SBS Harvard Referencing Guide Final

Harvard Referencing Guide
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Preface
Like many other academic institutions the world over, the Southern Business School
recommends the Harvard referencing style to be used by its staff and students.
While there are many variations on the "Harvard" style, the one presented in this guide aims
to be simple and easy to follow. Therefore, the examples given in this guide do not cover all
possible information sources that you may be required to reference in your academic life.
Instead, these guidelines and examples provide you with basic knowledge and skills on how
to reference sources in text and how to compile a reference list.
Note
Some of the examples were created specifically for this guide and cannot be found in any
published works.
This guide has been revised in 2020 and incorporates and replaces both editions of the SBS
Harvard referencing guide published in 2013 and 2017.
The Harvard referencing style
The Harvard referencing style is an "author-date" referencing style – similar to the American
Psychological Association (APA) referencing style (which is based on the "Harvard" style and
promoted by the APA) – and is also called an "in-text", "author-date" or "parenthetical"
referencing style. These names for the style describe how the reference to another author's
work appears in the text: in the order of surname and date and in brackets (parentheses) –
as opposed to using footnotes or using numbers to refer to sources.
It has its origins in the 1860s at the Library of Harvard's Museum of Comparative Zoology
and was prominently used from 1881 in papers by zoologist Edward Mark, also from Harvard
University. A visiting scientist from the UK may be the originator of the phrase "the Harvard
style" when he returned to the UK and commented on this referencing style (Chernin,
1988:1062–1063).
Why is it important to take note of this? Because there is much confusion about what the
Harvard style is and what it should look like. Unlike other referencing styles, like the MLA or
the APA styles, there is no definitive style guide for the "Harvard style" produced by Harvard
University. Universities and colleges across the world have adapted the author-date style to
suit their needs.
The SBS Harvard referencing style
In this 2020 revision of the SBS guide, the examples from previous SBS Harvard referencing
guides are consolidated.
iii
Chapter 2 – Citations (in-text references) Harvard Referencing Guide
Table of Contents
Preface iii
The Harvard referencing style.............................................................................. iii
The SBS Harvard referencing style ....................................................................... iii
Chapter 1 – Introduction 9
How to use this guide............................................................................................ 9
What is a citation?................................................................................................. 9
What is a reference? ............................................................................................. 9
What is a bibliography?......................................................................................... 9
How to get the best referencing result ................................................................. 9
Why is it necessary to use accurate citations and references? .......................... 10
What is plagiarism? ............................................................................................. 10
What to cite ......................................................................................................... 11
When not to cite ................................................................................................. 11
Punctuation ......................................................................................................... 11
Commonly used abbreviations in referencing .................................................... 11
Chapter 2 – Citations (in-text references) 13
The basic elements of a citation (in-text reference) ........................................... 13
Where to insert a citation in a sentence or paragraph....................................... 13
Examples of citations (in-text references) .......................................................... 14
Sources with a single author............................................................................. 14
Sources with two authors................................................................................. 14
Sources with more than two authors ................................................................ 14
Sources with the same first author and date, but different co-authors................ 15
Sources with a first/single author that share a surname and a publication date... 15
Sources supporting the same point of view ....................................................... 15
Institutional or corporate authors..................................................................... 16
Legislation....................................................................................................... 16
Secondary sources (authors whose original work you have not read).................. 17
Sources with Anonymous as author .................................................................. 17
Sources without author, publication date and/or page numbers ........................ 18
Specific examples of in-text citations ................................................................ 19
Direct quotations................................................................................................. 21
Short quotations.............................................................................................. 21
Long quotations............................................................................................... 21
Omitting words from a quotation ..................................................................... 22
v
Highlighting words in direct quotations............................................................. 22

Inserting words in direct quotations ................................................................. 22
Chapter 3 – Reference list 23
Introduction......................................................................................................... 23
How to compile a reference list .......................................................................... 23
How to format the reference list ........................................................................ 23
How to punctuate the reference list................................................................... 24
When to use italics in the reference list ............................................................. 24
How to organise the reference list alphabetically .............................................. 25
Books ................................................................................................................... 27
In print............................................................................................................ 27
E-books........................................................................................................... 31
Encyclopaedias .................................................................................................... 34
In print............................................................................................................ 34
Electronic........................................................................................................ 34
Dictionaries.......................................................................................................... 35
In print............................................................................................................ 35
Electronic........................................................................................................ 35
Journal, magazine and newspaper articles ......................................................... 35
Journal articles ................................................................................................ 35
Newspaper and magazine articles..................................................................... 38
Websites .............................................................................................................. 40
Blogs .................................................................................................................... 40
Blog post......................................................................................................... 40
Comment on a website article or blog post ....................................................... 41
Personal correspondence.................................................................................... 41
Interviews ....................................................................................................... 41
Telephone conversations ................................................................................. 42
Email 42
Mailing lists..................................................................................................... 43
Letters ............................................................................................................ 43
Conference papers .............................................................................................. 44
Papers published in conference proceedings..................................................... 44
Unpublished papers......................................................................................... 45
Papers without author or title .......................................................................... 45
Conference proceedings with author ................................................................ 46
Conference – electronic copy ........................................................................... 46
vi
Reports ................................................................................................................ 47
Theses and dissertations ..................................................................................... 47
In print............................................................................................................ 47
Electronic and online ....................................................................................... 48
Unpublished theses and dissertations............................................................... 48
Lecture notes and study guides .......................................................................... 49
Lecture notes .................................................................................................. 49
Study guides.................................................................................................... 49
Legislation (Acts) ................................................................................................. 50
Constitution .................................................................................................... 50
Acts published by Parliament ........................................................................... 51
Acts published by a province ............................................................................ 52
Legislation (Gazettes).......................................................................................... 52
Government Gazette ....................................................................................... 52
Provincial Gazette............................................................................................ 53
Legislation (other) ............................................................................................... 53
Legislation published by a government department........................................... 53
Legislation published by a province................................................................... 54
Legislation published by a municipality ............................................................. 54
Law reports.......................................................................................................... 54
Audiovisual media ............................................................................................... 55
DVD 55
CD/audiobook ................................................................................................. 55
Podcast........................................................................................................... 56
PowerPoint presentation ................................................................................. 56
YouTube.......................................................................................................... 57
Images ............................................................................................................ 57
Frequently asked questions (FAQs) 58
General ................................................................................................................ 58
Q. How do I cite and reference sources in languages other than English?....... 58
Q. Which letters should I capitalise? ............................................................ 58
Q. What if there is no example in this guide to the source that I am using?.... 58
Dates.................................................................................................................... 58
Q. Where do I find the date of a work? ........................................................ 58
Q. What if a book has more than one date? ................................................. 58
Q. What if the date is in Roman letters?....................................................... 58
Q. What if there is no date? ........................................................................ 58
Citations............................................................................................................... 59
vii
Q. How do I cite two sources written by the same author in the same year?.. 59
Q. How do I cite a number of different sources to support the same point?... 59
Reference list....................................................................................................... 59
Q. What if I have more than one work by the same author; how do I list them
in the reference list? .............................................................................. 59
Q. Which place of publication should I include in the reference if a book lists
more than one place?............................................................................. 59
Q. Which publisher should I include in my reference if a book lists multiple
publishers? ............................................................................................ 59
Q. Do I have to include the publisher’s name in full? .................................... 59
Q. Some Harvard referencing style manuals use the words "Available at" or
"Available from" before the URL of an electronic publication. What is the
correct way?.......................................................................................... 59
Q. Some online journal articles and webpages have very long URLs............... 60
Q. Why do I have to include the date when I access a website?..................... 60
Q. Which do I choose: the website URL or the DOI?...................................... 60
Q Can I use software to manage the reference list?..................................... 60
Q. If a source has more than one format, for example a printed and an online
format, which information do I use in the reference list?.......................... 60
Q. When do I use pp. and when do I only show the page number range?....... 60
Example of a reference list 61
Reference list 65
Notes 67
viii
Chapter 1 – Introduction Harvard Referencing Guide
Chapter 1 – Introduction
How to use this guide
• Read Chapter 1 first.

• Search or browse Chapters 2 and 3 for examples.
• Look at the FAQs (frequently asked questions).
What is a citation?
In this reference guide, an in-text citation is a way of acknowledging, in your text, a source
that you have used. It is inserted in your writing and contains only the following information
about the source: the author’s surname, year of publication and the page number(s).
What is a reference?
A reference is an item in the reference list. The reference contains full information about the
source that you have cited in your text and where it can be obtained. This information is
listed on a separate page, usually at the end of your assignment or report, under the heading
Reference list.
What is a bibliography?
It is also useful to know that a bibliography is a list of all the sources you read – regardless
of whether they are cited in your text or not. A bibliography is usually not included for the
purposes of writing an assignment or a report.
How to get the best referencing result
As soon as you find a source that you think you would be able to use in your research, make
a note of all its details: who the author is, when it was published, what its title is and where
to find it. Recording all the referencing details while you are looking at the source takes less
time than having to go and find it again when you compile the reference list after you have
written your text.
Once you have finished writing, check the citations and references in your work. Check that
all the citations have been listed in the reference list. Make sure that you apply the
referencing style consistently.
9
Why is it necessary to use accurate citations and references?
Accurate referencing:
• is a form of professional honesty, acknowledging that you are supporting your writing
and ideas with someone else's ideas and research
• is a form of professional courtesy, crediting the person who originally thought of the idea
(because when someone else refers to your research or writing, you would like them to
acknowledge your effort, wouldn't you?)
• gives readers clear directions so that they can find your sources for their own reading
and research
• shows readers how well and at what level you have done your research, "to demonstrate
that you have extended your reading, learning and comprehension by using relevant and
[up-to-date] sources" (Smit, 2017:5)
• verifies your assertions and interpretation (Adhikari, 2009:130)
• establishes the credibility of your research (Victor, 2014:4)
• demonstrates participation in academic recourse (Van Dyk & Coetzee, 2010:4)
As Peh and Ng (2009:661) state, "[excessive] errors or carelessness in quoting or listing of

references … leave a bad impression, and may lead editors and reviewers to doubt the
accuracy of the methods and results sections as well".
What is plagiarism?
Plagiarism occurs when you use another person’s words or ideas without giving credit to that
person, which, according to the North-West University "represents academic or intellectual
theft" (Coetzee, 2020:5).
According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary online, to "plagiarise" means:
o to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one's own
o to use (another’s production) without crediting the source
o to commit literary theft
o to present as new and original an idea or product derived from an existing
source [SBS formatting]
In other words, plagiarism is an act of fraud. It involves both stealing someone else's work
and lying about it afterward.
10
What to cite
The following guidelines of Princeton University (2018:7–8) explains what to cite:
o quotation – any verbatim use of a source, no matter how large or small

the quotation
o paraphrase – a restatement of another person’s thoughts or ideas in your
own words, using your own sentence structure
o summary – a concise statement of another person’s thoughts or ideas in
your own words
o facts, information, and data – information found exclusively in a
particular source
o supplementary information – especially in a longer research paper …
insert a note offering supplementary information rather than simply
providing basic bibliographic information [SBS formatting]
In addition, you need to cite when you:

• make a specific claim that could be challenged, like London is the foggiest city in the
world
• make a specific claim that is not common knowledge, like the Indian Ocean is the
youngest of the worlds' major oceans
• offer an authoritative (expert) opinion, like "germs cause pneumonia" (ThoughtCo, n.d.)
When not to cite
• You do not have to cite your own work unless you are referring to your own published
work.
• You do not have to cite facts or information that is generally well known and accepted,
including "scientific truths and history dates" (Victor, 2014:6). For example, the rand is
the currency of South Africa, or Margaret Thatcher, a former prime minister of Great
Britain, died on 8 April 2013.
Punctuation
Punctuation helps readers identify and differentiate between the different elements in the
citation and the reference entry. Pay attention to the use of punctuation and spaces.
Commonly used abbreviations in referencing
& and (used in parentheses citations and reference lists)

§ section (used to indicate paragraphs in e-reader platforms such as Kindle)
ed. edition or editor (depending on the position in the reference)
eds. editions or editors (depending on the position in the reference)
et al. et alii (meaning "and others")
n.d. no date
p. page
pp. pages
Note
Et al. only takes a full stop after "al." but not "et". This is because "et" is a complete word
that does not need to be abbreviated.
11
Previously, et al. was typed in italic form. Now, as is the case with other commonly used
abbreviations of Latin words – e.g. and i.e. – it is no longer necessary to do so.
12
Chapter 2 – Citations (in-text references)
A citation is an abbreviated indication of the source you have referred to in your text. This
reference can either be part of the sentence or it can appear at the end of the sentence.
The basic elements of a citation (in-text reference)
It consists of the following three elements of the source:

• the author's surname – who wrote the text?
• the year of publication – when was it written?
• the page number(s) or location indicator(s) – where in the text/source does the citation
come from?
Note
Some words are presented in bold for clearer explanation.
Where to insert a citation in a sentence or paragraph
• Mention the author’s surname as part of the sentence and insert the year and the page
number(s) in brackets after the author’s surname.
a b
Jones (2020:3) show that these …
c e
a. surname of author
b. brackets around the publication date and page number(s)
c. publication date (in brackets)
d. colon (:) to separate the publication date and the page number
e. page number (in brackets)
• Insert the author’s surname, year of publication and page number(s) in brackets at the
end of the sentence.
a c e
These questions … to be completed (Jones, 2020:3–5).
b d
a. brackets around the citation information

b. surname of author (inside brackets) followed by a comma
c. publication date (in brackets)
d. colon (:) to separate the publication date and the page numbers
e. page number range (linked with an n-dash)
13
Examples of citations (in-text references)
Sources with a single author
Adhikari (2009:130) is of the opinion that accurate references in research studies are
essential for the transmission of scientific knowledge.
or
Accurate references in research studies are essential for the transmission of scientific
knowledge (Adhikari, 2009:130).
Note
In the second example, the full stop comes after the citation. It is because the information
in the parentheses (brackets) is linked to the information in the sentence.
Sources with two authors
If there are two authors for a particular source, cite the names in the order in which they
appear on the title page. The author whose name appears first is often the person whose
contribution is the most significant.
and
Todaro and Smith (2015:50) maintain that a large majority of the world's poor are women.
Note
Use "and" between the authors' surnames when their names form part of the sentence. Use
the ampersand (&) sign when the authors’ surnames are part of the reference in brackets.
You have to give your reader sufficient information to be able to locate your source
(McMillan & Weyers, 2010:41).
&
Sources with more than two authors
To cite a source with more than two authors, use only the surname of the author whose
surname appears first in the source, followed by "et al." or "and others".
et al.
According to Power et al. (2000:494), morality is the choice between ideas that are right
and those that are wrong.
or
14
and others
According to Power and others (2000:494), morality is the choice between ideas that are
right and those that are wrong.
Sources with the same first author and date, but different co-authors
Sometimes it happens that the first author has published more than one work in the same
year with other authors, as is often found with journal articles. In that case, use the name of
the second author to distinguish clearly between sources.
Smith, Jones et al. (2006:12) indicate that ….
or
Our understanding of a passive response to fear becomes clearer when compared to such
a response in animals (Smith, Norbert et al., 2006:122).
In this example, Smith appears in both sources but with different sets of co-authors.
Sources with a first/single author that share a surname and a publication date
When there are two authors with the same surname who published in the same year, use
the initials of the authors to distinguish between them.
… management in the Cape (De Jongh, K., 2002:5).
or
Networks applied to classification problems (De Jongh, T., 2002:103) can lead ...
Sources supporting the same point of view
When more than one source shares and supports the point that you make, list them
alphabetically in the citation, in the same alphabetical order as they would appear in the
reference list. Use a semicolon (;) to separate the information of different sources.
; ;
A recession is expected (Crade, 1995:89; Leeds & Smith, 1996:8; Vance, 1994:6).
15
Institutional or corporate authors
In some cases, the name of the agency, body, or organisation that authorises or commissions
a publication is given as the author because it is through them that the publication was
created and published. In such cases, cite the official name of the agency, body or
organisation.
It is important to keep the punctuation in titles as they are (University of Waikato,

2018:2).
Note
The name of a corporate author can be abbreviated after the first time it is written out in
full. Use the full name followed by its abbreviation or acronym in brackets immediately after.
The American Psychological Association (APA, 2020:5) stipulates that …

[first mention]
The APA (2020:5) recommends that authors …
[following mentions in the same section/chapter/module]
Example
British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) becomes BBC.
Department of Basic Education (DBE) becomes DBE.
National Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) becomes NATO.
Legislation
The Ministry of Basic Education has begun a process of providing intensive support for
18 districts where Grade 12 learner performance has been particularly poor (Department
of Basic Education, hereafter referred to as DBE, 2011:5).
It is not required to include the institutional author when citing a specific Act or piece of
legislation. However, the name of the government institution is included in the reference list
in full (see Chapter 3).
The Further Education and Training Colleges Amendment Act, 2013 (Act 1 of 2013)
stipulates that a person ceases to be a member of the board of the institute if they are
absent from three consecutive meetings of the board without the leave of the board.
Note
Certain SBS modules require a different citation style when referring to legislation. Please
refer to your facilitator of learning or lecturer for more information. Below is an example of
what the citation style would look like.
16
(Botha , 2020:31)
Secondary sources (authors whose original work you have not read)
Authors whose works you have not read in their original form, but whose works are
mentioned in the sources you are using, are referred to as secondary sources. If you come
across a citation for such a secondary source and you wish to use that citation in your own
work, you have to give credit to both sources. Here are some examples:
Babbie, as quoted in De Vos et al. (2011:278), states that a research report is the manner
in which a completed study is communicated to other people.
According to Freud (cited by Williams, 1996:10) dreams are ….
Note
The entries for these examples in the reference list will be under De Vos and Williams.
Use as few secondary sources as possible. Rather follow the reference to its original source
(wherever possible); it will display your skills as a researcher.
Remember that a secondary source is already an interpretation or analysis of another

author's idea and should be used with care. When you read/view the secondary source in its
original form, you can make certain that its focus supports the point that you want to make.
(See also Coetzee, 2020:13–14; De Jager & Steele, 2016:35.)
Sources with Anonymous as author
When the source states that the author is Anonymous, use Anon. in the author's position. It
is rare that the author is explicitly identified as anonymous. See also Sources without
identified authors.
The secrets hidden by the "don't ask, don't tell" policy in state departments (Anon.,
2014:20) ...
17
Sources without author, publication date and/or page numbers
Sources without identified authors
Every source has an author – whether it is an individual or an institution – but some sources
do not publish the names of their authors. When the author is unknown, the in-text citation
consists of the first few distinguishable words of the title (in italics), followed by the year and
page number.
The following are listed in Introduction to online information systems (1984:78): …
Sources without a publication date
If a work, e.g. a website, is without a publication date, use "n.d." – the abbreviation for "no
date" – in the position of the date.
The criterion for citing is mentioned in Harvard: reference list and bibliography (University
of Birmingham., n.d.).
Sources without page numbers but with other indications of location
Some texts (like pamphlets or blogs) and platforms (like Kindle e-readers) may not have page
numbers. If you quote directly from such a text, use location indicators to help readers find
the quotation. For example, in a blog, use paragraphs or headings; or with an e-reader, use
location indicators.
According to Neutron (2019:225/2219), affiliate marketing is …
In this example, 225/2219 represents the location assigned to the text by the Kindle
platform. (It might be located at the bottom of the screen.) The first number (225) represents
the location of the text. The last number (2219) represents the total number of locations
(calculated in bytes) assigned to the source (Jxramos, 2018; Smit, 2017:19).
Another way of indicating the location of the quotation is by using the paragraph or the part
number. If you refer to information on a video, for example, use the time stamp to direct
readers to the information. In the following example, the in-text citation refers to the first of
the parts the e-book was divided into.
Elder Thaddeus (Shtrbulovich) was born on 6/19 October 1914, on the feast day of the
Holy Apostle Thomas … (Tadej, 2009:part 1).
18
Sources without page numbers or other location indicators
When you use sources, like a blog, that have no location page numbers or any other
indication of where the reader could find the information referred to, use the author name
and year published.
Recent research on writing dissertations (BBC, 2012) has shown ...
Note
It is better to use the information that the platform provides, such as chapter¸ paragraph
and/or location number, for example.
Sources without author, publication date and page numbers
In rare cases when all three of these elements are absent, the in-text citation consists of the
first few words of the title, followed by "n.d."
The most basic, ubiquitously prepared food in Ecuador is soup (Culture of Ecuador, n.d.).
Specific examples of in-text citations
Image taken from another source
The images Parisian bridge 1–10 (Girardeau, 2008:81–83) show that …
or
The image (Bridge of tranquillity, 2007:34) shows …
Images, tables and other figures need to be cited when copied to your writing.
Note
In study guides, SBS refers to all images, diagrams, photos and drawings as figures. See the
example below.
(Microsoft, 2020)
Figure 1.1 Example of a chart
Citations of tables and figures come at the bottom of the table or figure. In figures, they
come before the caption of the figure. (The caption is "Figure 1.1 …".)
19
Legislation
Use the name of country as the author when referring to its legislation.
Constitution
When referring to a country's Constitution, use its full title at the first mention. Use the
country as the author in the citation.
In terms of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (South Africa, 1996)
everyone has …
After the first mention of the Constitution, you can use an abbreviated form and the country
of its origin as the author.
In terms of the Constitution (South Africa, 1996), everyone has the right to …
[at the first mention in a new section]
In terms of the Constitution, everyone has the right to …
[at consequent mentions, when there would be no confusion as to which country's Act is
being referred]
When referring to the amendments of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996,
use the following form.
In terms of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Seventeenth Amendment

Act, 2012 (South Africa, 2012), …
Government Acts
The Labour Relations Act, 1995 (Act 66 of 1995), regulates …
If you refer to an Act many times, it is possible to abbreviate it. Mention the full title of the
Act followed by the abbreviation.
The Labour Relations Act, 1995 (Act 66 of 1995, also referred to as LRA), regulates …
or
The Labour Relations Act, 1995 (Act 66 of 1995, hereafter called the LRA), regulates …
[first mention]
After the first mention, use the abbreviation.
In section 2 of the LRA, the …
20
Law reports
Use the country in which the court cases were heard as the author of the law report.
In the case of Motala v University of Natal (South Africa, 1995) it is evident that …
Direct quotations
Use direct quotations sparingly and only when the exact wording is necessary to illustrate a
point. Readers want to read your ideas, not only those of your sources.
Short quotations
For short quotations, use double quotation marks to enclose the other author's exact words.
Short quotations (of fewer than 40 words) are presented as part of the sentence and the
paragraph.
Fouché and Delport (2011:106) state that "a strong a powerful introduction is important
to a convincing proposal".
Long quotations
For long quotations (of 40 words or more), indent the quotation from the left and the right
margins and do not use quotation marks. Leave a line open before and after the indented
quotation to make it stand out more from the surrounding text.
According to Fouché and Delport (2011:109):
A literature review needs to identify the body of literature which is

relevant to the research, to indicate the relationship of the proposed
study to the relevant literature, and to demonstrate his or her
understanding of the main debates in the literature.
When the author writes about …
It is possible to use a slightly smaller font (by 1 pt) to make the long quotation stand out
more from your own text.
21
Omitting words from a quotation
If you are deliberately omitting words from the middle of a quotation, use an ellipsis (three
dots …) to indicate the omission. Use the ellipsis (…) as you would a word – with a space open
on either side. There is no need to use an ellipsis at the start or the end of the quotation.
A literature review, according to Fouché and Delport (2011:109), "needs to identify the
body of literature … to indicate the relationship of the proposed study to the relevant
literature, and to demonstrate his or her understanding of the main debates in the
literature".
Highlighting words in direct quotations
If you want to highlight words in a quotation to focus your readers' attention on them, inform
the reader that you have highlighted the text for emphasis.
Fouché and Delport (2011:106) state that "a strong a powerful introduction is important
for a convincing proposal" [my italics].
Note
The information "[my italics]" does not form part of the quotation and comes outside the
final quotation mark but inside the sentence punctuation (full stop).
Inserting words in direct quotations
Sometimes it is necessary to insert words in the quoted text to make your sentence complete
or grammatically correct. The inserted word is placed in square brackets to indicate that it is
not part of the original, quoted text.
Fouché and Delport (2011:106) state that "a strong and powerful introduction is [as]
important for a convincing proposal" as …
Use square brackets to show that the case of the letter has changed from uppercase to
lowercase, for example.
"Make sure of the short title of [A]cts" is the advice in the Professional Editors' Guild E-
guide: Legislation (2020:1).
The Professional Editors' Guild (2020:1) advises that authors "[m]ake sure of the short title
of [A]cts."
22
Chapter 3 – Reference list Harvard Referencing Guide
Chapter 3 – Reference list
Introduction
The information sources listed in this section are limited to types that students of the
Southern Business School will probably use most. See the chapter on FAQs (frequently asked
questions) as well.
Take particular note of the punctuation in each example.
How to compile a reference list
• Start the reference list on a new page at the end of your assignment or research paper.
• Make sure that each citation in the text of your assignment also appears in your
reference list and that the information corresponds.
• List your reference list alphabetically by the author’s surname.
• Usually an entry in a reference list comprises the following elements:
o Who wrote the text?
• author's surname
• author’s initial(s)
o When was it published?
• year of publication
o What is the title of the text?
• title of the work
• title of the lengthier work like a journal (if applicable)
• edition (if other than the first edition)
• volume, issue and page numbers (if applicable)
o Where was it published?
• place of publication
• publisher
• website address/DOI or digital object identifier (online)
• It may be necessary to add additional information to help readers find the source, such
as:
o format in which the source was published (such as online/kindle/DVD)
o identification of what kind of source it is (such as a thesis/artwork/table)
How to format the reference list
• Align the list on the left; do not use justify.

• List items without using a numbered or bulleted list.
• Leave a line open between each item in the list to make it easier to distinguish between
entries in the list.
23
How to punctuate the reference list
• Use full stops:

o to separate different sections of the reference entry from one another
(For example, a full stop separates the author's information from the publication
date and the publication date from the source's title information.)
o after author name initials
• Do not place a full stop after the URL for electronic resources.
• Use a colon (:):
o to separate the title and the subtitle
o to separate the place of publication and the publisher
o to separate volume and/or issue number from page numbers
• There is no colon after "Accessed" or "In".
• Use round brackets ( ) for:
o issue number of journals
o volume of reporting in law reports
o court in law reports
o number and publication date of Acts
• Use square brackets [ ] around:
o date for accessing a website
o format identifiers [such as Kindle/pdf]
o document identifiers [such as thesis/DVD]
When to use italics in the reference list
Italics are used to show the title of published works. Use italics to show the titles of:
• books
• journals, magazines and newspapers
• websites
• webpages (if the webpage is not part of a greater collection)
• artworks
Italics are not used for:

• the abbreviation "et al."
• indicators (like "In" and "ed.")
• volume, issue and page numbers and location indicators
• unpublished sources
24
How to organise the reference list alphabetically
In the following examples, the words in bold are highlighted to explain the examples. In the
reference list, no words are highlighted in this manner.
• "[N]othing precedes something" (Smit, R., 2017:7–8) when organising surnames or titles
alphabetically. This means that when you have to choose between a space and a letter,
the space is sorted first alphabetically.
Van der Walt, J.L. 2007. Formalizing institutional identity: a workable idea? In Aspin,
D.N. & Chapman, J.D., eds. Values Education and Lifelong Learning: Lifelong Learning
Book Series, 10:180–198. Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org./10.1007/978-1-4020-
6184-4_10
Vance, C. & Larson, E. 2002. Leadership research in business and health care.
[abstract]. In Gennaro, S., ed. Journal of Nursing Scholarship. 34(2):165–171.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.2002.00165.x
• Sort by the (first) author's surname.
Barrett, G., Levell, P. & Milligan, K. 2015. A comparison of micro and macro
expenditure measures across countries using differing survey methods. In Carroll,
C.D., Crossley, T.F. & Sabelhaus, J., eds. Improving the Measurement of Consumer
Expenditures, pp. 263–286. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Diga, K. 2013. Local economic opportunities and ICTs: how ICTs affect livelihoods
(Part II). In Emdon, H., Elder, L., Petrazzini, B. & Fuchs, R., eds. Connecting ICTs to
development: the IDRC experience. London: Anthem Press; IDRC.
• Prefixes are ordered as they are spelt (not as they are pronounced).
Macdonald, G. 2016. How to live with dementia as a common experience of ageing.

SSPS Review, 3:14–32. Sydney: Sydney University Press.
Mccarthy, T.S., Gumbricht, T., Stewart, R.G., Brandt, D., Hancox, J., McCarthy, J. &
Duse, A. 2004. Wastewater disposal at safari lodges in the Okavango Delta,
Botswana. Water SA, 30(1):121–128. https://doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v30i1.5035
• When one author has written more than one source, organise the publications by date
from the earliest to the most recent.
Bendix, S. 1996. Industrial relations in South Africa, 3rd ed. Cape Town: Juta.
Bendix, S. 2015. Labour relations: a southern African perspective, 6th ed. Cape
Town: Juta
25
• When two of one author's works are referenced with the same publication date, use
lowercase letters with the publication date.
Howard-Jones, P.A. 2014a. Evolutionary perspectives on mind, brain and education.

Mind, Brain, and Education, 8(1):21–33, 1 March. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell.
Howard-Jones, P.A. 2014b. Neuroscience and education: myths and messages. [pdf].
Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 15(12):817–824, December.
https://doi.org//10.1038/nrn3817
Note
Make sure that the publication date and letter attached to the date match in the citations
and in the reference list.
• When two (first) authors have the same surname, sort by the first initial.
De Jongh, K. 2011. The flora of the Cape. Cape Town: Speer Publishers.
De Jongh, L. 2009. The minerals of Namibia. Windhoek: Luderitz Publishers.
• When two first authors have the same surname and initials, or when the same author
appears as the first author in different sources, use the second or next author's surname
to organise the entries alphabetically.
Smith, S.V., Jones, K.L. & De Winter, H.H. 2005. The management of the small firm.
London: Fortune Press.
Smith, S.V., Norbert, L.M. & Faul, S. 2006. Good news in the autumn. London:
Fortune Press.
• When the author of a source is unknown, but the institution responsible for its
publication is known, use the name of the institution in the author's position.
American Psychological Association. 2017. What is a digital object identifier, or a

DOI? http://www.apastyle.org/learn/faqs/what-is-doi.aspx [Accessed 25 July 2017].
• When the author of the source is unknown, use the title of the source in the author's
position.
What is common knowledge and when should you cite sources? 2016.
https://www.thoughtco.com/when-to-cite-a-source-1857338 [Accessed
22 June 2017].
26
• When the source explicitly states that the author of the text is anonymous, use Anon. in
the place of the author.
Anon. 2014. A day in the life as a government worker. [Kindle]. Scotts Valley, CA:
CreateSpace Independent. https://www.amazon.com/Day-Life-As-Government-
Worker-
ebook/dp/B00OV9EMSC/ref=sr_1_182?dchild=1&qid=1595629303&refinements=p_
27%3AAnonymous+Author&s=books&sr=1-182 [Accessed 24 July 2020].
Books
In print
References for books in print require the fewest elements and are used as examples to show
how to treat sources in various situations.
Books with one author
a b c d e f
Babbie, E. 2007. The practice of social research, 11th ed. Belmond: Thomson
Wadsworth.
a. author’s surname and initial(s)

Do not use the author’s full first names.
b. publication date of the book
c. title of the book (in italics)
d. ed. as the abbreviation of edition
Mention editions from the 2nd and onwards.
Do not use superscript (11th) for the edition number.
e. city or town where the book was published
f. publisher
27
Books with two authors
a b c d e f
McMillan, K. & Weyers, J. 2010. How to write essays & assignments. Edinburg Gate:
Pearson.
a. first author’s surname and initial(s)

b. & (ampersand) as symbol for "and"
c. surname and initial(s) of the second author
d. publication date of book
e. title of the book (in italics)
f. city or town where the book was published
g. publisher
Note
Because a reference is not a sentence, the ampersand (&) is used.
List authors’ surnames in the sequence that they appear in on the title page of the book.
Books with more than two authors
a b c d e f g h i
Power, M., Balderstone, B. & Gyles, S. 2000. Direct marketing. Roseville, NSW: McGraw-
Hill.
a. surname and initial(s) of the first author

b. surname and initial(s) of the second author
c. & separates the last author from the others
d. surname and initial(s) of the last author
e. publication date of book
f. title of the book (in italics)
g. city or town where the book was published
h. the name of the state or province where the book was published (if the city or town
where the book was published shares a name with a city in another state/country)
In this case, the state or province is New South Wales (NSW).
i. publisher
28
Books with chapters by different authors or a collection of work
When the publication dates of the chapter and the book are the same
a b c d e f
Klopper, H. & Bezuidenhout, C. 2020. Crimes of a violent nature. In Bezuidenhout, C., ed.
A Southern African perspective on fundamental criminology, pp. 222–352. Cape Town:
Pearson.
j g h i
a. surnames and initials of the authors of the chapter

b. publication date
c. title of the chapter (not in italics)
d. "In" to introduce the editor(s) of the book
"In" is only used when the source has both author(s) and different editor(s).
e. surname and initials of the editor of the book
f. "ed." as abbreviation for "editor"
g. title of the book (in italics)
h. range of page numbers from the first to the last page numbers of the chapter
Use the abbreviation "pp." when volume and issue numbers are absent.
i. city or town where the book was published
j. publisher
When the publication dates of the chapter and the book differ
a b c d e f g
Samson, C. 1970. Problems of information studies in history. In Stone, S., ed. 1980.
Humanities Information Research, pp. 44–68. Sheffield: CRUS.
h i j k
a. surname and initials of the author of the chapter

b. publication date (of the chapter)
c. title of the chapter (not in italics)
d. "In" to introduce the editor(s) of the book
"In" is only used when the source has both author(s) and different editor(s).
e. surname and initials of the editor of the book
g. publication date of the book (if different from that of the chapter)
h. title of the book (in italics)
i. range of page numbers from the first to the last page numbers of the chapter
j. city or town where the book was published
k. publisher
29
When page numbers are unknown
Chapter numbers can be used when page numbers are unknown or absent.
Humanities Information Research, Ch. 2. Sheffield: CRUS.
a. chapter number
Books that were edited
a b c d e f g h
Silverman, D.F. & Propp, K.K., eds. 1990. The active interview. Beverly Hills: Sage.
a. surname and initials of 1st editor

b. ampersand (&) as symbol for "and"
c. surname and initials of 2nd editor
d. "eds." as abbreviation for "editors"
e. publication date of the book
f. title of the book (in italics)
g. city or town where the book was published
h. publisher
Books with no identifiable author
See also Chapter 2: Sources without author, publication date and/or page numbers.
Books where there is no identifiable author are listed under the title of the work.
a b c d e
Introduction to online information systems. 1984. Medford, N.J.: Learned Information.
a. title of the book (in italics)

b. publication date of the book
c. city or town where the book is published
d. state or province of the city or town
e. publisher
Note
The title of the work is not repeated after the date of publication. The title of the work is
placed in the position of the author's name, followed by the year of publication.
30
E-books
Give the same information as for printed books and add the website address and the date
on which the text was accessed, or the DOI number.
If you cannot find all the information about a source, give as much information as you can to
help the reader find the source. Readers may need the information of the printed version to
find the electronic copy on different online platforms (De Jager & Steele, 2016:20)
E-books in pdf format
a b c d
Bate, N. 2013. MBA: think, perform and earn like a top business school graduate. [pdf].
Oxford: Infinite Ideas.
http://www.andrewromanoff.com/instant_mba_by_nicholas_bate.pdf [Accessed
12 April 2013].
e f g h
a. surname and initial(s) of author
b. publication date of e-book
d. platform needed to read the text [in square brackets]
e. place of publication (or institution responsible for the website that hosts the text)
f. publisher
g. URL or web address of the source
h. date accessed [in square brackets]
Note
There is no full stop after the website URL.
E-books with DOI
The digital object identifier (DOI) does not change even when the website address does. It is
a unique alphanumeric string assigned by the International DOI Foundation (IDF). Not all e-
texts have a DOI number. You can also use registration agencies like Crossref (using the
"Search Metadata" option) to check (for free) whether a source has a DOI (McAdoo, 2017).
All DOI numbers begin with 10 and is indicated by "doi". The DOI is typically located on the
first page of the electronic journal article, near the copyright notice or on the database
landing page for the article (APA, 2017).
When a DOI is present, use that instead of the webpage URL. Complete the DOI number with
the prefix https://doi.org/ in your reference list if the website uses an older format that starts
with DOI, for example (IDF, 2020).
31
a b c d e f
Hardy, W.D., ed. 2017. Fundamentals of HIV Medicine 2017, CME ed. [e-book]. Oxford
Medicine Online. https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190493097.001.0001
g h
a. surname and initial(s) of author

b. "ed." as abbreviation for "editor"
c. publication date of the book
d. title of the book (in italics)
e. edition with "ed." as the abbreviation for "edition"
f. platform for reading the text [in square brackets]
g. publisher or organisation responsible for the website
h. DOI number
E-book readers (e.g. Kindle, Kobo, Nook)
If the source has an open format, such is a pdf or html, the extension (.pdf or .html) might
appear in the website URL. There is then no need to identify it for the reader. However, if a
particular platform is needed to read the source text, such as Kindle or Nook, you need to
identify the e-reader platform (De Jager & Steele, 2016:10).
a b c d e f
Tadej. 2009. Our thoughts determine our lives: the life and teachings of Elder Thaddeus
of Vitovnica. [Kindle]. Platina: St. Herman Press. https://www.amazon.com/Our-
Thoughts-Determine-Lives-Teachings-ebook/dp/B006O4NFQC [Accessed 23 July 2020].
g h
a. surname (and initial) of author

b. publication date
d. e-reader platform [in square brackets]
e. place of publication
f. publisher
g. website URL
h. date accessed
32
Chapter in an e-book
a b c d
McGuinness, M. 2018. Stay small, go global. 21 insights for 21st Century creatives,
14:48–60. https://www.21stCenturyCreative.com [Accessed 21 July 2020].
e f g h
a. surname and initial of author

b. publication date
c. heading of the chapter
d. title of the book (in italics)
e. chapter number
f. page numbers (range from the start of the chapter to the end)
g. website URL
E-book database
a b c d
Heagney, J. 2015. Fundamentals of project management. EBSCO.

http://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/ebookviewer/ebook/bmxlYmtfXzExMzUwNjBfX0FO0
?sid=384bb230-1be3-42fe-a903-
4d4f54deb38e@sessionmgr104&vi=3&format=EB&rid=1 [Accessed 10 July 2017].
e f

b. publication date
d. database
e. website URL
f. date accessed [in square brackets]
33
Encyclopaedias
Reference entries in an encyclopaedia as you would books with chapters by different

authors. If there is no identifiable author for an individual entry in an encyclopaedia, use the
title of the entry.
In print
a b c d e f g
Meadows, M. 2011. Indigenous media. In Downing, J.H.D., ed. Encyclopedia of social

movement media, pp. 247–250. Los Angeles: Sage.
h i j
a. surname and initial(s) of the author of the article or entry

b. publication date of the encyclopaedia
c. title of the article or entry
d. "In" introduces the editor of the encyclopaedia
e. surname and initials of the editor
g. title of the encyclopaedia (in italics)
h. first and last page numbers of the article or entry
i. city or town where the encyclopaedia was published
j. publisher
Electronic
a b c d
Nash, J.A. 2019. Ethics of ecology. Encyclopedia of Science and Religion.

Encyclopedia.com https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/encyclopedias-almanacs-
transcripts-and-maps/ecology-ethics [Accessed 22 July 2020].
e f g
a. surname and initial(s) of the author of the article or entry

b. publication date of the encyclopaedia
c. title of the article or entry
d. title of the encyclopaedia (in italics)
e. website of the encyclopaedia
f. URL of the website
g. date accessed
34
Dictionaries
In print
If definitions or explanations of words are quoted in your assignment or report, you have to
acknowledge the source. Reference a dictionary only when you use it to explain or define a
term for your readers.
Treat the dictionary reference in the same way as a book.
a b c d e
Hornby, A.S., Turnbull, J., Lea, D., Parkinson, D., Phillips, P., Francis, B., Webb, S., Bull, V.
& Ashby, M., eds. 2010. Oxford advanced learner's dictionary of current English, 8th ed.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
f g
a. surnames and initials of the editors

b. "eds." as abbreviation for "editors"
c. publication date
d. title of the dictionary (in italics)
e. "ed." as abbreviation for "edition"
f. city or town where the dictionary was published
g. publisher
Electronic
a b c d
Merriam-Webster dictionary. 2020. Globalisation. https://www.merriam-

webster.com/dictionary/globalisation [Accessed 23 July 2020].
a. title of the dictionary (in italics) – if there is no identified author/editor

b. publication date
c. term looked up in the dictionary
d. URL of the dictionary
e. date accessed
Journal, magazine and newspaper articles
Journal articles
All the authors of a journal article must be mentioned in the reference list. The title of the
journal is written in italics. Do not use an abbreviation for the journal title.
35
In print
a b c d
Bagwandeen, D. 1994. Teacher education in a changing society. South African Journal of

Higher Education, 8(2):15–19.
g h i

b. year when journal was published
c. title of the article
d. title of the journal (in italics)
Capitalise each initial letter of the important words in the title.
e. journal volume number
f. journal issue number (in brackets)
g. first and last page numbers of the article
Electronic without DOI
a b c d e f
Klein, K.E. 2013. How small businesses use big data. Businessweek. 3 April. [online].
http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-04-03/how-small-businesses-use-big-
data#r=nav-f-story [Accessed 12 April 2013].
a. surname and initials of author

b. date when electronic article was published
d. title of the electronic journal (in italics)
e. date in day and month when article was published
f. platform where the article is hosted [in square brackets]
g. web address or URL of the journal article
36
Electronic with DOI
a d b c e f
Davidson, L.A. & Douglas, K. 1998. Digital object identifiers: promise and problems for
scholarly publishing. [pdf]. Journal of Electronic Publishing, 4(2), December.
https://doi.org/10.3998/3336451.0004.203
i g h
a. surname and initials of authors

b. date when electronic journal article was published
d. format or platform for the source [in square brackets]
e. title of the journal (in italics)
f. volume number of the journal
g. issue number of the journal (in brackets)
h. date of issue – month
i. DOI number and address
Journal article without volume or issue
a b c d e
Glathaar, M.M. 1978. Recent books on project management. British Book News, pp. 2–4.
a. surname and initial(s) of authors

b. publication date of article
d. title of the journal (in italics)
e. page numbers (from the first page of the article to the last)
Abstract of journal articles
Tell readers when you use an abstract and not the full article by adding [abstract] to the
reference entry.
It can happen that a journal article is written in a foreign language but has an
abstract in English. Or that only the abstract of a complete article is available.
It is acceptable to use this information, but the reference must give a clear
indication that the original source was not used (Coetzee, 2020:31).
37
a b c i
Lacroix, M. & Verdorfer, A.P. 2017. Can servant leaders fuel the leadership fire? The
relationship between servant leadership and followers’ leadership avoidance.
Administrative science, 7(6):11. [abstract]. EBSCO.
http://web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=6&sid=eb3d43cf-26e9-
402f-ba5b-32a20a00e0c0%40sessionmgr4006 [Accessed 10 July 2017].
d e f g h j k
a. surname and initials of authors

b. publication date of abstract
c. title of the abstract (no italics for unpublished texts)
d. title of the publication/journal (in italics)
e. volume number of the journal
f. issue number of the journal (in brackets)
g. colon (:) and page number
h. description of the source format [in square brackets]
i. website or organisation that hosts the journal
j. URL of the webpage
k. date accessed [in square brackets]
Newspaper and magazine articles
The day and month of the publication comes after the title of the newspaper or magazine.
If no author is identified, use the title of the article as the first item in the reference list.
In print
a b c d e f
Thakali, T. 2013. City hands contracts to own employees. The Star, 6 April, p. 1.
a. surname and initial of author/reporter

b. year of publication
c. title of news or magazine article
d. title of newspaper or magazine (in italics)
Capitalise each initial letter of the important words in the title.
e. day and month of the publication
f. page number of the news article
38
Electronic
a b c d e
SAPA. 2013. E-tolls to cost R200 for most motorists. Sowetan LIVE, 6 April.
http://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/2013/04/12/e-tolls-to-cost-r200-for-most-
motorists [Accessed 13 April 2013].
a. author of the article

c. title of the news article
d. title of the electronic newspaper (in italics)
e. day and month of the newspaper
f. webpage or URL of the electronic newspaper
g. date accessed [in square brackets]
Note
If the title of the newspaper or magazine is the same for its printed and online form, add
[online] after the day and month.
a b c d e f
Thakali, T. 2013. Joburg hands contracts to own employees. The Star, 6 April. [online].
https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/gauteng/joburg-hands-contracts-to-own-
employees-1496371 [Accessed 26 June 2020].
g h
a. surname and initial of the author of the article

c. title of the news article
d. title of the newspaper (in italics)
e. date of the article (day and month)
f. format or platform on which article can be read [in square brackets]
g. URL of the webpage of the electronic newspaper
39
Websites
Take the information from the webpage itself or the associated homepage. Use the most
recent date on the webpage as its publishing date (Henley Business School, 2017:23). Italicise
the title of the webpage as you would the title of a book.
a b c d
Eduniversal. 2020. Business schools ranking in South Africa. https://eduniversal-

ranking.com/business-school-university-ranking-in-south-africa.html [Accessed
11 August 2020].
a. name of organisation that produces the website

If the website is produced by an individual, use the name of the individual.
c. title of the webpage (in italics)
d. URL of the webpage
e. date accessed [in square brackets]
If you have used more than one page from a website, you will need a separate reference for
each page used.
Blogs
Many websites have blogs to answer specific and frequently asked questions. Organisations
and institutions use experts to post answers, for example the APA reference style website
and blog pages (APA, 2020). However, comments left on blogs should be used with care as
they are often biased, not peer reviewed, only one individual's opinion and/or not easily
accessible or permanently available on the website (Cambridge University, 2020).
Blog post
a b c d
Retief, E. 2013. Fun activities can improve language learning, academics reveal, 16 April.
[blog]. LIS Trends. http://listrends.blogspot.com/ [Accessed 17 April 2013].
e f g h
a. surname and initial(s) of blogger

b. year when blog entry was posted
c. title of blog entry
d. date of blog entry – day and month
e. description of the source type [in square brackets]
f. title of the website where the blog entry was posted (in italics)
g. website URL
40
If you cannot establish the author’s name, use the author’s email address or username.
Comment on a website article or blog post
a b c d
Jxramos. 2018. What is the definition for "location" in a kindle eBook? 13 November.
[blog comment]. StackExchange.
https://ebooks.stackexchange.com/questions/8020/what-is-the-definition-for-location-
in-a-kindle-ebook [Accessed 6 August 2020].
e f g h
a. surname and initials, username or email address of commentator

b. publication date of webpage
c. title of the blog
d. date of the comment in day and month
e. description of the source type [in square brackets]
f. title of the webpage or website (in italics)
g. URL of the website that hosts the blog
Personal correspondence
Make sure to get permission for any personal correspondence and communication. Keep
copies of personal correspondence should anyone request to see it. (Anglia Ruskin
University, 2019:48–49). Personal correspondence is unpublished and does not get italics.
Interviews
a b c d e f
Jones, R. 2016. Rules of banking, 3 September. [personal interview]. Pretoria.
a. surname and initial of interviewee

b. year in which the interview happened
c. topic of interview (no italics)
d. date of the interview in day and month
e. description of the communication [in square brackets]
f. city or town where the interview was carried out
41
Telephone conversations
a b c d e
Jones, S. 2016. Discussion of climate change, 15 August. [telephone conversation].

Johannesburg.
a. surname and initial of person with whom the telephone conversation happened
b. year in which the telephone conversation was held
c. topic of telephone conversation (no italics)
d. date of the conversation in day and month
e. description of the communication
f. city or town where the conversation took place
Email
When recording the time when the message was sent, use a 24-hour clock (for example, a
quarter past four in the afternoon is recorded as 16:15).
a b c d e f g
Sithole, T.B.T. 2013. Governance of schools, Tuesday, 12 February, 11:35. [email to the
author sent by tbtsithole@sbs.ac.za].
a. surname and initials of author (sender of the email message)

b. year of communication
c. title of correspondence – subject line (no italics)
d. day of message
e. date of correspondence in day and month
f. time of message in 24:00 format
g. medium or platform identifying the receiver of the correspondence [in square
brackets]
h. email address of the sender
42
Mailing lists
Mailing lists include online forums, message boards and messages posted in chat groups for
professionals.
a b c d e f g
Robertse, E. 2020. Re: [PEG-CHAT] Acronyms, Monday, 3 August, 18:56. [email to peg-
sa@googlegroups.com sent by erobertse@gambitmail.com]. Professional Editors' Guild.
h i
a. surname and initials of author (sender of the email message)

c. title of correspondence – subject line (no italics)
d. day of message
e. date of message in day and month
f. time of message in 24:00 format
g. platform identifying the receiver of the correspondence [in square brackets]
h. email address of the sender
i. name of forum on which the message was posted
Letters
Letters in print may include letters to editors printed in newspapers and personal
correspondence archived in libraries.
a b c d
Alexander, M.N. 2020. To the Editor: why the U.S. hasn’t contained Covid-19. [online
comment]. The New York Times, 10 August.
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/10/opinion/letters/coronavirus-us.html [Accessed
11 August 2020].
a. surname and initials of author (sender of the letter to the newspaper)

c. title of correspondence
d. medium or platform [in square brackets]
e. title of the newspaper (in italics)
f. date of publication in day and month
g. URL of website
h. date accessed
43
Conference papers
Conference proceedings are a collection of conference papers (De Jager & Steele, 2016:21).
Papers published in conference proceedings
Treat papers published in conference proceedings in the same way as a chapter in a

collection of work or a book with chapters by different authors.
a b c d e
Swanepoel, A.J. 2010. What 37 000 citations can tell. In Katsirikou, A. & Skiadas, C.H.,
eds. Qualitative and Quantitative Methods in Libraries – Theory and Applications:
Proceedings of the International Conference on QQML2009, pp. 414–422. New Jersey:
World Scientific.
a. surname and initials of author of the paper

b. year when the proceedings were published
c. title of the paper
d. "In" to introduce the editors of the publication
e. surname and initials of editors
f. "eds." as abbreviation for "editors"
g. title and subtitle of the book – published conference proceedings (in italics)
h. page number range in the book
i. city or town where the book was published
j. publisher
Note
Because the title of the conference became the title of the book in which the proceedings
were published, it is presented in italics. Usually, the title of the conference is not italicised.
44
Unpublished papers
The titles of unpublished papers are not italicised.
a b c
Radijeng, K. 2010. Open access in institutions of higher learning in Botswana.

[unpublished paper]. 76th IFLA General Conference and Assembly, 10–15 August 2010,
Gothenburg, Sweden.
g h
a. surname and initials of the presenter of the paper

b. year when paper was delivered
c. title of paper (no italics – unpublished)
d. the type of paper [in square brackets]
e. title of the conference
f. date of the conference
g. city where conference was held
h. country where conference was held
Papers without author or title
a b c d
International Microcomputer Conference. 1984. Conference proceedings held at the

Western Australian Institute of Technology, Perth, 22–24 May 1984. Department of
Computer Studies. Perth: Western Australian Institute of Technology.
e f g
a. name of the conference

c. title of the proceedings (in italics)
d. date of the conference
e. institution hosting the conference
f. city where the proceedings were published
g. publisher
45
Conference proceedings with author
a b c d
Neal, J.T. 1971. Education – technology or art? Conference proceedings of the 15th
biennial conference held in Adelaide, 25–29 August 1969. Library Association of
Australia. Sydney: Library Association.
f g h

d. title of the proceedings (in italics)
e. date of the conference
f. institution hosting the conference
g. city where the proceedings were published
h. publisher
Conference – electronic copy
a d b c
Leibon, G., Pauls, S., Rockmore, D. & Savell, R. 2008. Topological structures in the
equities market network. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United
States of America, 105(52):20589–20594, 30 December 2008. PNAS. Washington, DC:
National Academy of Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0802806106
l m
a. surnames and initials of authors

d. title of the proceedings (in italics)
e. volume number
f. issue number (in brackets)
g. range of pages of the paper
h. date of the conference
i. institution conducting the conference
j. city or town where the proceedings were published
k. state of the city or town
l. publisher
m. DOI
46
Reports
Treat reports the same way as books.

If there is no identifiable author, use the name of the organisation that produced the report.
a b c
King Committee on Corporate Governance. 2002. King Report II on Corporate

Governance for South Africa. Johannesburg: Institute of Directors.
d e
a. organisation responsible for the report

b. date of publication
c. title of report (in italics)
d. city where the report was published
e. publisher
Theses and dissertations
In countries using British English, thesis commonly indicates the research presented for a
doctorate, while dissertation is linked to master's degrees. (In the USA, it is the other way
round.) A doctorate is focused on original work, while the master's degree has a broader
focus on research already published (Postgrad.com, 2020).
In print
a b c
Ehlers, M.B. 2000. Residential-based business as an alternative location-decision for

SMMEs. [DCom thesis]. Pretoria: University of Pretoria.
d e f

c. title of thesis (or dissertation for master's degrees) (in italics)
d. type of qualification or document [in square brackets]
e. city where academic institution is situated
f. academic institution
47
Electronic and online
a b c d
Saunders, J. 1966. The problem of Satan in Milton’s Paradise Lost. [master's

dissertation]. University of Richmond.
http://scholarship.richmond.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1934&context=masters-
theses [Accessed 3 July 2017].
f g

c. title of dissertation (in italics)
d. type of document or qualification [in square brackets]
e. academic institution
f. URL
g. date accessed
Unpublished theses and dissertations
a b c d e
Brown, L.I. 2001. A meta-analysis of research on the influence of leadership on student

outcomes. [unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University. https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/handle/10919/28498 [Accessed 10 June 2020].
f g

b. publication date of conference
c. title of the paper (no italics for unpublished texts)
d. description of the paper
e. institution or website hosting the library
f. URL of the website
g. date accessed
48
Lecture notes and study guides
Lecture notes
a b c d e f
Morrison, E.M. 2012. Operations Research. BMN120: Business Management. Pretoria:

Tshwane University of Technology.
a. surname and initials of lecturer

b. year of lecture notes
c. title of notes (no italics – unpublished)
d. module code (capitalised in italics)
e. title of module (in italics)
f. city where academic institution is situated
g. academic institution
Study guides
Include the module code in the title of the study guide.
a b c d e f
Willemse, J.H.G. 2018. CMA100: Cost and Management Accounting I, revised ed. [study
guide]. Krugersdorp: Southern Business School.
g h
a. surname and initials of lecturer

b. year of lecture notes
c. module code (in italics)
d. title of module (in italics)
e. edition with "ed." as abbreviation for edition
f. description of source [in square brackets]
g. city or town where academic institution is situated
h. academic institution
49
Legislation (Acts)
In the reference list, the name of the government institution is included when referring to a
specific Act or piece of legislation.
Constitution
a b c d e
South Africa. 1996. Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (Act 108 of 1996).
Government Gazette 17678, 18 December. Pretoria: Government Printer.
f g h i j
a. country responsible for the Act

b. date Act comes in effect
c. title of Act
d. date Act was published (part of its official title)
e. number of Act and year published (in brackets)
Even though this number is not part of the official title of the Act, it can be
mentioned in the reference list to help readers find it more easily.
f. title of gazette (in italics)
g. number of the gazette
h. date published in day and month
i. city of publication
j. publisher
Note
For an electronic version of the Constitution on the Internet, use the webpage address and
date accessed in the place of publication location and publisher.
50
Acts published by Parliament
a b c d
South Africa. 2013. Further Education and Training Colleges Amendment Act, 2013
(Act 1 of 2013). Government Gazette 36271, 19 March.
https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/201409/36271gon209.pdf
[Accessed 31 August 2020]. f g h i
e j f g h i
a. country
b. year when the Act was published
c. title of the Act
d. year in which the Act was published (part of its official title)
e. number and year of the Act (in brackets)
f. gazette in which the Act was published (in italics)
g. number of the Gazette
h. date of publication in day and month
i. webpage URL
j. date accessed
Note
When you refer to an Act in you text, and you did not explicitly state the country that
published it, you must also make a cross reference in your reference list. This is so that
readers can easily find its reference in the reference list.
a c d
Division of Revenue Amendment Act, 2020, see South Africa.
b c d
Or
Acts see South Africa.
South Africa. 2020. Division of Revenue Amendment Act, 2020 (Act 10 of 2020). [pdf].
Government Gazette, 43605, 7 August.
https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/202008/43605act10of2020divisi
onofrevamendmentact.pdf [Accessed 31 August 2020].
a. name of the Act (when one Act is referred to)

b. "Acts" as keyword (when more than one Act is referred to)
c. "see" to link the keyword(s) to the cross reference
d. cross reference to the country name
51
Acts published by a province
a b c d e
South Africa. Western Cape. 2013. Western Cape Community Safety Act, 2013
(Act 3 of 2013). Cape Town: Government Printing Works.
f g h
a. country
b. province
c. year when Act was published
d. title of Act
e. year of the Act (part of the official title)
f. number and year of the Act (in brackets)
g. city where document was published
h. publisher
Legislation (Gazettes)
Government Gazette
a b c d
South Africa. Department of Environmental Affairs. 2016. Use of Official Languages Act,
2012 (Act no. 12 of 2012), Department of Environmental Affairs language policy, Notice
937 of 2016. Government Gazette, 40221, 19 August. http://www.gov.za
f g
https://www.environment.gov.za/sites/default/files/legislations/environmentalaffairs_l
anguagepolicy_gn40221_0.pdf [Accessed 4 September 2020].
i j
a. country
b. state department
c. year of publication
d. title of the notice, regulation, bill, proclamation, etc.
e. number of notice, regulation, bill, proclamation, etc.
g. gazette number
h. date when notice, regulation, etc. was published in day and month
i. webpage URL
j. date accessed
52
Provincial Gazette
a b c d
South Africa. Gauteng. 2008. Notice of application for liquor licences in terms of
Section 23 of the Gauteng Liquor Act, 2003, Notice 3098 of 2008. Provincial Gazette for
Gauteng, 229, 3 September. Pretoria: Government Printing Works.
g h i j
a. country
b. province
d. title of the notice, regulation, bill, proclamation, etc.
e. number of notice, regulation, bill, proclamation, etc.
g. gazette number
h. date when notice, regulation, etc. was published
i. location of publisher
j. publisher name
Legislation (other)
Legislation published by a government department
a b c d
South Africa. Department of Education. 2003. Draft policy on religion and education.
Pretoria: Government Printer.
e f
a. country
b. department
d. title of the document
e. city where the document was published
f. publisher
53
Legislation published by a province
a b c d
South Africa. Mpumalanga. 2003. Annual report/Mpumalanga Provincial Legislature.

e f
a. country
b. province
c. year when the document was published
d. title of document
e. city where document was published
f. publisher
Legislation published by a municipality
a b c d
South Africa. City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality. 2003. Consolidated financial

statements. Pretoria: The Municipality.
e f
a. country
b. municipality
c. year when the document was published
d. title of the document
e. city where document was published
f. publisher
Law reports
South Africa. 1995. Motala and Another v University of Natal 1995 (3) BCLR 374 (D).
a b c d e f g
a. country
b. date of case
c. law report
d. year
e. volume of reporting (in brackets)
f. series of law reports and page number
g. court (in brackets)
(Coetzee, 2020:40)
54
Audiovisual media
DVD
a b c d e f g
Moolman, B. 2015. MAN100: Management Practice I. [DVD]. Krugersdorp: Southern

Business School.
a. creator of video
b. date
c. module code (in italics)
d. title of module (in italics)
e. platform or format [in square brackets]
f. city where published
g. publisher
CD/audiobook
a b c
Iger, R. 2019. The ride of a lifetime: lessons learned from 15 years as CEO of the Walt
Disney Company. Iger, R. & Frangione, J., narrators. [audiobook]. Random House Audio.
d e f
a. creator of the audiobook

b. date published
c. title of the audiobook (in italics)
d. surnames and initials of narrators
e. platform [in square brackets]
f. publisher
55
Podcast
a b c d e f
Sagar-Fenton, B, producer. 2020. Working from home. [podcast]. The World of Business,
16 April. British Broadcasting Corporation.
https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p089nvql [Accessed 14 August 2020].
g h i j
a. surname and initial of producer

b. identifying the role of the producer
c. date published
d. title of the podcast
e. type of medium [in square brackets]
f. title of series (in italics)
g. date published in day and month
h. publisher
i. URL
j. date accessed [in square brackets]
PowerPoint presentation
a b c d e
Southern Business School. 2020. SBS study guides. [PowerPoint presentation]. Southern
Business School. https://sites.google.com/sbs.ac.za/self-help/online-resources
[Accessed 4 March 2020].
g f
a. institute responsible for the publication (when there is no identifiable author)

b. date published
c. title of the presentation (in italics)
d. medium [in square brackets]
e. publisher
f. URL
g. date accessed
56
YouTube
a b c d e
Kramm, K. 2012. How to survive: not getting lost in the woods, 28 June. [video file].
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cqLmwUF-bFw [Accessed 6 August 2013].
f g
a. surname and initial of producer/creator

b. date published
c. title of the video (in italics)
d. date in day and month
e. medium [in square brackets]
f. URL
g. date accessed [in square brackets]
Images
a b c d e f
Faithie. 2015. List of elements of the marketing mix, 19 July. [image]. Depositphotos.
https://depositphotos.com/78360012/stock-photo-list-of-elements-of-the.html
[Accessed 4 March 2020].
g h
a. name of photographer
b. date published
c. title of the image (in italics)
d. date in day and month
e. medium [in square brackets]
f. depository of images
g. webpage URL
57
Frequently asked questions (FAQs) Harvard Referencing Guide
Frequently asked questions (FAQs)
General
Q. How do I cite and reference sources in languages other than English?
A. Use the language of the information source.
Q. Which letters should I capitalise?
A. Capitalise:
• the first letter of each author's surname and each initial
• the first letter of the publication title written in italics
• all the first letters of the main words in the title of a journal, newspaper
• all the first letters of a place name
• all the first letters of a publisher
Q. What if there is no example in this guide to the source that I am using?
A. Begin by applying the guidelines for books and then exchange or add in guidelines
from other types of information sources in order to build the entry. You will also find
ample examples on the Internet, but remember to adapt them to the style and format
used in the guide.
Dates
Q. Where do I find the date of a work?
A. Finding a publication date is not always easy. In books, it would be with the other
publication information on the title page or the back of the title page.
The publication date of printed journals and newspapers are on the cover or, in the
case of periodicals, the spine, and back page or around the table of contents.
In the case of websites and blog posts, the publication date can be somewhere around
the title or in the footer of the page.
Q. What if a book has more than one date?
A. Use the latest publication date on the back of the title page for citation purposes. Be
sure not to take the latest reprint date, which may be more recent. A reprint is not a
new edition; a reprint simply means that more books of that edition were printed.
Q. What if the date is in Roman letters?
A. Convert the letters to numbers (Arabic numerals), e.g., MCMLXXXV = 1985.
Q. What if there is no date?
A. Use the abbreviation n.d. (which stands for "no date") in the second position.
58
Citations
Q. How do I cite two sources written by the same author in the same year?
A. Add lower case letters after the date.
(Molefe, 2001a:23; Molefe, 2001b:104)
Q. How do I cite a number of different sources to support the same point?
A. Cite them in alphabetical order and separate the different citations with a semicolon.
(Epstein et al., 2012:278; Hudson & Nurius, 1994:103; Rosen, 1996:324)
Reference list
Q. What if I have more than one work by the same author; how do I list them in the
reference list?
A. List them in the order of the date starting with the earliest first.
Molefe, T. 2001a. …
Molefe, T. 2001b. …
Molefe, T. 2004. …
Q. Which place of publication should I include in the reference if a book lists more than
one place?
A. Include only the first place name listed in the book.
Q. Which publisher should I include in my reference if a book lists multiple publishers?
A. Include only the first publisher listed.
Q. Do I have to include the publisher’s name in full?
A. Provide the name of the publisher in the shortest possible form that will be recognised
internationally, e.g. "SAGE" and not "SAGE Publications", and "Van Schaik" and not "JL
van Schaik."
Q. Some Harvard referencing style manuals use the words "Available at" or "Available
from" before the URL of an electronic publication. What is the correct way?
A. It used to be the preferred way but lately most style manuals omit those words since
the URL sufficiently indicates the location of the source. The SBS style does not require
this phrase.
59
Q. Some online journal articles and webpages have very long URLs.
A. Very long URLs may be shortened to the first forward slash /.
Q. Why do I have to include the date when I access a website?
A. Web sites appear and disappear so often that it is vital to indicate that the information
was accurate at the date given.
Q. Which do I choose: the website URL or the DOI?
A. The DOI (digital object identifier) is a unique identifier that is assigned to some website
pages. When it is present, use it instead of the website URL and date accessed.
Q Can I use software to manage the reference list?
A. You can make use of reference managers, of which some are freely available on the
Internet, i.e., Cite This For Me at http://www.citethisforme.com/. However, you may
find it necessary to adapt the references created by a reference manager to the style
and format of this guide.
Q. If a source has more than one format, for example a printed and an online format,
which information do I use in the reference list?
A. Only use the information of the format that you have used in your research. If you
have used a printed format, use that information in the reference list.
Q. When do I use pp. and when do I only show the page number range?
A. When there is information about the series, volume and/or issue number, the page or
page range numbers follow immediately after a colon (:).
Vance, C. & Larson, E. 2002. Leadership research in business and health care.
[abstract]. In Gennaro, S., ed. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 34(2):165–171.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.2002.00165.x
When there is no other information following the title, use pp. as the abbreviation to
introduce the page numbers range.
Humanities information research, pp. 44–68. Sheffield: CRUS.
60
Example of a reference list Harvard Referencing Guide
Example of a reference list
Reference list
Acts see South Africa.
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Babbie, E. 2007. The practice of social research, 11th ed. Belmond: Thomson Wadsworth.
Bagwandeen, D. 1994. Teacher education in a changing society. South African Journal of

Higher Education, 8(2):15–19.
Barrett, P. 2000. Systems and relationships for construction quality. International Journal of
Quality & Reliability Management. 17(4):377–392.
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Bate, N. 2013. MBA: Think, perform and earn like a top business school graduate. [e-book].
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Buthelezi, N.P.A. 2008. What in the school context promotes resilience? SANPAD
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Davidson, L. & Douglas, K. 1998. Digital object identifiers: promise and problems for
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De Montfort University Library Services. 2009. The Harvard system of referencing. [pdf].
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Denzin, N.K. & Lincoln, Y.S., eds. 1994. Handbook of qualitative research. Thousand Oaks:
Sage.
Dickson, E. 2020. Lean leadership in a time of crisis. 32nd Annual Shingo Conference,
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61
Diga, K. 2012. Facing the African ICTD academic divide. International Association for Media
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Diga, K. 2013. Local economic opportunities and ICTs: how ICTs affect livelihoods (Part II).
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Feldman, H. 2017 SA has been re-colonised and we don’t even know it. News24, 10 July.
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66
Notes Harvard Referencing Guide
Notes
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The Harvard referencing style

The SBS Harvard referencing style

Highlighting words in direct quotations............................................................. 22

How to use this guide

• Read Chapter 1 first.

How to get the best referencing result

Why is it necessary to use accurate citations and references?

As Peh and Ng (2009:661) state, "[excessive] errors or carelessness in quoting or listing of

According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary online, to "plagiarise" means:

The following guidelines of Princeton University (2018:7–8) explains what to cite:

o quotation – any verbatim use of a source, no matter how large or small

In addition, you need to cite when you:

When not to cite

Commonly used abbreviations in referencing

& and (used in parentheses citations and reference lists)

Chapter 2 – Citations (in-text references)

The basic elements of a citation (in-text reference)

It consists of the following three elements of the source:

Where to insert a citation in a sentence or paragraph

Jones (2020:3) show that these …

These questions … to be completed (Jones, 2020:3–5).

a. brackets around the citation information

Examples of citations (in-text references)

Sources with a single author

Sources with two authors

Sources with more than two authors

Smith, Jones et al. (2006:12) indicate that ….

… management in the Cape (De Jongh, K., 2002:5).

Sources supporting the same point of view

Institutional or corporate authors

It is important to keep the punctuation in titles as they are (University of Waikato,

The American Psychological Association (APA, 2020:5) stipulates that …

Remember that a secondary source is already an interpretation or analysis of another

Sources with Anonymous as author

Sources without author, publication date and/or page numbers

Sources without identified authors

The following are listed in Introduction to online information systems (1984:78): …

Sources without a publication date

Sources without page numbers but with other indications of location

According to Neutron (2019:225/2219), affiliate marketing is …

Sources without page numbers or other location indicators

Recent research on writing dissertations (BBC, 2012) has shown ...

Sources without author, publication date and page numbers

Specific examples of in-text citations

Image taken from another source

The images Parisian bridge 1–10 (Girardeau, 2008:81–83) show that …

The image (Bridge of tranquillity, 2007:34) shows …

In terms of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Seventeenth Amendment

The Labour Relations Act, 1995 (Act 66 of 1995), regulates …

After the first mention, use the abbreviation.

In section 2 of the LRA, the …

According to Fouché and Delport (2011:109):

A literature review needs to identify the body of literature which is

When the author writes about …

Omitting words from a quotation

Highlighting words in direct quotations

Inserting words in direct quotations

Chapter 3 – Reference list

Take particular note of the punctuation in each example.