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Biobutanol A Green EnergyFuel
Biobutanol A Green EnergyFuel
Abstract:
The increasing cost of petroleum products, its non- used in internal combustion engines as blend, additive or
sustainability, political crisis at source locations, couple wholly. This might be due to its closeness in chemical
with environmental hazard, renew interest is now similarity to petroleum gasoline. The production and
focusing on renewable, sustainable and environmental consumption of biobutanol is expected to reduce the
benign fuels as alternatives. The greatest area that brings consumption of oil and natural gas by automobile
about the rise in price of fossil fuels is the transportation industry [2] and also reduce emission of greenhouse
sector that use gasoline and diesel. While ethanol has gases that are harmful to environment.
been identified for fuel additive in internal combustion
engines, butanol could be a better alternative as its 1.1 Isomers of Butanol
properties are closer to that of gasoline than that of Butanol has four isomers with slightly different
ethanol. However, the commercial fermentation properties. They are;
production of biobutanol has not been encouraged due 1. n-butanol or butan-1-ol (CH3CH2CH2CH2OH), is
its energy intensive which makes it more expensive than colourless, odouless and flammable liquid with
petroleum production process. But recently banana smell. It is found useful as solvent in paints,
bioengineering technology is discovering new coatings and varnishes, in plasticizers, in textiles as
production and separation techniques that have shown a swelling agent for coated fabrics, in cosmetics as
promising and attractive process for biobutanol makeup, nail care, and shaving, in drugs as
fermentation production. antibiotics, hormones and vitamins and as fuel in
gasoline additive and brake fluid.
Keywords—biobuthanol, history, modern technique, 2. iso-butanol or 2-methyl propan-1-ol
production (OHCH2(CH3)2CCH3), is a colourless liquid with
characteristic sweet smell immiscible in water but
miscible in most organic solvents. It is found useful
1. INTRODUCTION as solvent for coatings and adhesives, manufacturing
The increasing cost of petroleum products, its non- other chemicals, as dispersing agent for cleaning and
sustainability, political crisis at source locations, couple floor polishing, as flavor and fragrance and in
with environmental hazard, renew interest is now pharmaceuticals as pesticides and gasoline additive.
focusing on renewable, sustainable and environmental 3. Sec-butanol or butan-2-ol (CH3(OH)CHCH2CH3), is
benign fuels as alternatives. Biobutanol or biobased a colourless, flammable liquid, slightly miscible in
butanol is also called biogasoline is a second generation water but miscible in organic solvents. It is found
alcoholic fuel with very high energy density [1] and low useful as solvent, domestic cleaning in paints
volatility. It is a colourless and flammable alcohol remover and as perfumes and flavours.
widely used in industry as solvents [2]. The renew 4. Tert-butanol or 2-methyl propan-2-ol
interest research on biobutanol production arouses due to (CH3(CH3)2OH), is a clear liquid with characteristic
its quality as biofuels that supersede that of ethanol. It camphor smell very miscible in water and ethanol
has an established history a chemical and solvent and forms solid at 250C. It is used in denature
particularly for use in paints, coatings, printing inks, ethanol, as paint removal, octane booster in gasoline
adhesives, sealants, textiles and plastics [3]. It is a and for synthesis of other chemicals.
biofuel that has the tendency to replace ethanol because Table 1 below summarizes the physical properties of
of its numerous advantages over ethanol. These the four isomers of butanol as claimed by Machada
advantages include; low volatility, high energy density, [4].
eases separation from water mixture. Biobutanol can be
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International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Technology (IJAERT) 15
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Its higher flash point makes it safer in the presence of pipes. Biobuthanol has properties similar to gasoline
flame than both gasoline and ethanol. Biobutanol has than ethanol. The drawback that biobutanol has over the
better water tolerance than ethanol and biodiesel makes gasoline is lower octane rating as shown in table 2
it easier to separate from water than ethanol. Its low above. This implies that switching from gasoline to
solubility in water reduces its tendency for spill to biobutanol would result in larger fuel consumption [13].
spread in underground water, transportable in petroleum However, biobutanol has bigger energy content than
pipe lines and usable in gasoline blend at any ratio [12]. ethanol because of the larger number of carbon atoms in
Also, these properties enable it to be distributed through the molecule (four for biobutanol and two for ethanol).
Biobutanol Bioethanol
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International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Technology (IJAERT) 17
Volume 2 Issue 1, April 2014, ISSN No.: 2348 – 8190
The air-fuel ratio of butanol is higher than that of modified versions of the Clostridium to improve butanol
ethanol, which means that it can be run at richer tolerance and yield technology is being developed in the
mixtures and therefore produce more power [13]. US, Europe and Asia [15]. This will eliminate the
Butanol can be blended in any ratio with gasoline well bacteria poisoned challenge faced by biobutanol
ahead of distribution and can be transported by the developers as these bacteria get poisoned by the butanol
existing infrastructure the same cannot be achieved with they produce once its concentration rises above around
ethanol for the fear of contamination. Butanol can be 6%. A microbiologist in the College of Agricultural,
transported with pipes but ethanol cannot except by Consumer and Environmental Sciences at the University
tanks through trucks, rail cars and river badges. With of Illinois, Hans Blaschek, is working on strains of the
low vapour pressure butanol is safer to handle than soil bacterium Clostridium beijerinckii, which he
ethanol. Biobutanol has higher energy density resulting himself developed 10 years ago at the Illinois laboratory
increase in mileage than ethanol [10]. Butanol is stable [15].
on long time storage and highly combustible but not An alternative non-fermentative method has been
explosive [4]. Butanol can be catalytically converted to established by metabolic engineering of the amino acid
jet fuel [7]. biosynthesis pathways, which allows for production of
1-butanol and also iso-butanol [12]. As the raw materials
4. PRODUCTION OF BIOBUTANOL are expensive due to their demand for food, cellulose
Biobutanol can be made from a variety of biomass types waste materials are used to process biobutanol. Straw
which include corn, wheat, sugar cane, sugar beet and, in from crops, wood residues, and other sources of plant
the future, non-food lignocellulosic materials. According biomass are investigated that would be more cost
to Jones [9], virtually all butanol is produced chemically effective [16].
using either the oxo process from propylene or aldo
process from acetaldehyde. However, it can also be 4.1 Advance Techniques in Biobutanol production
produced by fermentation just like ethanol. Biobutanol It has been reported [4] that Clostrida secrete numerous
can be adapted ethanol plants from corn and other grains enzymes that can break down polymeric carbohydrates
or sugar cane and from cellulose [3]. It was reported [15] into monomers. This process utilizes inexpensive
that biobutanol was made via fermentation of biomass agricultural residues as fermentation substrates which is
from substrates such as corn grain, corn stovers and capable of reducing the production cost. Ezeji et al, [16]
other feedstocks. Microbes, especially the Clostridium reported that a lot of Engineering attempts have been
acetobylicum are introduced to the sugars produced from employed to increase the ABE fermentation yield such
biomass. The sugars are broken into acetone, butanol as cell recycle and cell immobilize to increase cell
and ethanol in the ratio 3:6:1 [2]. But unfortunately, a density and reactor productivity and using extractive
rise in butanol concentration causes butanol to be toxic fermentation to minimize product inhibition. Despite all
to the microoganisms, kill them off after a short while. the efforts employed with ABE fermentation has never
Ezeji et al [16] claimed that anaerobic bacteria; produced up to 20g/l glucose of butanol concentration
Solventogenic clostridia are capable of secreting [8]. Colorado based company used genetically modified
numerous enzymes that facilitate the decomposition of yeast that produces only iso-butanol from glucose. A
polymeric carbohydrate into monomers. These bacteria biofuel based in California used non-modified Clostrium
are capable of converting simple sugars such as glucose, to break down celluloses, hemicelluloses and starch in
galactose, mannose, xylose etc. into acetone, butanol and plants. It was reported [17] that Cobalt’s dilute acid
ethanol but the toxicity of the butanol kills these hydrolysis pretreatment process, which extracts sugars
microorganisms. Ramney and Yang [8] reported that, from ligno-cellulosic biomass, was validated on woody
ABE fermentation reaction goes through the production biomass, bagasse and agricultural residues. To convert
of acetic, butyric and propionic acids by Clostridium the cellulose and hemicellulose in lignocellulosic
acetobylicum, then the metabolic shift of the culture biomass, Cobalt has developed a process that
produces solvents; acetone, butanol and ethanol. simultaneously extracts and converts the
By increasing butyric acid concentration to >2g/l carbohydrates into simple sugars. It was reported [18]
and decreasing the pH <5 are usual require conditions that Cobalt production technologies are designed to
for the induction of metabolic shift from acidogenesis to process a broad range of non -food feedstocks, avoiding
solventogenesis (conversion from acids to solvents) but the risks associated with reliance on a single crop.
this reaction is difficult to control [8]. Genetically Cobalt's technology is based on a bacterial fermentation
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International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Technology (IJAERT) 18
Volume 2 Issue 1, April 2014, ISSN No.: 2348 – 8190
of biomass sugars into butanol. Cobalt's proprietary Pervaporation, is one of the membrane separation
bacterial strain development technology improves the technologies, which has high selectivity and low energy
fermentation performance of a variety of naturally consumption compared to other separation techniques
occurring feedstocks. These feedstocks are specifically [11]. Pervaporation can be used to separate azeotropic
selected for their ability to utilize all five of the sugars mixtures and other kind of mixtures, which are usually
found in plant materials, including the 5-carbon sugars difficult to separate by conventional techniques like
that cannot be fermented by common yeast. This distillation [19]. Pervaporation involves the selective
innovative technology makes it possible to utilize a transport by diffusion of some components through
range of residual biomass feedstocks. cobalt technology a membrane. Due to their low vapour pressure and low
has improved the resistance of the microorganism to solubility in water, ionic liquids are solvents for
the by-products of biomass conversion. The Cobalt extraction of organic compounds in water. Pervaporation
uses continuous bioreactor system which dramatically is effective for removal of organic compounds from
increases production rate as much as 11-fold over water and separation of mixtures of two or more organic
traditional batch fermentation processes [19]. This compounds [13]. According Marszałek et al, [14],
results in a more capital efficient production process as another constrain is the use for the fermentation crop
well as lower input costs, resulting in a more economic products which is not very economical; primarily
process. because of high price due to demand for these crops
by food industries.
4.2 Characterization of Biobutanol However, by optimizing fermentation productivity,
Biobutanol properties are more similar to gasoline than yield, and titer, Cobalt is making biobutanol a viable and
bioethanol [11]. Biobutanol does not form azeotropic economic transportation fuel. Cobalt's distillation
mixture with water as ethanol does. It tolerates water process for butanol recovery uses approximately half the
contamination unlike ethanol and biodiesel indicating energy and half the equipment compared to conventional
that it has less affinity to water than ethanol [4]. Tables 1 butanol distillation [16]. In addition Cobalt’s technology
and 2 provide the properties of quality butanol. platform offers a continuous process to efficiently
convert diverse non-food feedstocks into biobutanol.
4.3 Drawbacks Associate with Production of
Biobutanol 5. CONCLUSION
Distillation of biobutanol from the fermentation broth is Biobutanol is a green fuel; its use in transport sector will
very energy consuming [11]. As butanol has a higher contribute to reduction in environmental degradation
boiling point than water, process consumes much associated with the use of fossil fuels. It has all it takes
energy, and therefore it increases the cost of the to replace ethanol as fuel additive with gasoline because
whole process, especially at low concentration of its physicochemical properties are closer to that of
butanol in the broth. Therefore, currently other methods gasoline than ethanol; higher energy density, low
are used such as adsorption, membrane perstraction, solubility in water, less corrosive and lower vapour
extraction, pervaporation, reverse osmosis or "gas pressure that makes it less polluting than ethanol. It can
stripping with more emphasis on pervaporation. The be used as direct replacement for gasoline in internal
adsorption method of removing butanol from broth is combustion engine. With cobalt advance technology in
done with silicalite which selectively adsorb small biobutanol production, the agricultural residues that
alcohol molecules of methanol to pentanol from aqueous were known to be wastes are going to be turned to useful
solution. This method is not favourably feasible for raw materials for biobutanol production. The production
industrial scale. This follows from the small-capacity of of biobutanol from agricultural residues will generate
adsorbents for butanol [2]. Another method is the use of employment opportunities and provide economic
membrane reactor which increases the concentration of empowerment to many.
butanol from 0.39 g/dm3/h to 15.8 g/dm3/h.
REFERENCES
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