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MA211 Assignment 1

Semester 1, 2021
Group members
Name ID #
Arjun kumaran S11184647
Kritesh chand S11122472
Aashutosh pratap S11187390

1
Question 1
Part A
Coordinates for rugby player location:
�1 , �2 = � cos � , � sin � ( �, �)
π
�1 , �2 =− � sin � , � cos � (r, θ + 2 )

�2 − �1
Finding the tangent of the slope: �= �2 − �1

� cos �−� sin �


�=
−� sin �− � cos �

tanθ−1
m=
tanθ+1

�� ��
�� sin �+ � cos �
Then: ��
= ��
�� = ��
��
cos �− � sin �
�� ��

��
��
=�

�� ��
(� ���� + ���� �� )(���� + 1) = ( − ����� + ���� �� )(���� − 1)

dr dr dr dr
rsinθ + tanθsinθ dθ + rcosθ + sinθ dθ =− rsinθtanθ + sinθ dθ + rsinθ − cosθ dθ

��
��
(�������� + ����) =− �(���� + ��������)

��
= −�
��
Use order differential equation �� = − � ��

��
= − ��

ln � = − � + �

�ln � = �−�+� Introducing � on both side

� = �−�+�

� = �−� . �� Let C = ��

� = ��−�


�( 4 ) = ��−4 Angle =45°


� � �
Since it’s Angle =45° � = 2 2
= ��−4
4

� −�
C= 2
� 4

� � �
r (�)= �� − � , � ≥
� �

2
Part B
i. Convert the polar equation in rectangular coordinates.

r = a cos2 θ
�3 = � �2 ���� multiply both side by �2
r3 = a x2 where x= r cosθ
3
(�2 + �2 )2 = � �2 where �2 = �2 + �2
3
So the rectangular coordinate is: (�2 + �2 )2 = � �2

ii. Graph of 4cos2 θ and 6cos2 θ

iii. Area between two curve

1 � � �
Area = (�� )2 − (��)2 �� the point of intersection is 2 because cos(0)=2
2 �


1
=4( 2 2
0
((6���2 (�))2 − (4 cos2 �)2 ) ��)

3

= 2( 0
2
(36 ���4(�) − 16 ���4(�))dθ)


=2( 0
2 20���4 (�)��)


= 40( 0
2 ���4 (�)��

1
= 40 0
2 (���2 (�))2 �� where ���2 (�) =2 (1 + cos 2�)


1 1 cos 2� ���2 (2�)
=40 0
2
( 2 (1 + cos 2�) )2 �� expanding the function we get (4 + 2
+ 4
)


1 cos 2� ���2(2�)
=40 0
2
(4 + 2
+
4
)��


1 cos 2� ���2(2�) ���2 (2�) 1 cos(4θ)
=40 0
2
(4 + 2
+ )�� simplify function into ( 8 + )
4 4 8


1 cos 2� 1 cos(4θ)
=40 0
2
(4 + 2
+ +
8 8
)��


3 cos 2� cos(4θ)
=40 0
2
(8 + 2
+
8
)��


3θ sin(2θ) sin(4θ)
=40[0 2
8
+
4
+
32
]

π
3( ) sin(π) sin(2π) 3(0) sin(0) sin(0)
=40([ 8
2
+
4
+
32
]-[ 8
+
4
+
32
])

3�
=40 [[16 + 0 + 0] − [0 + 0 + 0]]

3�
=40(16)
���
Area = �
������

4
Mathematica verification

Part C
i. Plot the strophoid

ii. Polar equation to rectangular coordinate.

r = sec(θ) − 2cos(θ)

1 1
r = cos(θ) − 2cos(θ) sec(θ) = cos(θ)

1−2cos2(θ)
r= cos(θ)

r cos(θ) = 1 − 2 cos2 (θ)

(r cos(θ) = 1 − 2 cos2 (θ)) x r2

�3 ���(�) = �2 − 2�2 ���2 (�)

�2 � ����(�) = �2 − 2� ���(�) � ����(�) x = r cos(θ) y = r sin(θ)

5
(�2 + �2 ) � = (�2 + �2 ) − 2�2 �2 = �2 + �2

(�2 +�2 )−2�2


(�2 + �2) = �

(�2+�2)
(�2 + �2 ) = �
− 2�

(�2+�2)
The rectangular coordinate is (�2 + �2 ) = �
− 2�

iii. Area enclosed by the loop

point of intersection
r = sec θ − 2 cos θ
2 cos θ = sec θ
1 1
2 cos θ = sec θ=
cosθ cosθ
2cos2 θ = 1
1
θ= 2

π π �
θ = 4 upper limit is 4 and lower limit is - 4
Since cosine is positive in 1st and 4th quadrant.

1 � 2
Area = 2 �
� ��


1
A= 4� ( sec θ − 2 cos θ )2 dθ expand the function
2 −4


1
=2 −
4�
( ���2 � − 2�������� − 2�������� + 4���2 �)dθ
4


1
=2 −4
4�
( ���2 � − 4�������� + 4���2 �)dθ


1 1+���2�
=2 −4
4�
( ���2 � − 4�������� + 4���2 �)dθ simplify the expression ���2 � =
2


1 1
=2 4�
− ( ���2 � − 4�������� + 2 + 2���2�)dθsimplify −4secθcosθ =− 4
cosθ
cosθ =− 4
4


1
=2 −4
4�
( ���2 � − 4 + 2 + 2���2�)dθ


1
= 2 [4 � tan � -2θ + sin2θ]
−4

6
1 � π π −� −π −π
=2 [[ tan 4 − 2( 4 ) + sin2( 4)] - [tan 4
− 2( 4
) + sin2( 4
)]

1 � �
=2 [1 − 2 + 1] − [ − 1 + 2 − 1]

1
=2 [4 − �]


Area = � − � ������

Mathematica verification

Question 2
Part A

I. � = � �, � ; � = � � , � = ℎ(�)

7
�� �� �� �� ��
= +
�� �� �� �� ��
� �� � �� �� � �� ��
= +
�� �� �� �� �� �� �� ��
� �� �2 � �� �2 � �� �� �� �� �� ��
= 2 + = +
�� �� �� �� ���� �� �� �� �� �� ��

�� �� �� �� ��
= +
�� �� �� �� ��
� �� � �� �� � �� ��
= +
�� �� �� �� �� �� �� ��
� �� �2 � �� �2 � ��
= +
�� �� ���� �� ��2 ��

Ii)
�2 � �� �� �� ��
= +
�� �� �� �� ��
�� �� �� �� ��
= +
�� �� �� �� ��
�2 � � �� �� �� �� � �� �� �� ��
= + + +
��2 �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� ��

Knowing that:
� � � �
= , =
�� �� �� ��

�2 � �2 � �� �� �� � �� �2 � �2 � �� �2 � �� � �� �2 �
= + + + + +
��2 ��2 �� ���� �� �� �� ��2 ���� �� ��2 �� �� �� ��2
____________________________________________________________________________________________

Part B
I)

8
From Chain Rule:
�� �� �� �� �� ��
= cos � + sin θ ��� =− sin θ + r cos �
�� �� �� �� �� ��

Knowing that:
�� �� �� ��
= ��� =−
�� �� �� ��

�� �� ��
= cos � + sin θ
�� �� ��
�� �� �� �� �� ��
= cos � − sin θ ; ��������� ���ℎ =− r sin θ + r cos �
�� �� �� �� �� ��
�� �� ��
= r − sin θ + cos �
�� �� ��
�� 1 �� ��
. =− sin θ + cos �
�� � �� ��
�� 1 ��
. =
�� � ��
===========

From Chain Rule:


�� �� �� �� �� ��
= cos � + sin θ ��� =− sin θ + r cos �
�� �� �� �� �� ��

Knowing that:
�� �� �� ��
= ��� =−
�� �� �� ��

�� �� ��
= cos � + sin θ …�� 1
�� �� ��
�� �� ��
=− r sin θ − r cos � …�� 2
�� �� ��
�� �� ��
=− r sin θ − cos �
�� �� ��
� �� ��
− . =
� �� ��

ii)
� = ln �2 + �2
1
� = ln �2 + �2 2
�� 1 �� 1
= . ln �2 + �2 . 2� = . ln �2 + �2 . 2�
�� 2 �� 2
�� � �� �
= 2 = 2
�� � + �2 �� � + �2
____________ _____________


� = tan−1

9
1
�=
� 2
1+

�� 1 �
= . − 2
�� � 2

1+

�� −�
= 2
�� � + �2
�� ��
=−
�� ��
_________

 � = ln �2 + �2 �2 + �2 = �2
� = ln � � = �2 + �2
�� 1
=
�� �
______

�=�
��
=1
��
�� 1 ��
�� =
�� � ��
=============

� = ln � �= �
�� ��
=0 =0
�� ��
�� 1 ��
�� = −
�� � ��
===============

PartC
Using Pythagoras theorem, we get equations as:

AB2 = x2 + 22 BC2 = 12 + � − � 2

BC = 1 + � − � 2
AB = x2 + 4

�� = 10 − �

Cost from AB = 3k, BC = 2k, CD = k


Cost = 3k x2 + 4 + 2k 1 + � − � 2 + k 10 − �

Let: Cost = λ
3kx 2k �−� 2k �−�
Cx = − =0 Cy= − k=0
2
x +4 �−� 2 + 1 �−� 2 + 1

Cy = 2k
�−�
− k=0 �−�
�−� 2 + 1 2k = k
�−� 2 + 1

10
�−� k
=
�−� 2+ 1 2k
�−� 1
=
2
�−� + 1 2

3kx 1
Cx = − 2�( ) = 0
x2 + 4 2
x
3k =�
x2 + 4
x �
=
x2 + 4 3�
x 1
=
x2 + 4 3
2
2 x2 + 4
3� =
9�2 = x2 + 4
8�2 4

= 8
1
�2 =
2

�=

Finding y
�−�
y = 2k − k=0
�−� 2 + 1
�−� 1
=
�−� 2 + 1 2
2 2
2 �−� = �−� 2 + 1

4 �−� = �−� 2 + 1
4 �−� − �−� 2 = 1
3 �−� 2 = 1
1
�−� 2 =
3
1
�−�=
3

Therefore:
1 1
�− =
2 3
� �
�= +
� �

11
Part D
Using Lagrange method find the maximum and minimum height

z = x2 + 4y2 x2 + y2 = 1

f(x, y) = z = x2 + 4y2 g(x, y) = x2 + y2 = 1

�� �� �� ��
��
= 2x ��
= 8y ��
= 2� ��
= 2�

�� �� �� ��
��
= � �� ��
= � ��

2x = λ 2x 8y = λ2y

2x 8y
λ = 2x λ = 2y

λ=1 λ=4

When λ = 1 when λ = 4
Y=0 x=0
�2 + 0 = 1 �2 + 0 = 1
x =± 1 y =± 1

Then:

z = x2 + 4y2 x2 + y2 = 1

X=0 and y=±1 y=0 and x=±1


z = 0 + 4(1) z=1+0
z=4 z=1

Therefore the maximum height is (0,±1), z=4 and minimum height is ( ±1,0),z=1

Mathematica verification

12
Question3
I) Parametric equation of a line

x = x0 + (a2 − a1 )λ

y = y0 + (b2 − b1 )λ

Where 0 ≤ λ ≤ 1

ii)
Distance between λ = 1and λ = 0can be calculated as.

|λ1 − λ0|^2 = (�2 − �1 )2 + (�2 − �1 )2

�������� = (�2 − �1 )2 + (�2 − �1 )2

Than finding the equation of robot perpendicular to the line segment will give rise to
a new equation. Inserting (x,y) into the equation as ( (� − �1 ) and (� − �1 ) ) taken
from λ = 0 and the robots intersecting point with the line segment

(�−�1 )(�2 −�1 )+(�−�1)(�2−�1 ) (�−�1)(�2 −�1) (�−�1 )(�2−�1)


λ= (�2 −�1 )2+(�2 −�1)2
which is same asλ = (� 2 +(� −� )2 + (� 2 2
2 −�1 ) 2 1 2 −�1 ) +(�2 −�1 )

(�2−�1) (�2 −�1)


Where d= (� 2 2 and c= (� 2 2
2 −�1 ) +(�2 −�1 ) 2 −�1 ) +(�2 −�1 )

13
iii)
Substituting C and D in the equation will give:

� = (� − �� )C +(� − �� )d

Question4
Part A
Mathematica verification of the graph

� �
+ =1
3 5

� �
Make the equation into linear:
5
=1−
3

5x
z=5−
3
Let z=0

−15 = 5x

X=3

5x
For z = 5 − 3
0≤x≤3

For y=4 0 ≤ y ≤ 4

4 3 5�
V= 0 0
(5 −
3
) �� �� integrate the inner function first

4 3 5�2
= [
0 0
5� −
6
]��

4 5(32 )
= 0
[[5(3) −
6
] − [5(0) − 0]]��

14
4
= 0
[7.5]��

=[40 7.5y]

=[7.5(4)]-[7.5(0)]

V =30 ������ the volume of 1st octant.

Mathematica verification

Part B

Find the intersecting point


r=r
(4sin� = 2 2���2�)2

15
16sin2 θ = 8cos2θ where cos2θ=1 - 2���2 �
16sin2 θ=8(1-2���2 �)
16sin2 θ=8 - 16���2 �)
1
sin2 θ =
4
1
sin � = 2
π π π
θ=
6
so lower limit is 6 and the upper limit is 6

1 �
Area = ((�� )2 − (�� )2 )��
2 �


1
= �2 ((4����)2 − (2 2���2�)2 ) ��
2 6


1
=2 �2 ((16���2 �) − (8���2�)) ��
6


1 1−���2�
=2 �2 (8 − 8���2�) − (8���2�)) �� where ���2 �=( 2
)
6


1
=2 �2 (8 − 16���2�) ��
6


1
=2 �2 ( − 16���2� + 8) ��
6


1 2
= 2
[� − 8sin2θ + 8θ]
6

1 � � �
= 2 [ − 8sin(π) + 8( 2 )] − [ − 8���( 3 ) + 8( 6 )]

1 4
=2 [0 + 4�] − [ − 4 3 + 3 �]

1 8π
= [ + 4 3]
2 3

4�
Area = 3
+ 2 3 ������

16
Mathematica verification

17

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