MECHANICAL VIBRATION

CHAPTER – 1

Introduction

By
ARUNDEEP MURUGAN
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 1.1- INTRODUCTION
VIBRATION
Any Motion which Repeats itself after an Interval of
Time is called Vibration or Oscillation.
Mechanical Vibration is defined as the Measurement
of a Periodic process of Oscillations with respect to an
Equilibrium Point.
The Vibrating Systems such as Beams, Strings,
Plates and Membranes, Vibration Isolation, Critical Speeds,
The Balancing of Rotating and Reciprocating Machinery.
A Vibrating Motion can be Oscillating,
Reciprocating, or Periodic.
Vibration can also be either Harmonic or Random.
Harmonic Vibration occurs when a Vibration's Frequency
and Magnitude are Constant. A Vibration is Random when
the Frequency and Magnitude vary with Time.

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Potential Energy
✓ Potential Energy is a Energy that is Stored or Conserved in an Object or
Substance.
✓ This Stored Energy is based on the Position, Arrangement or State of the
Object or Substance.
Examples:- A Raised Weight
Water that is Behind the Dam
P.E = m g h River Water at the Top of the Waterfall
Ripe Fruit Before it Falls.
Kinetic Energy
✓ Kinetic Energy is a Property of a Moving Object or Particle and
Depends not only on its Motion but also on its Mass.
✓ The Kind of Motion may be Translation (Motion along a Path from
One Place to Another), Rotation about an Axis, Vibration.
Examples:- A Person Walking
Moving Car
K.E = ½ m v2 Bullet from a Gun
Flying Airplane .

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1.2- BASIC CONCEPTS OF VIBRATION

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1.3- DEFINITIONS

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SINGLE DEGREE OF FREEDOM

TWO DEGREE OF FREEDOM SYSTEM

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THREE DEGREE OF FREEDOM

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 1.4- Parts of vibrating system
The Elements that constitute a Vibratory System are illustrated in the
Figure. They are idealized and called
(1) The Mass
(2) The Spring
(3) The Damper
(4) The Excitation

The first three elements describe the Physical System. For example, it
can be said that a given system consists of a Mass, a Spring, and a Damper
arranged as shown in the figure.
Energy may be stored in the mass and the spring and dissipated in the
damper in the form of heat.
Energy enters the system through the application of an Excitation. As
shown in Fig. an Excitation Force is applied to the Mass ‘m’ of the system.
The Weight of the Mechanical System is represented by the Element
Mass and it is assumed to be Concentrated at the Centre of the Body.
The Elastic Deformation of the Body can be represented by a Spring.
The Friction Existing in the Rotating Mechanical System can be
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represented by the Dash-Pot.
MASS (‘m’)
✓The Mass ‘m’ is assumed to be a Rigid Body.
✓It executes the Vibrations and can Gain or Lose Kinetic Energy in accordance
with the Velocity change of the body.
✓From Newton's Law of Motion, the Product of the Mass and its Acceleration is
equal to the Force applied to the Mass, and the Acceleration takes place in the
direction in which the Force acts.
✓Work is Force times Displacement in the direction of the Force.
✓The Work is transformed into the Kinetic Energy of the Mass.
✓The Mass will offer an Opposing Force which is Proportional to Acceleration
of the Body.
SPRING (‘k’)
✓The Spring ‘k’ possesses Elasticity and is assumed to be of negligible mass.
✓A Spring Force exists if the Spring is Deformed, such as the Extension or the
Compression of a Coil Spring.
✓Therefore the Spring Force exists only if there is a Relative Displacement
between the Two Ends of the Spring.
✓The Work Done in Deforming a Spring is transformed into Potential Energy,
that is, the Strain Energy stored in the Spring.
✓The Spring will offer an Opposing Force which is Proportional to
Displacement of the Body.
✓The Constant of Proportionality measured in Force per Unit Deformation is
called the Stiffness or the Spring Constant k.

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DAMPER (‘c’)
✓The Damper ‘c’ has neither Mass nor Elasticity.
✓Damping Force exists only if there is Relative Motion between the Two Ends
of the Damper.
✓The Work or the Energy Input to a Damper is converted into Heat.
✓Hence the Damping element is Non-Conservative.
✓The Damper will offer an Opposing Force which is Proportional to Velocity of
the Body.
✓Viscous Damping or its Equivalent is generally assumed in Engineering.

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For Mass For Spring For Damper

Where,

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 1.5- TYPES OF VIBRATION
Some of the Important Types of Vibration are as Follows:
1. Free and Forced Vibration
After Disturbing the System, the External Excitation (Force or
Input) is Removed, then the System Vibrates on its Own. This type
of Vibration is known as Free Vibration.
Example:- Simple Pendulum
The Vibration which is under the influence of External Force is
called Forced Vibration.
Example:- Machine Tools, Electric Bells
2. Linear and Non-Linear Vibration
If in a Vibratory System Mass, Spring and Damper behave in a
Linear manner, the Vibration Caused are known as Linear in Nature.
Linear Vibrations are governed by Linear Differential Equations.
If any basic Components of a Vibratory System behaves Non –
Linearly, the Vibration is called Non – Linear. Linear Vibration
becomes Non – Linear for very Large Amplitude of Vibration.

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3. Damped and Un-damped Vibration
If the Vibratory System has a Damper, the Motion of the System
will be Opposed by it and the Energy of the System will be
Dissipated by Friction. This type of Vibration is called Damped
Friction.
The System which does not have a Damper is known as Un-
damped Vibration.
4. Deterministic and Random Vibration
In the Vibratory System the Amount of External Excitation is
known in Magnitude and it is called as Deterministic Vibration.
The Non – Deterministic Vibrations are known as Random
Vibrations.

5. Transient Vibration
In Ideal System the Free Vibrations Continue Indefinitely as
there is No Damping. The Amplitude of Vibration decays
continuously because of Damping and vanishes ultimately. Such
Vibration in a Real System is called Transient Vibration. 16
6. Longitudinal, Transverse and Torsional Vibration
The Figure represents a Body of Mass ‘m’ carried on One End
of a Weightless Spindle, the Other End is being Fixed. If the Mass
‘m’ moves Up and Down parallel to the Spindle Axis, it is said to be
Longitudinal Vibration.
When the Particle of a Body or Shaft move approximately
Perpendicular to the Axis of the Shaft, then the Vibration so caused
are said to be Transverse Vibration.
If the Spindle gets alternatively Twisted and Untwisted on
account of Vibratory Motion of the Suspended Disc, then it is said to
be Torsional Vibration.

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1.6- methods of vibration analysis
There are Various methods by means of which we can Derive the
Equations of Motion of a Vibratory System. Some of the methods are Discussed
here.
1. ENERGY METHOD

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2. RAYLEIGH’S METHOD

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3. EQUILIBRIUM METHOD
According to this Method, the Algebric Sum of the Forces and
Moments acting on the System must be Zero.

F = External Force

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 1.7- periodic & harmonic motion
Harmonic Motion

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Explanation
Oscillatory Motion may repeat itself regularly as in the case of a Simple
Pendulum, or it may display considerable irregularity as in the case of Ground
Motion during an Earthquake.
If the Motion is Repeated after Equal Intervals of Time, it is called Periodic
Motion. The Simplest type of Periodic Motion is Harmonic Motion.
The Motion imparted to the Mass ‘m’ due to the Scotch Yoke Mechanism
shown in Fig. 1.46 is an example of Simple Harmonic Motion.
In this System, a Crank of Radius ‘A’ rotates about the Point ‘O’. The Other
End of the Crank ‘P’ Slides in a Slotted Rod, which Reciprocates in the Vertical
Guide ‘R’.
When the Crank rotates at an Angular Velocity ‘ω’, the End Point ‘S’ of the
Slotted Link and the Mass ‘m’ of the Spring-Mass System are displaced from
their Middle Positions by an amount ‘x’ (in time t) given by,

The Velocity of Mass ‘m’ at Time ‘t’ is given by,

The Acceleration is given by,

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Addition of Harmonic Motion

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 Problems on Addition of Harmonic Motion
1. Add the Two Harmonic Motions Analytically and Find the
Resultant Harmonic Motion.
X 1 = 10 cos t X 2 = 15 cos (t + 2)
Solution:-

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2. Split the below Harmonic Motion into Two Harmonic Motions,
One is having a Phase Angle of 0 ° and Other is 45 °
X = 10 sin (t + )
Solution:-

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THANK YOU!

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