MEE 2005

Heat Transfer
Dr. Sharu B K
Asst. Professor
Dept. of Thermal and Energy Engineering
SMEC

Office: SJT 116 A06

Email: sharu.bk@vit.ac.in
 Acknowledgement
This reference material has been prepared by referring to
various resources including different books (which are
mentioned as the ‘Recommended books’ for the course
MEE2005 Heat Transfer) and online sources (including NPTEL).
The author would like to acknowledge all the resources and
would categorically mention that the material used is purely
for academic purpose and not whatsoever for commercial use.
Please note: These presentation slides are only for the reference
and are not self-sufficient. Please refer the lecture notes and the
recommended textbooks along with these slides.

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Introduction to Heat transfer
 Difference between heat and temperature

 Temperature (T) is a measure of the amount of energy possessed

by the molecules of a substance
 It is a relative measure of how hot or cold a substance is and
can be used to predict the direction of heat transfer
 The scales for measuring temperature in SI units are the
Celsius and Kelvin temperature scales
 Heat (Q) is energy in transit due to a spatial temperature
difference
 The transfer of energy as heat occurs at the molecular level as
a result of a temperature difference
 Common units for measuring heat are the Joule and calorie in
the SI system 3
Difference between thermodynamics and heat transfer:
Thermodynamics
 According to thermodynamics energy can be transferred by
interactions of a system with its surroundings: work and heat
 Heat is defined as the energy that crosses the boundary of a system
when this energy transport occurs due to a temperature difference
between the system and its surroundings
 Thermodynamics deals with the process from one equilibrium state
to another during which an interaction occurs and provides no
information concerning the nature of the interaction or the time
rate at which it occurs
 Thermodynamics does not state how the heat transferred depends
on this temperature driving force, or how fast or intensive this
irreversible process is 4
Difference between thermodynamics and heat transfer:
Heat transfer
 Engineers are often interested in the rate of heat transfer, which is
the topic of the science of heat transfer
 Determining the rates of heat transfer to or from a system and thus
the times of cooling or heating, as well as the variation of the
temperature, is the subject of heat transfer

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What is the need for a detailed study on heat transfer?
 We can determine the amount of heat transfer for any system
undergoing a process from one equilibrium state to another using a
thermodynamic analysis alone
 But gives no indication about how long the process will take
 It simply tells us how much heat must be transferred to realize a
specified change of state to satisfy the conservation of energy
principle
 Thermodynamics analysis: the amount of heat
transferred from a thermos bottle as the hot coffee
inside cools from 90°C to 80°C
 But a thermodynamic analysis cannot answer how
long it will be before the hot coffee inside cools to
80°C
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Thermodynamics & Heat Transfer
 Thermodynamics deals with equilibrium states and changes from
one equilibrium state to another.
 Heat transfer deals with systems that lack thermal equilibrium,
(nonequilibrium phenomenon)
 Therefore, the study of heat transfer cannot be based on the
principles of thermodynamics alone
 The laws of thermodynamics lay the framework for the science of
heat transfer
 The first law requires that the rate of energy transfer into a
system be equal to the rate of increase of the energy of that
system.
 The second law requires that heat be transferred in the
direction of decreasing temperature
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Heat transfer

 The basic requirement for heat transfer is

the presence of a temperature difference
 There can be no net heat transfer
between two mediums that are at the
same temperature

 The temperature difference is the driving force for heat transfer

(Analogy: is the driving force for electric current flow and is the
driving force for fluid flow)
 The rate of heat transfer in a certain direction depends on the
magnitude of the temperature gradient in that direction.
 The larger the temperature gradient, the higher the rate of heat
transfer.
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To summarize…
 Thermodynamics tells us:
 how much heat is transferred
 how much work is done
 final state of the system

 Heat transfer tells us:

 how (with what modes) heat is transferred
 at what rate heat is transferred
 temperature distribution inside the body

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 Heat transfer

complementary

Thermodynamics

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Engineering heat transfer
 Heat transfer equipment such as heat exchangers, boilers,
condensers, radiators, heaters, furnaces, refrigerators, and solar
collectors are designed primarily on the basis of heat transfer
analysis.
 The heat transfer problems encountered in practice can be
considered in two groups:
1. Rating problems: deal with the determination of the heat
transfer rate for an existing system at a specified temperature
difference
2. Sizing problems: deal with the determination of the size of a
system in order to transfer heat at a specified rate for a
specified temperature difference.

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Emerging applications of heat transfer

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Emerging applications of heat transfer

Targeted drug delivery Micro heat pipes

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Course Outline: MEE2005 Heat Transfer
 Module 1 – Fundamental Concepts: Basic principles of heat
conduction, convection and thermal radiation; Fundamental laws;
Identification of significant modes of heat transfer in practical
applications.
 Module 2 – Conduction I: General equation of heat conduction in
Cartesian, cylindrical and spherical coordinates; One dimensional
steady state conduction in simple geometries - plane wall,
cylindrical and spherical shells; Electrical analogy; Conduction in
composite walls and shells; Critical thickness of insulation; Thermal
contact resistance; Overall heat transfer coefficient; One
dimensional steady conduction heat transfer with internal heat
generation in plane walls, cylinders and spheres.
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Course Outline: MEE1004 Fluid mechanics
 Module 3 – Conduction II: Steady state heat conduction in 2D
systems – graphical and numerical methods of solution; Conduction
shape factor; Unsteady state heat transfer – Systems with negligible
internal resistance – lumped heat capacity analysis, infinite bodies –
flat plate, cylinder and sphere – chart solutions.
 Module 4 – Convection I: Review of fluid mechanics concepts;
Equations of conservation of mass, momentum and energy. Forced
convection: External flow over flat plate, cylinder, sphere and tube
bundles; Internal flow through circular pipes; Boundary layer flow for
flow over a flat plate, curved objects and flow through circular pipes.

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Course Outline: MEE1004 Fluid mechanics
 Module 5 – Convection II: Natural convection: Steady one
dimensional flow over vertical, horizontal and inclined plates; Steady
one dimensional flow over cylinders and spheres. Combined free
and forced convection. Introductory concepts on Boiling and
Condensation.
 Module 6 – Radiation: Terminology and laws; Black body; Radiation
from real surfaces; Effect of orientation - view factor; Electrical
analogy – surface and space resistances.
 Module 7 – Practical applications: Extended surfaces (fins); Heat
exchangers; Radiation shields.
 Module 8– Contemporary Discussion

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Recommended books
Text books
1. Yunus A. Cengel, Heat and Mass Transfer-A Practical Approach,
McGraw Hill
2. T. L. Bergman, A. S. Lavine, F. P. Incropera and D. P. DeWitt,
Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, John Wiley & Sons

Reference books
1. J. P. Holman, Heat Transfer, McGraw-Hill
2. C. P. Kothandaraman and S. Subramanyan, Heat and Mass Transfer
Data Book, New Age International Publishers.

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Heat Transfer Laboratory: List of experiments
1. Thermal conductivity of a metal rod
2. Thermal conductivity of an insulating powder
3. Natural convection in a vertical surface
4. Pin fin performance - Natural convection mode
5. Forced convection in a horizontal tube
6. Pin fin performance - Forced convection mode
7. Emissivity measurement of a given test surface
8. Heat transfer study in plate type heat exchanger
9. Heat transfer study in double pipe heat exchanger using parallel and
counter flow of fluids
10. Unsteady heat conduction in a semi-infinite solid
11. Heat transfer study in an agitated Vessel
12. Heat transfer in a packed bed 18
Assessment modes
 Online Quiz 1 (before CAT I)

 Online Quiz 2 ( before CAT II)

 Digital Assignment

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Guidelines for additional marks: Online courses
 Only ‘faculty approved’ courses are considered for marks
 Faculty approval should be obtained on or before 31st July 2018
 Minimum duration of the online course should be three weeks or
10 hours, depending on the course.
 Documents related to course completion, assessment and
certificate should be uploaded as a single file in V-TOP
 If the Course Certificate is uploaded, then one-tenth of the
percentage of marks obtained in the course assessment will be
awarded as additional marks
 If the Course Certificate is not uploaded, but the evidence for
course completion and assessment is uploaded then 2 marks will
be given as additional marks irrespective of the marks obtained in
the course assessment.
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