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Experimental Study On Strength Gaining Characteris
Experimental Study On Strength Gaining Characteris
Experimental Study On Strength Gaining Characteris
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Abstract
This study deals with experimental investigation of strength gaining characteristics of concrete made with Portland Composite
Cement (PCC) and Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). Compressive strength of concrete is often considered as a measure to
determine the rate of strength gain of concrete with age and different cement composition. Strength developments of five concrete
types have been investigated in terms of cement content and curing duration. Experimental observations on 495 specimens reveal
that the early age strength of PCC concrete is lower than that of OPC concrete. Based on the test results, lack of proper pozzolanic
reaction in the presence of fly ash in PCC concrete strength is lower at early age. The pozzolanic activity of fly ash also contributes to
the strength gain at later stages of continuous curing. This study also concludes that drying ambient conditions reduce the strength
potential of PCC concrete as the secondary (pozzolanic) reaction fails to contribute to the development of strength.
Keywords: strength gain, cement composition, curing time, compressive strength, pozzolanic reaction
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*Ph.D. Candidate, School of Civil, Environmental and Mining Engineering, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia (Cor-
responding Author, E-mail: mauce52@siswa.um.edu.my)
**Senior Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (E-mail: jameel@um.edu.my)
***Ph.D. Candidate, School of Civil, Environmental and Mining Engineering, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia (E-mail:
habibkuet@gmail.com)
****Researcher, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Bangladesh (E-mail: shahinul02@gmail.com)
*****Lecturer, School of Civil Engineering, Linton University College, Legenda Education Group, 71700 Mantin, Malaysia (E-mail: noorhasan@legend-
agroup.edu.my)
− 789 −
Md. Alhaz Uddin, Mohammed Jameel, Habibur Rahman Sobuz, Md. Shahinul Islam, and Noor Md. Sadiqul Hasan
ash concrete is slower but it is sustained for longer periods than Table 1. Physical Properties of Fine and Coarse Aggregate
the rate of the strength increase of Portland cement concrete Properties Local sand Crushed stone
(Chindaprasirt et al., 2005; Hwang et al., 2004). Kaosar (2006) Maximum aggregate size (mm) 2.36 19
has made a study on brick aggregate concrete with varying Bulk Specific gravity 2.56 2.71
amount of fly ash content where fly ash were added directly at Absorption capacity (%) 1.21 0.45
the time of mixing. Then compressive strength and two types Unit weight (kg/m3) - 1556
of durability test such as chloride resistance (Florea and Fineness modulus 2.73 6.74
Brouwers, 2012) and sulfate resistance tests have been
performed to evaluate the effects of fly ash on strength and
durability of brick aggregate concrete (Ahmadi and Shekarchi,
2010; Golestanifar and Ahangari, 2011). Cement manufacturing
companies of Bangladesh have been using fly ash in cement to
minimize the rising production cost of cement. These fly ash
containing cement are available in the market named as
“Portland Composite Cement”. It is observed that the
proportions of different ingredients of PCCs are varied among
the different cement manufacturing companies. Thus, it is
necessary to investigate the strength gaining property of
concrete made with PCC both at early and later ages.
In this study, strength development of five different composition
cement types has been investigated in terms of different
curing condition. In the framework of experimental study
during 365 days; mortars have been prepared with different Fig. 1. Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregate
composition cement such as clinker, fly ash, gypsum, slag
and limestone which kept at two different curing conditions. also shown in Table 1.
It is found that PCC concrete has shown lower early age The gradations of fine and coarse aggregates have been
strength than OPC whereas, at later ages both of the concrete obtained by sieve analysis (Fig. 1), according to standard ASTM
is providing approximately similar strength characteristics C 136. A suitable gradation of an aggregate in PCC and OPC
due to continuous curing conditions and well performed mixture is important in order to secure strength gain of the
pozzolanic reaction activities. concrete mix (Celik et al., 2008; Sharifi, 2012). The fineness
modulus of fine and coarse aggregate are obtained from sieve
2. Materials and Methods analysis is 2.73 and 6.74 respectively.
This experimental study represents a general scenario of the 2.1.2 Properties of Cement
strength gain characteristics of concrete made with PCC and Cement is a cementitious material in concrete mixture. The
OPC both at earlier and later ages. All properties of concrete properties of concrete ingredients (coarse aggregate, fine aggregate,
ingredients are kept constant and cement type is varying with water) have been kept constant, only the cement type has been
different composition. The work is performed using locally changed. In this project PCC of four different types and one
available materials such as stone chips, sand (Coarse Sand) and Ordinary (ASTM Type I) Portland Cement (OPC) have been
cement (Portland composite and ordinary Portland). The used in making concrete. Specific gravity of OPC is 3.15. The
concrete have been cured in two different ways, one set of chemical compositions and cement ingredient of different type
concrete specimens have been cured continuously until they are
tested while the other set of concrete specimens have been cured
only 14 days under water to know effect of continuous curing Table 2. Chemical Composition of PCC and OPC
over 14 days curing (Zhao et al., 2012). Constituent PCC OPC
SiO2 20.60 19.24
2.1 Materials Properties Al2O3 4.74 4.78
Fe2O3 3.28 2.90
2.1.1 Properties of Aggregate CaO 64.82 64.05
Aggregate act as an inert filler in concrete providing improved MgO 1.84 1.65
volume stability. Locally available coarse sand has been used for SO3 2.4 3.36
this project as fine aggregate. The physical properties of fine Na2O 0.21 0.25
aggregate are shown in Table 1. Crushed stone has been used in K2O 0.38 0.81
LOI 1.73 2.96
this project as coarse aggregate whose physical properties are
Table 5. w/c Ratio of Concrete Mixtures vibrating table (Fig. 2). After that, leaving the molded concrete
28 day compressive Non air Air specimens in place of hardening for a period of 24 h, and then de-
strength (MPa) Entrained Entrained molded. The total 495 numbers of concrete specimens have been
17.24 0.75 0.67 prepared according to different curing condition (continuously
27.58 0.57 0.48 curing and only 14 days curing). In this project PCC of four different
41.37 0.41 --- compositions and one OPC have been used in making concrete for
target strength of 17.24 MPa, 27.58 MPa and 41.37 MPa.
Fig. 2. Preparing of Concrete Specimens: (a) Casting, (b) Compacting on Vibration Table
Fig. 4. Compressive Strength Test: (a) Applying Load on the Concrete Cylinder by Compression Test Machine, (b) Failure Surface of the
Crushed Concrete Cylinder
Table 6. Compressive Strength Gain with Age of Concrete for 17.24 MPa
% of Compressive strength
Cement Type Curing condition
28 days 90 days 180 days 365 days
14 days curing 084.72 101.04 113.6 119.52
A(PCC)
Continuous curing 087.56 102.92 121.32 132.4
14 days curing 083.56 104.76 113.72 119.2
B(PCC)
Continuous curing 084.96 105.28 123.84 135.56
14 days curing 084.68 108.96 117.92 124.28
C(PCC)
Continuous curing 090.84 111.92 127.48 137.88
14 days curing 087.64 110.2 118.2 123.2
D(PCC)
Continuous curing 092.04 110.48 126.44 137.04
14 days curing 101 115.92 122.08 126.72
E(OPC)
Continuous curing 102.72 119.8 132.36 138.12
Table 7. Compressive Strength Gain with Age of Concrete for 27.58 MPa
% of Compressive strength
Cement Type Curing condition
28 days 90 days 180 days 365 days
14 days curing 78.175 087.625 090.675 092.85
A(PCC)
Continuous curing 79.575 098.825 103.075 107.025
14 days curing 74.15 090.35 097.225 098.7
B(PCC)
Continuous curing 76.65 096.95 111.125 117.175
14 days curing 79.65 096.325 101.55 104.1
C(PCC)
Continuous curing 81.9 099.7 108.075 115.6
14 days curing 83.55 096.7 103.55 105.55
D(PCC)
Continuous curing 84.65 102.925 113.675 121.35
14 days curing 94.4 101.2 107.125 109.8
E(OPC)
Continuous curing 95.85 105.175 112.725 117.075
Table 8. Compressive Strength Gain with Age of Concrete for 41.37 MPa
% of Compressive strength
Cement Type Curing condition
28 days 90 days 180 days 365 days
14 days curing 82.37 088.58 090.63 089.75
A(PCC)
Continuous curing 83.20 091.63 096.93 101.87
14 days curing 75.12 085.02 089.08 090.87
B(PCC)
Continuous curing 77.37 090.22 095.92 101.05
14 days curing 80.27 090.48 092.88 094.35
C(PCC)
Continuous curing 80.78 093.97 099.17 104.30
14 days curing 85.48 092.02 094.05 095.20
D(PCC)
Continuous curing 86.42 095.83 100.13 102.62
14 days curing 91.00 094.43 097.10 097.92
E(OPC)
Continuous curing 93.23 100.97 103.38 104.92
since it greatly effects the hydration of cement. A proper curing reaction in the presence of fly ash in PCC concrete strength is
maintains a suitably warm and moist environment for the lower at early age. The pozzolanic activity of fly ash also
development of hydration products and thus reduces the porosity in contributes to the strength gain at later stages of continuous
hydrated cement paste and increases the density of microstructure curing. But at later ages, the strength of PCC concrete and OPC
in concrete. is almost same to continuous curing. At continuous curing
Table 6 shows that PCC concrete specimens have gained full condition, PCC concrete for the target strengths of 17.24 MPa,
target strength (17.24 MPa) within 90 days at 14 days curing 27.58 MPa, and 41.37 MPa requires 50 to 70 days, 80 to 100
condition. Concrete specimens have gained 120 to 140 percent days and 180 to 200 days respectively to gain full target strength
of target strength after 365 days for 14 days curing and and at 14 days curing condition, it requires 90 days and 180 days
continuous curing condition. OPC concrete have gained 140 to gain the target strength of 17.24 MPa and 27.58 MPa
percent and 125 percent of target strength at continuous curing respectively. But it fails to gain the target strength of 41.37 MPa
and 14 days curing condition respectively after 365 days. in 365days at 14 days curing condition. The compressive
Table 7 shows that PCC concrete specimens have gained full strength of five different compositions cement increased with
target strength (27.58 MPa) within 180 days at 14 days curing increasing curing time. Adequate curing at early ages as well as
condition. Concrete specimens have gained 110 to 120 percent at later ages is essential in the strength development of PCC
and 95 to 105 percent of target strength after 365 days at concrete. It can be concluded that drying ambient conditions
continuous curing and 14 days curing condition respectively. reduce the strength potential of PCC concrete as the secondary
OPC concrete have gained 120 percent and 110 percent of target (pozzolanic) reaction fails to contribute to the development of
strength at continuous curing and 14 days curing condition strength. This characteristics of strength development can
respectively after 365 days. significantly increase the use of PCC in construction of mass
Table 8 shows that PCC concrete specimens have failed to gain concrete to be used in water related structure.
full target strength (41.37 MPa) within 365 days at 14 days
curing condition. Concrete specimens have gained 100 percent Acknowledgements
and 90 percent of target strength after 365 days at continuous
curing and 14 days curing condition respectively. OPC concrete The authors gratefully acknowledge Civil Engineering Department
have gained 105 percent and 95 percent of target strength at of Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology and the
continuous curing and 14 days curing condition respectively grant RG093-10AET provided by University of Malaya.
after 365 days. It is suggested that adequate curing at early ages
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