- B xuanquynhpdp@gmail.com - 4 / EY: 09798.17.8.85 MAi bai tp khang chi don gin la tinh ton, dang sau 46 14 nhimng ¥ turing ! PHUONG PHAP GIAI BAI TAP DINH LUQNG VE AXIT CACBOXYLIC 1. Phan ig thé hign tinh axit cia axit cacboxylic Phuong php giai Mot sé digu cin tau ¥ khi gidi bai t§p lién quan dén tinh axit cia axit cacboxylic 1. Phan img véi dung dich kiém : Ban chat phan img 1a phan img trung hoa “COOH + OH > -COO- + 10 Nhan xét : S6é mol COOH phan tmg ~ $6 mol OF ~ phan tng ~ $6 mol 20. 2. Phan ting véi kim loai : Axit cacboxylic c6 thé phan img véi céc kim logi hogt dng manh (Na, K, Ba, Ca, Mg, Al...) Ban chat phan img la sy oxi héa kim logi bang téc nhan H' -COOH + Na > -COONa + ‘© Nhdn xét : $6 mol COOH phan img = 2 $6 mol Hz 3. Phan img véi mudi Axit cacboxylic c6 thé phan img duge véi m6t s6 mudi eta axit yéu hon nhu mudi cacbonat, hidrocacbonat ACOOH) + CO + 2%-COO-) + CO, + HO -COOH + HCO, >» -COO- + CO, + HO > Cae vidy minh hoa < 7 gam axit cacboxylie X can vita da 60ml dung dich NaOH IM. Cong thie phan t cua X ‘Vidy 1: Trung hoa 8 A. CoHsOn, B. CH20«. 3H4O2, D. CsH04. Huéng dan giai Phuong trinh phan img “COOH + OH” + -COO- + H,0 a mol: 0,06 > 0,06 ‘Néu axit don chite thi sé mol axit X = sé mol COOH = 0,06 => PTK cua axit = 45 (loai) +56 mol “COOH = 0,03 => PTK cua axit= 90 mol axit X 00H) Néu axit hai chite thi X li. CaH2O« (HOOC — Dip in B. Vi dy 2: Cho 2,46 gam hon hop X gm HCOOH, CH;COOH, CcHsOH tie dung vita di véi 40 mi dung dich NaOH 1M, Téng khéi luong mudi khan thu duge sau khi phan img li A.3,52_ gam. B. 6,45 gam. C.8,42 gam. D. 3,34 gam. Huéng din giai Bin chit cia phan img gitta hén hop X va NaOH 1a phan img cia nguyén tir H linh d6ng trong nh6m —OFL ‘cua phenol hod nhém -COOH cia axit véi ion OH” ciia NaOH, Sau phan tmg nguyén tir 1 linh dng durge thay bang nguyén ti Na. “Our goal is simple: help you to reach yours” 15 "Life is a race, if you don't run fast, you will get trampled”Hoc dé bit, hoc dé lam, hoe a8 chung sing, hoe dé lim mgued va dé ue Khing dink mink! Dy © Céich 1 Ap dung phiong php bio todn khdi hugng So dé phan img X + NaOH — Mudi + H20 (1) mol: 0,04 > 0,04 Ap dung dinh luat bao toan khdi lugng ta 6 Mpeg = My +My, o4 ~My =2,46-+0,04.40—-0,04.18 =3,34 gam. © Cach 2: Ap dung phurong phap ting gid khdi lugng Cir 1 mol NaOH phan img thi c6 1 mol I duge thay bing 1 mol Na nén khéi hugng tang la 2: Suy ra 6 0,04 mol NaOH phan img thi khdi lurgng tng ld 22.0,04=0,88 gam, 22 gam, ‘Vay khdi rong mudi ~ khdi lung X + khdi lurgng ting thém ~ 2,46 + 0,88 ~ 3,34 gam Dap an D. ‘Vi dy 3: Cho 3,0 gam mdt axit no, don chite A tac dung vira dit véi dung dich NaOH, Cé can dung dich sau phan ting thu duge 4,1 gam mudi khan, CTPT cia A la A. HCOOH, B.C:HCOOH, —_C. CHsCOOH. D. CoHsCOOH. Huéng dan gidt Phuong trinh phan ting : RCOOH + NaOH —> RCOONa + H20 a mol: x > x Theo (1) va gia thiét, két hgp vi phuong phap ting gidm khéi lrgng ta 6 (R+67)x = (R+45)x = 4,1 = 3,0 = x=0,05 ; R= 15 (CH) Dip anc. ‘Vi dy 4: Cho 5,76 gam axit hitu co X don chite, mach hé tac dung hét v6i CaCOs thu duge 7,28 gam mudi cia axit hitu co, Céng thite cdu tgo thu gon cia X 1a A. CH>-CH-COOH. B. CHsCOOH. D. CH;-CH:-COOH. ‘Hwéng dan giai Dat CTT cia axit hitu co X don chite 1i RCOOH, 2RCOOH + CaCO; > (RCOO)Ca + CO." + HO (1) mol: x > 0,5x Theo (1) va gia thiét, két hgp véi phwong phép tang giim khéi lrgng ta c (QR + 44.2 + 40).0,5x~(R + 45)x = 7,28 - 5,76 5,76 0,08 Vay CTPT cita A la CoHsCOOH hay CH =>x=0,08 => R+45 = 12 = R=27 (Cs). CH-COOH. ‘Vi dy 5: Cho 3,6 gam axit cacboxylic no, dom chife X téc dung hoan toan v6i 500 mi dung dich gom KOH 0,12M vi NaOH 0,12M. Cé can dung dich thu duge 8,28 gam hén hop chat rin khan, Cong thtte phan tir eta X 1a A. GHsCOOH, B. CH;COOH, C. HCOOH. D. CsHCOOH. Tap chi [Larnoi a& cic em SAT, SAI cho het d€n ki di thi chi ‘Vi hge Héa Hoe: © www-hoahoc.org ING! 16© ThS Ng6 Xuan Quynh - BJ xuanquynhpdp@gmail.com -@ /U/(: 09798.17.8.85 Mii bai tip khing chi don gidn fa tinh todin, diing sau dé la nhimg ¥ tung ! Huwéng din giai Ap dung dinh lugt bao toan khéi hrgng ta c6 mx + mor, NsoH = Mebktsén + Mouse =P Maude = 1,08 gam => Nude = 0,06 mol. Vi X la axit dom chife nén nx = Movie = 0,06 mol. => Mx = 60 => X la CHsCOOH. Dip in B. ‘Vi'dy 6: A va B li 2 axit cacboxylic dom chi. Tron 1,2 gam A véi 5,18 gam B duge hén hgp X. Bé trung hoa hét X cdn 90 ml dung dich NaOH IM. A, B lin lugt la A. Axit acrylic, axit axetic. B. Axit axetic, axit propionic. C. Axit acrylic, axit propionic. D. Axit axetic, axit acrylic. Huéng din gidi ‘it céng thite phan tir trang binh cia hai axit li RCOOH Phuong trinh phan tng RCOOH + NaOH + RCOONa + 10 a mol: 0,09 < 0,09 Theo (1) va gid thiét ta e6 1.24518 1.09 mol => R+45 = =70,88=>R 5,88 09.1 Vay phai cb m@t axit 1 CHsCOOH (M = 60). éu A 1a CHsCOOH thi 0,02 mol = ny =0,09-0,02=0,07 => M, = 319 = 748 la GHsCOOH Dey, coon 60 Néu B la CIsCOOM lam tuong ty nhy trén ta khéng tim duge A théa man, Dip din B. Vi dy 7: Cho 13,4 gam hén hgp X gom hai axit no, don chite, mach hé, ké tigp nhau trong cling day dong ding tac dung véi Na du, thu duge 17,8 gam muéi. Khéi tong cia axit ¢6 s6 nguyén tir cacbon ft hon e6 trong X 1a A. 3,0 gam, B. 4,6 gam. C.7.4 gam, D.6,0 gam, Huéng din gidt ‘at cOng thite phan tir trung binh cia hai axit 1a C-H,- COOH. Phuong trinh phan img : 2C;H,; COOH + 2Na > 2C-H,, COONa + H: a mol x > x Theo (1) va gia thiét ta c6 (14n + 67)x—(14n + 45)x =17,8-13,4 => x =0,2 = 0,2(14n +46) = 13,4 => n= 1,5. ‘Vay cng thie cia hai axit 1a : CHsCOOH va C2HsCOOH. Do 1,5 la trung binh cng cua 1 va 2 nén suy ra hai axit c6 s6 mol bing nhau va bing 0,1. Vay khéi tong ciia CHsCOOH 1a 60.0,1 = 6 gam. Dip an D. “Our goal is simple: help you to reach yours” 7 "Life is a race, if you don't run fast, you will get trampled”6 ing, hoe dé lim mews va dé we Khiing dink mink? Dy Hoc dé bids, hoc dé lim, hoc dé chung. Vi dy 8: Cé 100 gam dung dich 23% etia mot axit dom chite (dung dich A). Thém 30 gam mot axit dong dang lign tiép vao dung dich ta duge dung dich B. Trung hda 1/10 dung dich B bing 500 ml dung dich NaOH 0,2M (vita da) ta duge dung dich C. 1. CTPT etia cdc axit li A. HCOOH vi CHsCOOH. B.CHsCOOH va C:HsCOOH. €.G:HsCOOH va CsHyCOOH. D.CsHyCOOH va C:HyCOOH. 2. C6 can dung dich C thi thu duge lugng mudi khan Li A. 5,7 gam, B. 7,5 gam. €.5,75 gam, D.7,55 gam, Huong din gidi 1, Xéc dinh CTPT cia ede axit Dat c6ng thire phan tir cla hai axit i RCOOH va RCH;COOH Phuong trinh phan img RCOOH + NaOH > RCOONa + 11,0 o RCH,COOH + NaOH + RCH,COONa + H,0 (2) omen = AIO 2,3 gam, HL mycoos = 2e=F 2AM, Myaoy = 0,1 mol v0 TOMO =p “ THE6 Maceo neon) —Mon O11 Ol = Mi con necoon) = SE =53 g/mol 8 yoo Ot Axit duy mht c6 KLPT < 53 la HCOOH (M = 46) va axit déng dang lién tiép phai la CHyCOOH (M = 60). 2,343 01 2. Tinh khdi lugng mudi khan Vi M gcoox, nexcoom 53 g/mol nén Maus = Vi s6 mol musi bang sé mol axit bang 0,1 nén tong khoi lrgng mudi bang 75.0,1 = 7,5 gam. Il. Phan img dét chay axit eacboxylic Phuong phap gia, M6t sé diéu cn uu ¥ khi giai bai tap lién quan dén phan tg dét chdy axit cacboxylic: Phuong trinh chiy cia axit no, don chite: CalleO2 + (3n-2)/202 —Y> act nH20 + Dét chay axit cacboxylic no, don chite thi no, =My » + Bio todn nguyén t8 oxi: Mg auy Hoja =Movay *ouo) + Sé nguyén tir cachon trong axit = $6 mol COy/ s6 mol axit mC Vi dy 1: Dot chy hodn toan a mol axit hia co Y duge 2a mol CO2. Mat khac, d& trung hoa a mol Y 2a mol NaOH. Cong thite edu tao thu gon ca ¥ Ki A. HOOC-CHIz-Cll,-COOH. B, Calls-COOIL C. CHs-COOH, D, HOOC-COOKH. vi dy minh hoa vita di Huong dan gidi Tap chi day va hoc Héa Hoe: @ www.hoahoc.org 18 UNG! [Larnoi a& cic em SAT, SAI cho het d€n ki di thi chi© ThS Ng6 Xuan Quynh - BJ xuanquynhpdp@gmail.com -@ /U/(: 09798.17.8.85 Mii bai tip khing chi don gidn fa tinh todin, diing sau dé la nhimg ¥ tung ! at a mol axit hizu eg Y duge 2a mol CO2 => axit hitu co Y cé hai nguyén tir C trong phan tt Trung hda a mol axit hitu co Y cdn ding di 2a mol NaOH => axit hu co Y 6 2 nhém chite cacboxyl (-COOH). => Céng thite edu tao thu gon eta Y 1s HOOC-COOH. ‘Vi dy 2: Dot chay hoan toin x mol axit eacboxylic E, thu duge y mol CO; viz mol Hz0 (z= y-x). Cho x mol E tae dung v6i NaHCOs (dur) thu duge y mol COs. Tén ctia E 1a A. axit acrylic. B. axit oxalic, CC. axit adipic, D. axit fomic ‘Huwéng dan giai Theo gia thiét z — y-x nén ta suy ra céng thite cita E la CuHon-20x ‘Vi: + Dét chay hoan ton x mol axit cacboxylic E, thu duge y mol COz + Cho x mol E te dung voi NaHICOs (dur) thu duge y mol COs Nén E ls HOOC-COOH. s6 nhém COOH bing sé C trong phan tir > Vay E, Dép dn B. Vi dy 3: Dét chay hodn toan 0,1 mol mét axit eacboxylic don chic cn vita di V it O2 (dite), thu duge 0,3 mol CO; va 0,2 mol H20. Gid tri cla V 1a A. 8,96 lit. B. 11,2 lit. C. 6,72 lit. D. 4,48 lit. Hung din giai Axit eacbonxylie don chire e6 2 nguyén tir O nén 6 thé dat li ROOK, [Ap dung dinh lust bao toan nguyén té déi véi oxi ta 66 : No roar +Mo(0,) =Fo(co,) + Mo ao) = V1.2* Novo, = 0.3.2 +0,2.1 = Nojo)= 0.6mol = no =0,3 mol => V,, =6,72Ilt Dap an C. ‘Vi du 4: Hon hyp X gdm nrgu no don chire A va axit no don chite B. Chia thanh 2 phan bing nhau. ~ Phin 1: Bj dt chay hodn toan thay tgo ra 2,24 lit CO> (Akte) ~ Phan 2: Buge este héa hoan toan va vita dit thu duge este E. Khi dét chay este E thi lugng nude sinh ra la A.1,8 gam, B. 3,6 gam. C.19,8 gam. D.2,2 gam, Hurdng din gid Theo djnh lust bao toan nguyén t6, ta.66 | Nees =Reyey pp) =0.1 mol fe Out? Este no, don chite "> yg =Ngo, =Mgyegay =O, mol => my =0,1.18= 1,8 gam. Dap an A. ‘Vi dy 5: Hon hgp X gom axit axctic, axit fomic va axit oxalic, Khi cho m gam X tac dung voi NaHCOs (dw) thi thu durge 15,68 lit khi CO2 (dkte). Mat khic, dét chy hoan to’n m gam X cin 8,96 lit khi Oo (dkte), thu duge 35,2 gam COz va y mol H20. Gid tri eta y la A038 B.08. €.0,2 D086. Huréng din gia Phan img ciia hén hgp X véi NaHCO; : -COOH + HC - > -Coo + CO, + HO Theo (1) va gid thiét ta suy ta: 19.44) =2M_cooy =2-Neo, =1,4 mol Ap dung dinh lugt BINT déi véi O, ta 06 “Our goal is simple: help you to reach yours” 19 "Life is a race, if you don't run fast, you will get trampled”. . ; a re, hoc dé lim neu vi dé ue khiing dink mink! Dy Hoc dé bids, hoc dé lim, hoc dé chung. No aut) FMo,o,) =No e0,) +o yo) = Moyo) =b4+2.0,4-2.0,8=0,6 => Ny. =0,6 mol Dip an D. ‘Vi dy 6: Trung héa 3,88 gam hdn hop X gdm hai axit cacboxylic no, don chite, mach hé bang dung dich NaOH, 6 can ton b6 dung djch sau phan img thu duge 5,2 gam muéi khan, Néu dét chy hodn toan 3,88 gam X thi the tich oxi (dkte) cd ding 1a A. 4,48 lit B. 3,36 lit c, 24 lit D. 1,12 tit Hwéng dan giai Dit cOng thite chung cia hai axit Ii C-H,,0O,. Phuong trinh phan img cia X v6i NaOH COOH + NaOH -> -COONa + H:0 (1) ‘Theo (1) va phuomg phap ting gidm khdi Iuang, ta c6 : mol 0,06 > Vay thé tich oxi (dktc) cn diing 1A: Veo, = 0,15.22,4 = 3,36 It. Dip an B. Vi dy 7: Hon hop X gom hai axit cacboxylic no, mach hd ¥ va Z (phan tw Khoi cua ¥ nhd hon cua Z). Dot chay hoan toan a mol X, sau phan img thu doe a mol H20. Mat khdée, néu a mol X téc dung véi long dur dung dich NaHCOs, thi thu duge 1,6a mol COz, Thanh phan % theo khéi lugng cia Y trong X 1a : A. 46.67%. B. 40,00%. C.25,41%, D.74,59%, Huéng din gidi 6 nguyén tir hidro trung binh ciia hai axit 18 . . HCOOH (Y) =>Ca hai axit déu phai o6 2 nguyén tir H. Vi hai axit du no nén suy ra chéng 1 :{ ~ |HOOC-COOH (Z) 16a 1, $6 nhom COOH trung binh ta Ap dung so a8 during chéo cho s6 nm chie rung binh ei hai axit ta 8 D jooe-coon Vay think phan % vé kh6i long cia HCOOH la : %HCOOH Dip an C. IV. Phan img lién quan dén tinh chat riéng cia mt sé axit cacboxylic Tap chi day va hoc Héa Hoe: @ www.hoahoc.org UNG! 20 [Larnoi a& cic em SAT, SAI cho het d€n ki di thi chi= G2 xuanquyahpdp@gmail.com -@ /EH/(: 09798,17.8.85 Ai bai tap khdng chi don gian la tinh ton, ding sau 6 ta nhimng ¥ tung ! Phuong phap giat Mét sé digu cn lu § khi gidi bai tp lién quan dén dén tinh chit riéng cia mét s6 axit cacboxylic: + Béi véi nhing axit khéng no thi ngoai tinh chat ca axit cOn e6 tinh chét khéng no ciia géc hidrocacbon nhu phan img eng, tring hgp, phan tng v6i dung dich KMnOs, + Bi véi axit fomic thi ngoai tinh chat cia axit con cé tinh chét cia nhém CHO nhu phan img trang guong, phan img véi dung dich mrée brom. HCOOH + 2AgNOs + 4NH; + HO "> (NHd2COs + 2NHWNOs~2AgL > Cie vidy minh hoa < Vi dy 1: Cho 10,90 gam hon hop gom axit acrylic va axit propionic phan tng hodn toin voi Na thod ki (dkte). Néu cho hn hop trén tham gia phan img cng Hz hodn toan thi khéi lugng sin phim cudi cling 18 A. 11,1 gam, B. 7,4 gam, C.11,2 gam, D. 11,0 gam. Huéng din gidi Phuong trinh phan img 2CHa=CH-COOH + 2Na > 2CH2=CH-COONa + Ib (1) 2CIb-CHz-COO + 2Na > 2CHs-Cla-COONa + Th (2) Ha=CH-COOH + Hz — CHsCH:-COOH 8) at s6 mol ca axit acrylic va axit propionic lin lnrot lax va y. Theo phuong trinh (1) va (2) ta thay tong s6 mol hai axit =2 Lin s6 mol Hp tao thanh. Téng khdi hong hai axit ~ 10,9 gam, ( 1,68 Tir 6 ta 6 he phurong tend : | 22,4 => rox +74y =10,9 Theo (3) s8 mol CH:-CH-COOH phan img = sé mol Hz 3)=0,1 Khdi lugng hén hgp sau phan img cOng Ho la 10,9 + 0,1 Dip an A, x=01 y =0,05 x+y 11,1 gam, ‘Vi dy 2: A I axit cacboxylic dom chife ehira no (1 n6i d0i C=C), A tée dung véi brom cho san pham chita 65,04% ‘brom (theo khdi long). Vay A 06 cng thie phan tr la A. CsH:O2, B, CsHOp, C. CsHxOn D. CsHaOn Hurdng dn gidt Dat cong thite cia A 1a C.H2x-202. A tic dung véi brom cho sn pham 14 CaH2..2Br202, 160 Theo gid thiét ta c6 T4n +30 >n=4=> Vay A o6 céng thite phan tr li CsHsO> Dip in B. ‘Vi dy 3: Cho 3,15 gam hén hgp X gom axit axetic, axit acrylic, axit propionic vita di dé lam mat mau hoan toan dung dich chtta 3,2 gam brom. Dé trung hodn ton 3,15 gam hén hop X cn 90 ml dung dich NaOH 0,5M. Thanh phiin phan trim kh6i Iuomg ciia axit axetic trong hon hop X la A. 35,24%. B. 45,71%. C.19,05%. D.23,49%. Huong din gidi 3.2 Theo gia thiét ta 66: Ney ex-con Teg 7 0202 mol: ny = Moy = 0,09.0,5 = 0,045 mol. 4 , « _[60x-+74y =3,15-0,02.72 0,01 Dit s6 Naxraxesc =X mol VA Maxitpoponic = ¥ t@ €6 = x+y =0,045-0,02 =0,015 “Our goal is simple: help you to reach yours” 21 "Life is a race, if you don't run fast, you will get trampled”. . ; a re, hoc dé lim neu vi dé ue khiing dink mink! Dy Hoc dé bids, hoc dé lim, hoc dé chung. 0,01.60 Thanh phan phan trim vé kh6i hugng cla axit axetic ld : %CH,COOH 100 =19,05% 315 ‘Vi dy 4: Oxi héa 1,8 gam HCHO thanh axit voi hiéu suat H% thu duge hén hgp X. Cho X tham gia phan img trang guong thu duge 16,2 gam Ag. Gié tri cla Hl A. 60. B15. C. 62,5. D.25. Huong din gidi Goi sé mol HCHO bj oxi héa thanh axit la x, s6 mol HCHO du la y. Phuong trinh phan img : 2HCHO + 02 ——“+ 2HCOOH (1) mok x > x HCHO 28S" gag Q) mok y > ay HCOOH 22S", 24g @) mok x > 2 x+y === 0,06 5 x= 0,045 Theo gid thiét vi cée phan tmg (1), (2), (3) ta 66 : 1e0 gia thiét vi cde phan tmg (1), (2), (3) ta 66 a2 yore 2.048 00 = 159% => Dip én B. Higu suat phan img 1a: H Vi dy 5: Hon hop Z gom hai axit cacboxylic don chic X va Y (Mx > My) 6 tong khdi lvgng I 8.2 gam. Cho Z tae dung via dit v6i dung dich NaOH, thu duoc dung dich chira 11,5 gam mudi. Mat khéc, néu cho Z tac dung véi mot tong dir dung dich AgNOs trong NHb, thu duge 21,6 gam Ag. Céng thre va phan tram khéi lrgng cia X trong Z la ‘A. CsHsCOOH va 54,88%. B. CaHCOOH va 43,90%. C. CHsCOOH va $6,10%, D. HCOOH va 45,12%. Huéng din gidi Theo gia thiét Z c6 kha ning phan img tréng guong, chimg t6 trong Z cé HCOOH (¥) va X li RCOOH. Phuong trinh phan img. —COOH + NaOH > COONa + FO (1) mol: x > x HCOOH + 2AgNOs + 4NHs ~ H:0 > 2Ag + (NHi)COs ~ 2NH:NOs (2) mol: 0,1 « 02 Theo (1) va gid thiét ta cd : 67x 45x = 11,5-8,2 => x= 0,15 (tng sé mol cia hai axit) Mit khic : nag=0,2 => macoon ,15 — 0,1 = 0,05 mol => 0,1.46 +0,05.(R + 45) = 8,2 => R= 27 (CH). Vay axit X : CoHsCOOH (43,90%). Dip an B. .1 => nro Tap chi day va hoc Héa Hoe: @ www.hoahoc.org UNG! 2 [Larnoi a& cic em SAT, SAI cho het d€n ki di thi chi