a long-term and repeated programme (booster programme)
because at that time they are at greater risk of using drugs and materials.
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(iii) Secondary School
The group covers teens aged 13 to 17, who are following the primary education
system whether organised by government agencies, private sector, non-
governmental organisations and private parties. The aim of the prevention
education programme for this target group is to improve academic achievement
and social competence by providing the following skills:
Learning habits and Effective Peer relationship

academic support communication
Skills to say no to
Independent and Strengthening anti-
drugs
assertive capabilities drugs behaviour
Strengthening anti-
drugs behaviour
The effective components of the programme are as follows:
Take into account normative beliefs held by adolescents regarding drug

abuse by peers.
Strengthens the perception that drug abuse brings negative consequences.
Provide life skills such as

communication skills, decision-
making skills, peer-to-peers
skills, and opportunities to
practice these skills in real
situations.
Improve the relationship

between parents and school.
Establish and implement a

drug free school policy.
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(iv) Institutions of Higher Education and Institutions of Skill
The group covers adolescents and school-aged youth aged 18 to 25 who pursue
higher education at the Public Universities (UA) and Private Higher Educational
Institutions (IPTS) and Technical and Vocational Skills Institutions.
The aim of the prevention education programme for this target group is to improve
academic and social competence through the following skills:
Learning habits and Effective Peer relationship

academic support communication
Independent and Skills to say no to Strengthening anti-

assertive capabilities drugs drugs behaviour
Strengthening anti- Career Leadership

drugs behaviour Development
Suitable programmes for this target group should have the following features:
Character
and Spiritual Innovation and
Interactive Volunteerism Survival Skill Development Creativity
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(b) Family Institutions
The family includes individuals or groups who fall into the following categories:
Family unit Single parents Guardians such Families with

consisting of as grandparents, children below
fathers, mothers adopted families 21 years of age
and children or relatives
The goal of the family based drug prevention programme is to build and strengthen
the bonds and family bonding and parenting skills. Family ties and bonds are the
basis of the relationship between parents and children.
In addition, family based prevention programmes have the following goals:
Assisting families to prevent drug abuse among family members

i
in the early stages;
Provide intervention skills to parents in addressing family members

ii
who are at risk and begin to engage with drugs;
iii Provide recovery management skills to the parents
37
Effective programmes for this target group should have features such as the
following:
Child-Parent
Parental support Parental Involvement
communication
Drug education and

Parental supervision Family focused
information to Parents /
and monitoring intervention
guardians
skills such as setting
training rule-setting,
monitoring and
Parenting skills programmes such as financial
praise techniques for
management, stress management, spirituality
child behavior good
and information on the effects and dangers of
drugs.
38
(c) Community

(i) Community
These target groups include individuals or groups within the following categories:
(i) Ahli-ahli komuniti berskala kecil seperti (ii) Ahli-ahli komuniti berskala besar
keluarga, sekolah, badan-badan bukan iaitu keseluruhan masyarakat.
kerajaan, sektor awam dan swasta
The goal of the community-based drug prevention programme is to:

(i) Provide skills and (ii) Creating movements, (iii) Engineered local
awareness on drug mobilisation, co- leadership such
prevention education; operation, appointing as JKKK, Residents
committees and Association,
bringing all public Council Resident
entities to unite in Representative and
dealing with drug others
problems in the local
community;
The steps to achieve the goal of the drug prevention programme are:
(i) Assess the level of community readiness and mobilize them to act;
(ii) Assess the level of risk factors and protective factors in the community;
(iii) Determining risk factors and protective factors according to priority;
(iv) Identify resources within the community to reduce risk factors and enhance
protective factors;
(v) Select target groups;
39
(vi) Implementing best practices and guiding principles;
(vii) Assessment of a preventive programme or strategy implemented.
In order to successfully implement drug-prevention education programmes in

the community, the following strategies need to be implemented:
(i) Distribute information regarding local drug activities and problems to

authorities.
(ii) The programme shall take into account the diversity of race, culture, religion
and sensitivity.
(iii) Menyediakan peruntukan kewangan yang mencukupi untuk melaksanakan

program-program pendidikan pencegahan dadah.
(iv) An effective prevention programme that involves community members

need to be implemented jointly (working with the community) and not the
programmes implemented to society (working for the community).
Therefore, in the planning and implementation of the programme, the

implementer needs to:
Obtain academic information of community members in targeted

locations.

Engage community members in programme planning and execution.

Make a programme assessment based on the needs and interests of
the community.
40
(ii) Youth
The target group covers individuals between the ages of 15 - 30 who fall into the
following categories:
(i) Youths in the education system (ii) Youths who are out of the
such as in schools, UA / IPTS education system such as
and vocational and vocational dropouts in official education
institutions; are not united and unemployed.
Effective programmes for this target group should have the following features:
(i) Focus on living skills and social;
(ii) Interactive and informative;
(iii) Focus on social influence;
(iv) Emphasize social norms and commitments to hate drugs;
(v) Have community-based components in the prevention education

programme at school;
(vi) Programmes delivered by peers;
(vii) Take into account training that focuses on drug abatement skills;
(viii) Emphasising the elements of entertainment, sports and recreation

(outdoor & extreme) and religious;
(ix) Using social media will increase the effectiveness of the prevention
programme.
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(d) Workplace
(i) Workplace
This target group includes individuals or groups directly or indirectly involved in a

workplace, namely:
Family members of
Employers Employees Customers employers and employees
An effective programmes for this group targets should met this requirements:
Workplace policy on drug abuse;
Education of drugs prevention against workers;
Strengthen social support and peer referrals;
Discreet urine examinations;
Employee assistance programmes (EAPs);
Brief intervention to risky workers;
Community workplace programmes;
Training for employers and employees, including effective communication

components, stress management courses, drug detection tests
incorporated in other health and fitness programmes.
The implementation of the programme by target group consists of:
General categories Selective group

Local community
(employers and among workers at
workers) risk
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(e) Role of Mass media
Mass media plays a very important role in disseminating information and education
to target groups. Among influential media types are television, radio, newspapers
and new media such as websites, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube and Instagram.

Media being a target group in prevention programmes is because they become
medium and intermediaries to the delivery of information and drug prevention
education to other target groups. Media members need to get the right information
on a preventive education programme, before being presented to the target group
of each set of preventive programmes.
The actions to be taken by the media are as follows:
Identify target groups;
Designing messages that are suitable to the

target group;
Interdependent with existing preventive

ROLE OF education programmes;
MASS MEDIA
Broadening messages among target groups
and within sufficient time;
Evaluate the campaign conducted to see the

effectiveness of the message to the target
group;
Responding to changing the attitudes and

behaviours of the public on drug abuse and
taking action to self-control and the family from
being trapped by drug problems;
Provide education on the effects and dangers

of drugs and propose strategies to reject drug
abuse
43
(f) Mobilise the community as a driving force
Implementing a preventive education programme will be more effective if it is

implemented through the movement or involvement of all levels of society or
in particular the community members to be programmers, rather than merely
collectively targeting groups.
In order to mobilise the community as a preventative programme, three (3)

prerequisites need to be refined, namely:
Evaluating and improving

The willingness of the Support and commitment, ie
factorsthatcanpromotethe
community, that is how far whether the community has
readiness and involvement
the community is prepared the support and commitment
of the community in the
to plan and implement a of each member and the
programme should be
drug prevention education availability of resources within
carried out objectively and
programme; the community to mobilise
systematically.
the programme;
Community involvement as a contraceptive and proponent of preventive

programmes can greatly benefit the reducing demand (demand reduction) and
supply reduction, among others:
The programme will be seen as a serious and important part of the community. The
number of community members involved will increase the credibility of a programme
implemented, reflecting the level of support and overall coverage received, the sense of
belonging and active involvement of all levels of the general public in the course of their
work;
“Pools of resources and experts” in the community can be formed and mobilised
to contribute expertise, ideas, energy and time to the success of a planned and
implemented programme;
It provides access to any targeting groups such as teens, youth, parents,

policy makers, law enforcement and media contributing and engaging in the
programme;
It creates a network of community-based collaborators with diverse

backgrounds and problems, as well as knowledge and expertise that can be
shared, and become a support group;
It will ensure that all new ideas and energy can be channeled and optimised
over time;
44
It can be used as a measuring tool to obtain real picture or information about

the attitudes and norms of community members against drug abuse and
addiction;
It provides broad publicity and promotion of programmes that can be used

as a trigger for the level of awareness and awareness of community members
towards the goals of the programme being implemented and the problems
they face and the country as a whole.
The steps that can be taken to mobilise the community as a motivator are:
Step 1: Assess readiness level and mobilize the community
The key prerequisites in involving community members as a strategy for combating

drug abuse is to assess the readiness of the community towards preventing and
mobilizing them to take action. A precautionary effort will be more successful in a
society that has a high level of readiness. Therefore, in order to increase the level
of community readiness to the prevention programme, it is important to give due
consideration to all these levels and to assess the degree of readiness for which the
community is located. In most societies, the level of denial of something is normal,
members of the community are hard-earned to believe that drug abuse exists in
their community. They even prefer to say that the problem is only happening in other
societies.
The levels of readiness that exist among members of society are:
Level 1 -
Tolerant Levels in which a society’s consciousness is not consciously
Society tolerated or promotes a problematic behaviour, although in
/ Lack of reality this problem is expected to occur in a group and not
Awareness another group;
The extent to which a community usually would not allow something

Level 2 - to be done, but with little or no immediate acknowledging this
Denial problem would be a local problem;
The community at this level has the general belief that it is a local
Level 3 - problem and an action must be taken, however the knowledge
Blind of this problem is too stereotype and blurry, there is no motivator
Awareness to trigger the idea of implementation, if any, the leader is less
energetic and lack motivation;
45
The community recognises the existence of this problem and
Level 4 - an action is needed. The problem at this stage is that no clear
Pre-planning planning can be done because of lack of information. The
driving force of this awareness usually involve people who have a
personal connection to this problem;
The community has been planning and focusing on the

implementation of practical prevention programmes. People are
Level 5 - aware of local problems and the “pros and cons” of a preventive
Preparation programme, but planning may not be based on quoted official
data. At this stage a precautionary programme may also be
implemented on a trial basis and a financing fund is established.
The level at which the community has sufficient information to

Level 6 - implement the prevention programme, but knowledge of risk
Initiatives factors is stereotyped.Implementation of the programme is still at
the trial stage because the exposure is still lacking (skills training)
and problems have not yet been felt.
One or two preventive programmes have been implemented

Level 7 - and supported by an organisation, and accepted as a routine
Institutionalisation and useful activity. Organisational members have been trained
/ stabilisation and experienced. At this level of readiness, a programme does
not need to be altered or expanded, although the obstacles of
financial and sufficient funds in particular are detected.
Standard or routine programmes are viewed as important and

useful and the authorities provide support to expand or enhance
Level 8 - the programme. Some convergence has shifted by creating
Validation / or trying out new programmes to reach more members of the
community, such as groups that are considered risky or different
Development demographic groups. At this stage efforts are enhanced to obtain
larger funds to finance new programmes based on the data
obtained and efforts are made in assessing the risk factors and
the causes of this problem.
A comprehensive and comprehensive knowledge of prevalence,

Level 9 - risk factors and aetiology exist amongst the community. Preventive
programmes are implemented covering the entire population,
Professionalization including targeting specific risk factors or risk groups. Trained
organisation members, support authorities, and overall community
involvement rates are high.
Once the information about the community’s readiness is known, an effort should be
made to establish or form a movement group, based on the following actions:
46
(i) Identify the need to establish a set of actuators, a process of determining the
appropriateness of a community to establish a special groupings to overcome
the problem of abuse and addiction faced by the community;
(ii) Identify the required expertise and expertise, ie any individual or group who
can actively contribute to the programme;
(iii) Determining personnel, budget and resources;
(iv) Invitation to community members to participate;
(v) Determining functions and roles;
(vi) Establishing missions, goals and objectives.
Step 2: Assesing the level of risk and protection factors in society
After assessing and improving the community’s readiness to prevent and

mobilisethem to take action, the second step is to provide a needs assessment.
Traditionally, this assessment aims to identify the current situation. For example, the
assessment of the need for treatment and rehabilitation programmes requires us
to identify how many people in the community are currently in need of recovery
services. However, the assessment of the need for prevention, we need to identify
how many teenagers or people will be abusing drugs in the future. This assessment
is based on the risk and protection factors inherent in a society - whether it is a
society, family, peer group (risk factor) or individual traits, bonding, and beliefs and
behavioural standards (protection factor).
In implementing this assessment, data acquisition is extremely important, either

through existing data (archival data) or / and data obtained through a survey
tool (survey data). The second step is to analyse the data. This analysis can help
us identify the assessment of these requirements and will help us identify which risk
factors and safeguards should be given priority in the action plan that needs to be
made.
This assessment of is important before any action is taken to prevent us from

neglecting the real needs of a society.
47
Step 3: Translating data to priority
The data here is information about risk and protection factors. It needs to be
translated and analysed, and then determines which risk and protection factors
should be given priority and become a major focus in prevention programmes for
the community.
Step 4: Identify sources within the community
When a list of priorities for risk and protection factors has been identified for a
community, it is important that we identify what resources exist in the community
that can help us reduce the risk factors that can lead to a drug usage. This process
is called a resource assessment process. This assessment can help us solve many
things, including identifying the gaps where a service should be implemented
and avoiding duplication of services, creating an agreement between existing
and complementary resources. Examples of sources are transportation, personnel
specialising in relevant fields, finance, agencies or voluntary bodies and so on.
Step 5: Selecting a target group
The next step is to determine the type of target groups divided into three categories,
namely Universal, Selective and Focused (Indicated).
Prevention strategies designed for the entire population (national,

local community, school, neighbourhood) with messages to
prevent or delay drug abuse. They will be provided as much
UNIVERSAL information as possible and necessary skills to prevent problems
from happening. This target group is selected not because of risk
factors but because it is part of the community. The rationale is
that all members of the community as a whole have the same risk
as drug abuse, but risk rates may vary for each individual;
This prevention strategy targets a part of the entire community

(subset) identified with high risk of drug abuse through grouping
them to specific groups such as grouping of student looters,
SELECTIVE skipping schools, dropouts and so on. They usually have high risk or
are easily stuck with drug abuse because there are risk factors in
their environment;
48
This strategy is designed to prevent the involvement of an individual

from misuse or drug addiction based on the warning signs they
FOCUSED show like smoking, taking marijuana, glue or alcohol. They usually
(INDICATED) do not show signs of addiction and dependence on drugs or still
being tested
Step 6: Implement guiding principles and best practices
This means that personal precautions involved in programme planning need to

identify appropriate programmes / strategies to be implemented, recommended
to be made through revisions to the studies conducted, which indicate which
programmes / strategies can be implemented and which are ineffective.
(i) Guiding principles
Study findings identified through studies on effective prevention
programmes. If a community already has an appropriate preventive
programme, these principles can be used as a programme effectiveness
standard, as well as being used as the promotion of the importance of
the programme and help form a more innovative programme to suit
the needs of the community;
(ii) Best practices

The most appropriate programme / strategy for the community, and it
is worth noting that no self-employed programme will achieve success
in preventing substance abuse in society, or with the other intentions of
various programmes / strategies that focus on all community segments
need to be implemented. Various programmes and strategies have
been identified through research that are very effective in preventing
material abuse. So, it is important to match the programme to the
needs of a particular community or group.
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Step 7: Assessment
Assessment is a systematic effort to collect data and use it for various purposes. Assessment
should be part of the programme or strategy implemented, as it is necessary to determine
whether the preventive measures implemented have achieved the stated goals. It is
recommended that the evaluation element be included in each programme planning,
not just at the end of the implementation.
It is a prerequisite of every prevention personnel to exercise every step to ensure the

desired success. If only partial steps are taken, the possibility of this programme failure
will increase. For example, if preventive professionals complement each Step 2 to 7 but
do not take into account the elements of the denial in society (Step 1) in designing a
preventive programme, all of its plans will fail. Many good prevention programmes are
ultimately considered to be failing only because of the lack of community readiness
to him. However, before each step is implemented, prevention personnel need to be
clear and understand the meaning of “society”. Is “society” for him meaning school,
neighbourhood, housing blocks, or a village? In short, a prevention personnel needs to
know the “community” to be the target group, to guide him to plan and implement a
programme involving them.
In addition to planning the seven-step recovery programme as mentioned above, it is

important that information be obtained in a scientific way about the level of readiness
for which the community is located. It is recommended that an effective inventory tool
that can assist preventive professionals in assessing the level of community readiness
to the prevention programme is built for this purpose, or use existing inventories such
as the Community Readiness Survey. This survey tool was designed by Goodman and
Wandersman of the University of South Carolina, USA. After the status information of
community preparedness level, prevention personnels will be able to design a preventive
programme that needs to be implemented based on a predetermined strategy.
A competent preventive programme involving the community is a programme that works

together with the community rather than a community-based programme. In this case,
in designing and implementing a preventive programme, preventive personnel should:
Involving community Assess the

Obtaining academic Obtaining information members in the programme based
information about the from within society; planning and on the needs and
community from external implementation of interests of the
sources; preventive programmes; community.
50
CORE 2: TREATMENT AND REHABILITATION

2.4.1 INTRODUCTION
Treatment and rehabilitation is a process of helping addicts to stop searching,

compulsive drug use and subsequently abandoning drug addiction habits. This process is
implemented in different settings, approaches and timeframes. It involves the process of
intervention and support to enable individuals to deal with addiction problems, make the
right decisions in relation to the life and integrate themselves in family and community.
The treatment and rehabilitation programme components are as follows:
• Detoxification
• D
Institution • Assessment and Treatment Planning
• Pe
• Psychosocial and Psychospiritual
Programmes • Pr
• R
Community • Health and Medicine Treatment
• Prevention of Re-billing • Pe
• Case Management • Pe
Advanced Care
• Community Programmes • Pr
• Social Entrance Programmes • Pr
In particular, treatment and recovery objectives are:
To improve health status

To treat and rehabilitate individuals and reduce the health risk
involved in drug abuse due to the behaviour of the
addiction
To maintain an individual’s recovery To improve social status

and integrate individuals
to work productively in
families, workplaces and
communities.
To help an individual return to a healthy
lifestyle without drugs
51
The philosophy and concept of treatment and rehabilitation is based on the following:
Addiction is a type Drug addict is a Drug addiction

of chronic illness patient can be treated
and is easily to
relapse
A holistic There is no Family

approach to effective single involvement, the
treatment and treatment significance of
rehabilitation as and remedial others and the
per the internal approach to the community is
needs and needs of all important in
strengths of an individuals assisting individual
individual is an involved in drug survival
important factor issues
in determining the
recovery
52
2.4.3 PRINCIPLES
Implementation of treatment and rehabilitation programme is based on 13 principles as

follows:
Principle 1: Principle 5:
Drug addiction is a complex and Adequate treatment duration is
treatable disease. Drug addiction important. Each addict needs
changes the structure and function of through the appropriate treatment
the brain permanently even though period according to the type and
drug use has long been stopped. This severity of the collection and their
situation is the source of relapses. need for recovery. Studies have
found that most addicts require at
Principle 2: least three months of treatment and
There is no single treatment and recovery to reduce or stop drug use.
recovery approach for all addicts. Recovery is a long-term process and
The approach used is different usually addicts will undergo repeated
according to the type of drug and treatment and recovery. Relapses
characteristic of the addict. Matching can occur at any time and indicate
treatment and rehabilitation settings, that treatment requirements and
intervention approaches and methods need to be modified.
recovery periods should be given
according to the problem and needs Principle 6:
of the addict to ensure they are Behavioural therapy including
functioning again productively. individual counselling, family or
group is an approach commonly
Principle 3: used to treat and rehabilitate
Treatment facilities should always drug addicts. Behavioural therapy
be available. Rehabilitation centre approach focuses on motivating
services should always be available addicts to changing, incentives for
to provide treatment to addicts at abstinence, building skills to combat
any time required. It is to ensure that drug use, replacing drug use activities
potential addicts to recover receive with healthier activities, improving
proper treatment at the right time. behavioural skills (coping skills) and
repair interpersonal relationships.
Principle 4:
Effective treatment and rehabilitation Principle 7:
can meet drug addicts needs. To The use of medicines is an essential
ensure the effectiveness of treatment element in the treatment of addiction,
and rehabilitation, the services especially when combined with
provided are not limited to the counselling and behavioural therapy.
problem of drug use but should also Medications such as methadone,
cover all addiction problems such Buprenorphine and Naltrexone can
as psychological, medical, social, help people to stabilise their lives and
vocational and legal. Age, gender, reduce their drug use.
ethnic and cultural factors are also
important for providing appropriate
treatment to addicts.
53
Principle 8: Principle 13:
Treatment planning needs to be HIV detection and other infectious
assessed and modified as needed to diseases should be implemented.
ensure that it meets the requirements Most addicts are at risk for infectious
of the change in addicts. Each diseases such as HIV / AIDS, Hepatitis B
addict may require various services and C, TB and others. Implementation
and components of the treatment of health counselling and psycho-
during the recovery period. Apart education can reduce the risk of
from counselling or psychotherapy, infectious diseases and help reduce
addicts may need medicines, risky behaviours. It can also help
medical services, family therapies, individuals who have been infected
parenting exercises, vocational to manage their illness.
rehabilitation and social and legal
services. All these services should
be included in the treatment plan
according to the recovery needs of
the addict.
Principle 9:
Confusion related to addiction. Most
drug addicts suffer from confusion
due to drug addiction, especially
mental disorders. This problem should
be treated first with the appropriate
use of medicines if necessary, before
the treatment is given.
Principle 10:
Medication detoxification is the first
step in the treatment and recovery of
the addiction. The use of medicines
in the detoxification process can
reduce the physical pain of the drug
addict during withdrawal symptoms,
and it is the first step towards effective
long-term treatment and recovery
processes.
Principle 11:
Voluntary treatment and
rehabilitation is not necessarily
effective. The use of enforcement,
arrest, family or employers referrals
and legislation can have a significant
impact on the level of addicts in
treatment, retention and recovery
and the success of interventions..
Principle 12:
Drug use during treatment should
be monitored on an ongoing basis.
Monitoring will make the drug
addicts stay away from drugs and
always strive to stay healthy during
the treatment and recovery period.
rawatan dan pemulihan.
54
2.4.4 SCOPE OF SERVICES
Implementation of treatment and rehabilitation programmes covers the scope of

the following service:
Setting Intensity Duration

Treatment and rehabilitation Intensity in the treatment and The duration of treatment
services are carried out and rehabilitation within the
rehabilitation programme of
institution is at least six (6)
through two (2) settings: drug addicts who follow legal months. Long term up to two
or voluntary programmes (2) years can be considered
(i) Treatment and depends on the severity of according to the severity
rehabilitation within their addiction and recovery of the addiction and the
the institution needs. recovery needs of the addict.
(ii) Treatment and The duration of treatment
rehabilitation in the and rehabilitation within the
community community is 2 to 3 years.
(i) Varsity of services
Treatment and rehabilitation services offered are varied according to the

treatment and rehabilitation modalities provided and the recovery needs of the
drug addicts, including taking into account the demographic factors and unique
attributes of the addict.
(ii) Advanced care
Advanced care is a treatment and rehabilitation programme in the community

provided to drug addicts who have completed treatment and rehabilitation in
the institution.
(iii) Intervention
Conducting treatment and rehabilitation interventions using the best practices

and evidence-based approaches to the following four (4):
55
Identify the Initially and Therapeutic Advanced
severity continuously in interventions to care
status of the the treatment treat addicts management
invention for addicts
(iv) Self-Sufficiency
Various programmes need to be set up to develop self-potential and increase

the level of self-development of addicts. A comprehensive recovery programme
is required to involve the self-empowerment and social support possessed by the
addict. It involves the following:
Family Socialculture Physical and

support support mental
health
Welfare and Safe and healthy Support

legal solution environment group
Skill and Job Community

vocational employment integration
education
56
(v) Medical treatment
This service is provided in support of the recovery of addicts. The approaches that
need to be taken to optimise these services are:
To establish To implement mental

appropriate medical health programmes to
treatment facilities for addicts
rehabilitation centres
Medical treatments Those who suffer from

combined with mental disorders should
counselling and other be diagnosed and treated
therapies will further for the two problems
affect most synthetic and
psychoactive drug addicts
57
(vi) Support system
Emotional, physical and mental support is needed in the recovery process. Such
support can be obtained from:
Mass Media
Family Enhance awareness and nurture
Various initiatives can be community support through
introduced to help family electronic media, print media
members provide support to and new media to provide
addicts to survive and maintain opportunities for reestablishment
a recovery in society. Media needs to play
an active and positive role as
Recovery Partners well as to support the recovery
Recovery partner is able to and success of addicts self-
influence the addict who is development and to overcome
still involved or in the recovery its addiction. They can also
process positively and more promote positive images of
effectively. Their role can help individuals who have managed
addicts overcame addiction to maintain a recovery
problems and empower them
to maintain recovery Non-Government Organization
(NGO)
Social System They are complementary
Individuals, groups, voluntary to government efforts in the
organisations, local communities, treatment and rehabilitation
government and private of drugs. Measures that can
agencies should contribute to be taken are mobilising
the ideas, energy and actively individual or collective efforts
play a role in helping all addicts at the community, national and
work in society and maintain international levels to prevent,
a recovery. Sources within the treat and rehabilitate drug
community need to be fully addicts; providing treatment
utilised to maximize benefits and drug rehabilitation facilities
for the recovery and social to create a diversity of support
interaction of drug addicts. resources within the community;
and develop the potential
and endeavour of NGOs in all
aspects of the prevention and
rehabilitation of drug abuse as
agents of change to society
58
2.4.5 TARGET GROUP
Treatment and rehabilitation services and programmes are targeted at the following
individuals and groups:
Individual or groups that exposed to the usage

Risk of drugs such as teenagers who involved in
group disciplinary problems and child victims of the
parental divorce.
Individuals who using the drug in the wrong way

and not for the medical purposes. They usually
uses drug to achieve fun and enjoyment and to
reduce disorder or problems they encountered.
Individuals who met at least two (2) criteria of the

addict’s disorder diagnosis.
Individual or groups that affected in terms of

Co-Dependants or physical or psychological due to the behaviour of
individual affected the individual that close with them. The affected
by addicts individuals are parents, couples, children, families,
best friends and employers.
59
2.4.6 COMMUNITY-BASED TREATMENT AND RECOVERY
Drug addicts, as well as co-dependent individuals, are among the groups in the
community who undergo a social allowance process, which is a social action in the
form of discrimination or a denial of rights reserved for a handful of members of the
community who are not or are in conflict with them. These allowances will cause them
to be abandoned and removed from social systems, eventually they will not have the
opportunity to develop and seek themselves to function productively.
The community-based treatment and rehabilitation approach and strategy should be

established, constructed promptly and emphasised to address this problem. It seeks
to place the functions and roles of members of the community regardless of their
economic, social and political background in combating the problem of drug symptoms,
including in the implementation of drug treatment and rehabilitation programmes. The
three basic principles of this strategy are integrating drug treatment and rehabilitation
programmes into community social and community services, community participation,
and accountability to the community.
The main goals of this approach are:
(a) Promote behavioural changes directly occurring within the community
(b) Enabling the involvement of social organisations, community members

and target groups in planning, implementing and monitoring services in
an integrated manner and establishing a network of cooperation and
drug abatement
60
Community-based treatment and rehabilitation programmes or interventions to drug

addicts and co-dependents should focus on the following three (3) issues:
SOCIAL
REMEDIAL
Treatment of illnesses to improve social conditions that have a negative

impact on the well-being of the community. The programme should aim to
address the problem of reliance or accumulation experienced first, namely
specific treatment and action to overcome the deficit or lack of basic needs
experienced by the target group to continue survival.
SOCIAL
RECOVERY
Referring to a form of social service aimed at restoring target groups who fail to
carry out social functions to a normal life in society. Service or activity focuses
more on the physical, emotional and social “recovery” of target groups,
helping and guiding them to rebuild their internal assets and themselves by
using resources in the community.
COMMUNITY
DEVELOPMENT
Referring to programmes to empower the social capital of the target group

to give them space and opportunity for access to various types of social
and economic opportunities that can help them transform and advance
themselves. Programmes that can be implemented are social programmes
(such as educational programmes, skills training and quality of life), and
economic programmes (such as small business capital assistance, training
and re-training, and job-seeking assistance).
61
Action should be taken to place and explain the functions and roles of community
members and NGOs to implement treatment and rehabilitation programmes to target
groups, in particular drug addicts and co-dependents. This action needs to be done for
the purpose of expanding the recovery capital in the community, among others are:
Social resource Physical resource Human resource
Individuals or groups Finance, Human resources

that can serve as accommodation, with skills to assist the
a support group to transportation and so recovery of addicts
assist and support the on
recovery process
at
The steps or activities that can be implemented for the process of expansion of these
recovery resources are:
(a) Identify and define the skills and resources needed by the addict to achieve
recovery goals.
(b) Locating resources or identifying required skills training programmes and how
these resources or programmes can be obtained
(c) Help drug addicts acquire resources and programmes or services, and help them
maintain relationships with these resources or programmes
62
2.4.7 ADVANCED CARE PROGRAMMES (AFTERCARE)
The stage of follow-up care is an important and critical period in the recovery process
of an addict. This is because the rehabilitation process does not end as soon as they
get out of the rehab centre, but they need to continue the treatment and recovery
process through advanced care programmes. This programme is a kind of intervention
implemented to enable clients to effectively integrate into the community, prevent
relapse and maintain drug-free conditions. The programmes implemented will provide
them with the skills and requirements for the re-entry process into families, workplaces
and communities.
The main aim of the programme is:
Maintaining
Providing the
continuity of Enable the client
appropriate path
treatment and to maintain
to the client to
rehabilitation abstinence, work
return to family,
programmes to productively and
workplace and
clients to provide usefully in society,
society
and train them and reintegrate
more effectively
with skills in real itself into society
situations
Two approaches to implementing the advanced care programme that can be

implemented are:
Institutionally In-field
The programme is implemented I.e. support programmes to
in the setting of a semi-partial clients through periodic and
control for a suitable period. This voluntary supervision. Clients will
institution will serve as a centre follow any programmes required
of integration and inventory for to enable them to return to
clients before returning to society society
63
CORE 3: ENFORCEMENT
2.5.1 INTRODUCTION
Enforcement encompasses the broad scope of activities in the eradication of

drug symptoms, including complaints and intelligence, operations and arrests,
investigations and prosecutions, and ensuring conviction of executions. It also
complemented treatment and rehabilitation services, in particular in ensuring
that individuals who have been ordered by the courts to undergo treatment and
rehabilitation programmes either at the institution or in the community, adherence
to treatment and rehabilitation programmes, and are responsible for the safety of
the Rehabilitation Centre.
In particular, enforcement objectives are:
To enforce all provisions of drug-related laws, namely:
(i) Prevent and restrict processing, illegal distribution and harmful drug
abuse
(ii) Arrest and hold drug addicts for treatment and recovery
(iii) Detect, investigates and prosecute breaches of the Supervisory

Control Panel (OKP).
Creating and enhancing cooperation in terms of exchange and

information sharing andintegrated enforcement actions between drug
enforcement agencies in the country
Provide assistance in any dangerous substance abuses at the request of

a foreign country below provisions of law in force.
The philosophy and the concept of enforcement are based on the following:
Take decisive, transparent and Reducing bureaucratic red tape in

professional legal action against all delivering more efficient service to the
offenders and drug abusers community
64
2.5.3 PRINCIPLES
In law enforcement, all agencies or regulators must adhere to the following

principles:
PR
O
Possessing high integrity FE Possessing knowledge,
based on noble values
SS skills, efficiency and
IO
such as honesty, NA effectiveness in enforcing
TY
LIS
I
truth, trustworthiness, all drug-related

EGR
M
fairness, accountability, provisions.
INT
transparency,
competence and
prudence.
E
G TH
O B ILISIN NITY
M MU
COM
Educating and mobilising communities in assisting enforcement

programmes such as conducting preventive programmes, patrolling
together and disseminating information to agencies or regulators
related to illegal distribution and malicious drug abuse.
2.5.4 ENFORCEMENT APPROACH AND STRATEGY
The enforcement strategies implemented include:
Planned and holistic /

Disable syndicate’s financial
comprehensive enforcement
resources
actions
Addressing changes in
Total enforcement of Enhanced enforcement agency
trafficking and drug trafficking
drug makers and distributors cooperation with private sector
trend
Efficient control of chemicals / Tightening security at land, sea

International cooperations
precursors and airport borders
Enhanced human resource,

Drug detection / new logistics, infrastructure and
psychoactive substance drug enforcement agency
technologies
65
(a) The planned and holistic / comprehensive enforcement action
Recognising that drug trafficking is an organised crime and interconnected with other
crimes, the enforcement actions taken must be thoroughly planned which requires the
commitment of all enforcement agencies to enable the masterminds of drug processing /
manufacturing syndicates to be identified for legal action
(b) Total enforcement of drugs manufacturers and distributors
In the context of drug law enforcement in the country, all drug enforcement agencies
should focus on acting more firmly on individuals / groups involved in the manufacture
and distribution of drugs. Total enforcement of this group will have a greater impact on
the target to reduce the number of new drug users / addicts in the long run. The total
and continuous enforcement of the manufacturer and distributors within a certain period
of consistent pressure can reduce the government’s incurred costs for treatment and
rehabilitation programmes for drug addicts / abusers.
(c) Competent controls of chemicals / precursors
Chemicals / precursors are the ingredients needed for the purpose of processing or making
synthetic types of drugs. Imported chemicals / precursors and distribution sites should be
carefully and efficiently controlled to minimise space and opportunity for the syndicated
group to create more illegal labs to process and manufacture drugs in the country.
(d) Drug detection / new psychoactive substance
New psychoactive substance (NPS) is a new threat and crisis of the world in the current era
following the advancement of technology and the invention of new chemicals. Responsible
agencies need to be aware and always realise of the development or production of new
drugs illegally by detecting, studying and analysing precursors and chemical compounds
that may be misused. Chemical substances identified as having a risk of being misused
for NPS purposes shall be registered and listed as prohibited by law. (suggestions for
improvement)
(e) Disable financial resources of drug syndicates
Drug enforcement agencies need to act to disable the financial resources of drug
syndicates by raising efforts such as forfeiture of property and preventing money laundering
activities from drug transactions and transactions. The ability of the financial resources of
the group of distribution syndicates to become the main axis of illegal activities carried out
expands to all corners of the world.
66
(f) Address current changes in the trend of smuggling and drug trafficking
Enforcement officers should always be sensitive to the change in modus operandi group
of drug trafficking syndicates that can be very dynamic and can affect the proven
process from the technical point of investigation during court proceedings. Additionally,
drug enforcement officers should also be aware of current developments and have the
ability to track the production / appearance of new synthetic drugs that are likely to
be detached from any legal action. Hence, informant programme (source / informant)
must be systematically and structurally developed so that enforcement actions can be
effectively organised. Accurate information influences the effectiveness of enforcing an
enforcement action in particular on planned crime relating to drug trafficking.
(g) Tightening controls at land, sea and airport borders
The boundaries of the country’s border covering land, sea and airport borders need to be
tightened to restrict the inclusion of drugs including other security threats to the country.
Strict control at the border can increase the confidence of tourists, students or foreign
investors to a level of security throughout their stay in Malaysia. Government policies by
tightening border checks can increase economic growth of various sectors as well as
raising the level of national security as a whole.
(h) Improve human resource, logistics, infrastructure and drug enforcement agency
capabilities
Logistics, infrastructure and technology capabilities of all drug enforcement agencies need
to be improved in parallel with the declaration of the “Drugs the National Enemy No.1” and
is one of the security issues in the country. Thus, the government needs to give priority and
emphasis on efforts to improve the existing capabilities of enforcement agencies following
the rapid development of today’s technology that has been adopted by the distribution
syndicate group.
(i) Enhancing enforcement agencies’ co-operation with the private sector
All drug enforcement agencies need to enhance close cooperation with the private
sector, especially among import / export companies, international shipping / courier
services companies, pharmaceutical manufacturers and multinational financial institutions.
Enforcement measures can be effectively managed through collaboration with the private
sector for the purpose of sharing information and detecting fraud or illegal activities,
particularly involving drug-related offences.
(j) International cooperation
Drug crime is a transnational crime. Therefore, international cooperation must be continued

and enhanced to enable the collection and sharing of information more effectively. These
include legal cooperation (for example, transfers of proceedings, legal aid and extradition)
and cooperation with international financial institutions.
67
2.5.5 TARGET GROUPS
Enforcement services and programmes are targeted at the following individuals and groups:
Drug Drug Drug People under

Traffickers Addicts Abusers surveillance
Government Private Registered Chemical

Rehab Rehab Medical Industry /
Centres Centres Practitioners Pharmaceuticals
(a) Drug traffickers, refers to an individual who has committed one of the acts mentioned in
Section 2 of the Dangerous Drugs Act 1952 which is to manufacture, import, export, store,
conceal, sell, deliver, receive, handle, transport, deliver, post , attempt to procure, supply
or distribute dangerous drugs or otherwise by the enforcement of this act or the regulations
made under this act.
(b) Drug addicts, refers to an individual referred to in Section 2 of the Drug Dependents (Treatment
and Remedies) Act 1983 which defines drug addicts as a person through the use of any
dangerous drug, experiencing a psychic and sometimes a physical condition characterised
by behavioural responses and other responses that include persistent or periodic drug
incitations to experience psychic effects and to avoid being addicted because of its
absence.
(c) People under surveillance, referring to drug addicts who need to undergo surveillance
programmes for 2 to 3 years after undergoing treatment and rehabilitation programmes
within the Rehabilitation Centre or community.
(d) Government rehab centres, which refers to rehabilitation centres established under Section
10 of the Drug Dependents (Treatment and Remedies) Act 1983.
(e) Private Drug Recovery Centres, which refers to private drug rehabilitation centres established
under Section 16 of the Drug Dependents (Treatment and Remedies) Act 1983.
(f) Registered medical practitioners, referring to any medical practitioner registered under
the Medical Act 1971 who is required to report the list of patients who have a methadone
treatment to the Director General of the National Anti-Drug Agency as provided under
section 18 of the Act Drug Addict (Treatment & Recovery) 1983.
68
CORE 4: HARM MIGITATION

2.6.1 INTRODUCTION
Harm mitigation is policies, programmes and methods aimed at reducing harm or

consequences of drug abuse to individuals who are unable or unwilling to use drugs,
in terms of health, social and economic. Harm mitigation acts as a complement to
other strategies (prevention, treatment and rehabilitation, and enforcement) leading to
reduced demand for drugs.
In particular, this core objective is to minimise harm to individuals, families and communities
as a result of drug addiction activities.
Understanding the concept of harm is very important and it should be clear that it is in
linewith current developments. For the purpose of implementing this policy, the concept
of harm is:
Physical harms, such as deaths, illnesses, invasions, spread of

infectious diseases such as HIV / AIDS and hepatitis, and injuries
caused by accidents and violence resulting from drug withdrawal
Psychological harm, ie, harms such as fear or anxiety, risk behaviours

and the consequences of household collapse
Social harm, ie, harms such as the collapse of social systems and
wasting of social interaction assets
Economic deterioration, such as cost reduction and loss of

productivity, workplace accidents, healthcare, and local economic
development
69
Personal injury, which is a harm to the addict itself in terms of their
physical, psychological, spiritual, social and economic
Philosophy and the concept of harm reduction are based on the following:
The reduction
Focus on
One of the approach
prevention and recognises that it is
solutions to
harm mitigations more effective for
improve public Harm mitigation is a
from risky pragmatic concept individuals and
health and reduce
activities, rather that recognises communities to
the risk of harm is
than preventing the reality of drug minimise the harm
to be taken into caused by drug use
individuals from addiction
account than to eliminate
engaging in
such activities drug use for short-
term goals.
2.6.3 PRINCIPLES
The implementation of the harm reduction programme is guided by the

following seven (7) principles:
(a) Pragmatism
Reduction in harm affirms that there is a possibility

that some of the population will be involved in high-
risk behaviours due to social, economic, mental
health or other influences. The problem of drug
abuse is a complex phenomenon that causes a
change in drug dependency behaviour that causes
various adverse effects on self and society.
70
(b) Focus on risk and harm
Harm reduction is an approach that focuses on

the specific risks and harm caused by addiction.
The issues highlighted are what specific risks and
harms associated with drug use, the causes of
the risks and their harm, and actions which can
be taken to reduce risks and harms concerned.
(c) Human rights
Harm reduction programmes recognise each

individual including drug abusers having their own
basic rights including the right to health, social
and employment services. In the context of drug
treatment and rehabilitation, the programme
rejects the use of elements of violence against an
individual who may cause harm but rather impose
respect for and protect human rights.
(d) Varsity of approaches
The programme acknowledges that the choice

and access to the diversity of treatment and
rehabilitation approaches can help abstinence
or follow a harm reduction programme to lead a
healthy and safe life.
71
(e) Short-term goals
This programme recognises the factor of the

willingness of addicts to change plays an important
role in the recovery process. An individual can be
in various stages of change whether it is about
pre-contemplation, to think about contemplation,
to make decisions and plan to change, to take
steps to change and to maintain change. Harm
mitigation begins with “What is the level of the
addict readiness to change?”, Focusing on the
most pressing needs and the level of preparedness
that can be achieved in stages.
(f) Drug addict’s active involvement
The active involvement of drug addicts is crucial

in ensuring the success of the harm reduction
programme. Addicts are encouraged to
participate actively in discussions and determine
appropriate interventions to minimise the harm
of drug abuse as they are the best source of
information on the level and history of their drug
use. This programme provides an opportunity for
drug addicts to make choices and changing their
lives.
(g) Based on evidence and cost-saving
Harm reduction approaches are practical,

feasible, effective, safe and cost-effective. Most
of the programmes in this approach are cheap,
easy to implement and have a great impact on
the health of individuals and community members
72
2.6.4 APPROACH AND STRATEGY
Implementation of harm reduction programmes using the following approaches:
A REDUCING SELF HARM
Improve awareness and

Empowerment of
understanding of infectious
Medication-Assisted
diseases, undergo screening
Treatment, detoxification
and prevention measures
treatment and psychosocial
to prevent the spread of
intervention
infectious diseases
Increasing the awareness

of an individual towards Promote healthy lifestyle
the latest treatment and practices
rehabilitation
B REDUCING HARM TO FAMILY
Empower infectious disease Increase awareness and

prevention programme to understanding of spouses
spouses about safe sex
Strengthening HIV, hepatitis

and tuberculosis (TB) Creating and
counselling programmes to empowering family
individual family members support groups
involved
73
C REDUCING HARM TO COMMUNITY
Reducing harm to the community through the implementation of the following

activities:
Monitoring by Strengthen Enhance Strengthen the

stakeholders in the cooperation community harm reduction
comprehensive networks between members’ policies including
and holistic authorities and awareness and the provision of
harm reduction local communities understanding of human capital
programme in the effort of harm reduction and infrastructure
implementing programmes provision and
the programme development.
for the harm
mitigation.
Implementing Increase awareness Empowering Empowering the

the overall among members of corporate social Harm Reduction
harm reduction the community to responsibility Agenda in
programme in help promote harm by NGOs and the State Drug
the field through reduction policies corporate Enforcement
a feedback and programmes companies Council (MTMD)
mechanism from using the latest
the target group. information
technology
74
2.6.5 TARGET GROUPS
The groups targeted for harm reduction programmes are:
KE
2.6.6 SUPPORTATIVE PROGRAMS
Harm reduction programmes become more effective when implemented in

tandem with the following support programmes:
Information, Counselling HIV, STD and TB Support, referrals

education, and regarding the screening tests and follow-up
communication harm mitigation, groups
about the risk of psychosocial
HIV / AIDS infection, problems, spiritual
hepatitis B and and behavioural
C, STDs and the change
dangers of drug
addiction
75
CORE 5: INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
2.7.1 INTRODUCTION
The problem of smuggling, distribution, drug abuse and addiction is a global

problem across borders. Hence, international cooperation is seen as an initiative
and shared responsibility and should be an essential core and strategy in
addressing this problem.
International cooperation is contained in documents such as Political Declaration

and Plan of Action on International Cooperation towards an Integrated and
Balanced Strategy to Counter the World Drug Problem of 2009, UNGASS 2016
outcome document, ASEAN Political-Security Community Blueprint 2025, ASEAN
Work Plan on Securing ASEAN Community Against Illicit Drugs 2016-2025, ASEAN
Statement at UNGASS 2016 and Malaysian Statement at UNGASS 2016.
International relations involve bilateral and multilateral cooperation and

are complementary to four other key principles - prevention, treatment and
rehabilitation, enforcement and harm reduction.
Among the main objectives of international cooperation in drug-related fields

are:
Building and maintaining Sharing and exchanging

international relations in the information on current and
development of a holistic, effective efforts in reducing
integrated and balanced drug abuse within the country
strategy of reducing based on best-practice and
demand and reducing evident-based practices; and
supply;
Increase staff competencies

Involve the country actively through international
in international meetings and seminars, training and
stating the country’s stand in conferences and exchange
determining the direction of of expertise through
international drug policy; employee attachment
programmes abroad.
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The concept and philosophy of international cooperation in drug-related matters

include:
BILATERAL COOPERATION
Cooperation between two countries or international bodies on

drug issues that can benefit both countries.
Specific matters between the two countries involved can be

discussed and decided. To launch this bilateral cooperation,
usually memoranda of understanding or agreement need to be
signed between the two countries involved.
MULTIBILATERAL COOPERATION
Cooperation involves various countries or international bodies

that have a common interest in drugs. Examples of international
bodies such as the United Nations Of Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
and the European Monitoring Center for Drug and Drug Addiction
(EMCDDA), Colombo Plan and so on.
ASEAN Senior Officials on Drug Matters (ASOD) is also one of the

mechanisms of multilateral cooperation in relation to drugs at
the ASEAN level. In this collaboration, multilateral discussions,
decisions and cooperation can be implemented, among them
through annual meetings and the formation of several working
groups.
Both forms of cooperation provide Malaysia with opportunities in learning the

best practices, the principles of the guidelines and recommendations of these
organisations, as well as information sharing and drug enforcement intelligence.
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2.7.3 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS AND PROTOCOLS ON DRUGS
There are currently three conventions and international protocols on drugs signed
by Malaysia, namely:
United Nations
Convention Against
Convention on Illicit Traffic in
Single Convention on
Psychotropic Narcotic Drugs
Narcotic Drugs, 1961
Substances of 1971 and Psychotropic
Substances of 1988
The International Drug Control Agreement decided by the Commission on

Narcotics Drugs (CND) based in Vienna, Austria
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2.7.4 APPROACH AND STRATEGY
The approach Malaysia takes to address drug problems through international

cooperation is:
(a) Active involvement in various international meetings such as ASOD Meetings,

ASEAN Ministers Meeting on Drug Issues (AMMDs), and the Commission on
Narcotic Drugs (CND) Conference for the purpose of exchanging views, voicing
Malaysia’s stand and strengthening community-based collaboration among
members of the meeting.
(b) Participation in regional or international training programs and dispatch

of officers for temporary attachment programs for the purpose of sharing
experiences and best practices, and acquiring new knowledge and skills from
multinational participants as well as acquiring new skills or expertise. The inputs
can be adjusted internally.
(c) Signing of agreements or memorandum of understanding with other countries in

particular deals with the interests of both countries.
(d) Sharing information on evidence-based studies and best practices from various
sources from around the world to be adapted and implemented in Malaysia.
(e) Working visits to other organizations abroad for the purpose of establishing
cooperation and learning about their experiences in addressing drug issues in
their respective countries.
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2.7.5 PROGRAMS AND ACTIVITIES
The implementation of the core policy is made through the participation of the
country in the following programs and activities:
(a) United Nations General Assembly Special Session (UNGASS)
(b) Commission on Narcotic Drugs (CND) annual meeting
(c) ASEAN Ministrial Meeting on Drug (AMMD) meeting
(d) ASEAN Senior Officials on Drug Matters (ASOD) annual meeting
(e) The International Federation of Non-Government Organization for the

Prevention of Drug and Substance Abuse (IFNGO) Conference
(f) Colombo Plan (CP) training program
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2.7.6 TARGET GROUPS
Target groups for the implementation of international co-operation policy on

drugs include:
Governments of
foreign countries Ministries, agencies Embassies
through bilateral, or government and foreign
regional and departments of representation
international foreign countries offices in the country
agreements or
cooperation
Embassies Non-
and foreign governmental
representation organisations
offices in the (NGOs) at the
country international
level
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CHAPTER 3:
ASSESSMENT AND MONITORING
INTRODUCTION
Evaluation and monitoring of core programs and activities for the National Drug
Policy are held to ensure the effectiveness and improvement of drug-related
programs and activities in Malaysia. Government agencies or departments,
NGOs and the private sector involved in planning and execution or delivery of
services carry out two evaluation stages for each core as a whole and for each
program in particular, the initial assessment (assessment) or assessment of needs
(needs assessment) and impact assessment.
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IMPORTANCE OF CORE ASSESSMENT

The importance of core assessments is implemented before and after a program
is implemented. The rating and importance of the assessment are as follows::
3.2.1 PRE-ASSESSMENT
Assisting
Assisting the
implementers
provision of a
Obtain accurate to define the
comprehensive
information or requirements of
program
representations a program to be
implementation
about an issue implemented, such
action plan,
or problem as finance, content,
including the
encountered and implementation
distribution of
the target group methods and
the roles and
involved resources, including
responsibilities of the
the involvement of
implementers
various agencies
and NGOs
3.2.2 POST-ASSESSMENT
a. Assist in enhancing service quality, saving money and resources in

carrying out services effectively
b. Obtain credible evidence on the implementation of programs,

outcomes and cost efficiency to assist decision-making processes to
improve service quality
c. Ensure resources are not wasted on programs or ineffective activities
d. Monitor program progress based on established goals
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e. Determine whether the program components contribute to the
desired outcomes
f. Justify the financial allocation requirements and other resources in

promoting and implementing the program
g. Obtain new inputs or opportunities to improve service delivery
h. Distinguish between effective and ineffective programs or services
3.3.1 Assessment of
needs
Needs assessment is an assessment
made before a program / activity
is developed (preferably before a
planned program) to determine
the target group requirements and
services that need to be provided
3.3.2 Assessment of
results
The assessment of results is a
valuation made to measure the
situation or change experienced
by the target group as a result of
3.3.3 Assessment of
the implementation of the program process
activity, whether the program / Assessment made to determine the
activity that is implemented achieves program / activity is implemented
the set goals or not according to planned structure,
content and delivery, meeting
target groups and can be
implemented (doable)
3.3.4 Assessment of
cost
This assessment refers to an
assessment made to track sources
used (such as finances, tools, human 3.3.5 Assessment of
resources) and comparisons with
results obtained or cost effective
client’s satisfactory
Refers to evaluations made to
measure the level of acceptance
and consent of the client to the
program / activity being followed,
whether meeting client needs
and expectations, and obtaining
client feedback on programs /
activities and services provided
in terms of their advantages and
disadvantages
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ASSESSMENT COMMITEE
Each core policy of preventive education, treatment and rehabilitation,
enforcement and harm reduction should form a committee to carry out the
assessment of each evaluation process. The rating committee should comprise
the following individuals:
Implementing
Proficient or
programs such as
experienced
counselors, therapists Administrator or
researchers or individual
or agency personnel program manager
in data collection and
involved in program
statistical analysis
implementation
The community
Representative of program representative in
participants, such as Deputy department whom the program
clients, school students or financier who was implemented,
or community members advocates the program such as village chief,
(target groups) who headmaster or principal,
participate in the program head of department or
administrator
ASSESSMENT REPORT
Assessment reports are made on the basis of scientific studies conducted for
planning and program improvement purposes. It should be provided in writing to
facilitate understanding to explain:
Program Improvement
Planning Program’s effectiveness that can
Choices of programme based on be achieved, how to improve the
structure, content and delivery program, how the original planning
method. can be modified, accountability,
and fairness of financial provisions.
85
The format of the assessment report should contain the following information:
(a) Executive summary
(b) Background and the purpose of assessment -

Contains information such as program background, rational assessment,
stakeholder involvement, program description, and question or focus
assessment.
(c) Method of evaluation -

Contain information on assessment designs, sampling procedures,
measurements and indicators, data collection procedures, data processing
procedures, data analysis, and barriers or limitations of valuation.
(d) Assessment findings
(e) Discussion and suggestion

Reports prepared should be used by various levels of readers, such as
stakeholders, policy makers, authorities, the public, and the target group itself,
for the purposes of:
(a) Recommendation
Actions that need to be considered as a result of assessment findings.
(b) Preparation
Steps that need to be taken to use the assessment findings obtained.
(c) Feedback
To obtain feedbacks as a result of assessment findings.

(d) Follow-up action
Support and assistance required of the reader as a result of the

assessment findings.
(e) Distribution
Disseminating information on the lesson learned and learning process

from the assessment findings to relevant, unbiased and consistent
target groups, such as through letters, websites, forums, media, etc.
86
CORE MONITORING
Monitoring on each core will be implemented at the national, state and
district level. This monitoring covers the results of the assessments in terms of
implementation i.e. customer needs, outcomes, processes, costs and satisfaction,
including recommendations on improvement of the program.
The report will use the Committee which was formed through the Prime Minister’s
Number 1 Order of 2004 through the following stages:
Committee on Drug Abuse (JKMD)
Prevention and Publicity Education Committee (JPPP)
The Law Enforcement Action Committee (JPU)
The Treatment and Remedial Committee (JRP)
Drug Enforcement Council (MTMD) in the State and District level
Reporting of assessment results to JKMD and its implementation machinery below

(JPPP, JPU, JRP and MTMD) are to enable:
(a) Appropriate actions to be taken and action in implementing DDN’s

core policy in line with the outcome of the assessment
(b) Advise ministers on policy related to drug prevention, treatment

and rehabilitation of drug addicts, enforcement and harm mitigation
(c) Ensure integrated involvement among government agencies,

non-governmental organizations and the people in efforts to combat
domestic drug problems
87
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NATIONAL

National Anti-Drugs Agency

Assalamu’alaikum WBT, salam 1Malaysia, and greetings.

The National Drug Policy (NDP) is enacted to serve

Accordingly, the Ministry has high hopes that this policy

YAB Dato’ Seri Dr. Ahmad Zahid bin Hamidi

For the success of the mission and vision of this policy,

As such, the government, particularly the Ministry

I would also like to take this opportunity to express my

Dato’ Sri Alwi bin Hj Ibrahim

In order to achieve this goal, the National Anti-Drugs

Lastly, I would like to take this opportunity to extend

Dato’ Dr. Abd. Halim bin Mohd Hussin

Government departments / agencies / Government agencies, Non Governmental Organisations

Tabled at the Cabinet Meeting (MJM) and approved

NATIONAL Improvement on the first National Drug Policy (DDN)

DRUG that was enacted in 1996

TO CREATE AND DEVELOPING RAKYAT

To create Malaysia and the Malaysian society

To achieve the goal of supply and demand reduction

5 MAIN CORES OF NATIONAL DRUG POLICY

B. Treatment and recovery

COUNTRIES THAT ACCOUNT BEST PRACTICES IN DRUG PREVENTION

United Kingdom Canada Australia Switzerland Germany

T he problem of drug addiction is complex and agreed globally as a chronic

This drug policy will be a comprehensive

DRUG AND ADDICTION

1.2.1 DEFINITION OF DRUG

D rugs that depress the central nervous system (brain) and

reduce pain. Its use can cause physical and psychological

D rugs that act to stimulate the central nervous system (brain)

physical and psychological dependence, while its cessation

rugs that can alter the function of the sensory system,

D rugs that have suppressive, stimulant and hallucinogenic

Alcohol, refers to a drink or liquid containing ethyl alcohol, ethanol or grain

Caffeine, refers to a drink or liquor containing an active ingredient of weakly

Cannabis, referring to drugs derived from marijuana or marijuana plants containing

Inhalants, refers to easily accessible and abrasive industrial, office, home or

Opioids or narcotics, is a substance used to relieve pain, including heroin,

Sedatives, hipnotics or anxiolytics, are abused drugs, including

Stimulants, is a substance that stimulates the central nervous system,

Tobacco, is a substance derived from plants containing nicotine active ingredients;

Drug use can be categorised into two types, namely:

Improper use of drugs, improper Type of simple, relapse chronic

D Addicted, which is experiencing addiction, desire or urgency to use drugs;

G Continuing the addict behaviour even though the physical or psychological

I Have at least three (3) withdrawal or retraction symptoms (varying by type

1.2.3 RECOVERY INDEX

TREATMENT AND SUPPORT

THE USE OF TIME

A Reuse Of Drug Substances E The Use of Time

Its indicators are more structured

Its indicators are getting involved

Its indicators are engaged in The indicator is the improvement

Its indicator is less ashamed or

The indicator is to change

Its indicator is to have meaningful