‫ﻓﺘﺢ‬ ‫إﺿﻐﻂ ﻫﻨﺎ‬

‫ إﻟﻌﺐ ﺑﻼ ﺣﺪود‬Gameloft

  ‫ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ‬ ... ‫ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ اﻟﺪﺧ‬ 

 ‫ ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬ ‫ ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﻠﻐﺎت‬ ‫ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺪﻳﺎت اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺪﻳﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬

(‫ﺷﺮح ﻟﻠﻤﻄﻠﺤﺎت اﻟﺸﻌﺮﻳﺔ واﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ )ﻣﺘﺠﺪد‬

 · ‫ أﻣﻴﺮة اﻻﺣﺰان‬

‫أﻣﻴﺮة اﻻﺣﺰان‬
::‫ اﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺒﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬::

#1 

:‫ﺳﻼم ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع دة اﻧﺎ ﻫﻘﺪم ﻓﻴﺔ ﺷﺮح ﻟﻠﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت اﻟﺸﻌﺮﻳﺔ واﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺳﻬﻠﺔ وﻣﺒﺴﻄﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺒﺪى ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺎ ﻗﺮاﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ دﻟﻮﻗﺘﻰ وﺗﺘﺪرج ﻟﺤﺪ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻮﺻﻞ اﻧﻚ ﺗﻔﻬﻢ ﻟﻘﺼﺎﻳﺪ وﺗﺤﻠﻠﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﺎن‬

:‫ﻳﻼ ﻧﺒﺘﺪى‬

‫ اﻟﺘﺸﺒﻴﻪ‬SIMILE -1

A simile is the simplest figure of speech. It is an explicit comparison

between two dissimilar parties to make them similar in one or more aspect by
(.the use of an instrument (e.g. like, as, compare, liken; etc

:Any simile should have four components

‫ ﻣﺸﺒﺔ‬tenor -1
‫ ﻣﺸﺒﺔ ﺑﺔ‬vehicle -2
‫ اداة اﻟﺸﺒﻪ‬instrument -3
‫ وﺟﺔ اﻟﺸﺒﺔ‬ground -4

:EX ُ
For the world, which seems to lie
, . . Before us like a land of dreams

:Arnold's simile can be analyzed as follows

The tenor: the world
The vehicle: a land of dreams
The instrument: like
.The ground or the aspects of similarity: happiness, peace of mind, and joy
‫ﻓﻰ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﺷﺒﺔ اﻟﺸﺎﻋﺮ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺑﺎرض اﻻﺣﻼم ﻓﻴﻜﻮن وﺟﺔ اﻟﺸﺒﻪ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻔﺮح وﺻﻔﺎء اﻟﺰﻫﻦ واﻟﻤﺸﺒﺔ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺸﺒﺔ ﺑﺔ ﻫﻮ ارض اﻻﺣﻼم واﻻداة ﻫﻰ ﻣﺜﻞ‬
 :Practice

Try to analyze the simile in the following line as I've already done
:(above(answer in your post
.O, My love's like a red, red Rose

‫أﻣﻴﺮة اﻻﺣﺰان‬
::‫ اﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺒﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬::

#2 

METAPHOR -2

There are different types of metaphors let us study the first one (implied
(or suggested metapor

The simplest definition of a metaphor refers to it as an implicit *

comparison between two parties between two dissimilar parties to make them
similar in one aspect or more without any use of instrument. The use of the
"rose" in Burn's simile, "O, My love's like a red, red Rose," is different
:from its use in the following lines

,She was our queen, our rose, our star

! And then she danced- O heaven, her dancing

In the above lines, the poet likens the lady concerned ( Queen Elizabeth I)
.to a "rose", and a "star" without using an instrument

‫ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﺧﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻚ اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﺸﺒﻴﺔ واﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎرة اﻳﺔ ؟؟؟؟‬

‫ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ﺟﺪا ان اﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎرة ﻫﻰ اﻟﺘﺸﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻦ ﺧﺬﻓﺖ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ اداة اﻟﺸﺒﻪ‬
(.Like, as; etc) ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻰ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل اﻟﻠﻰ ﺑﻴﻮﺻﻒ ﻓﻴﺔ اﻟﺸﺎﻋﺮ اﻟﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻮردة واﻟﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺶ اداة ﺗﺸﺒﻴﺔ زى‬
‫وﻫﻮ دة اﻟﻔﺮق‬
:‫ﻳﻌﻨﻰ ﻟﻮ ﺟﻴﻨﺎ ﺣﻠﻠﻨﺎ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻫﻨﻼﻗﻰ ان اﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎرة ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼث ارﻛﺎن‬

tenor is the lady described

vehicle 1- the rose 2-the star
:groung
beauty of colour, tenderness*, and nice smell -1
.brightness, majesty, and elevation -2

. . . . to be continued

----------------------------
 ‫أﻣﻴﺮة اﻻﺣﺰان‬
::‫ اﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺒﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬::

#3 

: ‫ اﻧﻮاع اﻟﻠﻰ ﻫﻰ‬3 ‫ ﻟﻬﺎ‬metaphor ‫اﺧﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎرة اﻟﻠﻰ ﻫﻰ‬
suggested -1
mixed -2
compound -3

‫اﺣﻨﺎ ﺷﺮﺣﻨﺎ اﻻوﻟﻰ وﻫﻰ اﻟﻀﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﺻﺢ ؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟‬

‫اﻟﻀﻤﻨﻴﺔ دى ﻟﻬﺎ ﺷﻜﻠﻴﻦ ﺗﺎﻧﻴﻴﻦ ﻫﺬﻛﺮﻫﻢ وﻧﻜﺘﻔﻰ ﺑﻜﺪة دﻟﻮﻗﺘﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻌﺎرة وﻧﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺗﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﺤﺪ ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻧﻔﻬﻢ اﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎرة ﻛﻮﻳﺲ وﻧﻘﺎرﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺒﺎﻗﻰ اﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻧﺒﻘﻰ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻰ اﻧﻮاﻋﻬﺎ ﻻﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻠﺨﺒﻂ اﻟﻤﺒﺘﺪﺋﻴﻦ اﺗﻔﻘﻨﺎ؟؟؟‬
:‫ﻳﻼ ﻧﺒﺘﺪى‬

We said before that the difference between the SIMILE and the METAPHOR is
their formation; the SIMILE consists of the tenor, the vehicle, instrument,
and the ground. While the METAPHOR have the same formation or components
.without the instrument

:There are two other forms of the METAPHOR

The first is the one in which an attribute or quality of the vehicle is -1

transferred to the tenor without being related. This is clear in the
:following line

,She was our queen, our rose, our star

!And then she danced- O heaven, her dancing

Here the first METAPHOR that we explained before is in the first line in
which the poet likens his queen to a rose and a star, so his queen equals to
the rose and the star. In the second line he says that this rose or star
dances.A queen may dance, but neither a rose nor a star dances; and the
.description of the movement and the star as dancing is metaphorical

‫ ﻳﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﻤﻔﺮوض‬.‫ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﺗﺎﻧﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎرة ﻫﻮ ان ﺻﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺸﺒﺔ ﺑﺔ ﺗﻨﻘﻞ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺸﺒﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻴﺎﺷﺮة‬
‫ ﻓﻮﺻﻒ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺒﻴﺖ اﻟﻠﻰ ﻳﻌﺪﻫﺎ‬.‫ ﻳﺒﻘﻰ اﻟﻤﻠﻜﺔ = اﻟﺰﻫﺮة = اﻟﻨﺠﻤﺔ‬.... ‫ان اﻟﺸﺎﻋﺮ وﺻﻒ اﻟﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻫﺮة واﻟﻨﺠﻤﺔ‬
‫ان ﻫﺬة اﻟﺰﻫﺮة رﻗﺼﺖ ﻳﺒﻘﻰ دة اﻟﻨﻮع اﻟﺘﺎﻧﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎرة ﻻن اﻟﺰﻫﺮة ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ان ﺗﺮﻗﺺ‬
The third form of the METAPHOR is the one in which the poet concretizes the
.abstract

:EX
.Love with youth flies swift away

."Here the abstract noun "love" is made concrete "a bird that flies

.‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ان اﻟﺸﺎﻋﺮ ﻳﺠﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﺊ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻮى ﻛﺎﻟﺤﺐ ﻣﺜﻼ ﺷﺊ ﻣﺎدى ﻣﺤﺴﻮس ﻛﺎﻟﻄﻴﺮ‬

:‫ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﻛﺪة اﺣﻨﺎ ﺧﻠﺼﻨﺎ او ﻧﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎرة اﻟﻠﻰ ﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ اﺷﻜﺎل‬
‫ اﻟﻠﻰ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﺸﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ان اﻻداة ﻣﺤﺬوﻓﺔ‬-1
‫ ان ﺻﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺸﺒﺔ ﺑﺔ ﺗﻨﻘﻞ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺸﺒﺔ‬-2
‫ ﺑﺎن اﻟﺸﺎﻋﺮ ﻳﺠﻌﻞ اﻟﺸﺊ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻮى ﻣﺎدى‬-3

‫ ﻳﻼ ﺑﻴﻨﺎ؟؟‬....... ‫ﻓﻬﻤﻨﺎ؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟ ﻃﻴﺐ ﻧﻌﺮف ازاى ﻟﻤﺎ ﻧﺤﻞ اﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ‬

:Tell me what form of Metaphor in the following lines

I hope my to see my pilot face to face -1

When I have crossed the the bar

.He lash'd with vice, but spar'd the name -2

SEE YOU LATER MY FRIENDS

‫أﻣﻴﺮة اﻻﺣﺰان‬
::‫ اﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺒﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬::
#4 

‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺎ ﺷﺮﺣﻨﺎ اﻟﺘﺸﺒﻴﺔ واﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎرة ﻧﺪﺧﻞ ﺑﻘﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ‬

PERSONIFICATION -3

: Personification is a metaphorical device used by poets when they

humanize objects -1
or when they attribute human qualities to nonhuman objects or abstract -2
*ideas

In other words it is a type of metaphor in which the vehicle is confined* to

:*a human being. When Robert Herrick says to the daffodils

And having prayed together, we

,Will go with you along

We realize that he is using the word "prayed" in a metaphorical sense.

People pray, but the daffodils do not; and so they are personified in order
.*to convince* the reader of the flower's delicacy

‫ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻻﻧﺔ‬.... ‫ﻫﻨﺎ اﻟﺸﺎﻋﺮ ﺟﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺮﺟﺲ اﻟﺒﺮى اﻧﺴﺎن ﻳﺼﻠﻰ ﻟﻴﻘﻨﻊ اﻟﻘﺎرئ ﺑﺠﻤﺎل ورﻗﺔ اﻟﻨﺮﺟﺲ‬
‫اﻋﻄﻰ اﻟﻨﺒﺎت ﺻﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻔﺎت اﻻﻧﺴﺎن او ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻋﻤﺎﻟﺔ وﻫﻰ اﻟﺼﻼة‬

:Let us look analyze the following example

,Let not ambition* mock* their useful toil

In this line the poet personifies both ambition by comparing it to someone

????who mocks ....mocks what

???there is another personification ???? can you tell me what is it

...‫ ﻳﺨﺪع او ﻳﺴﺨﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻦ ؟؟‬.... ‫ﻫﻨﺎ اﻟﺸــﺎﻋﺮ ﺟﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ وﻫﻰ اﻟﻄﻤﻮح اﻧﺴﺎن ﻳﺨﺪع وﻳﻤﻜﺮ‬
‫ﺟﺎوب ﻓﻰ ﻣﺸﺎرﻛﺘﻚ؟؟؟‬

Also the use of the third person pronouns (he, she, him, his, her) to refer
 to nonhuman objects is another device of making personification. Spenser

:"*personifies Phoebus* in "Eliza

;I saw Phoebus thrust out his golden head

:Upon her to gaze

‫ﻫﻨﺎ‬
‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺸﺎﻋﺮ ﻟﻠﻀﻤﻴﺮ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻻﻧﺔ اﻋﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﺔ اﻟﺠﻤﺎل اﻧﺴﺎن‬
‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺒﻴﺖ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ اﻳﻀﺎ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻫﻞ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻊ ان ﺗﻮﺿﺤﺔ وﺗﺤﻠﻠﺔ؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟‬

:‫ﻳﺒﻘﻰ اﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻫﻮ اﻳــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــﺔ ؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟‬

-1
‫اﻋﻄﺎء اﻟﺸﺎﻋﺮ ﻟﻼﻓﻜﺎر اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﺻﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻔﺎت اﻻﻧﺴﺎن‬
-2
‫اﻋﻄﺎء اﻻﺷﻴﺎء اﻟﻤﺎدﻳﺔ )اﻟﺠﻤﺎد( ﺻﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻔﺎت اﻻﻧﺴﺎن‬
-3
‫او اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺿﻤﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﻐﺎﺋﺐ‬

‫أﻣﻴﺮة اﻻﺣﺰان‬
::‫ اﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺒﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬::

#5 

‫اﺣﻨﺎ اﺗﻜﻠﻤﻨﺎ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﺸﺒﻴﺔ واﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎرة واﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ ودﻟﻮﻗﺘﻰ ﻫﻨﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺟﺎة‬

* APOSTROPGHE -4
:It is a specified version of personification when poets address
absent or -1
,dead person-2
inanimate object, or -3
abstract idia as if they were human beings who are able to hear, listen -4
:and obey. When Robert Herrick says to the daffodils

Fair daffodils, we weep* to see

You haste away* so soon

He is apostrophizing them by addressing them as if they listened to and

.understand his message of the sympathy with their gradual decay
 ‫‪g‬‬ ‫‪y p‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪g‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺟﺎة ﺳﻬﻠﺔ ﺟﺪا ‪ :‬ﻫﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ اﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻟﻜﻦ اﻟﻔﺮق ان اﻟﺸﺎﻋﺮ ﺑﻴﻜﻠﻢ او ﺑﻴﻨﺎﺟﻰ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻏﺎﺋﺐ او‬
‫ﻣﻴﺖ او ﻓﻜﺮة ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ او ﺷﺊ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺑﺸﺮى ﻋﻠﻰ اﻧﺔ اﻧﺴﺎن ﺣﺎﺿﺮ اﻣﺎﻣﺔ ﻳﻔﻬﻢ وﻳﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻣﻌﻪ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻧﺮى ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ان اﻟﺸﺎﻋﺮ ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻨﺮﺟﺲ اﻟﺒﺮى وﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻟﻬﻢ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻔﺔ وﺣﺰﻧﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ زﺑﻮﻟﻬﻢ ‪ ..‬ﻛﺎن ﻫﺬا‬
‫اﻟﻨﺮﺟﺲ ﻳﻔﻬﻤﺔ‬
‫وﻗﺪ ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﻫﺬة اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺟﺎة ﻛﺜﻴﺮا ﻓﻰ ﻣﺴﺮﺣﻴﺎت اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ اﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ وﻟﻴﻢ ﺷﻜﺴﺒﻴﺮ‬

‫‪:Take another example‬‬

‫‪*O, Death, where is thy* sting‬‬
‫‪,O, Grave, where is thy victory‬‬

‫‪As we can see in these lines the Bible speaks to death as if it something‬‬
‫‪alive after the victory of Jesus Christ over it when he rose again. Here‬‬
‫‪.death is an abstract idea‬‬

‫‪:Another example‬‬
‫‪Thy salt is lodged forever in my blood‬‬

‫‪Here the poet addresses the see as if it is a human being‬‬

‫‪- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -‬‬

‫‪:Glossary‬‬

‫‪ ;APOSTROPHE‬ﺧﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻄﻖ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ دى ﺧﺎﺻﺔ اﺧﺮ ﺻﻮت ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻛﺴﺮة ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻛﺘﻴﺮ ﺑﻴﻐﻠﻂ ﻓﻰ ﻧﻄﻘﻬﺎ‬
‫ودى وﺻﻠﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﺑﺘﺎﻋﻬﺎ وﻧﻄﻖ ﻟﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫‪http://dictionary.cambridge.org/defi...key=3490&ph=on‬‬
‫‪ ;weep‬ﻳﺒﻜﻰ‬
‫‪ ;haste away‬ﻳﻀﻤﺤﻞ ﻳﻨﺘﻬﻰ ﻳﻤﻮت‬
‫‪ ;thy‬ﺧﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻚ ان اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﺸﻌﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻌﺎدﻳﺔ ﻓﺎﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ دى ﺑﺘﺴﺎوى ﺿﻤﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺐ ‪your‬‬
‫‪ ;sting‬ﺷﻮﻛﺔ‬

‫أﻣﻴﺮة اﻻﺣﺰان‬
 ::‫ اﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺒﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬::

#6 

*ONOMATOPOEIA-5
‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺼﻮت ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺸﺊ‬

Onomatopoeia is a musical tool in which the sounds of words reflects their

meanings. Poets use onomatopoeic words not only as direct verbal imitation
of natural sounds, but also as compressive device of implying the senses
they are intended to represent. Robert Lowell in "Between the Porch and the
:Alter" says

,when we try to kiss

...*Our eyes are slits and cringing*, and we hiss

The word hiss is onomatopoeia. Hiss is the sound of snakes and the poet uses
it in order to transmit his feelings of bitterness, betray after the return
.of his sweetheart to him

‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﺸﺎﻋﺮ ﻫﺬة اﻻداة ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﺮارة اﻟﺘﻰ‬.. ‫ﻫﻨﺎ ﻓﻰ ﻫﺬةاﻻﺑﻴﺎت اﺳﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﺸﺎﻋﺮ ﺻﻮت اﻟﺸﺊ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻨﺔ‬
‫ ﻓﻮﺻﻒ ﻗﺒﻼﺗﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺤﻮﻟﺖ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻼت ﺣﺒﻴﺒﺎن اﻟﻰ ﻗﺒﻼت‬. ‫ﻳﺸﻌﺮ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺨﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﺣﺒﻴﺒﺘﺔ ورﺟﻮﻋﻬﺎ اﻟﻴﺔ‬
. ‫ﺛﻌﺎﺑﻴﻦ‬

:There another form of the onomatopoeia

onomatopoeia may be suggested through a specific order of some sounds or
:repetition of some words. Consider the word "trod" in the following line

.Generations* have trod*, have trod, have trod

.In this line the onomatopoeia refers to . . . . Try to answer

.‫اﻻم ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﺗﻜﺮار ﻛﻠﻤﺔ " ﺗﺨﻄﻮ او ﺗﻄﺎ" ﻓﻰ ﻫﺬة اﻻﺑﻴﺎت‬

:Glossary**
‫; ﺧﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻄﻖ وﺷﻮف اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺮاﺑﻂ‬onomatopoeia
http://dictionary.cambridge.org/defi...ey=55510&ph=on

‫; ﺧﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻚ ﺑﺮدة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻄﻖ‬cringing

 ‫; ﺧﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻚ ﺑﺮدة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻄﻖ‬cringing
http://dictionary.cambridge.org/defi...8321&dict=CALD

‫; ﺻﻮت اﻟﺜﻌﺒﺎن‬hiss

‫; داس و ﺧﻄﻲ‬trod

‫; اﺟﻴﺎل‬Generations

‫أﻣﻴﺮة اﻻﺣﺰان‬
::‫ اﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺒﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬::

#7 

SYNECDOCHE-6
‫* اﻟﻤﺠﺎز‬

It is a figure of speech in which the poet substitutes the part for the
whole and vice versa* , and thus something else is understood within the
word named. The word "sail" is a part of a "ship," and it could be mentioned
.( with the poet's reference to the ship (the whole
In the instance "Fifty hands were dismissed,": the word "hands" stands for
workers or employees. Thomas Gray employs a polite reference to a buried
:"*corpse in his "Elegy

Here rests his head upon the lap of Earth

.A youth to Fortune and to Fame unknown

The word "head" refers to the whole dead body of the person who is buried in
.the earth and not to the head only

:Another example
When we say, for instance, "Egypt won the African Cup", we mean that a
specific team of sports (football, hockey etc.) has won the Cup, and not all
.the Egyptian people

‫ﻳﺒﻘﻰ اﻟﻤﺠﺎز ﻫﻮ ان اﻟﺸﺎﻋﺮ ﻳﺴﺘﺒﺪل اﻟﻜﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺰء او اﻟﻌﻜﺲ‬

 ‫ اﻟﻜﻨﺎﻳﺔ‬MYTONYMY-7

It is a figure of speech in which the name of one thing is substituted for

:another with which it is closely associated. When someone says
".I have been reading Shakespeare"

.It means that he has been reading the works by Shakespeare

:Another examples
.The word "The Stage" stands for the theatrical profession
.The Crown" for The King" --
.The White House" for the president etc" --

‫ﻳﺒﻘﻰ اﻟﻜﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﻫﻰ ان اﺳﻢ اﻟﺸﺊ ﻳﺴﺘﺒﺪل ﺑﺸﺊ اﺧﺮ ﻟﺔ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﺔ او ﻳﻤﺜﻠﺔ وﻳﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻨﺔ‬

‫ ﻟﻘﺐ‬EPITHET-8

It is the use of a title, an adjectival phrase or a descriptive name to

:indicate the characteristic of something or somebody

:EX
.William, the conqueror --
.Alexander, the Great --

:Glossary
;Vice versa
used to state that what you have just said is also true in the opposite--
:order
.(He doesn't trust her, and vice versa (= she also doesn't trust him

"Vice versa is a Latin phrase meaning "the other way around --

. ‫واﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ دى ﻓﻰ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﻄﺒﻮﻋﺔ زى اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺗﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺨﻂ )ﻣﺎﺋﻞ( وان ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﺪ ﺗﺤﻂ ﺗﺤﺘﻬﺎ ﺧﻂ‬
 .‫ واى ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻣﺶ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اى ﻣﻘﺘﺒﺴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻐﺔ ﺗﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬. ‫ﻻﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻻﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ اﺻﻼ‬

(/pronounced /si-nek-duh-kee) ‫ﺧﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻄﻖ‬:SYNECDOCHE

a form of lyric poetry reflects on the death of someone or on a ‫;اﻟﺮﺛﺎء‬Elegy

sorrow generally

‫أﻣﻴﺮة اﻻﺣﺰان‬
::‫ اﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺒﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬::

#8 

*OXYMORON
It is a figure of speech of flat or apparent* contradiction* closely related
to antithesis and paradox. It combines incongruous* and contradictory ideas
.or terms in a very brief and short phrase

Thy Fibres net the dreamless head

The phrase dreamless head means the dead person whose head does not have
.dreams

:More examples
The noise of silence
My dear enemy
.‫ﻫﻰ ﻋﺒﺎرة او ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻗﺼﻴﺮة ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻛﻠﻤﺎت او ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻗﻀﺔ‬

PARADOX
It is a figure of speech that is more complicated* than any other device of
contrast. It is a statement or a long phrase which seems at first sight
self-contradictory or absurd* in its unexpected meaning, but a closer
examination will reveal that it contains the profoundest* truth and most
.rational* expression when we think of its hidden meaning

Stronger by weakness, wiser men become

As they draw near to their eternal home

The paradox in this example based on the belief that faith in eternity makes
old people's souls stronger for they are closer to the gates of heaven
.though they seem physically sick and week
‫ﻫﻮ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ او ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻗﻀﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﻳﺎ ﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺘﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻖ واﻟﻌﻘﻼﻧﻰ‬
‫ﻓﻔﻰ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻤﺜﺎل رﻏﻢ اﻟﺘﻨﺎﻗﺾ اﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮى اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد اﻻ اﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺆﻛﺪ اﻋﺘﻘﺎد دﻳﻨﻰ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺟﺪا وﻫﻮ ان اﻻﻳﻤﺎن ﺑﺎﻻﺑﺪﻳﺔ‬
 .‫ﻳﺠﻌﻞ ارواح اﻟﻨﺎس اﻗﻮى رﻏﻢ ﺿﻌﻔﻬﻢ اﻟﺠﺴﺪى‬

ANTITHESIS
It is a rhetorical* device for sharpening the meaning and enhancing* the
poetic effect. It is the arrangement of words or phrases of contrasting
ideas in grammatical parallel. Therefore, antithesis is the simplest type of
.contrast

.I find no peace, and all my war is done

:More examples
.man and woman / white and black / spring and winter
.‫ﻫﻮ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻗﻀﺔ ﺑﻮﺿﻮح ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺤﺮب واﻟﺴﻼم واﻟﺠﻨﺔ واﻟﻨﺎر وﻫﻜﺬا‬

:GLOSSARY
http://dictionary.cambridge.org/defi...ey=56863&ph=on ‫; اﻟﻨﻄﻖ ﻣﻬﻢ‬OXYMORON
‫; ﻇﺎﻫﺮى‬apparent
‫; ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺾ‬contradiction
‫;ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ‬incongruous
‫; ﻣﻌﻘﺪ‬complicated
‫; ﻋﺒﺚ‬absurd
‫;اﻋﻤﻖ‬profoundest
‫;ﻋﻘﻼﻧﻰ‬rational
‫; ﺑﻼﻏﻰ‬rhetorical
‫; ﻳﺪﻋﻢ‬enhancing

‫أﻣﻴﺮة اﻻﺣﺰان‬
::‫ اﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺒﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬::

#9 

CIRCUMLOCUTION
‫اﻃﻨﺎب – دوران ﺣﻮل اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ‬
The Concise Oxford Dictionary defines circumlocution as "the use of many
".words where a few would do," or "a roundabout expression

:EX
"To say "the woman who is married to the King" instead of "The Queen

We have to be careful about the difference between an EPITHET and a

CIRCUMLOCUTION the following expressions. If the thing or person described
is mentioned in the same phrase, these expressions are regarded EPITHETS, if
:not they are CIRCUMLOCUTIONS. The following example is epithets

",Poetry, the dull mechanic exercise"

‫ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل اﻻول اﻟﺬى‬. ‫اﻻﻃﻨﺎب ﻫﻮ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻛﻠﻤﺎت ﻛﺜﻴﺮة ﻓﻰ ﺣﻴﻦ ان ﻛﻠﻤﺎت اﻗﻞ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ان ﺗﻌﻄﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ‬
. (‫ﻳﻘﻮل اﻟﺴﻴﺪة اﻟﺘﻰ زوﺟﺖ ﻟﻠﻤﻚ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﻳﻬﺎ )اﻟﻤﻠﻜﺔ‬
‫ اﻣﺎ ﻓﻰ‬. ‫ ان اﻻﺳﻢ او اﻟﺸﺊ اﻟﺬى ﺗﺸﻴﺮ اﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﺒﺎرة ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﺬﻛﻮر‬. ‫ﻟﻜﻦ اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﻴﻦ اﻻﻃﻨﺎب و اﻟﻨﻌﺖ او اﻟﻠﻘﺐ‬
‫اﻻﻃﻨﺎب ﻓﻼ ﻳﺬﻛﺮ‬

HYPERBOLE‫اﻟﻤﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ‬
This is a figure of speech based on deliberate exaggeration of the image of
the truth portrayed. It is made with a view to strengthening the poetic
effect, or creating a favourable atmosphere of irony. Hyperbole should be
employed only when the intensity of the feeling demands an exaggeration to
convey the equivalent to the impressive sense the poet tries to hammer into
the reader's head otherwise it would become a merely bombast. Tennyson
:addresses the old yew tree In Memoriam

,And gazing on thee, sullen tree

,Sick for thy stubborn hardihood
I seem to fail from out my blood
.And grow incorporate into thee

Tennyson in this stanza is emotionally agonized and shocked by the sudden

death of his dear friend who is weaker shorter-lived tan this tree. Thus he
is apostrophizing the tree telling it that this friend's departure makes
everything in life dull. According to the poet intensive feeling of the
tragic irony of life he seems to lose his life in the third line and wishes
to interfuse with the tree, which is a nature mystic attitude in the last
.line
 PUN‫اﻟﺘﻮرﻳﺔ‬
Pun is a figure of speech that depends on a play on words of similar sound
with different meanings. For most part this device is oral and auditory
because it is mainly based on homophones which cannot deceive the eyes in
.written words

:EX
A shoemaker mends soles

‫أﻣﻴﺮة اﻻﺣﺰان‬
::‫ اﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺒﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬::

#10 

part two

sense imagery

Traditionally speaking, imagery in poetry has been confined to (1) the use
of figures of speech as impressive(2) devices of evoking(3) mental pictures
in the reader's mind. But the term has been expanded by majority of modern
critics to encompass(4) a large family of connotations of non-figurative
language. According to Cecil Day Lewis, an image is a picture made out of
words, and that a poem may itself be an image composed from a
.multiplicity(5) of "images." Similes and metaphors are forms of imagery

In The Poetic Pattern Robin Skelton indicates that imagery is the means by
which poetic truth is achieved, that each poem had "a pattern of imagery"
and that "each image is itself a pattern." He also says that an image is a
word which arouses ideas of sensory perception." For example, words like
"cold", "hot", "loud" and "yellow", arouse sensory(6) perception in the
mind, and are therefore considered images. They are different from abstract
words like "truth", and "wisdom" which do not arouse sensory perception but
rather evoke conceptual(7) ideas or intellectual(8) and extra-sensory states
.of mind
 J. A. Cuddon distinguishes between the literal, the perceptual and the

:conceptual images. A literal(9) image is devoid of figurative language as

In summer time to Medly

My love and I would go

These two lines of Goerge Wither have no figures of speech but they may
arouse an image of movement "the lovers' going to Medly", so the two lines
:are literal image. In the same poem, Wither says
,Her hair like gold did glister
Each eye was like a star

Due to figurative language (the two similes) in these two lines, the image
is regarded as perceptual and visual as well. In the same poem the poet
:says
,She was indeed a rare one
Another Sheba queen

We cannot see the queen of Sheba or touch his girl's rarity(10), but we can
.conceptualize both(11). Thus this image is conceptual

The purpose of this introductory discussion is to differentiate between

imagery that contains mental pictures (figurative or metaphorical language)
and sense imagery that pertains to tour human senses. If the image is
appealing to the sense of sight (our eyes), it is poetically called a VISUAL
:image
,I am black, but O! my soul is white
.White as an angel is the English child

The image here is visual because it appeals to our sense of sight e.g. we
see black and white which are colours perceived by the eyes, and we also
.conceptually visualize an angel, though we cannot even visualize the soul

If the image is appealing to our sense of hearing (our ears), it is

:poetically called an AUDITORY image
,In every cry of every man
,In every infant's cry of fear
 The overwhelming image in these lines of William Blake's(12) "London" is
AUDITORY sense the poet is appealing to us to hear "cries of men and
."infants

An image that appeals to our sense of touch (feelings including our

:assessment of weight) is poetically called a TACTILE image
:Sweet Helen, make me immortal with a kiss
,Her lips sucks forth my soul

The sense of touch is very obvious in the above two lines of Christopher
.Marlowe(13) for there is no kiss without touching

When the image is appealing to our sense of smell (nose), it is called an

:OLFACTORY image
,They gathered some, the violet pallid blue
,The little daisy that at evening closes

In these lines of Edmund Spenser(14) we have smell many of flowers (e.g.

.violet and daisy). So the overwhelming image is olfactory

An image that appeals to our sense of taste is poetically called a GUSTATORY

:image
,Drink to me only with thine eyes
;And will pledge with mine
Or leave a kiss but in the cup
.And I'll not look for wine

The image in these lines of Ben Jonson(15) is drinking regardless of the

thing drunk. So the image appeals to our sense of taste. At the same time
."the third tactile image due to the word "kiss
 If the image appeals to the sense of suggesting movement, it is poetically
:called KINESTHETIC image
Love in my bosom like a bee
:Doth suck his sweet
.Now with his wings he plays with me
.Now with his feet

Apparently the image dominating these lines suggests a sense of movement,

especially of the bee that plays with its wings and feet. So it is a
kinesthetic image. It is also mingled with both tactile and gustatory images
.((suck and sweet

:confined to (1)
‫اﻗﺘﺼﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

: impressive(2)
‫ ﻣﺜﻴﺮ ﻟﻼﻋﺠﺎب او اﻟﻌﺎﻃﻔﺔ‬.. ‫ﻣﺆﺛﺮ‬

:evoking(3)
‫اﺛﺎرة‬

:encompass(4)
‫ﻳﺸﻤﻞ‬

:multiplicity (5)
‫ﻋﺪد واﻓﺮ‬

:sensory (6(
‫ﺣﺴﻰ‬

:conceptual(7)
‫ادراﻛﻴﺔ )ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﻴﺔ( ذو ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻳﺎﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ‬

:intellectual (8)
‫ﻋﻘﻠﻰ‬

:literal(9)
‫واﻓﻌﻰ‬
 :rarity (10)

‫ﻧﻘﺎء‬

:conceptualize (11)
‫ﻧﺪرك‬

:William Blake's(12)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Blake

:Christopher Marlowe(13)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Marlowe

:Edmund Spenser(14)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Spenser

:Ben Jonson (15)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Jonson

‫أﻣﻴﺮة اﻻﺣﺰان‬
::‫ اﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺒﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬::

#11 

Part three
Diction, Style, Decorative Language

-1
:Poetic Diction
:The simplest definition of diction is
,the writer's vocabulary -1
his selection of words and -2
.and the arrangement of these words in a work of art -3
The success of a literary work depends on the clarity and effectiveness of its diction. A
writer's diction can be over elegant*, appropriate, formal or informal, abstract or concrete*,
.common or technical, etc

:The Theme -2
The theme is simply the central or general idea that dominates* a work of art. But the subject
 matter is different as if the poet wishes to express his own feelings, or his experience about
his idea, the outcome is not the theme but the subject matter. For example, love is the theme of

multifarious poems, but the poet's specified experience and feelings of love constitute the
.subject matter

:*Epigram -3
An epigraph is a short, balanced, and witty statement often taken as a wise saying and
.frequently quoted by people on occasions

,*For fools rush in where Angels fear to tread

:Epitaph -4
It is a specified form of epigram. It is also short, and witty, but in inscribed on a grave
stone* or written in the form of a short poem or at the beginning of a long poem in memory of
.either a dear one, or the poem himself after death

.Life is a jest*, and all things show it

I thought so once; but now I know it

:Inversion -5

It is a stylistic technique of turning the normal word order (subject, verb, and object) of a
:sentence. Poets may restore to inversion to
.produce a certain tone -1
.or emphasize a particular word or meaning-2

.The lord will happiness divine

;*On contrite hearts* bestow

:Parallelism -6
A rhetorical* device in which the poet places a phrase, a clause or a sentence that are similar
:in structure or in meaning side by side

.Sweet and low, sweet and low

:Rhetorical question-7
It is a stylistic method opposite to a direct statement. Its purpose is not to elicit a reply,
which mostly self-evident. It basically asked by the poet to impress a particular poetic effect
such as drawing the reader's full attention, stimulating his emotional sympathy*, or guiding him
 .to a specific effect

,Was this face that launched a thousand ships

?And burnt the topless towers of troy

The poet here does not require an answer for his question, but he wants to reflect the mixture
of his conflicting emotions of awe*, wonder, doubt and happiness. The hearer is certainly
.impressed by power of the rhetorical question than by a normal statement

?Shall I compare thee to a summer's day

.Thou are more lovely and more temperate

:Poetic License-8
It is a privilege self-given by poets to have the freedom of breaking the normal rules of
language according to their needs in the manipulation of diction, figurative speech. But this
.liberty depends on the principle that the end justifies the means
.Thou are more lovely and more temperate

It is supposed to be lovelier but for the sake of the rhythm Shakespeare gave himself the
.privilege to break the rule

:Glossary

‫ ﻛﻴﺲ وﻣﺘﺎﻧﻖ‬Elegant
‫ ﻣﻌﻨﻮى‬Abstract
‫ ﻣﺎدى – ﻣﻠﻤﻮس‬Concrete
‫ ﺗﻬﻴﻤﻦ‬Dominate
‫ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﺮﻳﺢ‬Epitaph
‫ ﻗﺼﻴﺪة ﻗﺼﻴﺮة – ﺣﻜﻤﺔ‬Epigram
‫ ﻧﺨﻄﻮ‬Tread
‫ ﺷﺎﻫﺪ اﻟﻘﺒﺮ‬Grave stone
‫ ﻣﺰﺣﺔ – دﻋﺎﺑﺔ وﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺎﻓﻬﺔ‬Jest
‫ ﻗﻠﺐ ﻣﻨﺴﺤﻖ – ﻧﺎدم‬Contrite heart
‫ﻳﺘﻢ وﻫﺒﺔ‬-- -‫ ﻳﻮﻫﺐ‬Bestow
‫ ﺑﻼﻏﻰ‬Rhetorical

‫ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻒ – ﻣﺸﺎرﻛﺔ وﺟﺪاﻧﻴﺔ‬Sympathy

‫ ﻣﻬﺎﺑﺔ‬Awe
‫ ﺟﻮاز ﺷﻌﺮى‬Poetic license
‫ اﻣﺘﻴﺎز‬Privilege
 ‫أﻣﻴﺮة اﻻﺣﺰان‬
::‫ اﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺒﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬::

#12 

:*Alliteration-1
It is mainly a musical tool. It is the repetition of the first identical* sounds in two or a
group of words in the same line or in a group of consecutive lines. It is also called initial or
reversed rhyme. It is used either a musical tool, or stylistic effect because it reinforce the
.meaning

.But when he saw how broad her beams* did spread

,*It did him amaze

.He blushed* to see another sun below

.He durst again his fiery* face outshow
In the first line, three words begin with the consonant* sound "B": (but, broad, beam) and three
other words begins with the "H" sound: (how, her, how). In the third we have two words begin
."with "B" and three begins with "S

:Coliteration -2
It is the general agreement of vowel sound in words throughout a line or a group of consecutive*
.lines regardless the place of these vowels* sounds in the word

I have met them at close of day

.Pinnacled* dim* in the intense inane

:Assonance -3
Coliteration is considered one aspect of assonance since the latter is similarly defined as the
.repetition of a vowel sound in words of the same line

.Stain the white radiance of eternity

.Another type of assonance occurs when the coliterative sounds outnumber the alliterative sound
. ot e type o asso a ce occu s w e t e co te at ve sou ds out u be t e a te at ve sou d

.To live with thee and be thy love

Thee, thy >>>>>>>>>>>> are alliterative sounds = 2

Live, with, thee, be >>>>>>>> are coliterative sounds = 4

.So this line contains assonance

:*Caesura -4
It is the point at which a line of verse may be naturally divided into two parts. Poets tend to
pause according to the stream of their emotions during the process of writing. This pause often
.marked by punctuation

Bright as the sun, // her eyes the gazer strike

:*Refrain -5
It is the regular repetition of a word, a phrase, or a line or a group of lines at the end of
each stanza. It constitutes an element of the form of the poem. It functions as a musical tool,
.as s stylistic device of emphasis, and a reminder of the unity of the poem

,From so ungrateful* fancy

,From such female frenzy
,From them that use man thus
!Good lord, deliver us

‫ اﻟﺠﻨﺎس اﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻟﻰ‬Alliteration
‫ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻞ‬Identical
‫ ﻳﻘﻮى وﻳﺪﻋﻢ‬Reinforce
‫ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻗﺐ‬-- ‫ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻰ‬Consecutive
‫ ﺻﻮت ﺳﺎﻛﻦ‬Consonant sound
consonant
noun a speech sound in which the breath is at least partly obstructed and which can be** ■
.combined with a vowel to form a syllable. a letter representing a consonant

‫ ﺻﻮت ﻣﺘﺤﺮك‬: Vowel sound

vowel
noun a speech sound which is produced by comparatively open configuration of the vocal tract** ■
.and which is capable of forming a syllable. a letter representing such a sound

‫ اﺷﺮاﻗﺔ – اﻃﻼﻟﺔ – اﺷﻌﺔ‬Beams

‫ ﻳﺪﻫﺶ‬Amaze
‫ اﺣﻤﺮ وﺟﻬﻪ ﺧﺠﻼ‬Blushed
‫ ﻧﺎرى‬Fiery

‫ ﻋﻈﻤﺔ – اوج‬Pinnacled
 ‫ ﻇﻠﻤﺔ – ﻋﺘﻤﺔ‬Dim
‫ ﻓﺎرغ‬--‫ﺗﺎﻓﻪ‬Inane

‫ اﻧﻘﻄﺎع او وﻗﻒ ﻓﻰ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺑﻴﺖ ﺷﻌﺮى‬Caesura

‫ ﻗﺮار – او اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ‬Refrain
‫ ﺟﺤﻮد – ﻛﻨﻮد‬Ungrateful
‫ اﻧﻘﺬﻧﺎ‬Deliver us

‫أﻣﻴﺮة اﻻﺣﺰان‬
::‫ اﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺒﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬::

#13 

Rhyme
Rhyme is the most familiar device in poetry. Poets use it in order to secure a poetic effect.
Generally, it is the matching of the same sound or sounds at the end of two or more words, as in
"these groups "play, pray" and "scares, confess

:Rhyme may be classified into four main categories

,position -1
,perfection-2
gender and-3
scheme-4

:rhyme position-1
:According to the place at which rhyming words are occurring in the line it is divided into

:a-internal rhyme
occurs mostly inside the same one line and rarely at the end of one line and inside the next
:"line. In "The Owl and the Pussy-cat
.They took some honey, and plenty of money

:b- Crossed and interlaced rhyme

:if two words are rhyming in two consecutive lines none at the end of the line
O far a draught of vintage! That has been
.Cooled a long age in the deep-delved earth

:Or in these lines

,Thy beauty shall no more be found
 , y beauty s a o o e be ou d
Nor, in thy marble vault, shall sound

:c- linked or run-over

it is a very rare type of rhyme position in which a word at the end of a line rhymes with the
.first word in the next line

,Let then no doubt, celinda touch"

"Much less your fairest mind invade

:d-end-rhyme
it is really the prevailing type of rhyme in poetry. It participates extensively in the verse
.texture, and controls the poem's form. It occurs at the end of the line
,Some men with swords may reap the field
:And plant fresh laurels where they kill
;But their strong nerves at last must yield

To Be Continued

.‫ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ اﻟﺪﺧﻮل أو اﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﻛﻲ ﺗﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮد ﻫﻨﺎ‬

        :‫ﺷﺎرك‬
 ‫ ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬ ‫ ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﻠﻐﺎت‬ ‫ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺪﻳﺎت اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺪﻳﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬