Mcv4u CH 1 Nelson Solutions

CHAPTER 1
Introduction to Calculus
Review of Prerequisite Skills, pp. 2–3 y 2 4 5 21(x 2 (22))
y 2 4 5 2x 2 2
27 2 5 x1y2250
1. a. m 5
622 e. x 5 23
5 23 f. y 5 5
4 2 (24) 3. a. f(2) 5 26 1 5
b. m 5
21 2 3 5 21
5 22 b. f(2) 5 (8 2 2)(6 2 6)
420 50
c. m 5
120 c. f(2) 5 23(4) 1 2(2) 2 1
54 5 29
420 d. f(2) 5 (10 1 2)2
d. m 5
21 2 0 5 144
5 24 210
4 2 4.41 4. a. f(210) 5
e. m 5 100 1 4
22 2 (22.1) 5
52
5 24.1 52
21 2 1 23
f. m 5 7 4 3 4 b. f(23) 5
4 2 4 914
2 3
2 52
4 13
5 0
1 c. f(0) 5
1 014
52 50
2
2. a. Substitute the given slope and y-intercept into 10
d. f(10) 5
y 5 mx 1 b. 100 1 4
y 5 4x 2 2 5
5
b. Substitute the given slope and y-intercept into 52
"3 2 x, if x , 0
y 5 mx 1 b.
5. f(x) 5 •
"3 1 x, if x $ 0
y 5 22x 1 5
c. The slope of the line is
12 2 6 a. f(233) 5 6
m5
4 2 (21) b. f(0) 5 "3
6 c. f(78) 5 9
5
d. f(3) 5 "6
5
The equation of the line is in the form
y 2 y1 5 m(x 2 x1 ). The point is (21, 6) and 1
, if 23 , t , 0
6. s(t) 5 μ
m 5 65. t
The equation of the line is y 2 6 5 65 (x 1 1) or 5, if t 5 0
y 5 65 (x 1 1) 1 6. t3, if t . 0
824 1
d. m5 a. s(22) 5 2
26 2 (22) 2
5 21 b. s(21) 5 21
Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 1-1
c. s(0) 5 5 V(120) 2 V(60) 0 2 1200
5
d. s(1) 5 1 120 2 60 60
e. s(100) 5 1003 or 106 5 220 L>min
7. a. (x 2 6)(x 1 2) 5 x 2 2 4x 2 12
b. (5 2 x)(3 1 4x) 5 15 1 17x 2 4x 2 b. To estimate the instantaneous rate of change in
c. x(5x 2 3) 2 2x(3x 1 2) 5 5x 2 2 3x 2 6x 2 2 4x volume after exactly 60 minutes, calculate the average
5 2x 2 2 7x
rate of change in volume from minute 59 to minute 61.
d. (x 2 1)(x 1 3) 2 (2x 1 5)(x 2 2) V(61) 2 V(59) 1186.56 2 1213.22
8
5 x 2 1 2x 2 3 2 (2x 2 1 x 2 10) 61 2 59 2
5 2x 2 1 x 1 7 5 213.33 L>min
e. (a 1 2)3 5 (a 1 2)(a 1 2)(a 1 2) c. The instantaneous rate of change in volume is
5 (a 2 1 4a 1 4)(a 1 2) negative for 0 # t # 120 because the volume of
5 a 3 1 6a 2 1 12a 1 8 water in the hot tub is always decreasing during that
f. (9a 2 5)3 5 (9a 2 5)(9a 2 5)(9a 2 5) time period, a negative change.
5 (81a 2 2 90a 1 25)(9a 2 5) 12. a., b. y
8
5 729a 3 2 1215a 2 1 675a 2 125
8. a. x 2 x 5 x(x 2 2 1)
3
5 x(x 1 1)(x 2 1) 4
2
b. x 1 x 2 6 5 (x 1 3)(x 2 2) x
c. 2x 2 2 7x 1 6 5 (2x 2 3)(x 2 2) 0
–2 2 4 6
d. x 3 1 2x 2 1 x 5 x(x 2 1 2x 1 1)
5 x(x 1 1)(x 1 1) –4
e. 27x 2 64 5 (3x 2 4)(9x 2 1 12x 1 16)
3
f. 2x 3 2 x 2 2 7x 1 6 –8
x 5 1 is a zero, so x 2 1 is a factor. Synthetic or
long division yields The slope of the tangent line is 28.
2x 3 2 x 2 2 7x 1 6 5 (x 2 1)(2x 2 1 x 2 6) c. The instantaneous rate of change in f(x) when
5 (x 2 1)(2x 2 3)(x 1 2) x 5 5 is 28.
9. a. 5xPR 0 x $ 256
b. 5xPR6 1.1 Radical Expressions:
c. 5xPR 0 x 2 16
d. 5xPR 0 x 2 06
Rationalizating Denominators, p. 9
e. 2x 2 2 5x 2 3 5 (2x 1 1)(x 2 3) 1. a. 2"3 1 4
e xPR ` x 2 2 , 3 f b. "3 2 "2
1
c. 2"3 1 "2
2
f. 5xPR 0 x 2 25, 22, 16
10. a. h(0) 5 2, h(1) 5 22.1 d. 3"3 2 "2
22.1 2 2 e. "2 1 "5
average rate of change 5
120 f. 2"5 2 2"2
5 20.1 m> s
"3 1 "5 "2
b. h(1) 5 22.1, h(2) 5 32.4 2. a. ?
32.4 2 22.1 "2 "2
221 "6 1 "10
5
5 10.3 m> s 2
11. a. The average rate of change during the second 2"3 2 3"2 "2
hour is the difference in the volume at t 5 120 and b. ?
"2 "2
t 5 60 (since t is measured in minutes), divided by
the difference in time. 2"6 2 6
5
2
5 "6 2 3
1-2 Chapter 1: Introduction to Calculus

4"3 1 3"2 "3 3"3 2 2"2 3"3 2 2"2
c. ? f. ?
2"3 "3 3"3 1 2"2 3"3 2 2"2
12 1 3"6 27 2 12"6 1 8
5 5
6 27 2 8
4 1 "6 35 2 12"6
5 5
2 19
3"5 2 "2 "2
d. ? "5 2 1 "5 1 1
"2 4. a. ?
"5 1 1
2"2 4
3"10 2 2 521
5 5
4 4("5 1 1)
3 "5 1 "2 1
3. a. ?
"5 2 "2 "5 1 "2 !5 1 1
5
3("5 1 "2 ) 2 2 3"2 2 1 3"2

5 b. ?
3 2 2 1 3"2
5 "5 1 "2 5
4 2 18
2"5 2"5 2 3"2 2( 2 1 3"2 )
b. ?
2"5 1 3"2 2"5 2 3"2 27
5
20 2 6"10 2 1 3"2
5
20 2 18 "5 1 2 "5 2 2
c. ?
5 10 2 3"10 2"5 2 1 "5 2 2
"3 2 "2 "3 2 "2
524
5
c. ?
"3 1 "2 "3 2 "2
10 2 5"5 1 2
1
12 2 5 !5
3 1 2"6 1 2 5
5
322
8"2 "20 1 "18
5 5 1 2"6 5. a. ?
"20 2 "18 "20 1 "18
2"5 2 8 2"5 2 3
d. ? 8"40 1 8"36
2"5 1 3 2"5 2 3 5
20 2 18
20 2 22"5 1 24 16"10 1 48
5 5
20 2 9 2
44 2 22"5 5 8"10 1 24
5
11
8"2 2"5 1 3"2
5 4 2 2"5 b. ?
2"5 2 3"2 2"5 1 3"2
2"3 2 "2 5"2 2 "3
e. ? 16"10 1 48
5"2 1 "3 5"2 2 "3 5
20 2 18
10"6 2 6 2 10 1 "6
5 16"10 1 48
50 2 3 5
2
11"6 2 16
5 5 8"10 1 24
47
c. The expressions in the two parts are equivalent.
The radicals in the denominator of part a. have been
simplified in part b.

2"2 2"3 1 "8 "a 2 2 "a 1 2
6. a. ? 7. a. ?
2"3 2 "8 2"3 1 "8 a24 "a 1 2
4"6 1 8 a24
5
5
628 ( a 2 4 )("a 2 2)
5 22"3 2 4 1
5
2"6 2"27 1 "8 "a 2 2
"x 1 4 2 2 "x 1 4 1 2
b. ?
2"27 2 "8 2"27 1 "8 b. ?
4"162 1 2"48 x "x 1 4 1 2
5 x1424
54 2 8 5
36"2 1 8"3 x("x 1 4 1 2)
5 x
46 5
18"2 1 4"3 x("x 1 4 1 2)
5 1
23 5
2"2 "x 1 4 2 2
!x 1 h 2 !x !x 1 h 1 !x
c.
"16 2 "12
!x 1 h 1 !x
c. ?
h
2"2 4 1 2"3
5 ? x1h2x
hA !x 1 h 1 !xB
4 2 2"3 4 1 2"3 5
8"2 1 4"6 h
5
hA !x 1 h 1 !xB
5
16 2 12
5 2"2 1 "6 1
!x 1 h 1 !x
5
3"2 1 2"3 "12 1 "8
d. ?
"12 2 "8 "12 1 "8
1.2 The Slope of a Tangent, pp. 18–21
3"24 1 12 1 12 1 2"24
5 28 2 7
12 2 8 1. a. m 5
23 2 2
24 1 15"3 53
5
4
27 2 3
3 !5 4 !3 1 5!2 b. m 5 7 2 1 2
2 2 2
4!3 2 5 !2 4 !3 1 5!2
e. ?
2 102
5 6
12"15 1 15"10 2
5
48 2 50 5
52
12"15 1 15"10 3
52 21 2 (22.6)
2 c. m 5
"18 1 "12 "18 1 "12 1.5 2 6.3
f. ? 1
"18 2 "12 "18 1 "12 52
3
18 1 2"216 1 12 2. a. The slope of the given line is 3, so the slope
5
18 2 12 of a line perpendicular to the given line is 2 13.
30 1 12"6 b. 13x 2 7y 2 11 5 0
5 27y 5 213x 2 11
6
13 11
5 5 1 2"6 y5 x1
7 7
13
The slope of the given line is 7 , so the slope of a line
perpendicular to the given line is 2 137 .
2 53 2 (24) y
3. a. m 5 5 4
3 2 (24)
7
5 3 2
17
3
x
7
5 –2 0 2 4 6
17
7 –2
y 2 (24) 5 (x 2 (24))
17
17y 1 68 5 7x 1 28 –4
7x 2 17y 2 40 5 0
y
d. The line is a vertical line because both points
4
have the same x-coordinate.
x55
2
y
4
–2 0 2 4 6 x
2
–2
x
–2 0 2 4 6
–4
–2
b. The slope and y-intercept are given.
y 5 8x 1 6 –4
y
8
(5 1 h)3 2 125
4. a.
4 h
(5 1 h 2 5)((5 1 h)2 1 5(5 1 h) 1 25)
x 5
h
–4 –2 0 2 4 h(75 1 15h 1 h ) 2
5
–4 h
5 75 1 15h 1 h 2
(3 1 h)4 2 81
–8 b.
h
((3 1 h)2 2 9)((3 1 h)2 1 9)
c. (0, 23), (5, 0) 5
h
0 2 (23) (9 1 6h 1 h 2 9)(9 1 6h 1 h 2 1 9)
2
m5 5
520 h
3 5 (6 1 h)(18 1 6h 1 h 2 )
5
5 5 108 1 54h 1 12h 2 1 h 3
3 1
21 1212h 1
y 2 0 5 (x 2 5) c. 1 1 h 5 52
5 h h(1 1 h) 11h
3x 2 5y 2 15 5 0 2 2
3(1 1 h) 2 3 3((1 1 h) 2 1)
d. 5
h h
3(1 1 2h 1 h 2 2 1)
5
h

3(2h 1 h2 ) 7. a. P Q Slope of Line PQ
5
h (2, 8) (3, 27) 19
5 6 1 3h (2, 8) (2.5, 15.625) 15.25
(2, 8) (2.1, 9.261) 12.61
3 12 2 12 2 3h
4 1 h 2 34 4 (4 1 h)
(2, 8) (2.01, 8.120 601) 12.060 1
e. 5 (2, 8) (1, 1) 7
h h
23 (2, 8) (1.5, 3.375) 9.25
5 (2, 8) (1.9, 6.859) 11.41
4(4 1 h)
(2, 8) (1.99, 7.880 599) 11.940 1
21 22 1 2 1 h
2 1 h 1 12 2 (2 1 h)
f. 5 b. 12
h h
h c. (2, 8), ((2 1 h), (2 1 h)3 )
5 (2 1 h)3 2 8
2h(2 1 h) m5
1 21h22
5 8 1 12h 1 6h 2 1 h 3 2 8
4 1 2h 5
"16 1 h 2 4
h
16 1 h 2 16 5 12 1 6h 1 h 2
5. a. 5
h h( "16 1 h 1 4) d. m 5 lim (12 1 6h 1 h 2 )
hS0
1 5 12
5
"16 1 h 1 4 e. They are the same.
"h 1 5h 1 4 2 2 y
2 f.
h 2 1 5h 1 4 2 4
b. 5 12
h h("h 2 1 5h 1 4 1 2 )
h15 8
5
"h 1 5h 1 4 1 2
2
"5 1 h 2 "5 51h25 4

c. 5
h h ("5 1 h 1 "5 ) x
1 –4 –2 0 2 4
5
"5 1 h 1 "5 –4
6. a. P(1, 3), Q(1 1 h, f(1 1 h)), f(x) 5 3x 2
3(1 1 h)2 2 3 8. a. y 5 3x 2, (22, 12)
m5
h 3(22 1 h)2 2 12
m 5 lim
5 6 1 3h hS0 h
b. P(1, 3), Q(1 1 h, (1 1 h)3 1 2) 12 2 12h 1 3h 2 2 12
5 lim
(1 1 h)3 1 2 2 3 hS0 h
m5
h 5 lim (212 1 3h)
hS0
1 1 3h 1 3h 2 1 h 3 2 1 5 212
5
h b. y 5 x 2 2 x at x 5 3, y 5 6.
5 3 1 3h 1 h 2 (3 1 h)2 2 (3 1 h) 2 6
c. P(9, 3), Q (9 1 h, "9 1 h )
m 5 lim
hS0 h
"9 1 h 2 3 "9 1 h 1 3
9 1 6h 1 h 2 2 3 2 h 2 6
5 lim
m5 ?
"9 1 h 1 3
hS0 h
h
5 lim (5 1 h)
1 hS0
5
"9 1 h 1 3
55

c. y 5 x 3 at x 5 22, y 5 28. 22
5 lim
(22 1 h)3 1 8 hS0 41h
m 5 lim 1
hS0 h 52
28 1 12h 2 6h 2 1 h 3 1 8 2
5 lim
hS0 h 1 1
c. y 5 at x 5 3; y 5
5 lim (12 2 6h 1 h 2 ) x12 5
hS0 1 1
5 12 2
m 5 lim 5 1 h 5
9. a. y 5 "x 2 2; (3, 1) hS0 h
"3 1 h 2 2 2 1 5 lim
21
m 5 lim hS0 5(5 1 h)
hS0 h
"1 1 h 2 1 "1 1 h 1 1
1
52
5 lim £ 3 § 10
hS0 h "1 1 h 1 1 11. a. Let y 5 f(x).
1 f(2) 5 (2)2 2 3(2) 5 4 2 6 5 22
5 lim
hS0 "1 1h11 f(2 1 h) 5 (2 1 h)2 2 3(2 1 h)
1 Using the limit of the difference quotient, the slope
5
2 of the tangent at x 5 2 is
b. y 5 "x 2 5 at x 5 9, y 5 2 f(2 1 h) 2 f(2)
"9 1 h 2 5 2 2
m 5 lim
hS0 h
m 5 lim
hS0 h (2 1 h)2 2 3(2 1 h) 2 (22)
5 lim
"4 1 h 2 2 "4 1 h 1 2 hS0 h
5 lim £ 3 § 4 1 4h 1 h 2 2 6 2 3h 1 2
hS0 h "4 1 h 1 2 5 lim
hS0 h
1 h2 1 h
5 lim
hS0 "4
5 lim
1h12 hS0 h
1 5 lim (h 1 1)
5 hS0
4 5011
c. y 5 "5x 2 1 at x 5 2, y 5 3 51
"10 1 5h 2 1 2 3 Therefore, the slope of the tangent to
m 5 lim
hS0 h y 5 f(x) 5 x 2 2 3x at x 5 2 is 1.
"9 1 5h 2 3 "9 1 5h 1 3
4
5 lim £ §
b. f(22) 5 5 22
3 22
hS0 h "9 1 5h 1 3 4
5 f(22 1 h) 5
5 lim 22 1 h
hS0 "9 1 5h 1 3 Using the limit of the difference quotient, the slope
5
6 f(22 1 h) 2 f(22)
8 m 5 lim
10. a. y 5 at (2, 4) hS0 h
x
4
8
24 2 (22)
m 5 lim 2 1 h 5 lim 22 1 h
hS0 h hS0 h
24 4
5 lim 12
hS0 2 1 h 22 1 h
5 lim
5 22 hS0 h
5 lim c ? d
8 4 2 4 1 2h 1
b. y 5 at x 5 1; y 5 2
31x hS0 22 1 h h
5 lim c ? d
8
22 2h 1
m 5 lim 4 1 h
hS0 h hS0 22 1 h h
2 1
!0 1 9 1 3
5 lim 5
hS0 22 1 h
2 1
5 5
22 1 0 313
5 21 1
4 5
Therefore, the slope of the tangent to f(x) 5 x at 6
x 5 22 is 21. Therefore, the slope of the tangent to
c. Let y 5 f(x). y 5 f(x) 5 !x 2 7 at x 5 16 is 16.
e. Let y 5 f(x).
f(1) 5 3(1)3 5 3
f(1 1 h) 5 3(1 1 h)3 f(3) 5 "25 2 (3)2 5 !25 2 9 5 4
Using the limit of the difference quotient, the slope f(3 1 h) 5 "25 2 (3 1 h)2
of the tangent at x 5 1 is 5 "25 2 (9 1 6h 1 h 2 )
f(1 1 h) 2 f(1)
m 5 lim 5 "25 2 9 2 6h 2 h 2
5 "16 2 6h 2 h 2
hS0 h
3(1 1 h)3 2 3
5 lim Using the limit of the difference quotient, the slope
hS0 h
Using the binomial formula to expand (1 1 h)3 (or of the tangent at x 5 3 is
one could simply expand using algebra), the slope m is f(3 1 h) 2 f(3)
m 5 lim
3(h 3 1 3h 2 1 3h 1 1) 2 (3) hS0 h
5 lim
h "16 2 6h 2 h 2 2 4
hS0 5 lim
3 2
3h 1 9h 1 9h 1 3 2 3 hS0 h
"16 2 6h 2 h 2 2 4
5 lim
5 lim c
hS0 h
3h 3 1 9h 2 1 9h hS0 h
5 lim
h "16 2 6h 2 h 2 1 4
d
hS0
3
"16 2 6h 2 h 2 1 4
5 lim (3h 2 1 9h 1 9)
hS0
5 3(0) 1 9(0) 1 9 16 2 6h 2 h 2 2 16
5 lim
59 hS0 h("16 2 6h 2 h 2 1 4)
Therefore, the slope of the tangent to h(26 2 h)
y 5 f(x) 5 3x 3 at x 5 1 is 9. 5 lim
d. Let y 5 f(x).
hS0 h("16 2 6h 2 h 2 1 4)
f(16) 5 !16 2 7 5 !9 5 3
26 2 h
5 lim
f(16 1 h) 5 !16 1 h 2 7 5 !h 1 9
hS0 "16 2 6h 2 h 2 1 4
26 2 0
Using the limit of the difference quotient, the slope 5
of the tangent at x 5 16 is "16 2 6(0) 2 (0)2 1 4
f(16 1 h) 2 f(16) 26
!16 1 4
m 5 lim 5
hS0 h
!h 1 9 2 3 5
26
5 lim 8
hS0 h
!h 1 9 2 3 !h 1 9 1 3 52
3
!h 1 9 1 3
5 lim ? 4
hS0 h
(h 1 9) 2 9 Therefore, the slope of the tangent to
hS0 h( !h 1 9 1 3)
5 lim y 5 f(x) 5 "25 2 x 2 at x 5 3 is 2 34.
h f. Let y 5 f(x).
hS0 h( !h 1 9 1 3)
5 lim 418 12
f(8) 5 5 52
1 822 6
hS0 !h 1 9 1 3
5 lim 4 1 (8 1 h) 12 1 h
f(8 1 h) 5 5
(8 1 h) 2 2 61h

Using the limit of the difference quotient, the slope 5 lim (3 1 h)
hS0
of the tangent at x 5 8 is
53
f(8 1 h) 2 f(8)
m 5 lim The slope of the tangent is 3.
hS0 h y 2 1 5 3(x 2 3)
12 1 h
22 3x 2 y 2 8 5 0
5 lim 6 1 h (2 1 h)2 2 7(2 1 h) 1 12 2 2
hS0 h 16. m 5 lim
12 1 h 2 12 2 2h 1 hS0 h
5 lim ? 2
4 1 4h 1 h 2 14 2 7h 1 10
hS0 61h h 5 lim
2h 1 hS0 h
5 lim ? 2
hS0 6 1 h h 23h 1 h
5 lim
21 hS0 h
5 lim
hS0 6 1 h 5 lim ( 2 3 1 h)
hS0
21
5 5 23
610
The slope of the tangent is 23.
1
52 When x 5 2, y 5 2.
6 y 2 2 5 23(x 2 2)
Therefore, the slope of the tangent to 3x 1 y 2 8 5 0
41x 17. a. f(3) 5 9 2 12 1 1 5 22; (3, 22)
y 5 f(x) 5 x 2 2 at x 5 8 is 2 16.
b. f(5) 5 25 2 20 1 1 5 6; (5, 6)
12. y c. The slope of secant AB is
8 6 2 (22)
mAB 5
A 523
4 8
5
x 2
–4 0 4 8
54
The equation of the secant is
–4 y 2 y1 5 mAB (x 2 x1 )
y 1 2 5 4(x 2 3)
y 5 "25 2 x 2 S Semi-circle centre (0, 0) y 5 4x 2 14
rad 5, y $ 0 d. Calculate the slope of the tangent.
OA is a radius. f(x 1 h) 2 f(x)
The slope of OA is 43. m 5 lim
hS0 h
The slope of tangent is 2 34. (x 1 h)2 2 4(x 1 h) 1 1 2 (x2 2 4x 1 1)
13. Take values of x close to the point, then 5 lim
hS0 h
Dy
determine Dx. x2 1 2xh 1 h2 2 4x 2 4h 1 1 2 x2 1 4x 2 1
5 lim
14. hS0 h
2xh 1 h2 2 4h
5 lim
hS0 h
5 lim (2x 1 h 2 4)
hS0
5 2x 1 0 2 4
Since the tangent is horizontal, the slope is 0. 5 2x 2 4
(3 1 h)2 2 3(3 1 h) 1 1 2 1 When x 5 3, the slope is 2(3) 2 4 5 2. So the
15. m 5 lim
hS0 h equation of the tangent at A(3, 22) is
9 1 6h 1 h2 2 9 2 3h y 2 y1 5 m(x 2 x1 )
5 lim y 1 2 5 2(x 2 3)
hS0 h
3h 1 h2 y 5 2x 2 8
5 lim
hS0 h

e. When x 5 5, the slope of the tangent is 20. C(t) 5 100t 2 1 400t 1 5000
2(5) 2 4 5 6. Slope at t 5 6
So the equation of the tangent at B(5, 6) is Cr(t) 5 200t 1 400
y 2 y1 5 m(x 2 x1 ) Cr(6) 5 1200 1 400 5 1600
y 2 6 5 6(x 2 5) Increasing at a rate of 1600 papers per month.
y 5 6x 2 24 21. Point on f(x) 5 3x 2 2 4x tangent parallel to
18. a. y 5 8x. Therefore, tangent line has slope 8.
3(h 1 a)2 2 4(h 1 a) 2 3(a 2 1 4a)
P m 5 lim 58
hS0 h
3h 2 1 6ah 2 4h
lim 58
hS0 h
The slope is undefined.
b. 6a 2 4 5 8
a52
The point has coordinates (2, 4).
P 1 4
22. y 5 x 3 2 5x 2
3 x
The slope is 0. 1 1 1
(a 1 h)2 2 a 3 5 a 2h 1 ah 2 1 h 3
c. 3 3 3
P
lim aa 2 1 ah 1 h3 b 5 a 2
1
hS0 3
(a 1 h) 2 (2a)
5 lim 2 5 25
hS0 h
The slope is about –2.5. 4 4 4a 1 4a 1 4h
d. 2 1 52
a1h a a(a 1 h)
4 4
P lim 5 2
hS0 a(a 1 h) a
4
m 5 a2 2 5 1 2 5 0
The slope is about 1. a
e. a 4 2 5a 2 1 4 5 0
(a 2 4)(a 2 2 1) 5 0
2
P a 5 62, a 5 61
Points on the graph for horizontal tangents are:
( 22, 283) , ( 21, 263) , ( 1, 2 263) , ( 2, 2 283) .
The slope is about 2 78. 1
f. There is no tangent at this point. 23. y 5 x 2 and y 5 2 x 2
2
20 1
19. D(p) 5 , p . 1 at (5, 10)
"p 2 1 x2 5 2 x2
2
20 1
2 10
!4 1 h x2 5
m 5 lim 4
hS0 h 1 1
2 2 "4 1 h 2 1 "4 1 h
x 5 or x 5 2
2 2
5 10 lim 3
hS0 h"4 1 h 2 1 "4 1 h The points of intersection are
4242h P( 12, 14) , Q( 2 12, 14) .
5 10 lim
h"4 1 h( 2 1 "4 1 h )
hS0
Tangent to y 5 x2:
(a 1 h)2 2 a 2
10 m 5 lim
52 hS0 h
8 2ah 1 h 2
5 5 lim
52 hS0 h
4 5 2a.
The slope of the tangent at a 5 12 is 1 5 mp,
5 lim c
4a 2 1 8ah 1 4h 2 1 5a 1 5h 2 2
at a 5 2 12 is 21 5 mq. hS0 h
d
Tangents to y 5 12 2 x 2: 24a 2 2 5a 1 2
1
S 12 2 (a 1 h)2 T 2 S 12 2 a 2 T h
m 5 lim 8ah 1 4h 2 1 5h
hS0 h 5 lim
2 hS0 h
22ah 2 h
5 lim 5 lim (8a 1 4h 1 5)
hS0 h hS0
5 22a. 5 8a 1 4(0) 1 5
The slope of the tangents at a 5 12 is 21 5 Mp; 5 8a 1 5
at a 5 2 12 is 1 5 Mq b. To be parallel, the point on the parabola and the
line must have the same slope. So, first find the
mpMp 5 21 and mqMq 5 21
slope of the line. The line 10x 2 2y 2 18 5 0 can
Therefore, the tangents are perpendicular at the
be rewritten as
points of intersection.
22y 5 18 2 10x
24. y 5 23x 3 2 2x, (21, 5)
18 2 10x
23(21 1 h)3 2 2(21 1 h) 2 5 y5
m 5 lim 22
hS0 h
y 5 29 1 5x
23(21 1 3h 2 3h2 1 h3 ) 1 2 2 2h 2 5 y 5 5x 2 9
5 lim
hS0 h So, the slope, m, of the line 10x 2 2y 2 18 5 0 is 5.
23(21 1 3h 2 3h 1 h3 ) 1 2 2 2h 2 5
2
To be parallel, the slope at a must equal 5. From
5 lim part a., the slope of the tangent to the parabola at
hS0 h
x 5 a is 8a 1 5.
3 2 9h 1 9h 2 3h3 1 2 2 2h 2 5
2
5 lim 8a 1 5 5 5
hS0 h
8a 5 0
211h 1 9h 2 3h3
2
a50
5 lim
hS0 h Therefore, at the point (0, 22) the tangent line is
5 lim (211 1 9h 2 3h2 ) parallel to the line 10x 2 2y 2 18 5 0.
hS0 c. To be perpendicular, the point on the parabola
5 211 and the line must have slopes that are negative
The slope of the tangent is 211. reciprocals of each other. That is, their product must
We want the line that is parallel to the tangent (i.e.
equal 21. So, first find the slope of the line. The
has slope 211) and passes through (2, 2). Then,
line x 2 35y 1 7 5 0 can be rewritten as
y 2 2 5 211(x 2 2)
235y 5 2x 2 7
y 5 211x 1 24
2x 2 7
25. a. Let y 5 f(x). y5
235
f(a) 5 4a 2 1 5a 2 2 1 7
f(a 1 h) 5 4(a 1 h)2 1 5(a 1 h) 2 2 y5 x1
35 35
5 4(a 2 1 2ah 1 h 2 ) 1 5a 1 5h 2 2 So, the slope, m, of the line x 2 35y 1 7 5 0 is 351 .
5 4a 2 1 8ah 1 4h 2 1 5a 1 5h 2 2 To be perpendicular, the slope at a must equal
Using the limit of the difference quotient, the slope the negative reciprocal of the slope of the line
of the tangent at x 5 a is x 2 35y 1 7 5 0. That is, the slope of a must equal
f(a 1 h) 2 f(a) 235. From part a., the slope of the tangent to the
m 5 lim parabola at x 5 a is 8a 1 5.
hS0 h
8a 1 5 5 235
5 lim c
4a 2 1 8ah 1 4h 2 1 5a 1 5h 2 2
hS0 h 8a 5 240
a 5 25
d
(4a 2 1 5a 2 2)
2 Therefore, at the point (25, 73) the tangent line is
h
perpendicular to the line x 2 35y 1 7 5 0.

1.3 Rates of Change, pp. 29–31 5 32(6) 2 24(5)
5 24(8 2 5)
1. v(t) 5 0 when t 5 0 or t 5 4. 5 72 km>h
s(9) 2 s(2) ii. from t 5 3 to t 5 3.1
2. a. 7
. Slope of the secant between the
s(3.1) 2 s(3)
points (2, s(2)) and (9, s(9)). 0.1
s(6 1 h) 2 s(6) 126.48 2 120
b. lim h
. Slope of the tangent at the 5
hS0 0.1
point (6, s(6)). 5 64.8 km>h
"4 1 h 2 2 iii. 3 # t # 3.01
3. lim h
. Slope of the tangent to the s(3.01) 2 s(3)
hS0
function with equation y 5 !x at the point (4, 2). 0.01
4. a. A and B 5 64.08 km>h
b. greater; the secant line through these two points b. Instantaneous velocity is approximately 64 km>h.
is steeper than the tangent line at B. c. At t 5 3
c. y s(t) 5 8t 2 1 16t
y = f(x)
B C v(t) 5 16t 1 16
A
v(3) 5 48 1 16
D E x
5 64 km>h
9. a. N(t) 5 20t 2 t 2
5. Speed is represented only by a number, not a N(3) 2 N(2)
direction. 1
51 2 36
6. Yes, velocity needs to be described by a number 5
and a direction. Only the speed of the school bus 1
5 15
was given, not the direction, so it is not correct to
15 terms are learned between t 5 2 and t 5 3.
use the word “velocity.”
20(2 1 h) 2 (2 1 h)2 2 36
7. s(t) 5 320 2 5t 2, 0 # t # 8 b. lim
hS0 h
a. Average velocity during the first second:
s(1) 2 s(0) 40 1 20h 2 4 2 4h 2 h2 2 36
5 5 m>s; 5 lim
1 hS0 h
third second: 16h 2 h2
5 lim
s(3) 2 s(2) 45 2 20 hS0 h
5 5 25 m>s; 5 lim (16 2 h)
1 1 hS0
eighth second: 5 16
s(8) 2 s(7) 320 2 245 At t 5 2, the student is learning at a rate of 16 terms>h.
5 5 75 m>s. 10. a. M in mg in 1 mL of blood t hours after the
1 1
b. Average velocity 3 # t # 8 injection.
1
s(8) 2 s(3) 320 2 45 275 M(t) 5 2 t2 1 t; 0 # t # 3
5 5 5 55 m>s 3
823 5 5 Calculate the instantaneous rate of change when t 5 2.
c. s(t) 5 320 2 5t 2 2 1 (2 1 h)2 1 (2 1 h) 2 (2 43 1 2)
320 2 5(2 1 h)2 2 (320 2 5(2)2 ) lim 3
v(t) 5 lim hS0 h
hS0 h 2 2 h 2 3 h 1 2 1 h 1 43 2 2
4 4 1 2
24h 1 h 2 5 lim 3 3
5 5 lim hS0 h
hS0 h 1
2 h 2 3h 1 2
5 220 5 lim 3
hS0 h
Velocity at t 5 2 is 20 m>s downward.
5 lim a2 2 hb
1 1
8. s(t) 5 8t(t 1 2), 0 # t # 5
a. i. from t 5 3 to t 5 4 hS0 3 3
s(4) 2 s(3) 1
Average velocity 52
1 3
Rate of change is 2 13 mg> h. 60
2
60 1 12k
b. Amount of medicine in 1 mL of blood is being 51k 51k
5 lim
dissipated throughout the system. kS0 k
212k
s 5 lim
Å5
11. t 5 kS0 k(5 1 k)
212
Calculate the instantaneous rate of change when 5 lim
kS0 (5 1 k)
s 5 125.
12
125 1 h 125 52
Ä 2Ä 5
5
lim
5 Temperature is decreasing at 125 °C> km.
hS0 h 13. h 5 25t 2 2 100t 1 100
125 1 h When h 5 0, 25t 2 2 100t 1 100 5 0
Ä 5
25
t 2 2 4t 1 4 5 0
5 lim
hS0 h (t 2 2)2 5 0
t52
125 1 h 125 1 h
Ä Ä
25 15 Calculate the instantaneous rate of change when t 5 2.
5 lim ≥ ¥
5 5
? 25(2 1 h)2 2 100(2 1 h) 1 100 2 0
hS0 h 125 1 h lim
Ä 5
15 hS0 h
100 1 100h 1 25h2 2 200 2 100h 1 100
125 1 h 5 lim
2 25 hS0 h
5 lim ≥ ¥
5
25h2
ha 1 5b
hS0 125 1 h 5 lim
Ä 5
hS0 h
5 lim 25h
hS0
125 1 h 2 125 50
5 lim ≥
5
¥ It hit the ground in 2 s at a speed of 0 m> s.
ha 1 5b
hS0 125 1 h 14. Sale of x balls per week:
Ä 5 P(x) 5 160x 2 x 2 dollars.
1 a. P(40) 5 160(40) 2 (40)2
5 lim
1 5b
hS0 125 1 h 5 4800
Ä
5a
5 Profit on the sale of 40 balls is $4800.
1 b. Calculate the instantaneous rate of change when
5
x 5 40.
1 5b
125
Ä 5
5a 160(40 1 h) 2 (40 1 h)2 2 4800
lim
1 hS0 h
5
5(5 1 5) 6400 1 160h 2 1600 2 80h 2 h2 2 4800
5 lim
1 hS0 h
5
50 80h 2 h2
5 lim
At s 5 125, rate of change of time with respect to hS0 h
height is 501 s>m. 5 lim (80 2 h)
60 hS0
12. T(h) 5 h 1 2 5 80
Calculate the instantaneous rate of change when Rate of change of profit is $80 per ball.
h 5 3. c.
60 60
2 (3 1 2)
(3 1 k) 1 2
lim
kS0 k
60
2 12
51k
5 lim
kS0 k Rate of change of profit is positive when the sales
level is less than 80.

15. a. f(x) 5 2x2 1 2x 1 3; (22, 25) For the year 2005, x 5 2005 2 1982 5 23. Hence,
f(x) 2 f(22) the rate at which the average annual salary is changing
lim in 2005 is
xS22 x12
2x 2 1 2x 1 3 1 5 P r(23) 5 64 2 17.8(23) 1 2.85(23)2 5
5 lim $1 162 250> years since 1982
xS22 x12
2
2 (x 2 2x 2 8) 17. s(t) 5 3t 2
5 lim a. The distance travelled from 0 s to 5 s is
xS22 x12
(x 2 4)(x 1 2) s(5) 5 3(5)2 5 75 m
5 2 lim b. s(10) 5 3(10)2 5 300 m
xS22 x12
The rate at which the avalanche is moving from 0 s
5 2 lim (x 2 4)
xS22 to 10 s is
56 Ds 300 2 0
x 5
b. f(x) 5 ,x52 Dt 10 2 0
x21 5 30 m> s
x
22 c. Calculate the instantaneous rate of change when
x21
lim t 5 10.
xS2 x22
x 2 2x 1 2 3(10 1 h)2 2 300
5 lim lim
xS2 (x 2 1)(x 2 2)
hS0 h
2 (x 2 2) 300 1 60h 1 3h2 2 300
5 lim 5 lim
xS2 (x 2 1)(x 2 2)
hS0 h
5 21 60h 1 3h2
5 lim
c. f(x) 5 !x 1 1, x 5 24 hS0 h
f(x) 2 f(24) 5 lim (60 1 3h)
hS0
5 lim
xS24 x 2 24 5 60
!x 1 1 2 5 !x 1 1 1 5 At 10 s the avalanche is moving at 60 m> s.
!x 1 1 1 5
5 lim ? d. Set s(t) 5 600:
xS24 x 2 24
x 2 24 3t 2 5 600
xS24 (x 2 24)( !x 1 1 1 5)
5 lim t 2 5 200
1 t 5 610 !2
5 Since t $ 0, t 5 10 !2 8 14 s.
10
16. S(x) 5 246 1 64x 2 8.9x 2 1 0.95x3
Calculate the instantaneous rate of change.
S(x 1 h) 2 S(x)
5 lim
hS0 h
246 1 64(x 1 h) 2 8.9(x 1 h)2 1 0.95(x 1 h)3 2 (246 2 64x 2 8.9x2 1 0.95x3 )
5 lim
hS0 h
246 2 246 1 64(x 1 h 2 x) 2 8.9(x 2 1 2xh 1 h 2 2 x 2 ) 1 0.95(x3 1 3x2h 1 3xh2 1 h3 2 x3 )
5 lim
hS0 h
64h 2 8.9(2xh 1 h 2 ) 1 0.95(3x 2h 1 3xh 2 1 h 3 )
5 lim
hS0 h
5 lim 364 2 8.9(2x 1 h) 1 0.95(3x 2 1 3xh 1 h 2 )4
hS0
5 64 2 8.9(2x 1 0) 1 0.95 33x 2 1 3x(0) 1 (0)24
5 64 2 17.8x 1 2.85x 2

5 80p 1 4p(0)
18. The coordinates of the point are aa, a b . The slope
1
5 80p
1 Therefore, the instantaneous rate of change of
of the tangent is 2 a 2. The equation of the tangent the surface area of a spherical balloon as it is
1 1 1 2 inflated when the radius reaches 10 cm is
is y 2 a 5 2 a 2 (x 2 a) or y 5 2 a 2 x 1 a. The
80p cm2> unit of time.
intercepts are a0, a b and (22a, 0). The tangent line b. The volume of a sphere is given by V(r) 5 43pr 3.
2
The question asks for the instantaneous rate of
and the axes form a right triangle with legs of length change of the volume when r 5 5.
and 2a. The area of the triangle is 2 a a b (2a) 5 2.
2 1 2 Note that the volume is deflating. So, find the rate
a of the change of the volume when r 5 5 and then
19. C(x) 5 F 1 V(x) make the answer negative to symbolize a deflating
C(x 1 h) 5 F 1 V(x 1 h) spherical balloon.
Rate of change of cost is V(5 1 h) 2 V(5)
lim
C(x 1 h) 2 C(x) hS0 h
lim 4
xSR h p(5 1 h)3 2 43 p(5)3
5 lim 3
V(x 1 h) 2 V(x) hS0 h
5 lim h,
xSh h Using the binomial formula to expand
which is independent of F (fixed costs). (5 1 h)3 (or one could simply expand using
20. A(r) 5 pr 2 algebra), the limit is
Rate of change of area is 4
p(h 3 1 15h 2 1 75h 1 125) 2 43 p(5)3
A(r 1 h) 2 A(r) 5 lim 3
lim hS0 h
hS0 h 4
ph 3
1 20ph 2
1 100ph 1 43 p(125)
p(r 1 h)2 2 pr 2 5 lim 3
5 lim hS0 h
hS0 h 2 43 p(125)
(r 1 h 2 r)(r 1 h 1 r) h
5 p lim
hS0 h 4
ph 3
1 20ph 2 1 100ph
5 2pr 5 lim 3
hS0 h
r 5 100 m
Rate is 200p m2> m. 5 lim a ph 1 20ph 1 100pb
4 2
hS0 3
21. Cube of dimensions x by x by x has volume
4
V 5 x 3. Surface area is 6x 2. 5 p(0)2 1 20p(0) 1 100p
1 3
Vr(x) 5 3x 2 5 surface area. 5 100p
2
22. a. The surface area of a sphere is given by Because the balloon is deflating, the instantaneous rate
of change of the volume of the spherical balloon when
the radius reaches 5 cm is 2100p cm3>unit of time.
A(r) 5 4pr 2.
change of the surface when r 5 10. This is
A(10 1 h) 2 A(10)
Mid-Chapter Review pp. 32–33
lim
hS0 h 1. a. Corresponding conjugate: !5 1 !2.
4p(10 1 h)2 2 4p(10)2 ( !5 2 !2)( !5 1 !2)
5 ( !25 1 !10 2 !10 2 !4)
5 lim
hS0 h
4p(100 1 20h 1 h 2 ) 2 4p(100) 5522
5 lim
hS0 h 53
400p 1 80ph 1 4ph 2 2 400p b. Corresponding conjugate: 3!5 2 2!2.
(3 !5 1 2 !2)(3 !5 2 2 !2)
5 lim
hS0 h
80ph 1 4ph 2
5 (9 !25 2 6!10 1 6 !10 2 4 !4)
5 lim
hS0 h 5 9(5) 2 4(2)
5 lim (80p 1 4ph) 5 45 2 8
hS0
5 37
c. Corresponding conjugate: 9 2 2 !5. 30 2 20 !3
5
(9 1 2 !5)(9 2 2!5) 24
5 (81 2 18!5 1 18!5 2 4!25) 10 !3 2 15
5
5 81 2 4(5) 2
5 81 2 20 3 !2 2 !3 1 5
2 !3 2 5 2 !3 1 5
f. ?
5 61
d. Corresponding conjugate: 3 !5 1 2 !10. 3 !2(2 !3 1 5)
(3!5 2 2!10)(3 !5 1 2 !10) 4 !9 1 10 !3 2 10 !3 2 25
5
5 (9!25 1 6 !50 2 6!50 2 4 !100) 3 !2(2 !3 1 5)
5 9(5) 2 4(10) 5
4(3) 2 25
3 !2(2 !3 1 5)
5 45 2 40
55 5
6 1 !2 !3
12 2 25
3 !2(2 !3 1 5)
!3 !3
2. a. ?
5
6!3 1 !6
213
3 !2(2!3 1 5)
!9
5
52
6!3 1 !6
13
5 !2 !2
!2
3 3. a. ?
2!3 1 4 !3
5
!4
!3 !3
b. ?
5 !2
5
2!9 1 4 !3
2
!9
5
5 !2
5
!3 !3
6 1 4!3
5
6 1 !2 !3
3 b. ?
!7 1 4
!9
5
!7 2 4 !7 1 4
c. ?
!3(6 1 !2)
5
5( !7 1 4)
!49 1 4 !7 2 4!7 2 16
5 3
!3(6 1 !2)
5
5( !7 1 4)
5
7 2 16 !7 2 4 !7 1 4
!7 1 4
?
5( !7 1 4)
c.
5
52
9 !49 1 4 !7 2 4 !7 2 16
5( !7 1 4)
5
2!3 !3 1 2
!3 2 2 !3 1 2
d. ?
7 2 16
2 !9 1 4 !3 5( !7 1 4)
5
!9 1 2 !3 2 2 !3 2 4
5
9
5( !7 1 4)
6 1 4!3 52
5
324 2 !3 2 5 2 !3 1 5
3 !2 2 !3 1 5
6 1 4!3 d. ?
5
4 !9 1 10 !3 2 10 !3 2 25
21
3 !2(2!3 1 5)
5 22(3 1 2!3) 5
5!3 2 !3 2 4
4(3) 2 25
2 !3 1 4 2 !3 2 4
e. ?
3 !2(2!3 1 5)
5
10 !9 2 20 !3
12 2 25
4!9 2 8 !3 1 8!3 2 16
5 13
3 !2(2!3 1 5)
5 52
30 2 20 !3
3!2(2!3 1 5)
5
12 2 16

!3 2 !7 !3 1 !7 1 9
2 x1y1 50
!3 1 !7
e. ?
4 5 5
!9 1 !21 2 !21 2 !49 1
x2y2 50
9
4( !3 1 !7)
5 5 5
x 2 5y 2 9 5 0
327
4( !3 1 !7)
5 5. The slope of PQ is
f(1 1 h) 2 (21)
4 m 5 lim
(1 1 h) 2 1
4( !3 1 !7)
52 hS0
1 2 (1 1 h)2 1 1
5 lim
( !3 1 !7)
52 hS0 h
2!3 1 !7 2 !3 2 !7 5 lim
2 (1 1 2h 1 h 2 ) 1 1
2 !3 2 !7
f. ? hS0 h
5
4 !9 2 2 !21 1 2 !21 2 !49 5 lim
21 2 2h 2 h 2 1 1
5(2!3 2 !7)
5 hS0 h
4(3) 2 7 22h 2 h 2
5 lim
5(2!3 2 !7)
5 hS0 h
12 2 7 5 lim (22 2 h)
5(2!3 2 !7)
hS0
5
5 22 2 (0)
1 5 22
(2!3 2 !7)
5
So, the slope of PQ with f(x) 5 2x 2 is 22.
2 6. a. Unlisted y-coordinates for Q are found by
4. a. m52 ; substituting the x-coordinates into the given function.
3
2 The slope of the line PQ with the given points is
y 2 6 5 2 (x 2 0) given by the following: Let P 5 (x1, y1 ) and
3
y 2y
2 Q 5 (y1, y2 ). Then, the slope 5 m 5 2 1
.
y2652 x x2 2 x1
3
P Q Slope of Line PQ
2
x1y2650 (21, 1) (22, 6) 25
3
11 2 7 4 (21, 1) (21.5, 3.25) 2 4.5
b. m5 5 51
622 4 (21, 1) (21.1, 1.41) 2 4.1
y 2 7 5 1(x 2 2) (21, 1) (21.01, 1.040 1) 2 4.01
y275x22 (21, 1) (21.001, 1.004 001) 2 4.001
2x 1 y 2 5 5 0
x2y1550 P Q Slope of Line PQ
c. m54 (21, 1) (0, 22) 23
y 2 6 5 4(x 2 2) (21, 1) (20.5, 20.75) 2 3.5
y 2 6 5 4x 2 8
(21, 1) (20.9, 0.61) 2 3.9
24x 1 y 1 2 5 0
(21, 1) (20.99, 0.9601) 2 3.99
4x 2 y 2 2 5 0
1 (21, 1) (20.999, 0.996 001) 2 3.999
d. m5
5
1 b. The slope from the right and from the left appear
y 2 (22) 5 (x 2 (21)) to approach 24. The slope of the tangent to the
5
1 1 graph of f(x) at point P is about 24.
y125 x1
5 5 c. With the points P 5 (21, 1) and
1 10 1 Q 5 (21 1 h, f(21 1 h)), the slope, m, of PQ is
2 x1y1 2 50
5 5 5 the following:

y2 2 y1 4
m5 c. y 5 f(x) 5
x2 2 x1 x22
3(21 1 h)2 2 2(21 1 h) 2 24 2 (1) f(6 1 h) 2 f(6)
5 m 5 lim
(21 1 h) 2 (21) hS0 h
1 2 2h 1 h 2 1 2 2 2h 2 2 2 1 4 4
5 2
21 1 h 1 1 61h22 622
5 lim
h 2 2 4h hS0 h
5 4 4
h 24
h14
5h24 5 lim
hS0 h
d. The slope of the tangent is lim f(x). 4
hS0 21
In this case, as h goes to zero, h 2 4 goes to h14
5 lim
h 2 4 5 0 2 4 5 24. The slope of the tangent to hS0 h
5 lim a b
4 2 (h 1 4) 1
the graph of f(x) at the point P is 24.
e. The answers are equal. hS0 h14 h
f(23 1 h) 2 f(23)
7. a. m 5 lim
hS0 h
3(23 1 h)2 1 3(23 1 h) 2 54 2 3(23)2 1 3(23) 2 54
5 lim
hS0 h
9 2 6h 1 h 2 2 9 1 3h 2 5 2 (9 2 9 2 5)
5 lim
hS0 h
h 2 2 3h 2 5 2 (25)
5 lim
hS0 h
5 lim a b
2h 1
2
h 2 3h hS0 h 1 4 h
5 lim
hS0 h 21
5 lim (h 2 3) 5 lim
hS0 hS0 h 1 4
5023 21
5
5 23 014
1 1
b. y 5 f(x) 5 52
x 4
f( 13 1 h) 2 f( 13 ) f(5 1 h) 2 f(5)
m 5 lim d. m 5 lim
hS0 h hS0 h
1 1 !5 1 h 1 4 2 !5 1 4
1 2 1 5 lim
3 1 h hS0 h
!9 !9
3
5 lim 1 h 2
hS0 h 5 lim
1 1
( 3 ) 2 ( 3 1 h) hS0 h
1 1
( 1 h) !9 1 h23
5 lim 3 3 5 lim
h hS0 h
!9 1 h 2 3 !9 1 h 1 3
hS0
5 lim a 1 1 b
2h 1
!9 1 h 1 3
5 lim ?
hS0 9 1 3 h h hS0 h
21 9 1 h 1 3 !9 1 h 2 3 !9 1 h 2 9
h( !9 1 h 1 3)
5 lim 1 1 5 lim
hS0 9 1 3 h hS0
21 h
!9
51 1 5 lim
9 1 3 (0)
hS0 h( 1 h 1 3)
5 29 1
hS0 !9 1 h 1 3
5 lim

1 6h 2 1 30h
!9 1 0 1 3
5 5
h
1 5 (6h 1 30) km> h
5
6 d. When t 5 2, the velocity is the limit as h
8. s(t) 5 6t(t 1 1) 5 6t 2 1 6t approaches 0.
s(3) 2 s(2) velocity 5 lim (6h 1 30)
a. i. average velocity 5 hS0
322 5 6(0) 1 30
5 36(3)2 1 6(3)42 36(2)2 1 6(2)4 5 30
5 6(9) 1 18 2 (24 1 12) Therefore, when t 5 2 the velocity is 30 km> h.
5 54 1 18 2 36 9. a. The instantaneous rate of change of f(x) with
5 36 km> h respect to x at x 5 2 is given by
s(2.1) 2 s(2) f(2 1 h) 2 f(2)
ii. average velocity 5 lim
2.1 2 2
36(2.1)2 1 6(2.1)4 2 36(2)2 1 6(2)4
hS0 h
5 35 2 (2 1 h)24 2 35 2 (2)24
0.1 5 lim
326.46 1 12.64 2 324 1 124
hS0 h
5 5 2 (4 1 4h 1 h 2 ) 2 1
0.1 5 lim
39.06 2 36 hS0 h
5 5 2 4 2 4h 2 h 2 2 1
0.1 5 lim
3.06 hS0 h
5 2
2h 2 4h
0.1 5 lim
5 30.6 km> h hS0 h
s(2.01) 2 s(2) 5 lim (2h 2 4)
iii. average velocity 5 hS0
2.01 2 2 5 2 (0) 2 4
36(2.01)2 1 6(2.01)4 2 36(2)2 1 6(2)4 5 24
5 b. The instantaneous rate of change of f(x) with
0.01
324.2406 1 12.064 2 36(2)2 1 6(2)4 respect to x at x 5 12 is given by
5
0.01 f( 1 1 h) 2 f( 12 )
36.3006 2 324 1 124 lim 2
5 hS0 h
0.01 3 3
36.3006 2 36 1 2 1
5 1h
0.01 5 lim 2 2
0.3006 hS0 h
5 3
0.01 26
5 30.06 km> h
1
2 1 h
5 lim
hS0 h
b. At the time t 5 2, the velocity of the car appears
3 2 6( 12 1 h) 1
to approach 30 km> h. 5 lim 1 ?
hS0 2 1 h h
f(2 1 h) 2 f(2)
c. average velocity 5 3 2 3 2 6h 1
(2 1 h) 2 (2) 5 lim 1 ?
2 1 h
36(2 1 h) 1 6(2 1 h)4 2 36(2)2 1 6(2)4
2
hS0 h
5 26h 1
h 5 lim 1 ?
36(4 1 4h 1 h 2 ) 1 12 1 6h4 2 324 1 124
hS0 2 1 h h
5 26
h 5 lim 1
324 1 24h 1 6h 2 1 12 1 6h4 2 36 hS0 2 1 h
5 26
h 51
6h 2 1 30h 1 36 2 36 2 1 0
5 5 212
h

10. a. The average rate of change of V(t) with So an equation of the tangent at x 5 4 is given by
respect to t during the first 20 minutes is given by y 2 17 5 9(x 2 4)
f(20) 2 f(0) y 2 17 5 9x 2 36
20 2 0 29x 1 y 2 17 1 36 5 0
350(30 2 20)24 2 350(30 2 0)24 29x 1 y 1 19 5 0
5 b. Let y 5 f(x).
20
5000 2 45 000 f(22) 5 2(22)2 2 7 5 2(4) 2 7 5 1
5 f(22 1 h) 5 2(22 1 h)2 2 7
20
40 000 5 2(4 2 4h 1 h 2 ) 2 7
52 5 8 2 8h 1 2h 2 2 7
20
5 22000 L> min
5 2h 2 2 8h 1 1
b. The rate of change of V(t) with respect to t at the Using the limit of the difference quotient, the slope
time t 5 20 is given by
f(20 1 h) 2 f(20) f(22 1 h) 2 f(22)
lim m 5 lim
hS0 h hS0 h
350(30 2 (20 1 h))24 2 350(30 2 20)24 5 lim
2h 2 2 8h 1 1 2 (1)
5 lim hS0 h
hS0 h
350(10 2 h) 4 2 350(10)24
2
5 lim
2h 2 2 8h
5 lim hS0 h
hS0 h
350(100 2 20h 1 h 2 )4 2 350(100)4 5 lim (2h 2 8)
hS0
5 lim
hS0 h 5 2(0) 2 8
5000 2 1000h 1 50h 2 2 5000 5 28
5 lim Therefore, the slope of the tangent to
hS0 h
50h 2 2 1000h y 5 f(x) 5 2x 2 2 7 at x 5 22 is 28.
5 lim So an equation of the tangent at x 5 22
hS0 h
is given by
5 lim 50h 2 1000
hS0 y 2 1 5 28(x 2 (22))
5 50(0) 2 1000 y 2 1 5 28x 2 16
5 21000 L> min 8x 1 y 2 1 1 16 5 0
11. a. Let y 5 f(x). 8x 1 y 1 15 5 0
f(4) 5 (4)2 1 (4) 2 3 5 16 1 1 5 17 c. f(21) 5 3(21)2 1 2(21) 2 5 5 3 2 2 2 5
f(4 1 h) 5 (4 1 h)2 1 (4 1 h) 2 3 5 24
f(21 1 h) 5 3(21 1 h)2 1 2(21 1 h) 2 5
5 16 1 8h 1 h 2 1 h 1 1
5 h 2 1 9h 1 17 5 3(1 2 2h 1 h 2 ) 2 2 1 2h 2 5
Using the limit of the difference quotient, the slope 5 3 2 6h 1 3h 2 2 7 1 2h
of the tangent at x 5 4 is 5 3h 2 2 4h 2 4
f(4 1 h) 2 f(4) Using the limit of the difference quotient, the slope
m 5 lim of the tangent at x 5 4 is
hS0 h
2
h 1 9h 1 17 2 (17) f(21 1 h) 2 f(21)
5 lim m 5 lim
hS0 h hS0 h
2
2
h 1 9h 3h 2 4h 2 4 2 (24)
5 lim 5 lim
hS0 h hS0 h
5 lim (h 1 9) 3h 2 2 4h
hS0
5 lim
hS0 h
5019 5 lim (3h 2 4)
59 hS0
Therefore, the slope of the tangent to 5 3(0) 2 4

y 5 f(x) 5 x 2 1 x 2 3 at x 5 4 is 9. 5 24

Therefore, the slope of the tangent to Therefore, the slope of the tangent to
y 5 f(x) 5 3x 2 1 2x 2 5 at x 5 21 is 24. x
f(x) 5 x 1 3 at x 5 25 is 43.
So an equation of the tangent at x 5 24 is given by So an equation of the tangent at x 5 34 is given by
y 2 (24) 5 24(x 2 (21)) 5 3
y 1 4 5 24(x 1 1) y 2 5 (x 2 (25))
2 4
y 1 4 5 24x 2 4
5 3 15
4x 1 y 1 4 1 4 5 0 y2 5 x1
2 4 4
4x 1 y 1 8 5 0 3 10 15
d. f(1) 5 5(1)2 2 8(1) 1 3 5 5 2 8 1 3 5 0 2 x1y2 2 50
4 4 4
f(1 1 h) 5 5(1 1 h)2 2 8(1 1 h) 1 3 3 25
2 x1y2 50
5 5(1 1 2h 1 h 2 ) 2 8 2 8h 1 3 4 4
5 5 1 10h 1 5h 2 2 5 2 8h 23x 1 4y 2 25 5 0
5 5h 2 1 2h b. Using the limit of the difference quotient, the
Using the limit of the difference quotient, the slope slope of the tangent at x 5 21 is
of the tangent at x 5 1 is f(21 1 h) 2 f(21)
m 5 lim
f(1 1 h) 2 f(1) hS0 h
m 5 lim
5 lim a b?
hS0 h 2(21 1 h) 1 5 2(21) 1 5 1
2
hS0 5(21 1 h) 2 1 5(21) 2 1
2
5h 1 2h 2 (0) h
5 lim
5 lim a b?
hS0 h 22 1 2h 1 5 22 1 5 1
2
5 lim (5h 1 2) hS0 25 1 5h 2 1 25 2 1 h
hS0
5 lim a b?
5 5(0) 1 2 2h 1 3 3 1
2
52 hS0 5h 2 6 26 h
5 lim a 1 b?
Therefore, the slope of the tangent to 2h 1 3 1 1
y 5 f(x) 5 5x 2 2 8x 1 3 at x 5 1 is 2. hS0 5h 2 6 2 h
So an equation of the tangent at x 5 1 is given by
5 lim a b?
4h 1 6 1 5h 2 6 1
y 2 0 5 2(x 2 1)
hS0 10h 2 12 h
y 5 2x 2 2
5 lim a b?
22x 1 y 1 2 5 0 9h 1
hS0 10h 2 12 h
12. a. Using the limit of the difference quotient, the
5 lim a b
slope of the tangent at x 5 25 is 9
f(25 1 h) 2 f(25) hS0 10h 2 12
m 5 lim 9
hS0 h 5
10(0) 2 12
5 lim a b?
25 1 h 25 1
2 9
hS0 25 1 h 1 3 25 1 3 h 52
12
5 lim a 2 b?
25 1 h 5 1
3
hS0 22 1 h 2 h 52
4
5 lim a b?
210 1 2h 2 (210 1 5h) 1
Therefore, the slope of the tangent to
hS0 24 1 2h h 2x 1 5
f(x) 5 5x 2 1 at x 5 21 is 2 34.
5 lim a b?
210 1 2h 1 10 2 5h 1
hS0 24 1 2h h So an equation of the tangent at x 5 2 34 is given by
5 lim a b? y 2 a2 b 5 2 (x 2 (21))
23h 1 1 3
hS0 24 1 2h h 2 4
1 3 3
5 lim a b
23 y1 52 x2
hS0 24 1 2h 2 4 4
23 4y 1 2 5 23x 2 3
5 3x 1 4y 1 2 1 3 5 0
24 1 2(0)
3 3x 1 4y 1 5 5 0
5
4
1.4 The Limit of a Function, 9. 22 1 1 5 5
y
pp. 37–39 6
27
1. a.
99 4
b. p
2. One way to find a limit is to evaluate the function 2
for values of the independent variable that get
x
progressively closer to the given value of the
–4 –2 0 2 4
independent variable.
3. a. A right-sided limit is the value that a 10. a. Since 0 is not a value for which the function is
function gets close to as the values of the undefined, one may substitute 0 in for x to find that
independent variable decrease and get close lim1 x 4 5 lim x 4
to a given value. xS0 xS0
b. A left-sided limit is the value that a function 5 (0)4

gets close to as the values of the independent 50
variable increase and get close to a given b. Since 2 is not a value for which the function is
value. undefined, one may substitute 2 in for x to find that
c. A (two-sided) limit is the value that a function lim2 (x 2 2 4) 5 lim (x 2 2 4)
xS2 xS2
gets close to as the values of the independent 5 (2)2 2 4
variable get close to a given value, regardless 5424
of whether the values increase or decrease 50
toward the given value. c. Since 3 is not a value for which the function is
4. a. 25 undefined, one may substitute 3 in for x to find that
b. 3 1 7 5 10 lim2 (x 2 2 4) 5 lim (x 2 2 4)
xS3 xS3
c. 102 5 100
5 (3)2 2 4
d. 4 2 3(22)2 5 28
5924
e. 4 55
f. 23 5 8 d. Since 1 is not a value for which the function is
5. Even though f(4) 5 21, the limit is 1, since that undefined, one may substitute 1 in for x to find that
is the value that the function approaches from the 1 1
left and the right of x 5 4. lim 5 lim
xS1 1 x 2 3 xS1 x 2 3
6. a. 0 1
b. 2 5
123
c. 21 1
d. 2 52
2
7. a. 2
e. Since 3 is not a value for which the function is
b. 1
undefined, one may substitute 3 in for x to find that
c. does not exist
1 1
8. a. 9 2 (21)2 5 8 lim1 5 lim
xS3 x 1 2 xS3 x 1 2
5 "4
0 1 20 1
Å015
b. 5
312
52
1
c. "5 2 1 5 "4 5
5
52
f. If 3 is substituted in the function for x, then the
function is undefined because of division by zero.
There does not exist a way to divide out the x 2 3 in

1
the denominator. Also, lim1 x 2 3 approaches infinity,
d. y
xS3 8
1
while lim2 x 2 3 approaches negative infinity. 6
xS3 4
1 1 1
Therefore, since lim1 x 2 3 2 lim2 x 2 3, lim x 2 3 2
xS3 xS3 xS3 x
does not exist.
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
–2
11. a. y
8 –4
6 –6
4 –8
2
x lim f(x) 2 lim 2 f(x). Therefore, lim f(x)
xS20.5 1
–8 –6 –4 –2 0
xS20.5 xS20.5
2 4 6 8
–2 does not exist.
–4 12. Answers may vary. For example:
–6 a. y
6
–8 4
2
lim f(x) 2 lim 2 f(x). Therefore, lim f(x) does x
–8 –6 –4 –2 0
xS21 1 xS21 xS21
2 4 6 8
not exist. –2
b. y –4
8
6 y
b.
6
4 4
2 2
x x
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
–2 –2
–4 –4
–6
6 y
c.
–8
4
2
lim f(x) 5 lim2 f(x). Therefore, lim f(x) exists and x
xS2 1 xS2 xS2
is equal to 2. –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
–2
c. y –4
8
6 y
d.
6
4 4
2 2
x x
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
–2 –2
–4 –4
–6 13. f(x) 5 mx 1 b
–8 lim f(x) 5 22 m 1 b 5 22
xS1
lim f(x) 5 lim12 f(x). Therefore, lim1 f(x) exists and lim f(x) 5 4 2m 1 b 5 4
xS 12 1 xS 2 xS 2 xS21
is equal to 2. 2b 5 2
b 5 1, m 5 23

14. f(x) 5 ax 2 1 bx 1 c, a 2 0 1.5 Properties of Limits, pp. 45–47
f(0) 5 0 c50
lim f(x) 5 5 a1b55 1. lim (3 1 x) and lim (x 1 3) have the same value,
xS1 xS2 xS2
but lim 3 1 x does not. Since there are no brackets
lim f(x) 5 8 4a 2 2b 5 8 xS2
xS22
around the expression, the limit only applies to 3,
6a 5 18 and there is no value for the last term, x.
a 5 3, b52 2. Factor the numerator and denominator. Cancel
Therefore, the values are a 5 3, b 5 2, and c 5 0. any common factors. Substitute the given value of x.
15. a. y 3. If the two one-sided limits have the same value,
10 then the value of the limit is equal to the value of
8 the one-sided limits. If the one-sided limits do not
6 have the same value, then the limit does not exist.
4 3(2)
4. a. 2 51
2 2 12
x
0 b. (21)4 1 (21)3 1 (21)2 5 1
–4 –2 2 4 6 8 10 12
–2
c. c "9 1 d 5 a3 1 b
1 2 1 2
1 "9 3
b. lim2 p(t) 5 3 1 (6)2 100
tS6 12 5
36 9
531 d. (2p)3 1 p2 (2p) 2 5p3 5 8p3 1 2p3 2 5p3
12
5313 5 5p3
56 e. "3 1 "1 1 0 5 "3 1 1
1 52
lim1 p(t) 5 2 1 (6)2
tS6 18 23 2 3 26
Å 2(23) 1 4 Å 22
36 f. 5
521
18 5 "3
5212 (22)3
54 5. a. 5 22
22 2 2
c. Since p(t) is measured in thousands, right before
2 2
!1 1 1 !2
the chemical spill there were 6000 fish in the lake. b. 5
Right after the chemical spill there were 4000 fish
in the lake. So, 6000 2 4000 5 2000 fish were 5 "2
killed by the spill. 6. Since substituting t 5 1 does not make the
d. The question asks for the time, t, after the chemical denominator 0, direct substitution works.
spill when there are once again 6000 fish in the lake. 12125 25
5
Use the second equation to set up an equation that is 621 5
modelled by 5 21
1 4 2 x2 (2 2 x)(2 1 x)
6 5 2 1 t2 7. a. lim 5 lim
18 xS2 2 2 x xS2 (2 2 x)
1 2 5 lim (2 1 x)
45 t xS2
18 54
72 5 t 2 2x 2 1 5x 1 3 (x 1 1)(2x 1 3)
!75 5 t b. lim
xS21 x11
5 lim
xS21 x11
(The question asks for time so the negative answer 55
is disregarded.) x 3 2 27 (x 2 3)(x 2 1 3x 1 9)
So, at time t 5 !72 8 8.49 years the population c. lim
xS3 x 2 3
5 lim
xS3 x23
has recovered to the level before the spill. 591919
5 27
u21
2 2 "4 1 x 2 1 "4 1 x 5 lim
d. lim £ 3 § xS1 (u 2 1)(u 1 1)
xS0 x 2 1 "4 1 x 1
5
21 2
"x 2 2
5 lim
2 1 "4 1 x
xS0 1
e. lim Let x 2 5 u
1 xS4"x 2 8 3 3
x 2 5 u3
52 u22
4 5 lim 3 x S 4, u S 2
"x 2 2 "x 2 2
xS2 u 2 8
e. lim 5 lim u22
xS4 x 2 4 xS4 ("x 2 2)("x 1 2) 5 lim
xS2 (u 2 2)(u 2 1 2u 1 4)
1 1
5 5
4 12
"7 2 x 2 "7 1 x "7 2 x 1 "7 1 x
1
(x 1 8)3 2 2
f. lim £ §
1
f. lim Let (x 1 8)3 5 u

3
"7 2 x 1 "7 1 x
xS0 x xS0 x x 1 8 5 u3
u22 x 5 u3 2 8
72x272x lim 3
5 lim xS2 u 2 8 x S 0, u S 2
xS0 x("7 2 x 1 "7 1 x) 1
5
1 12
52
"7 9. a.
16 2 16
50
" 64 1 64
3
x22
8. a. lim 16 2 16
xS8 x 2 8 b. 50
Let u 5 " 3 16 2 20 1 6
x. Therefore, u 3 5 x as x S 8, u S 2.
x2 1 x x(x 1 1)
u22 1 c. lim 5 lim
Here, lim 3 5 lim 2 xS21 x 1 1 xS21 x 1 1
xS2 u 2 8 xS2 u 1 2u 1 4
5 21
"x 1 1 2 1 "x 1 1 2 1
1
5
12 d. lim 5 lim
xS0 x xS0 x 1 1 2 1
"x 1 1 2 1
27 2 x 1
Let x 3 5 u
b. lim 13
xS27 x 2 3 x 5 u3 5 lim
xS0 ("x 1 1 2 1)("x
3
u 2 27 1 1 1 1)
x S 27, u S 3.
5 lim 1
xS3 u 2 3 5
(u 2 3)(u 2 1 3u 1 9) 2
5 2lim (x 1 h)2 2 x 2 2xh 1 h 2
xS3 u23 e. lim 5 lim
5 2 (9 1 9 1 9) hS0 h hS0 h
5 227 5 2x
f. lim a ba b
1 1 1 1 2
x6 2 1 x 6 5 u, x 5 u 6 2
c. lim xS1 x 2 1 x13 3x 1 5
xS1 x 2 1 x S 1, u S 1
5 lim a ba b
1 3x 1 5 2 2x 2 6
u21
5 lim 6 xS1 x 2 1 (x 1 3)(3x 1 5)
xS1 u 2 1
1
(u 2 1) 5 lim
5 lim 5 4 3 2 xS1 (x 1 3)(3x 1 5)
xS1 (u 2 1)(u 1 u 1 u 1 u 1 u 1 1)
1
1 5
5 4(8)
6
1 1
x6 2 1
1
Let x 6 5 u 5
d. lim 13 32
xS1 x 2 1 u6 5 x
u21 1
x 3 5 u2
5 lim 2
xS1 u 2 1 As x S 1, u S 1

0x 2 50 (x 2 2)(x 1 1) (x 2 2)(x 1 1)
0x 2 20
10. a. lim does not exist. lim2 5 lim2 2
xS5 x 2 5 xS2 xS2 (x 2 2)
0x 2 50 x25 5 lim2 2 (x 1 1)
lim1 5 lim1 xS2
xS5 x 2 5 xS5 x 2 5
5 23
51
0x 2 50
y
5 lim2 2 a b
x25
lim2 4
xS5 x 2 5 xS5 x25
5 21
2
y
2 x
–4 –2 0 2 4
1
–2
x
–8 –4 0 4 8 –4
–1
d. 0 x 1 2 0 5 x 1 2 if x . 22
5 2 (x 1 2) if x , 22
–2
(x 1 2)(x 1 2)2
lim 5 lim 1 (x 1 2)2 5 0
0 2x 2 5 0 (x 1 1)
xS22 1 x12 xS22
b. lim5 does not exist. (x 1 2)(x 1 2)2

xS 2 2x 2 5 lim 50
xS222 2 (x 1 2)
0 2x 2 5 0 5 2x 2 5, x $
5
y
2 4
(2x 2 5)(x 1 1)
lim 5x11
xS 52
1
2x 2 5 2
0 2x 2 5 0 5 2 (2x 2 5), x ,
5
x
2
–4 –2 0 2 4
2 (2x 2 5)(x 1 1)
lim2 5 2 (x 1 1)
xS 52 2x 2 5 –2
y
4 –4
2 11. a.
DT T V DV
x
240 19.1482
–4 –2 0 2 4 20 1.6426
220 20.7908
20 1.6426
–2 20
0 22.4334
1.6426
20 24.0760
20 1.6426
40 25.7186
–4 20 1.6426
60 27.3612
20 1.6426
2
80 29.0038
x 2x22 (x 2 2)(x 1 1)
0x 2 20 0x 2 20
c. lim 5 lim DV is constant, therefore T and V form a linear
xS2 xS2
(x 2 2)(x 1 1) (x 2 2)(x 1 1) relationship.
0x 2 20
lim 5 lim1 DV
xS2 1 xS2 x22 b. V 5 ?T1K
5 lim1 x 1 1 DT
xS2 DV 1.6426
53 5 5 0.082 13
DT 20

V 5 0.082 13T 1 K f(x) g(x)
15. lim 5 1 and lim 52
T50 V 5 22.4334 xS0 x xS0 x
Therefore, k 5 22.4334 and
b5032
g(x)
V 5 0.082 13T 1 22.4334. a. lim g(x) 5 lim xa
xS0 xS0 x
V 2 22.4334 50
c. T 5 f (x)
0.082 13 f(x) x 1
d. lim T 5 2273.145 b. lim 5 lim g (x) 5
vS0 xS0 g(x) xS0 x 2
e. V !x 1 1 2 !2x 1 1
12
xS0 !3x 1 4 2 !2x 1 4
16. lim
10 !x 1 1 2 !2x 1 1
5 lim c
8 xS0 !x 1 1 1 !2x 1 1
6
!x 1 1 1 !2x 1 1
!3x 1 4 2 !2x 1 4
3
!3x 1 4 1 !2x 1 4
4
d
!3x 1 4 1 !2x 1 4
3
2
!3x 1 4 1 !2x 1 4
T
5 lim c d
0 (x 1 1 2 2x 2 1)
!x 1 1 1 !2x 1 1
3
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 xS0 (3x 1 4 2 2x 2 4)
x2 2 4 212
12. lim 52
xS5 f(x)
111
5 22
x 2 1 0 x 2 1 021
lim (x2 2 4)
xS5
5
0x 2 10
lim f(x) 17. lim
xS1
x S 11 0 x 2 1 0 5 x 2 1
xS5
21
5 x2 1 x 2 2 (x 1 2)(x 2 1)
3 5
57 x21 x21
13. lim f(x) 5 3 x 2 1 0 x 2 1 021
0x 2 10
xS4 lim 53
a. lim 3 f(x)4 3 5 33 5 27
xS1 1
xS4 x S 12 0 x 2 1 0 5 2x 1 1
b. x2 2 x x(x 2 1)
5 lim2
3 f(x)4 2 2 x 2
lim2
( f(x) 2 x)( f(x) 1 x) xS1 2x 1 1 xS1 2x 1 1
lim 5 lim 5 21
xS4 f(x) 1 x xS4 f(x) 1 x
5 lim ( f(x) 2 x) Therefore, this limit does not exist.
xS4 y
5324 4
5 21
c. lim "3f(x) 2 2x 5 "3 3 3 2 2 3 4 2
xS4
51 x
f(x) 0
14. lim 51 –4 –2 2 4
xS0 x
–2
a. lim f(x) 5 lim c 3 xd 5 0
f(x)
xS0 xS0 x
–4
5 lim c d 50
f(x) x f(x)
b. lim
xS0 g(x) xS0 g(x) x

1.6 Continuity, pp. 51–53 5. a. The function is a polynomial, so the function
is continuous for all real numbers.
1. Anywhere that you can see breaks or jumps is a b. The function is a polynomial, so the function is
place where the function is not continuous. continuous for all real numbers.
2. It means that on that domain, you can trace the c. x 2 2 5x 5 x(x 2 5)
graph of the function without lifting your pencil. The is continuous for all real numbers except
3. point discontinuity 0 and 5.
y d. The is continuous for all real numbers greater
10 than or equal to 22.
8 e. The is continuous for all real numbers.
6 f. The is continuous for all real numbers.
4 6. g(x) is a linear function (a polynomial),
2 hole and so is continuous everywhere,
x including x 5 2.
–2 0 2 4 6 7. y
–2
8
jump discontinuity
y 4
10 x
8 0
–8 –4 4 8
6
4 –4
2
x –8
–2 0 2 4 6
–2
The function is continuous everywhere.
infinite discontinuity 8. y
4
y
10
8 2
6 x
4 0
–4 –2 2 4
2
x –2
–1 0 1 2 3 4
–2
vertical –4
–4 asymptote
4. a. x 5 3 makes the denominator 0. The function is discontinuous at x 5 0.

b. x 5 0 makes the denominator 0. 9. y
4
c. x 5 0 makes the denominator 0.
d. x 5 3 and x 5 23 make the denominator 0.
e. x 2 1 x 2 6 5 (x 1 3)(x 2 2) 2
x 5 23 and x 5 2 make the denominator 0. x
f. The function has different one-sided limits at x 5 3. 0 200 400 600

x2 2 x 2 6 Thus, lim f(x) 5 4. But, f(3) 5 2. Hence f is not
10. lim f(x) 5 lim xS3
xS3 xS3 x23 continuous at x 5 2 (and also not continuous over
(x 2 3)(x 1 2) 23 , x , 8).
5 lim
xS3 x23 15. The function is to be continuous at x 5 1 and
55 discontinuous at x 5 2.
Function is discontinuous at x 5 3. Ax 2 B
11. Discontinuous at x 5 2 , if x # 1
x22
y f(x) 5 μ 3x, if 1 , x , 2
4 2
Bx 2 A, if x $ 2
2 For f(x) to be continuous at x 5 1:

A(1) 2 B
x 5 3(1)
122
–4 –2 0 2 4 A(1) 2 B 5 23
A5B23
–2
For f(x) to be discontinuous at x 5 2:
B(2)2 2 A 2 3(2)
–4 4B 2 A 2 6
If 4B 2 A . 6, then if 4B 2 A , 6, then
12. g(x) 5 e
x 1 3, if x 2 3 4B 2 (B 2 3) . 6 4B 2 B 1 3 , 6
2 1 !k, if x 5 3 3B 1 3 . 6 3B 1 3 , 6
g(x) is continuous. 3B . 3 3B , 3
2 1 "k 5 6 B . 1 and B , 1 and
"k 5 4, k 5 16 A . 22 A , 22
13. This shows that A and B can be any set of real
21, if x , 0 numbers such that
f(x) 5 • 0, if x 5 0 (1) A 5 B 2 3
1, if x . 0 (2) 4B 2 A 2 6 (if B . 1, then A . 22 if B , 1,
then A , 22)
a. y
4 A 5 1 and B 5 22 is not a solution because then
the graph would be continuous at x 5 2.
2 2x, if 23 # x # 22
16. f(x) 5 • ax 1 b, if 22 , x , 0
2
x 6, if x 5 0
–4 –2 0 2 4 at x 5 22, 4a 1 b 5 2
–2
at x 5 0, b 5 6.
a 5 21
2x, if 23 # x # 22
f(x) 5 • 2x2 1 b, if 22 , x , 0
–4
6, if x 5 0
b. i. From the graph, lim2 f(x) 5 21.
xS0 if a 5 21, b 5 6. f(x) is continuous.
ii. From the graph, lim1 f(x) 5 1.
xS0 x0 x 2 1 0
g(x) 5 • x 2 1
iii. Since the one-sided limits differ, lim f(x) does , if x 2 1
xS0 17.
not exist. 0, if x 5 1
c. f is not continuous since lim f(x) does not exist.
xS0
¶ lim g(x)
14. a. From the graph, f(3) 5 2. lim g(x) 5 21
a. xS12
b. From the graph, lim2 f(x) 5 4. lim1 g(x) 5 1 xS1
xS3 xS1
c. lim2 f(x) 5 4 5 lim2 f(x)
xS3 xS3 lim g(x) does not exist.
xS1

b. y
, Pa4, b
2 2
!x 1 5
4 c. h(x) 5
3
2 2
23
2 !4 1 h 1 5
m 5 lim
x hS0 h
3 2 !9 1 h 3 1 !9 1 h
–4 –2 0 2 4 5 2 lim c d
3 1 !9 1 h
3
hS0 3h!9 1 h
–2
5 2 lim c 2 d
1
hS0 3 !9 1 h(3 1 !9 1 h)
–4 2
52
9(6)
g(x) is discontinuous at x 5 1.
1
52
Review Exercise, pp. 56–59 27
, Pa4, b
5 5
1. a. f(22) 5 36, f(3) 5 21 d. f(x) 5
x22 2
21 2 36 5 5
m5 2
3 2 (22) 41h22 2
5 23 m 5 lim
hS0 h
b. f(21) 5 13, f(4) 5 48 10 2 5(2 1 h)
48 2 13 5 lim
m5 hS0 h(2 1 h)(2)
4 2 (21)
25h
57 5 lim 2
c. f(1) 5 23 hS0 h(2 1 h)(2)
5(1 1 2h 1 h 2 ) 2 (23) 5
m 5 lim 52
hS0 h 4
3. f(x) 5 e
2h 1 h 2 4 2 x2 , if x # 1
5 lim 2x 1 1, if x . 1
hS0 h
5 lim 2 1 h a. Slope at P(21, 3) f(x) 5 4 2 x 2
hS0
52 4 2 (21 1 h)2 2 3
m 5 lim
y 2 (23) 5 2(x 2 1) hS0 h
2x 2 y 2 5 5 0 4 2 1 1 2h 2 h 2 2 3
5 lim
3 hS0 h
2. a. f(x) 5 , P(2, 1)
x11 5 lim (2 2 h)
3 hS0
21
m531h 52
h Slope of the graph at P(21, 3) is 2.
1 b. Slope at P(2, 0.5)
5 lim 2
hS0 31h f(x) 5 2x 1 1
1 f(2 1 h) 2 f(2) 5 2(2 1 h) 1 1 2 5
52
3 5 2h
b. g(x) 5 "x 1 2, P(21, 1) 2h
"21 1 h 1 2 2 1
m 5 lim 52
hS0 h
m 5 lim
hS0 h Slope of the graph at P(2, 0.5) is 2.
!h 1 1 2 1 !h 1 1 1 1 4. s(t) 5 25t 2 1 180
5 lim c d
!h 1 1 1 1
3 a. s(0) 5 180, s(1) 5 175, s(2) 5 160
hS0 x
1 Average velocity during the first second is
hS0 !h 1 1 1 1
5 lim
m> s.
s(1) 2 s(0)
5 25
1 1
5
2
Average velocity during the second second is c. Present rate of change:
m> s.
s(2) 2 s(1) Q(h) 5 104 (h 2 1 15h 1 70)
5 215
1 Q(0) 5 104 1 70
b. At t 5 4: Q(h) 2 Q(0)
s(4 1 h) 2 s(4) lim 5 lim 104 (h 1 15)
hS0 h hS0
5 25(4 1 h)2 1 180 2 (25(16) 1 180)
5 15 3 104 t per year.
5 280 2 40h 2 5h 2 1 180 1 80 2 180
d. Q(a 1 h)
s(4 1 h) 2 s(4) 240h 2 5h 2
5 5 104 3a 2 1 2ah 1 h 2 1 15a 1 15h 1 704
Q(a) 5 104 3a 2 1 15a 1 704
h h
v(4) 5 lim (240 2 5h) 5 240
104 32ah 1 h 2 1 15h4
Velocity is 240 m> s.
hS0 Q(a 1 h) 2 Q(a)
5
h h
c. Time to reach ground is when s(t) 5 0.
Q(a 1 h) 2 Q(a)
Therefore, 25t 2 1 180 5 0 lim 5 lim 104 (2a 1 h 1 15)
t 2 5 36 hS0 h hS0
t 5 6, t . 0. 5 (2a 1 15)104
Velocity at t 5 6: Now,
s(6 1 h) 5 25(36 1 12h 1 h 2 ) 1 180 (2a 1 15)104 5 3 3 105
5 260h 2 5h 2 2a 1 15 5 30
s(6) 5 0 a 5 7.5
Therefore, v(6) 5 lim (260 2 5h) 5 260. It will take 7.5 years to reach a rate of
hS0 3.0 3 105 t per year.
5. M(t) 5 t 2 mass in grams 7. a. From the graph, the limit is 10.
a. Growth during 3 # t # 3.01 b. 7; 0
M(3.01) 5 (3.01)2 5 9.0601 c. p(t) is discontinuous for t 5 3 and t 5 4.
M(3) 5 32 8. a. Answers will vary. lim f(x) 5 0.5, f is
59 xS21
Grew 0.0601 g during this time interval. discontinuous at x 5 21

b. Average rate of growth is y
2
5 6.01 g> min.
0.0601
0.01
1
c. s(3 1 h) 5 9 1 6h 1 h 2
s(3) 5 9 x
s(3 1 h) 2 s(3) 6h 1 h 2 –2 –1 0 1 2
5
h h
Rate of growth is lim (6 1 h) 5 6 g> min. –1
hS0
6. Q(t) 5 104 (t 2 1 15t 1 70) tonnes of waste, –2
0 # t # 10
a. At t 5 0, b. f(x) 5 24 if x , 3; f is increasing for x . 3
Q(t) 5 70 3 104 lim1 f(x) 5 1
5 700 000. xS3
700 000 t have accumulated up to now. y

4
b. Over the next three years, the average rate of
change:
Q(3) 5 104 (9 1 45 1 70) 2
5 124 3 104 x
Q(0) 5 70 3 104 0
–4 –2 2 4
Q(3) 2 Q(0) 54 3 104
5 –2
3 3
5 18 3 104 t per year.
–4
9. a. y 13. a.
4 x 1.9 1.99 1.999 2.001 2.01 2.1
x22
0.344 83 0.334 45 0.333 44 0.333 22 0.332 23 0.322 58
2 x2 2 x 2 2
1
x
0 3
–4 –2 2 4
–2
–4
x 1 1, if x , 21
b. f(x) 5 • 2x 1 1, if 21 # x , 1 b.
x 0.9 0.99 0.999 1.001 1.01 1.1
x 2 2, if x . 1
x21
Discontinuous at x 5 21 and x 5 1. 0.526 32 0.502 51 0.500 25 0.499 75 0.497 51 0.476 19
x2 2 1
c. They do not exist.
10. The function is not continuous at x 5 24 1
because the function is not defined at x 5 24. 2
(x 5 24 makes the denominator 0.)
2x 2 2
11. f(x) 5 2
x 1x22
2(x 2 1)
5
(x 2 1)(x 1 2)
a. f is discontinuous at x 5 1 and x 5 22.
2 14.
b. lim f(x) 5 lim
xS1 xS1 x 1 2 x 20.1 20.01 20.001 0.001 0.01 0.1
2 "x 1 3 2 "3 0.291 12 0.288 92 0.2887 0.288 65 0.288 43 0.286 31
5
3 x
2
lim f(x): 5 lim 1 5 1` !x 1 3 2 !3 !x 1 3 1 !3
xS22 x 1 2
lim c d
!x 1 3 1 !3
xS22
?
2 xS0 x
lim 5 2` x1323
xS222 x 1 2
xS0 xA !x 1 3 1 !3B
5 lim
lim f(x) does not exist.
xS22
x
xS0 xA !x 1 3 1 !3B
1 5 lim
12. a. f(x) 5 , lim f(x) does not exist.
x 2 xS0
1
xS0 !x 1 3 1 !3
b. g(x) 5 x(x 2 5), lim g(x) 5 0 5 lim
xS0
x 3 2 27
c. h(x) 5 2 , 1
2 !3
x 29 5
37
lim h(x) 5 5 5.2857 This agrees well with the values in the table.
xS4 7
lim h(x) does not exist. "x 1 2 2 2
xS23 15. a. f(x) 5
x22
x 2.1 2.01 2.001 2.0001
f(x) 0.248 46 0.249 84 0.249 98 0.25
x 5 2.0001
f(x) 8 0.25

b. 1
A !x 1 5 1 !5 2 xB
5 lim
xS0
1
!5
5
(x 2 2)(x 1 2)
d. lim
xS2 (x 2 2)(x 2 1 2x 1 4)
lim f(x) 5 0.25 x12
xS2
5 lim 2
!x 1 2 2 2 !x 1 2 1 2 xS2 x 1 2x 1 4
c. lim c d
!x 1 2 1 2
3 (2) 1 2
xS2 x22 5
1 (2)2 1 2(2) 1 4
xS2 !x 1 2 1 2
5 lim 4
5
1 12
5 5 0.25 1
4 5
(5 1 h)2 2 25 3
4 2 !12 1 x 4 1 !12 1 x
e. lim c d
16. a. lim
4 1 !12 1 x
hS0 h ?
5 lim (10 1 h) xS4 x24
hS0 16 2 (12 1 x)
xS4 (x 2 4)(4 1 !12 1 x)
5 10 5 lim
Slope of the tangent to y 5 x 2 at x 5 5 is 10. 42x
"4 1 h 2 2 "4 1 h 2 2 xS4 (x 2 4)(4 1 !12 1 x)
5 lim
b. lim 5 lim
hS0 h hS0 4 1 h 2 4 2 (x 2 4)
xS4 (x 2 4)(4 1 !12 1 x)
5 lim
1
hS0 !4 1 h 1 2
5 lim
21
xS4 4 1 !12 1 x
5 lim
1
5
4 21
Slope of the tangent to y 5 "x at x 5 4 is 14. 4 1 !12 1 (4)
5
1 1 21
24 4242h 5
41h
c. lim 5 lim 414
hS0 h hS0 4(4 1 h)(h)
1
1 52
5 lim 2 8
hS0 4(4 1 h)
f. lim a 2 b
1 1 1
1
52 xS0 x 21x 2
16
5 lim c 3 2 d
1 1 x
Slope of the tangent to y 5 x at (x 5 4) is 2 161 . xS0 x 2(2 1 x)
(x 1 4)(x 1 8)
5 lim c 2 d
17. a. lim 5 lim (x 1 8) 1
xS24 x14 xS24
xS0 2(2 1 x)
5 (24) 1 8 1
54 52
4
2 2
(x 1 4a) 2 25a (x 2 a)(x 1 9a) 18. a. The function is not defined for x , 3, so
b. lim 5 lim
xSa x 2 a xSa x2a there is no left-side limit.
5 10a b. Even after dividing out common factors from
!x 1 5 2 !5 2 x !x 1 5 1 !5 2 x
c. lim c d
numerator and denominator, there is a factor of
!x 1 5 1 !5 2 x
3
xS0 x x 2 2 in the denominator; the graph has a vertical
x15251x asymptote at x 5 2.
xS0 xA !x 1 5 1 !5 2 xB
5 lim
c. f(x) 5 e
25, if x , 1
2, if x $ 1
lim2 f(x) 5 25 2 lim1 f(x) 5 2
xS1 xS1

d. The function has a vertical asymptote at x 5 2. 18h 2 18h2 1 6h3
0x0 5 lim
hS0 h
e. lim
xS0 x 5 lim (18 2 18h 1 6h2 )
x S 02 0 x 0 5 2x hS0
0x0
5 18
lim2 5 21 When x 5 21, y 5 29.
xS0 x
0x0
The equation of the tangent is
lim1 51 y 2 (29) 5 18(x 2 (21))
xS0 x
y 5 18x 1 9
0x0 0x0 22(3 1 h)4 2 (2162)
lim1 2 lim2 d. m 5 lim
xS0 x xS0 x
hS0 h
f(x) 5 e
5x2, if x , 21 22(81 1 108h 1 54h2 1 12h3 1 h4 ) 1 162
f. 5 lim
2x 1 1, if x $ 21 hS0 h
lim 1 f(x) 5 21 2216h 2 108h2 2 24h3 2 2h4
xS21 5 lim
lim f(x) 5 5 hS0 h
xS212
5 lim ( 2 216 2 108h 2 24h2 2 2h3 )
lim f(x) 2 lim 2 f(x) hS0
xS21 1 xS21
5 2216
Therefore, lim f(x) does not exist. When x 5 3, y 5 2162.
xS21
19. a. The equation of the tangent is
23(1 1 h)2 1 6(1 1 h) 1 4 2 (23 1 6 1 4) y 2 (2162) 5 2216(x 2 3)
m 5 lim y 5 2216x 1 486
hS0 h
23 2 6h 2 h2 1 6 1 6h 1 4 2 7 20. P(t) 5 20 1 61t 1 3t 2
5 lim a. P(8) 5 20 1 61(8) 1 3(8)2
hS0 h
2h2 5 700 000
5 lim b.
hS0 h
20 1 61(8 1 h) 1 3(8 1 h)2 2 (20 1 488 1 192)
5 lim 2h lim
hS0 hS0 h
50 20 1 488 1 61h 1 3(64 1 16h 1 h2 ) 2 700
When x 5 1, y 5 7. 5 lim
hS0 h
The equation of the tangent is y 2 7 5 0(x 2 1) 20 1 488 1 61h 1 192 1 48h 1 3h2 2 700
y57 5 lim
hS0 h
b. 2
109h 1 3h
(22 1 h)2 2 (22 1 h) 2 1 2 (4 1 2 2 1) 5 lim
m 5 lim hS0 h
hS0 h
5 lim (109 1 3h)
4 2 4h 1 h2 1 2 2 h 2 1 2 5 hS0
5 lim 5 109
hS0 h
25h 1 h2 The population is changing at the rate of
5 lim 109 000>h.
hS0 h
5 lim (25 1 h)
hS0 Chapter 1 Test, p. 60
5 25 1
When x 5 22, y 5 5. 1. lim x 2 1 does not exist since
xS1
The equation of the tangent is y 2 5 5 25(x 1 2) 1 1
y 5 25x 2 5 lim1 5 1` 2 lim2 5 2 `.
xS1 x 2 1 xS1 x 2 1
6(21 1 h)3 2 3 2 (26 2 3)
c. m 5 lim 2. f(x) 5 5x 2 2 8x
hS0 h f(22) 5 5(4) 2 8(22) 5 20 1 16 5 36
6(21 1 3h 2 3h2 1 h3 ) 2 3 1 9 f(1) 5 5 2 8 5 23
5 lim
hS0 h 36 1 3 39
Slope of secant is 52
22 2 1 3
5 213
3. a. lim f(x) does not exist. 4x 2 2 36 2(x 2 3)(x 1 3)
xS1 7. a. lim 5 lim
b. lim f(x) 5 1 xS3 2x 2 6 xS3 (x 2 3)
xS2 5 12
c. lim2 f(x) 5 1 2x 2 2 x 2 6 (2x 1 3)(x 2 2)
xS4
b. lim 2 5 lim
d. f is discontinuous at x 5 1 and x 5 2. xS2 3x 2 7x 1 2 xS2 (x 2 2)(3x 2 1)
4. a. Average velocity from t 5 2 to t 5 5: 7
5
s(5) 2 s(2) (40 2 25) 2 (16 2 4) 5
5
3 3 x25 (x 2 1) 2 4
xS5 !x 2 1 2 2 xS5 !x 2 1 2 2
c. lim 5 lim
15 2 12
5
3 A !x 2 1 2 2BA !x 2 1 1 2B
!x 2 1 2 2
51 5 lim
Average velocity from t 5 2 to t 5 5 is 1 km> h.
xS5
54
b. s(3 1 h) 2 s(3) x3 1 1 (x 1 1)(x 2 2 x 1 1)
5 8(3 1 h) 2 (3 1 h)2 2 (24 2 9) d. lim 4 5 lim 2
xS21 x 2 1 xS21 (x 2 1)(x 1 1)(x 1 1)
5 24 1 8h 2 9 2 6h 2 h 2 2 15 3
5 2h 2 h 2 5
22(2)
2h 2 h 2
v(3) 5 lim 52 3
hS0 h 52
Velocity at t 5 3 is 2 km> h.
4
e. lim a b 5 lim
(x 1 3) 2 6
5. f(x) 5 "x 1 11
1 6
2 2
xS3 x 2 3 x 29 xS3 (x 2 3)(x 1 3)
Average rate of change from x 5 5 to x 5 5 1 h:
1
f(5 1 h) 2 f(5) 5 lim
xS3 x 1 3
h
1
"16 1 h 2 "16 5
6
5 1 1
h (x 1 8) 2 2
3
(x 1 8) 2 2
3
x f. lim 5 lim
6. f(x) 5 2 xS0 x xS0 (x 1 8) 2 8
x 2 15 1
(x 1 8)3 2 2
Slope of the tangent at x 5 4: 5 lim
xS0 ((x 1 8)3 2 2)((x 1 8)3 1 2(x 1 8)3 1 4)
1 2 1
41h
f(4 1 h) 5 1
(4 1 h)2 2 15 5
41414
41h
5 1
1 1 8h 1 h 2 5
12
4
f(4) 5 ax 1 3, if x . 5
1
8. f(x) 5 • 8, if x 5 5
41h 2
f(4 1 h) 2 f(4) 5 24 x 1 bx 1 a, if x , 5
1 1 8h 1 h 2
f(x) is continuous.
4 1 h 2 4 2 32h 2 4h 2
5 Therefore, 5a 1 3 5 8 a51
1 1 2h 1 h 2 25 1 5b 1 a 5 8 5b 5 218
31h 2 4h 2 18
52 b52
(1 1 2h 1 h 2 ) 5
f(4 1 h) 2 f(4) (231 2 4h)
lim 5 lim 2
hS0 h hS0 1 1 2h 1 h
5 231
Slope of the tangent at x 5 4 is 231.

CHAPTER 1
Introduction to Calculus
Review of Prerequisite Skills, pp. 2–3 y 2 4 5 21(x 2 (22))
y 2 4 5 2x 2 2
27 2 5 x1y2250
1. a. m 5
622 e. x 5 23
5 23 f. y 5 5
4 2 (24) 3. a. f(2) 5 26 1 5
b. m 5
21 2 3 5 21
5 22 b. f(2) 5 (8 2 2)(6 2 6)
420 50
c. m 5
120 c. f(2) 5 23(4) 1 2(2) 2 1
54 5 29
420 d. f(2) 5 (10 1 2)2
d. m 5
21 2 0 5 144
5 24 210
4 2 4.41 4. a. f(210) 5
e. m 5 100 1 4
22 2 (22.1) 5
52
5 24.1 52
21 2 1 23
f. m 5 7 4 3 4 b. f(23) 5
4 2 4 914
2 3
2 52
4 13
5 0
1 c. f(0) 5
1 014
52 50
2
2. a. Substitute the given slope and y-intercept into 10
d. f(10) 5
y 5 mx 1 b. 100 1 4
y 5 4x 2 2 5
5
b. Substitute the given slope and y-intercept into 52
"3 2 x, if x , 0
y 5 mx 1 b.
5. f(x) 5 •
"3 1 x, if x $ 0
y 5 22x 1 5
c. The slope of the line is
12 2 6 a. f(233) 5 6
m5
4 2 (21) b. f(0) 5 "3
6 c. f(78) 5 9
5
d. f(3) 5 "6
5
The equation of the line is in the form
y 2 y1 5 m(x 2 x1 ). The point is (21, 6) and 1
, if 23 , t , 0
6. s(t) 5 μ
m 5 65. t
The equation of the line is y 2 6 5 65 (x 1 1) or 5, if t 5 0
y 5 65 (x 1 1) 1 6. t3, if t . 0
824 1
d. m5 a. s(22) 5 2
26 2 (22) 2
5 21 b. s(21) 5 21
c. s(0) 5 5 V(120) 2 V(60) 0 2 1200
5
d. s(1) 5 1 120 2 60 60
e. s(100) 5 1003 or 106 5 220 L>min
7. a. (x 2 6)(x 1 2) 5 x 2 2 4x 2 12
5 2x 2 2 7x
d. (x 2 1)(x 1 3) 2 (2x 1 5)(x 2 2) V(61) 2 V(59) 1186.56 2 1213.22
8
5 x 2 1 2x 2 3 2 (2x 2 1 x 2 10) 61 2 59 2
5 2x 2 1 x 1 7 5 213.33 L>min
5 (81a 2 2 90a 1 25)(9a 2 5) 12. a., b. y
8
5 729a 3 2 1215a 2 1 675a 2 125
8. a. x 2 x 5 x(x 2 2 1)
3
5 x(x 1 1)(x 2 1) 4
2
b. x 1 x 2 6 5 (x 1 3)(x 2 2) x
c. 2x 2 2 7x 1 6 5 (2x 2 3)(x 2 2) 0
–2 2 4 6
d. x 3 1 2x 2 1 x 5 x(x 2 1 2x 1 1)
5 x(x 1 1)(x 1 1) –4
e. 27x 2 64 5 (3x 2 4)(9x 2 1 12x 1 16)
3
f. 2x 3 2 x 2 2 7x 1 6 –8
5 (x 2 1)(2x 2 3)(x 1 2) x 5 5 is 28.
9. a. 5xPR 0 x $ 256
c. 5xPR 0 x 2 16
d. 5xPR 0 x 2 06
e. 2x 2 2 5x 2 3 5 (2x 1 1)(x 2 3) 1. a. 2"3 1 4
e xPR ` x 2 2 , 3 f b. "3 2 "2
1
c. 2"3 1 "2
2
f. 5xPR 0 x 2 25, 22, 16
10. a. h(0) 5 2, h(1) 5 22.1 d. 3"3 2 "2
22.1 2 2 e. "2 1 "5
120 f. 2"5 2 2"2
5 20.1 m> s
"3 1 "5 "2
b. h(1) 5 22.1, h(2) 5 32.4 2. a. ?
32.4 2 22.1 "2 "2
221 "6 1 "10
5
5 10.3 m> s 2
"2 "2
5
2
5 "6 2 3

c. s(0) 5 5 V(120) 2 V(60) 0 2 1200
5
d. s(1) 5 1 120 2 60 60
e. s(100) 5 1003 or 106 5 220 L>min
7. a. (x 2 6)(x 1 2) 5 x 2 2 4x 2 12
5 2x 2 2 7x
d. (x 2 1)(x 1 3) 2 (2x 1 5)(x 2 2) V(61) 2 V(59) 1186.56 2 1213.22
8
5 x 2 1 2x 2 3 2 (2x 2 1 x 2 10) 61 2 59 2
5 2x 2 1 x 1 7 5 213.33 L>min
5 (81a 2 2 90a 1 25)(9a 2 5) 12. a., b. y
8
5 729a 3 2 1215a 2 1 675a 2 125
8. a. x 2 x 5 x(x 2 2 1)
3
5 x(x 1 1)(x 2 1) 4
2
b. x 1 x 2 6 5 (x 1 3)(x 2 2) x
c. 2x 2 2 7x 1 6 5 (2x 2 3)(x 2 2) 0
–2 2 4 6
d. x 3 1 2x 2 1 x 5 x(x 2 1 2x 1 1)
5 x(x 1 1)(x 1 1) –4
e. 27x 2 64 5 (3x 2 4)(9x 2 1 12x 1 16)
3
f. 2x 3 2 x 2 2 7x 1 6 –8
5 (x 2 1)(2x 2 3)(x 1 2) x 5 5 is 28.
9. a. 5xPR 0 x $ 256
c. 5xPR 0 x 2 16
d. 5xPR 0 x 2 06
e. 2x 2 2 5x 2 3 5 (2x 1 1)(x 2 3) 1. a. 2"3 1 4
e xPR ` x 2 2 , 3 f b. "3 2 "2
1
c. 2"3 1 "2
2
f. 5xPR 0 x 2 25, 22, 16
10. a. h(0) 5 2, h(1) 5 22.1 d. 3"3 2 "2
22.1 2 2 e. "2 1 "5
120 f. 2"5 2 2"2
5 20.1 m> s
"3 1 "5 "2
b. h(1) 5 22.1, h(2) 5 32.4 2. a. ?
32.4 2 22.1 "2 "2
221 "6 1 "10
5
5 10.3 m> s 2
"2 "2
5
2
5 "6 2 3

4"3 1 3"2 "3 3"3 2 2"2 3"3 2 2"2
c. ? f. ?
2"3 "3 3"3 1 2"2 3"3 2 2"2
12 1 3"6 27 2 12"6 1 8
5 5
6 27 2 8
4 1 "6 35 2 12"6
5 5
2 19
3"5 2 "2 "2
d. ? "5 2 1 "5 1 1
"2 4. a. ?
"5 1 1
2"2 4
3"10 2 2 521
5 5
4 4("5 1 1)
3 "5 1 "2 1
3. a. ?
"5 2 "2 "5 1 "2 !5 1 1
5
3("5 1 "2 ) 2 2 3"2 2 1 3"2

5 b. ?
3 2 2 1 3"2
5 "5 1 "2 5
4 2 18
2"5 2"5 2 3"2 2( 2 1 3"2 )
b. ?
2"5 1 3"2 2"5 2 3"2 27
5
20 2 6"10 2 1 3"2
5
20 2 18 "5 1 2 "5 2 2
c. ?
5 10 2 3"10 2"5 2 1 "5 2 2
"3 2 "2 "3 2 "2
524
5
c. ?
"3 1 "2 "3 2 "2
10 2 5"5 1 2
1
12 2 5 !5
3 1 2"6 1 2 5
5
322
8"2 "20 1 "18
5 5 1 2"6 5. a. ?
"20 2 "18 "20 1 "18
2"5 2 8 2"5 2 3
d. ? 8"40 1 8"36
2"5 1 3 2"5 2 3 5
20 2 18
20 2 22"5 1 24 16"10 1 48
5 5
20 2 9 2
44 2 22"5 5 8"10 1 24
5
11
8"2 2"5 1 3"2
5 4 2 2"5 b. ?
2"5 2 3"2 2"5 1 3"2
2"3 2 "2 5"2 2 "3
e. ? 16"10 1 48
5"2 1 "3 5"2 2 "3 5
20 2 18
10"6 2 6 2 10 1 "6
5 16"10 1 48
50 2 3 5
2
11"6 2 16
5 5 8"10 1 24
47
c. The expressions in the two parts are equivalent.
The radicals in the denominator of part a. have been
simplified in part b.

2"2 2"3 1 "8 "a 2 2 "a 1 2
6. a. ? 7. a. ?
2"3 2 "8 2"3 1 "8 a24 "a 1 2
4"6 1 8 a24
5
5
628 ( a 2 4 )("a 2 2)
5 22"3 2 4 1
5
2"6 2"27 1 "8 "a 2 2
"x 1 4 2 2 "x 1 4 1 2
b. ?
2"27 2 "8 2"27 1 "8 b. ?
4"162 1 2"48 x "x 1 4 1 2
5 x1424
54 2 8 5
36"2 1 8"3 x("x 1 4 1 2)
5 x
46 5
18"2 1 4"3 x("x 1 4 1 2)
5 1
23 5
2"2 "x 1 4 2 2
!x 1 h 2 !x !x 1 h 1 !x
c.
"16 2 "12
!x 1 h 1 !x
c. ?
h
2"2 4 1 2"3
5 ? x1h2x
hA !x 1 h 1 !xB
4 2 2"3 4 1 2"3 5
8"2 1 4"6 h
5
hA !x 1 h 1 !xB
5
16 2 12
5 2"2 1 "6 1
!x 1 h 1 !x
5
3"2 1 2"3 "12 1 "8
d. ?
"12 2 "8 "12 1 "8
3"24 1 12 1 12 1 2"24
5 28 2 7
12 2 8 1. a. m 5
23 2 2
24 1 15"3 53
5
4
27 2 3
3 !5 4 !3 1 5!2 b. m 5 7 2 1 2
2 2 2
4!3 2 5 !2 4 !3 1 5!2
e. ?
2 102
5 6
12"15 1 15"10 2
5
48 2 50 5
52
12"15 1 15"10 3
52 21 2 (22.6)
2 c. m 5
"18 1 "12 "18 1 "12 1.5 2 6.3
f. ? 1
"18 2 "12 "18 1 "12 52
3
5
30 1 12"6 b. 13x 2 7y 2 11 5 0
5 27y 5 213x 2 11
6
13 11
5 5 1 2"6 y5 x1
7 7
13
2"2 2"3 1 "8 "a 2 2 "a 1 2
6. a. ? 7. a. ?
2"3 2 "8 2"3 1 "8 a24 "a 1 2
4"6 1 8 a24
5
5
628 ( a 2 4 )("a 2 2)
5 22"3 2 4 1
5
2"6 2"27 1 "8 "a 2 2
"x 1 4 2 2 "x 1 4 1 2
b. ?
2"27 2 "8 2"27 1 "8 b. ?
4"162 1 2"48 x "x 1 4 1 2
5 x1424
54 2 8 5
36"2 1 8"3 x("x 1 4 1 2)
5 x
46 5
18"2 1 4"3 x("x 1 4 1 2)
5 1
23 5
2"2 "x 1 4 2 2
!x 1 h 2 !x !x 1 h 1 !x
c.
"16 2 "12
!x 1 h 1 !x
c. ?
h
2"2 4 1 2"3
5 ? x1h2x
hA !x 1 h 1 !xB
4 2 2"3 4 1 2"3 5
8"2 1 4"6 h
5
hA !x 1 h 1 !xB
5
16 2 12
5 2"2 1 "6 1
!x 1 h 1 !x
5
3"2 1 2"3 "12 1 "8
d. ?
"12 2 "8 "12 1 "8
3"24 1 12 1 12 1 2"24
5 28 2 7
12 2 8 1. a. m 5
23 2 2
24 1 15"3 53
5
4
27 2 3
3 !5 4 !3 1 5!2 b. m 5 7 2 1 2
2 2 2
4!3 2 5 !2 4 !3 1 5!2
e. ?
2 102
5 6
12"15 1 15"10 2
5
48 2 50 5
52
12"15 1 15"10 3
52 21 2 (22.6)
2 c. m 5
"18 1 "12 "18 1 "12 1.5 2 6.3
f. ? 1
"18 2 "12 "18 1 "12 52
3
5
30 1 12"6 b. 13x 2 7y 2 11 5 0
5 27y 5 213x 2 11
6
13 11
5 5 1 2"6 y5 x1
7 7
13
2 53 2 (24) y
3. a. m 5 5 4
3 2 (24)
7
5 3 2
17
3
x
7
5 –2 0 2 4 6
17
7 –2
y 2 (24) 5 (x 2 (24))
17
17y 1 68 5 7x 1 28 –4
7x 2 17y 2 40 5 0
y
d. The line is a vertical line because both points
4
have the same x-coordinate.
x55
2
y
4
–2 0 2 4 6 x
2
–2
x
–2 0 2 4 6
–4
–2
b. The slope and y-intercept are given.
y 5 8x 1 6 –4
y
8
(5 1 h)3 2 125
4. a.
4 h
(5 1 h 2 5)((5 1 h)2 1 5(5 1 h) 1 25)
x 5
h
–4 –2 0 2 4 h(75 1 15h 1 h ) 2
5
–4 h
5 75 1 15h 1 h 2
(3 1 h)4 2 81
–8 b.
h
((3 1 h)2 2 9)((3 1 h)2 1 9)
c. (0, 23), (5, 0) 5
h
0 2 (23) (9 1 6h 1 h 2 9)(9 1 6h 1 h 2 1 9)
2
m5 5
520 h
3 5 (6 1 h)(18 1 6h 1 h 2 )
5
5 5 108 1 54h 1 12h 2 1 h 3
3 1
21 1212h 1
y 2 0 5 (x 2 5) c. 1 1 h 5 52
5 h h(1 1 h) 11h
3x 2 5y 2 15 5 0 2 2
3(1 1 h) 2 3 3((1 1 h) 2 1)
d. 5
h h
3(1 1 2h 1 h 2 2 1)
5
h

3(2h 1 h2 ) 7. a. P Q Slope of Line PQ
5
h (2, 8) (3, 27) 19
5 6 1 3h (2, 8) (2.5, 15.625) 15.25
(2, 8) (2.1, 9.261) 12.61
3 12 2 12 2 3h
4 1 h 2 34 4 (4 1 h)
(2, 8) (2.01, 8.120 601) 12.060 1
e. 5 (2, 8) (1, 1) 7
h h
23 (2, 8) (1.5, 3.375) 9.25
5 (2, 8) (1.9, 6.859) 11.41
4(4 1 h)
(2, 8) (1.99, 7.880 599) 11.940 1
21 22 1 2 1 h
2 1 h 1 12 2 (2 1 h)
f. 5 b. 12
h h
h c. (2, 8), ((2 1 h), (2 1 h)3 )
5 (2 1 h)3 2 8
2h(2 1 h) m5
1 21h22
5 8 1 12h 1 6h 2 1 h 3 2 8
4 1 2h 5
"16 1 h 2 4
h
16 1 h 2 16 5 12 1 6h 1 h 2
5. a. 5
h h( "16 1 h 1 4) d. m 5 lim (12 1 6h 1 h 2 )
hS0
1 5 12
5
"16 1 h 1 4 e. They are the same.
"h 1 5h 1 4 2 2 y
2 f.
h 2 1 5h 1 4 2 4
b. 5 12
h h("h 2 1 5h 1 4 1 2 )
h15 8
5
"h 1 5h 1 4 1 2
2
"5 1 h 2 "5 51h25 4

c. 5
h h ("5 1 h 1 "5 ) x
1 –4 –2 0 2 4
5
"5 1 h 1 "5 –4
6. a. P(1, 3), Q(1 1 h, f(1 1 h)), f(x) 5 3x 2
3(1 1 h)2 2 3 8. a. y 5 3x 2, (22, 12)
m5
h 3(22 1 h)2 2 12
m 5 lim
5 6 1 3h hS0 h
b. P(1, 3), Q(1 1 h, (1 1 h)3 1 2) 12 2 12h 1 3h 2 2 12
5 lim
(1 1 h)3 1 2 2 3 hS0 h
m5
h 5 lim (212 1 3h)
hS0
1 1 3h 1 3h 2 1 h 3 2 1 5 212
5
h b. y 5 x 2 2 x at x 5 3, y 5 6.
5 3 1 3h 1 h 2 (3 1 h)2 2 (3 1 h) 2 6
c. P(9, 3), Q (9 1 h, "9 1 h )
m 5 lim
hS0 h
"9 1 h 2 3 "9 1 h 1 3
9 1 6h 1 h 2 2 3 2 h 2 6
5 lim
m5 ?
"9 1 h 1 3
hS0 h
h
5 lim (5 1 h)
1 hS0
5
"9 1 h 1 3
55

c. y 5 x 3 at x 5 22, y 5 28. 22
5 lim
(22 1 h)3 1 8 hS0 41h
m 5 lim 1
hS0 h 52
28 1 12h 2 6h 2 1 h 3 1 8 2
5 lim
hS0 h 1 1
c. y 5 at x 5 3; y 5
5 lim (12 2 6h 1 h 2 ) x12 5
hS0 1 1
5 12 2
m 5 lim 5 1 h 5
9. a. y 5 "x 2 2; (3, 1) hS0 h
"3 1 h 2 2 2 1 5 lim
21
m 5 lim hS0 5(5 1 h)
hS0 h
"1 1 h 2 1 "1 1 h 1 1
1
52
5 lim £ 3 § 10
hS0 h "1 1 h 1 1 11. a. Let y 5 f(x).
1 f(2) 5 (2)2 2 3(2) 5 4 2 6 5 22
5 lim
hS0 "1 1h11 f(2 1 h) 5 (2 1 h)2 2 3(2 1 h)
1 Using the limit of the difference quotient, the slope
5
b. y 5 "x 2 5 at x 5 9, y 5 2 f(2 1 h) 2 f(2)
"9 1 h 2 5 2 2
m 5 lim
hS0 h
m 5 lim
hS0 h (2 1 h)2 2 3(2 1 h) 2 (22)
5 lim
"4 1 h 2 2 "4 1 h 1 2 hS0 h
5 lim £ 3 § 4 1 4h 1 h 2 2 6 2 3h 1 2
hS0 h "4 1 h 1 2 5 lim
hS0 h
1 h2 1 h
5 lim
hS0 "4
5 lim
1h12 hS0 h
1 5 lim (h 1 1)
5 hS0
4 5011
c. y 5 "5x 2 1 at x 5 2, y 5 3 51
"10 1 5h 2 1 2 3 Therefore, the slope of the tangent to
m 5 lim
hS0 h y 5 f(x) 5 x 2 2 3x at x 5 2 is 1.
"9 1 5h 2 3 "9 1 5h 1 3
4
5 lim £ §
b. f(22) 5 5 22
3 22
hS0 h "9 1 5h 1 3 4
5 f(22 1 h) 5
5 lim 22 1 h
hS0 "9 1 5h 1 3 Using the limit of the difference quotient, the slope
5
6 f(22 1 h) 2 f(22)
8 m 5 lim
10. a. y 5 at (2, 4) hS0 h
x
4
8
24 2 (22)
m 5 lim 2 1 h 5 lim 22 1 h
hS0 h hS0 h
24 4
5 lim 12
hS0 2 1 h 22 1 h
5 lim
5 22 hS0 h
5 lim c ? d
8 4 2 4 1 2h 1
b. y 5 at x 5 1; y 5 2
31x hS0 22 1 h h
5 lim c ? d
8
22 2h 1
m 5 lim 4 1 h
hS0 h hS0 22 1 h h
2 1
!0 1 9 1 3
5 lim 5
hS0 22 1 h
2 1
5 5
22 1 0 313
5 21 1
4 5
Therefore, the slope of the tangent to f(x) 5 x at 6
x 5 22 is 21. Therefore, the slope of the tangent to
c. Let y 5 f(x). y 5 f(x) 5 !x 2 7 at x 5 16 is 16.
e. Let y 5 f(x).
f(1) 5 3(1)3 5 3
f(1 1 h) 5 3(1 1 h)3 f(3) 5 "25 2 (3)2 5 !25 2 9 5 4
Using the limit of the difference quotient, the slope f(3 1 h) 5 "25 2 (3 1 h)2
of the tangent at x 5 1 is 5 "25 2 (9 1 6h 1 h 2 )
f(1 1 h) 2 f(1)
m 5 lim 5 "25 2 9 2 6h 2 h 2
5 "16 2 6h 2 h 2
hS0 h
3(1 1 h)3 2 3
5 lim Using the limit of the difference quotient, the slope
hS0 h
Using the binomial formula to expand (1 1 h)3 (or of the tangent at x 5 3 is
one could simply expand using algebra), the slope m is f(3 1 h) 2 f(3)
m 5 lim
3(h 3 1 3h 2 1 3h 1 1) 2 (3) hS0 h
5 lim
h "16 2 6h 2 h 2 2 4
hS0 5 lim
3 2
3h 1 9h 1 9h 1 3 2 3 hS0 h
"16 2 6h 2 h 2 2 4
5 lim
5 lim c
hS0 h
3h 3 1 9h 2 1 9h hS0 h
5 lim
h "16 2 6h 2 h 2 1 4
d
hS0
3
"16 2 6h 2 h 2 1 4
5 lim (3h 2 1 9h 1 9)
hS0
5 3(0) 1 9(0) 1 9 16 2 6h 2 h 2 2 16
5 lim
59 hS0 h("16 2 6h 2 h 2 1 4)
Therefore, the slope of the tangent to h(26 2 h)
y 5 f(x) 5 3x 3 at x 5 1 is 9. 5 lim
d. Let y 5 f(x).
hS0 h("16 2 6h 2 h 2 1 4)
f(16) 5 !16 2 7 5 !9 5 3
26 2 h
5 lim
f(16 1 h) 5 !16 1 h 2 7 5 !h 1 9
hS0 "16 2 6h 2 h 2 1 4
26 2 0
Using the limit of the difference quotient, the slope 5
of the tangent at x 5 16 is "16 2 6(0) 2 (0)2 1 4
f(16 1 h) 2 f(16) 26
!16 1 4
m 5 lim 5
hS0 h
!h 1 9 2 3 5
26
5 lim 8
hS0 h
!h 1 9 2 3 !h 1 9 1 3 52
3
!h 1 9 1 3
5 lim ? 4
hS0 h
(h 1 9) 2 9 Therefore, the slope of the tangent to
hS0 h( !h 1 9 1 3)
5 lim y 5 f(x) 5 "25 2 x 2 at x 5 3 is 2 34.
h f. Let y 5 f(x).
hS0 h( !h 1 9 1 3)
5 lim 418 12
f(8) 5 5 52
1 822 6
hS0 !h 1 9 1 3
5 lim 4 1 (8 1 h) 12 1 h
f(8 1 h) 5 5
(8 1 h) 2 2 61h

Using the limit of the difference quotient, the slope 5 lim (3 1 h)
hS0
53
f(8 1 h) 2 f(8)
m 5 lim The slope of the tangent is 3.
hS0 h y 2 1 5 3(x 2 3)
12 1 h
22 3x 2 y 2 8 5 0
5 lim 6 1 h (2 1 h)2 2 7(2 1 h) 1 12 2 2
hS0 h 16. m 5 lim
12 1 h 2 12 2 2h 1 hS0 h
5 lim ? 2
4 1 4h 1 h 2 14 2 7h 1 10
hS0 61h h 5 lim
2h 1 hS0 h
5 lim ? 2
hS0 6 1 h h 23h 1 h
5 lim
21 hS0 h
5 lim
hS0 6 1 h 5 lim ( 2 3 1 h)
hS0
21
5 5 23
610
The slope of the tangent is 23.
1
52 When x 5 2, y 5 2.
6 y 2 2 5 23(x 2 2)
Therefore, the slope of the tangent to 3x 1 y 2 8 5 0
41x 17. a. f(3) 5 9 2 12 1 1 5 22; (3, 22)
y 5 f(x) 5 x 2 2 at x 5 8 is 2 16.
b. f(5) 5 25 2 20 1 1 5 6; (5, 6)
12. y c. The slope of secant AB is
8 6 2 (22)
mAB 5
A 523
4 8
5
x 2
–4 0 4 8
54
The equation of the secant is
–4 y 2 y1 5 mAB (x 2 x1 )
y 1 2 5 4(x 2 3)
y 5 "25 2 x 2 S Semi-circle centre (0, 0) y 5 4x 2 14
rad 5, y $ 0 d. Calculate the slope of the tangent.
OA is a radius. f(x 1 h) 2 f(x)
The slope of OA is 43. m 5 lim
hS0 h
The slope of tangent is 2 34. (x 1 h)2 2 4(x 1 h) 1 1 2 (x2 2 4x 1 1)
13. Take values of x close to the point, then 5 lim
hS0 h
Dy
determine Dx. x2 1 2xh 1 h2 2 4x 2 4h 1 1 2 x2 1 4x 2 1
5 lim
14. hS0 h
2xh 1 h2 2 4h
5 lim
hS0 h
5 lim (2x 1 h 2 4)
hS0
5 2x 1 0 2 4
Since the tangent is horizontal, the slope is 0. 5 2x 2 4
(3 1 h)2 2 3(3 1 h) 1 1 2 1 When x 5 3, the slope is 2(3) 2 4 5 2. So the
15. m 5 lim
hS0 h equation of the tangent at A(3, 22) is
9 1 6h 1 h2 2 9 2 3h y 2 y1 5 m(x 2 x1 )
5 lim y 1 2 5 2(x 2 3)
hS0 h
3h 1 h2 y 5 2x 2 8
5 lim
hS0 h

e. When x 5 5, the slope of the tangent is 20. C(t) 5 100t 2 1 400t 1 5000
2(5) 2 4 5 6. Slope at t 5 6
So the equation of the tangent at B(5, 6) is Cr(t) 5 200t 1 400
y 2 y1 5 m(x 2 x1 ) Cr(6) 5 1200 1 400 5 1600
y 2 6 5 6(x 2 5) Increasing at a rate of 1600 papers per month.
y 5 6x 2 24 21. Point on f(x) 5 3x 2 2 4x tangent parallel to
18. a. y 5 8x. Therefore, tangent line has slope 8.
3(h 1 a)2 2 4(h 1 a) 2 3(a 2 1 4a)
P m 5 lim 58
hS0 h
3h 2 1 6ah 2 4h
lim 58
hS0 h
The slope is undefined.
b. 6a 2 4 5 8
a52
The point has coordinates (2, 4).
P 1 4
22. y 5 x 3 2 5x 2
3 x
The slope is 0. 1 1 1
(a 1 h)2 2 a 3 5 a 2h 1 ah 2 1 h 3
c. 3 3 3
P
lim aa 2 1 ah 1 h3 b 5 a 2
1
hS0 3
(a 1 h) 2 (2a)
5 lim 2 5 25
hS0 h
The slope is about –2.5. 4 4 4a 1 4a 1 4h
d. 2 1 52
a1h a a(a 1 h)
4 4
P lim 5 2
hS0 a(a 1 h) a
4
m 5 a2 2 5 1 2 5 0
The slope is about 1. a
e. a 4 2 5a 2 1 4 5 0
(a 2 4)(a 2 2 1) 5 0
2
P a 5 62, a 5 61
Points on the graph for horizontal tangents are:
( 22, 283) , ( 21, 263) , ( 1, 2 263) , ( 2, 2 283) .
The slope is about 2 78. 1
f. There is no tangent at this point. 23. y 5 x 2 and y 5 2 x 2
2
20 1
19. D(p) 5 , p . 1 at (5, 10)
"p 2 1 x2 5 2 x2
2
20 1
2 10
!4 1 h x2 5
m 5 lim 4
hS0 h 1 1
2 2 "4 1 h 2 1 "4 1 h
x 5 or x 5 2
2 2
5 10 lim 3
hS0 h"4 1 h 2 1 "4 1 h The points of intersection are
4242h P( 12, 14) , Q( 2 12, 14) .
5 10 lim
h"4 1 h( 2 1 "4 1 h )
hS0
Tangent to y 5 x2:
(a 1 h)2 2 a 2
10 m 5 lim
52 hS0 h
8 2ah 1 h 2
5 5 lim
52 hS0 h
4 5 2a.
The slope of the tangent at a 5 12 is 1 5 mp,
5 lim c
4a 2 1 8ah 1 4h 2 1 5a 1 5h 2 2
at a 5 2 12 is 21 5 mq. hS0 h
d
Tangents to y 5 12 2 x 2: 24a 2 2 5a 1 2
1
S 12 2 (a 1 h)2 T 2 S 12 2 a 2 T h
m 5 lim 8ah 1 4h 2 1 5h
hS0 h 5 lim
2 hS0 h
22ah 2 h
5 lim 5 lim (8a 1 4h 1 5)
hS0 h hS0
5 22a. 5 8a 1 4(0) 1 5
The slope of the tangents at a 5 12 is 21 5 Mp; 5 8a 1 5
at a 5 2 12 is 1 5 Mq b. To be parallel, the point on the parabola and the
line must have the same slope. So, first find the
mpMp 5 21 and mqMq 5 21
slope of the line. The line 10x 2 2y 2 18 5 0 can
Therefore, the tangents are perpendicular at the
be rewritten as
points of intersection.
22y 5 18 2 10x
24. y 5 23x 3 2 2x, (21, 5)
18 2 10x
23(21 1 h)3 2 2(21 1 h) 2 5 y5
m 5 lim 22
hS0 h
y 5 29 1 5x
23(21 1 3h 2 3h2 1 h3 ) 1 2 2 2h 2 5 y 5 5x 2 9
5 lim
hS0 h So, the slope, m, of the line 10x 2 2y 2 18 5 0 is 5.
23(21 1 3h 2 3h 1 h3 ) 1 2 2 2h 2 5
2
To be parallel, the slope at a must equal 5. From
5 lim part a., the slope of the tangent to the parabola at
hS0 h
x 5 a is 8a 1 5.
3 2 9h 1 9h 2 3h3 1 2 2 2h 2 5
2
5 lim 8a 1 5 5 5
hS0 h
8a 5 0
211h 1 9h 2 3h3
2
a50
5 lim
hS0 h Therefore, at the point (0, 22) the tangent line is
5 lim (211 1 9h 2 3h2 ) parallel to the line 10x 2 2y 2 18 5 0.
hS0 c. To be perpendicular, the point on the parabola
5 211 and the line must have slopes that are negative
The slope of the tangent is 211. reciprocals of each other. That is, their product must
We want the line that is parallel to the tangent (i.e.
equal 21. So, first find the slope of the line. The
has slope 211) and passes through (2, 2). Then,
line x 2 35y 1 7 5 0 can be rewritten as
y 2 2 5 211(x 2 2)
235y 5 2x 2 7
y 5 211x 1 24
2x 2 7
25. a. Let y 5 f(x). y5
235
f(a) 5 4a 2 1 5a 2 2 1 7
f(a 1 h) 5 4(a 1 h)2 1 5(a 1 h) 2 2 y5 x1
35 35
5 4(a 2 1 2ah 1 h 2 ) 1 5a 1 5h 2 2 So, the slope, m, of the line x 2 35y 1 7 5 0 is 351 .
5 4a 2 1 8ah 1 4h 2 1 5a 1 5h 2 2 To be perpendicular, the slope at a must equal
Using the limit of the difference quotient, the slope the negative reciprocal of the slope of the line
of the tangent at x 5 a is x 2 35y 1 7 5 0. That is, the slope of a must equal
f(a 1 h) 2 f(a) 235. From part a., the slope of the tangent to the
m 5 lim parabola at x 5 a is 8a 1 5.
hS0 h
8a 1 5 5 235
5 lim c
4a 2 1 8ah 1 4h 2 1 5a 1 5h 2 2
hS0 h 8a 5 240
a 5 25
d
(4a 2 1 5a 2 2)
2 Therefore, at the point (25, 73) the tangent line is
h
perpendicular to the line x 2 35y 1 7 5 0.

1.3 Rates of Change, pp. 29–31 5 32(6) 2 24(5)
5 24(8 2 5)
1. v(t) 5 0 when t 5 0 or t 5 4. 5 72 km>h
s(9) 2 s(2) ii. from t 5 3 to t 5 3.1
2. a. 7
. Slope of the secant between the
s(3.1) 2 s(3)
points (2, s(2)) and (9, s(9)). 0.1
s(6 1 h) 2 s(6) 126.48 2 120
b. lim h
. Slope of the tangent at the 5
hS0 0.1
point (6, s(6)). 5 64.8 km>h
"4 1 h 2 2 iii. 3 # t # 3.01
3. lim h
. Slope of the tangent to the s(3.01) 2 s(3)
hS0
function with equation y 5 !x at the point (4, 2). 0.01
4. a. A and B 5 64.08 km>h
b. greater; the secant line through these two points b. Instantaneous velocity is approximately 64 km>h.
is steeper than the tangent line at B. c. At t 5 3
c. y s(t) 5 8t 2 1 16t
y = f(x)
B C v(t) 5 16t 1 16
A
v(3) 5 48 1 16
D E x
5 64 km>h
9. a. N(t) 5 20t 2 t 2
5. Speed is represented only by a number, not a N(3) 2 N(2)
direction. 1
51 2 36
6. Yes, velocity needs to be described by a number 5
and a direction. Only the speed of the school bus 1
5 15
was given, not the direction, so it is not correct to
15 terms are learned between t 5 2 and t 5 3.
use the word “velocity.”
20(2 1 h) 2 (2 1 h)2 2 36
7. s(t) 5 320 2 5t 2, 0 # t # 8 b. lim
hS0 h
a. Average velocity during the first second:
s(1) 2 s(0) 40 1 20h 2 4 2 4h 2 h2 2 36
5 5 m>s; 5 lim
1 hS0 h
third second: 16h 2 h2
5 lim
s(3) 2 s(2) 45 2 20 hS0 h
5 5 25 m>s; 5 lim (16 2 h)
1 1 hS0
eighth second: 5 16
s(8) 2 s(7) 320 2 245 At t 5 2, the student is learning at a rate of 16 terms>h.
5 5 75 m>s. 10. a. M in mg in 1 mL of blood t hours after the
1 1
b. Average velocity 3 # t # 8 injection.
1
s(8) 2 s(3) 320 2 45 275 M(t) 5 2 t2 1 t; 0 # t # 3
5 5 5 55 m>s 3
823 5 5 Calculate the instantaneous rate of change when t 5 2.
c. s(t) 5 320 2 5t 2 2 1 (2 1 h)2 1 (2 1 h) 2 (2 43 1 2)
320 2 5(2 1 h)2 2 (320 2 5(2)2 ) lim 3
v(t) 5 lim hS0 h
hS0 h 2 2 h 2 3 h 1 2 1 h 1 43 2 2
4 4 1 2
24h 1 h 2 5 lim 3 3
5 5 lim hS0 h
hS0 h 1
2 h 2 3h 1 2
5 220 5 lim 3
hS0 h
Velocity at t 5 2 is 20 m>s downward.
5 lim a2 2 hb
1 1
8. s(t) 5 8t(t 1 2), 0 # t # 5
a. i. from t 5 3 to t 5 4 hS0 3 3
s(4) 2 s(3) 1
Average velocity 52
1 3
Rate of change is 2 13 mg> h. 60
2
60 1 12k
b. Amount of medicine in 1 mL of blood is being 51k 51k
5 lim
dissipated throughout the system. kS0 k
212k
s 5 lim
Å5
11. t 5 kS0 k(5 1 k)
212
Calculate the instantaneous rate of change when 5 lim
kS0 (5 1 k)
s 5 125.
12
125 1 h 125 52
Ä 2Ä 5
5
lim
5 Temperature is decreasing at 125 °C> km.
hS0 h 13. h 5 25t 2 2 100t 1 100
125 1 h When h 5 0, 25t 2 2 100t 1 100 5 0
Ä 5
25
t 2 2 4t 1 4 5 0
5 lim
hS0 h (t 2 2)2 5 0
t52
125 1 h 125 1 h
Ä Ä
25 15 Calculate the instantaneous rate of change when t 5 2.
5 lim ≥ ¥
5 5
? 25(2 1 h)2 2 100(2 1 h) 1 100 2 0
hS0 h 125 1 h lim
Ä 5
15 hS0 h
100 1 100h 1 25h2 2 200 2 100h 1 100
125 1 h 5 lim
2 25 hS0 h
5 lim ≥ ¥
5
25h2
ha 1 5b
hS0 125 1 h 5 lim
Ä 5
hS0 h
5 lim 25h
hS0
125 1 h 2 125 50
5 lim ≥
5
¥ It hit the ground in 2 s at a speed of 0 m> s.
ha 1 5b
hS0 125 1 h 14. Sale of x balls per week:
Ä 5 P(x) 5 160x 2 x 2 dollars.
1 a. P(40) 5 160(40) 2 (40)2
5 lim
1 5b
hS0 125 1 h 5 4800
Ä
5a
5 Profit on the sale of 40 balls is $4800.
1 b. Calculate the instantaneous rate of change when
5
x 5 40.
1 5b
125
Ä 5
5a 160(40 1 h) 2 (40 1 h)2 2 4800
lim
1 hS0 h
5
5(5 1 5) 6400 1 160h 2 1600 2 80h 2 h2 2 4800
5 lim
1 hS0 h
5
50 80h 2 h2
5 lim
At s 5 125, rate of change of time with respect to hS0 h
height is 501 s>m. 5 lim (80 2 h)
60 hS0
12. T(h) 5 h 1 2 5 80
Calculate the instantaneous rate of change when Rate of change of profit is $80 per ball.
h 5 3. c.
60 60
2 (3 1 2)
(3 1 k) 1 2
lim
kS0 k
60
2 12
51k
5 lim
kS0 k Rate of change of profit is positive when the sales
level is less than 80.

15. a. f(x) 5 2x2 1 2x 1 3; (22, 25) For the year 2005, x 5 2005 2 1982 5 23. Hence,
f(x) 2 f(22) the rate at which the average annual salary is changing
lim in 2005 is
xS22 x12
2x 2 1 2x 1 3 1 5 P r(23) 5 64 2 17.8(23) 1 2.85(23)2 5
5 lim $1 162 250> years since 1982
xS22 x12
2
2 (x 2 2x 2 8) 17. s(t) 5 3t 2
5 lim a. The distance travelled from 0 s to 5 s is
xS22 x12
(x 2 4)(x 1 2) s(5) 5 3(5)2 5 75 m
5 2 lim b. s(10) 5 3(10)2 5 300 m
xS22 x12
The rate at which the avalanche is moving from 0 s
5 2 lim (x 2 4)
xS22 to 10 s is
56 Ds 300 2 0
x 5
b. f(x) 5 ,x52 Dt 10 2 0
x21 5 30 m> s
x
22 c. Calculate the instantaneous rate of change when
x21
lim t 5 10.
xS2 x22
x 2 2x 1 2 3(10 1 h)2 2 300
5 lim lim
xS2 (x 2 1)(x 2 2)
hS0 h
2 (x 2 2) 300 1 60h 1 3h2 2 300
5 lim 5 lim
xS2 (x 2 1)(x 2 2)
hS0 h
5 21 60h 1 3h2
5 lim
c. f(x) 5 !x 1 1, x 5 24 hS0 h
f(x) 2 f(24) 5 lim (60 1 3h)
hS0
5 lim
xS24 x 2 24 5 60
!x 1 1 2 5 !x 1 1 1 5 At 10 s the avalanche is moving at 60 m> s.
!x 1 1 1 5
5 lim ? d. Set s(t) 5 600:
xS24 x 2 24
x 2 24 3t 2 5 600
xS24 (x 2 24)( !x 1 1 1 5)
5 lim t 2 5 200
1 t 5 610 !2
5 Since t $ 0, t 5 10 !2 8 14 s.
10
16. S(x) 5 246 1 64x 2 8.9x 2 1 0.95x3
Calculate the instantaneous rate of change.
S(x 1 h) 2 S(x)
5 lim
hS0 h
246 1 64(x 1 h) 2 8.9(x 1 h)2 1 0.95(x 1 h)3 2 (246 2 64x 2 8.9x2 1 0.95x3 )
5 lim
hS0 h
246 2 246 1 64(x 1 h 2 x) 2 8.9(x 2 1 2xh 1 h 2 2 x 2 ) 1 0.95(x3 1 3x2h 1 3xh2 1 h3 2 x3 )
5 lim
hS0 h
64h 2 8.9(2xh 1 h 2 ) 1 0.95(3x 2h 1 3xh 2 1 h 3 )
5 lim
hS0 h
5 lim 364 2 8.9(2x 1 h) 1 0.95(3x 2 1 3xh 1 h 2 )4
hS0
5 64 2 8.9(2x 1 0) 1 0.95 33x 2 1 3x(0) 1 (0)24
5 64 2 17.8x 1 2.85x 2

5 80p 1 4p(0)
1
5 80p
2
lim
C(x 1 h) 2 C(x) hS0 h
lim 4
xSR h p(5 1 h)3 2 43 p(5)3
5 lim 3
V(x 1 h) 2 V(x) hS0 h
5 lim h,
p(h 3 1 15h 2 1 75h 1 125) 2 43 p(5)3
A(r 1 h) 2 A(r) 5 lim 3
lim hS0 h
hS0 h 4
ph 3
1 20ph 2
1 100ph 1 43 p(125)
p(r 1 h)2 2 pr 2 5 lim 3
5 lim hS0 h
hS0 h 2 43 p(125)
(r 1 h 2 r)(r 1 h 1 r) h
5 p lim
hS0 h 4
ph 3
1 20ph 2 1 100ph
5 2pr 5 lim 3
hS0 h
r 5 100 m
4 2
hS0 3
4
1 3
2
A(r) 5 4pr 2.
A(10 1 h) 2 A(10)
lim
4p(10 1 h)2 2 4p(10)2 ( !5 2 !2)( !5 1 !2)
5 ( !25 1 !10 2 !10 2 !4)
5 lim
hS0 h
4p(100 1 20h 1 h 2 ) 2 4p(100) 5522
5 lim
hS0 h 53
(3 !5 1 2 !2)(3 !5 2 2 !2)
5 lim
hS0 h
80ph 1 4ph 2
5 (9 !25 2 6!10 1 6 !10 2 4 !4)
5 lim
hS0 h 5 9(5) 2 4(2)
5 lim (80p 1 4ph) 5 45 2 8
hS0
5 37
5 80p 1 4p(0)
1
5 80p
2
lim
C(x 1 h) 2 C(x) hS0 h
lim 4
xSR h p(5 1 h)3 2 43 p(5)3
5 lim 3
V(x 1 h) 2 V(x) hS0 h
5 lim h,
p(h 3 1 15h 2 1 75h 1 125) 2 43 p(5)3
A(r 1 h) 2 A(r) 5 lim 3
lim hS0 h
hS0 h 4
ph 3
1 20ph 2
1 100ph 1 43 p(125)
p(r 1 h)2 2 pr 2 5 lim 3
5 lim hS0 h
hS0 h 2 43 p(125)
(r 1 h 2 r)(r 1 h 1 r) h
5 p lim
hS0 h 4
ph 3
1 20ph 2 1 100ph
5 2pr 5 lim 3
hS0 h
r 5 100 m
4 2
hS0 3
4
1 3
2
A(r) 5 4pr 2.
A(10 1 h) 2 A(10)
lim
4p(10 1 h)2 2 4p(10)2 ( !5 2 !2)( !5 1 !2)
5 ( !25 1 !10 2 !10 2 !4)
5 lim
hS0 h
4p(100 1 20h 1 h 2 ) 2 4p(100) 5522
5 lim
hS0 h 53
(3 !5 1 2 !2)(3 !5 2 2 !2)
5 lim
hS0 h
80ph 1 4ph 2
5 (9 !25 2 6!10 1 6 !10 2 4 !4)
5 lim
hS0 h 5 9(5) 2 4(2)
5 lim (80p 1 4ph) 5 45 2 8
hS0
5 37
c. Corresponding conjugate: 9 2 2 !5. 30 2 20 !3
5
(9 1 2 !5)(9 2 2!5) 24
5 (81 2 18!5 1 18!5 2 4!25) 10 !3 2 15
5
5 81 2 4(5) 2
5 81 2 20 3 !2 2 !3 1 5
2 !3 2 5 2 !3 1 5
f. ?
5 61
d. Corresponding conjugate: 3 !5 1 2 !10. 3 !2(2 !3 1 5)
(3!5 2 2!10)(3 !5 1 2 !10) 4 !9 1 10 !3 2 10 !3 2 25
5
5 (9!25 1 6 !50 2 6!50 2 4 !100) 3 !2(2 !3 1 5)
5 9(5) 2 4(10) 5
4(3) 2 25
3 !2(2 !3 1 5)
5 45 2 40
55 5
6 1 !2 !3
12 2 25
3 !2(2 !3 1 5)
!3 !3
2. a. ?
5
6!3 1 !6
213
3 !2(2!3 1 5)
!9
5
52
6!3 1 !6
13
5 !2 !2
!2
3 3. a. ?
2!3 1 4 !3
5
!4
!3 !3
b. ?
5 !2
5
2!9 1 4 !3
2
!9
5
5 !2
5
!3 !3
6 1 4!3
5
6 1 !2 !3
3 b. ?
!7 1 4
!9
5
!7 2 4 !7 1 4
c. ?
!3(6 1 !2)
5
5( !7 1 4)
!49 1 4 !7 2 4!7 2 16
5 3
!3(6 1 !2)
5
5( !7 1 4)
5
7 2 16 !7 2 4 !7 1 4
!7 1 4
?
5( !7 1 4)
c.
5
52
9 !49 1 4 !7 2 4 !7 2 16
5( !7 1 4)
5
2!3 !3 1 2
!3 2 2 !3 1 2
d. ?
7 2 16
2 !9 1 4 !3 5( !7 1 4)
5
!9 1 2 !3 2 2 !3 2 4
5
9
5( !7 1 4)
6 1 4!3 52
5
324 2 !3 2 5 2 !3 1 5
3 !2 2 !3 1 5
6 1 4!3 d. ?
5
4 !9 1 10 !3 2 10 !3 2 25
21
3 !2(2!3 1 5)
5 22(3 1 2!3) 5
5!3 2 !3 2 4
4(3) 2 25
2 !3 1 4 2 !3 2 4
e. ?
3 !2(2!3 1 5)
5
10 !9 2 20 !3
12 2 25
4!9 2 8 !3 1 8!3 2 16
5 13
3 !2(2!3 1 5)
5 52
30 2 20 !3
3!2(2!3 1 5)
5
12 2 16

!3 2 !7 !3 1 !7 1 9
2 x1y1 50
!3 1 !7
e. ?
4 5 5
!9 1 !21 2 !21 2 !49 1
x2y2 50
9
4( !3 1 !7)
5 5 5
x 2 5y 2 9 5 0
327
4( !3 1 !7)
5 5. The slope of PQ is
f(1 1 h) 2 (21)
4 m 5 lim
(1 1 h) 2 1
4( !3 1 !7)
52 hS0
1 2 (1 1 h)2 1 1
5 lim
( !3 1 !7)
52 hS0 h
2!3 1 !7 2 !3 2 !7 5 lim
2 (1 1 2h 1 h 2 ) 1 1
2 !3 2 !7
f. ? hS0 h
5
4 !9 2 2 !21 1 2 !21 2 !49 5 lim
21 2 2h 2 h 2 1 1
5(2!3 2 !7)
5 hS0 h
4(3) 2 7 22h 2 h 2
5 lim
5(2!3 2 !7)
5 hS0 h
12 2 7 5 lim (22 2 h)
5(2!3 2 !7)
hS0
5
5 22 2 (0)
1 5 22
(2!3 2 !7)
5
So, the slope of PQ with f(x) 5 2x 2 is 22.
2 6. a. Unlisted y-coordinates for Q are found by
4. a. m52 ; substituting the x-coordinates into the given function.
3
2 The slope of the line PQ with the given points is
y 2 6 5 2 (x 2 0) given by the following: Let P 5 (x1, y1 ) and
3
y 2y
2 Q 5 (y1, y2 ). Then, the slope 5 m 5 2 1
.
y2652 x x2 2 x1
3
P Q Slope of Line PQ
2
x1y2650 (21, 1) (22, 6) 25
3
11 2 7 4 (21, 1) (21.5, 3.25) 2 4.5
b. m5 5 51
622 4 (21, 1) (21.1, 1.41) 2 4.1
y 2 7 5 1(x 2 2) (21, 1) (21.01, 1.040 1) 2 4.01
y275x22 (21, 1) (21.001, 1.004 001) 2 4.001
2x 1 y 2 5 5 0
x2y1550 P Q Slope of Line PQ
c. m54 (21, 1) (0, 22) 23
y 2 6 5 4(x 2 2) (21, 1) (20.5, 20.75) 2 3.5
y 2 6 5 4x 2 8
(21, 1) (20.9, 0.61) 2 3.9
24x 1 y 1 2 5 0
(21, 1) (20.99, 0.9601) 2 3.99
4x 2 y 2 2 5 0
1 (21, 1) (20.999, 0.996 001) 2 3.999
d. m5
5
1 b. The slope from the right and from the left appear
y 2 (22) 5 (x 2 (21)) to approach 24. The slope of the tangent to the
5
1 1 graph of f(x) at point P is about 24.
y125 x1
5 5 c. With the points P 5 (21, 1) and
1 10 1 Q 5 (21 1 h, f(21 1 h)), the slope, m, of PQ is
2 x1y1 2 50
5 5 5 the following:

y2 2 y1 4
m5 c. y 5 f(x) 5
x2 2 x1 x22
3(21 1 h)2 2 2(21 1 h) 2 24 2 (1) f(6 1 h) 2 f(6)
5 m 5 lim
(21 1 h) 2 (21) hS0 h
1 2 2h 1 h 2 1 2 2 2h 2 2 2 1 4 4
5 2
21 1 h 1 1 61h22 622
5 lim
h 2 2 4h hS0 h
5 4 4
h 24
h14
5h24 5 lim
hS0 h
d. The slope of the tangent is lim f(x). 4
hS0 21
In this case, as h goes to zero, h 2 4 goes to h14
5 lim
h 2 4 5 0 2 4 5 24. The slope of the tangent to hS0 h
5 lim a b
4 2 (h 1 4) 1
the graph of f(x) at the point P is 24.
e. The answers are equal. hS0 h14 h
f(23 1 h) 2 f(23)
7. a. m 5 lim
hS0 h
3(23 1 h)2 1 3(23 1 h) 2 54 2 3(23)2 1 3(23) 2 54
5 lim
hS0 h
9 2 6h 1 h 2 2 9 1 3h 2 5 2 (9 2 9 2 5)
5 lim
hS0 h
h 2 2 3h 2 5 2 (25)
5 lim
hS0 h
5 lim a b
2h 1
2
h 2 3h hS0 h 1 4 h
5 lim
hS0 h 21
5 lim (h 2 3) 5 lim
hS0 hS0 h 1 4
5023 21
5
5 23 014
1 1
b. y 5 f(x) 5 52
x 4
f( 13 1 h) 2 f( 13 ) f(5 1 h) 2 f(5)
m 5 lim d. m 5 lim
hS0 h hS0 h
1 1 !5 1 h 1 4 2 !5 1 4
1 2 1 5 lim
3 1 h hS0 h
!9 !9
3
5 lim 1 h 2
hS0 h 5 lim
1 1
( 3 ) 2 ( 3 1 h) hS0 h
1 1
( 1 h) !9 1 h23
5 lim 3 3 5 lim
h hS0 h
!9 1 h 2 3 !9 1 h 1 3
hS0
5 lim a 1 1 b
2h 1
!9 1 h 1 3
5 lim ?
hS0 9 1 3 h h hS0 h
21 9 1 h 1 3 !9 1 h 2 3 !9 1 h 2 9
h( !9 1 h 1 3)
5 lim 1 1 5 lim
hS0 9 1 3 h hS0
21 h
!9
51 1 5 lim
9 1 3 (0)
hS0 h( 1 h 1 3)
5 29 1
hS0 !9 1 h 1 3
5 lim

1 6h 2 1 30h
!9 1 0 1 3
5 5
h
1 5 (6h 1 30) km> h
5
6 d. When t 5 2, the velocity is the limit as h
8. s(t) 5 6t(t 1 1) 5 6t 2 1 6t approaches 0.
s(3) 2 s(2) velocity 5 lim (6h 1 30)
a. i. average velocity 5 hS0
322 5 6(0) 1 30
5 36(3)2 1 6(3)42 36(2)2 1 6(2)4 5 30
5 6(9) 1 18 2 (24 1 12) Therefore, when t 5 2 the velocity is 30 km> h.
5 54 1 18 2 36 9. a. The instantaneous rate of change of f(x) with
5 36 km> h respect to x at x 5 2 is given by
s(2.1) 2 s(2) f(2 1 h) 2 f(2)
ii. average velocity 5 lim
2.1 2 2
36(2.1)2 1 6(2.1)4 2 36(2)2 1 6(2)4
hS0 h
5 35 2 (2 1 h)24 2 35 2 (2)24
0.1 5 lim
326.46 1 12.64 2 324 1 124
hS0 h
5 5 2 (4 1 4h 1 h 2 ) 2 1
0.1 5 lim
39.06 2 36 hS0 h
5 5 2 4 2 4h 2 h 2 2 1
0.1 5 lim
3.06 hS0 h
5 2
2h 2 4h
0.1 5 lim
5 30.6 km> h hS0 h
s(2.01) 2 s(2) 5 lim (2h 2 4)
iii. average velocity 5 hS0
2.01 2 2 5 2 (0) 2 4
36(2.01)2 1 6(2.01)4 2 36(2)2 1 6(2)4 5 24
5 b. The instantaneous rate of change of f(x) with
0.01
324.2406 1 12.064 2 36(2)2 1 6(2)4 respect to x at x 5 12 is given by
5
0.01 f( 1 1 h) 2 f( 12 )
36.3006 2 324 1 124 lim 2
5 hS0 h
0.01 3 3
36.3006 2 36 1 2 1
5 1h
0.01 5 lim 2 2
0.3006 hS0 h
5 3
0.01 26
5 30.06 km> h
1
2 1 h
5 lim
hS0 h
b. At the time t 5 2, the velocity of the car appears
3 2 6( 12 1 h) 1
to approach 30 km> h. 5 lim 1 ?
hS0 2 1 h h
f(2 1 h) 2 f(2)
c. average velocity 5 3 2 3 2 6h 1
(2 1 h) 2 (2) 5 lim 1 ?
2 1 h
36(2 1 h) 1 6(2 1 h)4 2 36(2)2 1 6(2)4
2
hS0 h
5 26h 1
h 5 lim 1 ?
36(4 1 4h 1 h 2 ) 1 12 1 6h4 2 324 1 124
hS0 2 1 h h
5 26
h 5 lim 1
324 1 24h 1 6h 2 1 12 1 6h4 2 36 hS0 2 1 h
5 26
h 51
6h 2 1 30h 1 36 2 36 2 1 0
5 5 212
h

10. a. The average rate of change of V(t) with So an equation of the tangent at x 5 4 is given by
respect to t during the first 20 minutes is given by y 2 17 5 9(x 2 4)
f(20) 2 f(0) y 2 17 5 9x 2 36
20 2 0 29x 1 y 2 17 1 36 5 0
350(30 2 20)24 2 350(30 2 0)24 29x 1 y 1 19 5 0
5 b. Let y 5 f(x).
20
5000 2 45 000 f(22) 5 2(22)2 2 7 5 2(4) 2 7 5 1
5 f(22 1 h) 5 2(22 1 h)2 2 7
20
40 000 5 2(4 2 4h 1 h 2 ) 2 7
52 5 8 2 8h 1 2h 2 2 7
20
5 22000 L> min
5 2h 2 2 8h 1 1
b. The rate of change of V(t) with respect to t at the Using the limit of the difference quotient, the slope
time t 5 20 is given by
f(20 1 h) 2 f(20) f(22 1 h) 2 f(22)
lim m 5 lim
hS0 h hS0 h
350(30 2 (20 1 h))24 2 350(30 2 20)24 5 lim
2h 2 2 8h 1 1 2 (1)
5 lim hS0 h
hS0 h
350(10 2 h) 4 2 350(10)24
2
5 lim
2h 2 2 8h
5 lim hS0 h
hS0 h
350(100 2 20h 1 h 2 )4 2 350(100)4 5 lim (2h 2 8)
hS0
5 lim
hS0 h 5 2(0) 2 8
5000 2 1000h 1 50h 2 2 5000 5 28
5 lim Therefore, the slope of the tangent to
hS0 h
50h 2 2 1000h y 5 f(x) 5 2x 2 2 7 at x 5 22 is 28.
5 lim So an equation of the tangent at x 5 22
hS0 h
is given by
5 lim 50h 2 1000
hS0 y 2 1 5 28(x 2 (22))
5 50(0) 2 1000 y 2 1 5 28x 2 16
5 21000 L> min 8x 1 y 2 1 1 16 5 0
11. a. Let y 5 f(x). 8x 1 y 1 15 5 0
f(4) 5 (4)2 1 (4) 2 3 5 16 1 1 5 17 c. f(21) 5 3(21)2 1 2(21) 2 5 5 3 2 2 2 5
f(4 1 h) 5 (4 1 h)2 1 (4 1 h) 2 3 5 24
f(21 1 h) 5 3(21 1 h)2 1 2(21 1 h) 2 5
5 16 1 8h 1 h 2 1 h 1 1
5 h 2 1 9h 1 17 5 3(1 2 2h 1 h 2 ) 2 2 1 2h 2 5
Using the limit of the difference quotient, the slope 5 3 2 6h 1 3h 2 2 7 1 2h
of the tangent at x 5 4 is 5 3h 2 2 4h 2 4
f(4 1 h) 2 f(4) Using the limit of the difference quotient, the slope
m 5 lim of the tangent at x 5 4 is
hS0 h
2
h 1 9h 1 17 2 (17) f(21 1 h) 2 f(21)
5 lim m 5 lim
hS0 h hS0 h
2
2
h 1 9h 3h 2 4h 2 4 2 (24)
5 lim 5 lim
hS0 h hS0 h
5 lim (h 1 9) 3h 2 2 4h
hS0
5 lim
hS0 h
5019 5 lim (3h 2 4)
59 hS0
Therefore, the slope of the tangent to 5 3(0) 2 4

y 5 f(x) 5 x 2 1 x 2 3 at x 5 4 is 9. 5 24

Therefore, the slope of the tangent to Therefore, the slope of the tangent to
y 5 f(x) 5 3x 2 1 2x 2 5 at x 5 21 is 24. x
f(x) 5 x 1 3 at x 5 25 is 43.
So an equation of the tangent at x 5 24 is given by So an equation of the tangent at x 5 34 is given by
y 2 (24) 5 24(x 2 (21)) 5 3
y 1 4 5 24(x 1 1) y 2 5 (x 2 (25))
2 4
y 1 4 5 24x 2 4
5 3 15
4x 1 y 1 4 1 4 5 0 y2 5 x1
2 4 4
4x 1 y 1 8 5 0 3 10 15
d. f(1) 5 5(1)2 2 8(1) 1 3 5 5 2 8 1 3 5 0 2 x1y2 2 50
4 4 4
f(1 1 h) 5 5(1 1 h)2 2 8(1 1 h) 1 3 3 25
2 x1y2 50
5 5(1 1 2h 1 h 2 ) 2 8 2 8h 1 3 4 4
5 5 1 10h 1 5h 2 2 5 2 8h 23x 1 4y 2 25 5 0
5 5h 2 1 2h b. Using the limit of the difference quotient, the
Using the limit of the difference quotient, the slope slope of the tangent at x 5 21 is
of the tangent at x 5 1 is f(21 1 h) 2 f(21)
m 5 lim
f(1 1 h) 2 f(1) hS0 h
m 5 lim
5 lim a b?
hS0 h 2(21 1 h) 1 5 2(21) 1 5 1
2
hS0 5(21 1 h) 2 1 5(21) 2 1
2
5h 1 2h 2 (0) h
5 lim
5 lim a b?
hS0 h 22 1 2h 1 5 22 1 5 1
2
5 lim (5h 1 2) hS0 25 1 5h 2 1 25 2 1 h
hS0
5 lim a b?
5 5(0) 1 2 2h 1 3 3 1
2
52 hS0 5h 2 6 26 h
5 lim a 1 b?
Therefore, the slope of the tangent to 2h 1 3 1 1
y 5 f(x) 5 5x 2 2 8x 1 3 at x 5 1 is 2. hS0 5h 2 6 2 h
So an equation of the tangent at x 5 1 is given by
5 lim a b?
4h 1 6 1 5h 2 6 1
y 2 0 5 2(x 2 1)
hS0 10h 2 12 h
y 5 2x 2 2
5 lim a b?
22x 1 y 1 2 5 0 9h 1
hS0 10h 2 12 h
12. a. Using the limit of the difference quotient, the
5 lim a b
slope of the tangent at x 5 25 is 9
f(25 1 h) 2 f(25) hS0 10h 2 12
m 5 lim 9
hS0 h 5
10(0) 2 12
5 lim a b?
25 1 h 25 1
2 9
hS0 25 1 h 1 3 25 1 3 h 52
12
5 lim a 2 b?
25 1 h 5 1
3
hS0 22 1 h 2 h 52
4
5 lim a b?
210 1 2h 2 (210 1 5h) 1
Therefore, the slope of the tangent to
hS0 24 1 2h h 2x 1 5
f(x) 5 5x 2 1 at x 5 21 is 2 34.
5 lim a b?
210 1 2h 1 10 2 5h 1
hS0 24 1 2h h So an equation of the tangent at x 5 2 34 is given by
5 lim a b? y 2 a2 b 5 2 (x 2 (21))
23h 1 1 3
hS0 24 1 2h h 2 4
1 3 3
5 lim a b
23 y1 52 x2
hS0 24 1 2h 2 4 4
23 4y 1 2 5 23x 2 3
5 3x 1 4y 1 2 1 3 5 0
24 1 2(0)
3 3x 1 4y 1 5 5 0
5
4
1.4 The Limit of a Function, 9. 22 1 1 5 5
y
pp. 37–39 6
27
1. a.
99 4
b. p
2. One way to find a limit is to evaluate the function 2
for values of the independent variable that get
x
progressively closer to the given value of the
–4 –2 0 2 4
independent variable.
3. a. A right-sided limit is the value that a 10. a. Since 0 is not a value for which the function is
function gets close to as the values of the undefined, one may substitute 0 in for x to find that
independent variable decrease and get close lim1 x 4 5 lim x 4
to a given value. xS0 xS0
b. A left-sided limit is the value that a function 5 (0)4

gets close to as the values of the independent 50
variable increase and get close to a given b. Since 2 is not a value for which the function is
value. undefined, one may substitute 2 in for x to find that
c. A (two-sided) limit is the value that a function lim2 (x 2 2 4) 5 lim (x 2 2 4)
xS2 xS2
gets close to as the values of the independent 5 (2)2 2 4
variable get close to a given value, regardless 5424
of whether the values increase or decrease 50
toward the given value. c. Since 3 is not a value for which the function is
4. a. 25 undefined, one may substitute 3 in for x to find that
b. 3 1 7 5 10 lim2 (x 2 2 4) 5 lim (x 2 2 4)
xS3 xS3
c. 102 5 100
5 (3)2 2 4
d. 4 2 3(22)2 5 28
5924
e. 4 55
f. 23 5 8 d. Since 1 is not a value for which the function is
5. Even though f(4) 5 21, the limit is 1, since that undefined, one may substitute 1 in for x to find that
is the value that the function approaches from the 1 1
left and the right of x 5 4. lim 5 lim
xS1 1 x 2 3 xS1 x 2 3
6. a. 0 1
b. 2 5
123
c. 21 1
d. 2 52
2
7. a. 2
e. Since 3 is not a value for which the function is
b. 1
undefined, one may substitute 3 in for x to find that
c. does not exist
1 1
8. a. 9 2 (21)2 5 8 lim1 5 lim
xS3 x 1 2 xS3 x 1 2
5 "4
0 1 20 1
Å015
b. 5
312
52
1
c. "5 2 1 5 "4 5
5
52
f. If 3 is substituted in the function for x, then the
function is undefined because of division by zero.
There does not exist a way to divide out the x 2 3 in

1
the denominator. Also, lim1 x 2 3 approaches infinity,
d. y
xS3 8
1
while lim2 x 2 3 approaches negative infinity. 6
xS3 4
1 1 1
Therefore, since lim1 x 2 3 2 lim2 x 2 3, lim x 2 3 2
xS3 xS3 xS3 x
does not exist.
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
–2
11. a. y
8 –4
6 –6
4 –8
2
x lim f(x) 2 lim 2 f(x). Therefore, lim f(x)
xS20.5 1
–8 –6 –4 –2 0
xS20.5 xS20.5
2 4 6 8
–2 does not exist.
–4 12. Answers may vary. For example:
–6 a. y
6
–8 4
2
lim f(x) 2 lim 2 f(x). Therefore, lim f(x) does x
–8 –6 –4 –2 0
xS21 1 xS21 xS21
2 4 6 8
not exist. –2
b. y –4
8
6 y
b.
6
4 4
2 2
x x
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
–2 –2
–4 –4
–6
6 y
c.
–8
4
2
lim f(x) 5 lim2 f(x). Therefore, lim f(x) exists and x
xS2 1 xS2 xS2
is equal to 2. –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
–2
c. y –4
8
6 y
d.
6
4 4
2 2
x x
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
–2 –2
–4 –4
–6 13. f(x) 5 mx 1 b
–8 lim f(x) 5 22 m 1 b 5 22
xS1
lim f(x) 5 lim12 f(x). Therefore, lim1 f(x) exists and lim f(x) 5 4 2m 1 b 5 4
xS 12 1 xS 2 xS 2 xS21
is equal to 2. 2b 5 2
b 5 1, m 5 23

f(0) 5 0 c50
xS1 xS2 xS2
lim f(x) 5 8 4a 2 2b 5 8 xS2
xS22
4 3(2)
4. a. 2 51
2 2 12
x
0 b. (21)4 1 (21)3 1 (21)2 5 1
–4 –2 2 4 6 8 10 12
–2
c. c "9 1 d 5 a3 1 b
1 2 1 2
1 "9 3
b. lim2 p(t) 5 3 1 (6)2 100
tS6 12 5
36 9
531 d. (2p)3 1 p2 (2p) 2 5p3 5 8p3 1 2p3 2 5p3
12
5313 5 5p3
56 e. "3 1 "1 1 0 5 "3 1 1
1 52
lim1 p(t) 5 2 1 (6)2
tS6 18 23 2 3 26
Å 2(23) 1 4 Å 22
36 f. 5
521
18 5 "3
5212 (22)3
54 5. a. 5 22
22 2 2
2 2
!1 1 1 !2
5
modelled by 5 21
1 4 2 x2 (2 2 x)(2 1 x)
6 5 2 1 t2 7. a. lim 5 lim
18 xS2 2 2 x xS2 (2 2 x)
1 2 5 lim (2 1 x)
45 t xS2
18 54
72 5 t 2 2x 2 1 5x 1 3 (x 1 1)(2x 1 3)
!75 5 t b. lim
xS21 x11
5 lim
xS21 x11
xS3 x 2 3
5 lim
xS3 x23
5 27
f(0) 5 0 c50
xS1 xS2 xS2
lim f(x) 5 8 4a 2 2b 5 8 xS2
xS22
4 3(2)
4. a. 2 51
2 2 12
x
0 b. (21)4 1 (21)3 1 (21)2 5 1
–4 –2 2 4 6 8 10 12
–2
c. c "9 1 d 5 a3 1 b
1 2 1 2
1 "9 3
b. lim2 p(t) 5 3 1 (6)2 100
tS6 12 5
36 9
531 d. (2p)3 1 p2 (2p) 2 5p3 5 8p3 1 2p3 2 5p3
12
5313 5 5p3
56 e. "3 1 "1 1 0 5 "3 1 1
1 52
lim1 p(t) 5 2 1 (6)2
tS6 18 23 2 3 26
Å 2(23) 1 4 Å 22
36 f. 5
521
18 5 "3
5212 (22)3
54 5. a. 5 22
22 2 2
2 2
!1 1 1 !2
5
modelled by 5 21
1 4 2 x2 (2 2 x)(2 1 x)
6 5 2 1 t2 7. a. lim 5 lim
18 xS2 2 2 x xS2 (2 2 x)
1 2 5 lim (2 1 x)
45 t xS2
18 54
72 5 t 2 2x 2 1 5x 1 3 (x 1 1)(2x 1 3)
!75 5 t b. lim
xS21 x11
5 lim
xS21 x11
xS3 x 2 3
5 lim
xS3 x23
5 27
u21
2 2 "4 1 x 2 1 "4 1 x 5 lim
d. lim £ 3 § xS1 (u 2 1)(u 1 1)
xS0 x 2 1 "4 1 x 1
5
21 2
"x 2 2
5 lim
2 1 "4 1 x
xS0 1
e. lim Let x 2 5 u
1 xS4"x 2 8 3 3
x 2 5 u3
52 u22
4 5 lim 3 x S 4, u S 2
"x 2 2 "x 2 2
xS2 u 2 8
e. lim 5 lim u22
xS4 x 2 4 xS4 ("x 2 2)("x 1 2) 5 lim
xS2 (u 2 2)(u 2 1 2u 1 4)
1 1
5 5
4 12
"7 2 x 2 "7 1 x "7 2 x 1 "7 1 x
1
(x 1 8)3 2 2
f. lim £ §
1
f. lim Let (x 1 8)3 5 u

3
"7 2 x 1 "7 1 x
xS0 x xS0 x x 1 8 5 u3
u22 x 5 u3 2 8
72x272x lim 3
5 lim xS2 u 2 8 x S 0, u S 2
xS0 x("7 2 x 1 "7 1 x) 1
5
1 12
52
"7 9. a.
16 2 16
50
" 64 1 64
3
x22
8. a. lim 16 2 16
xS8 x 2 8 b. 50
Let u 5 " 3 16 2 20 1 6
x. Therefore, u 3 5 x as x S 8, u S 2.
x2 1 x x(x 1 1)
u22 1 c. lim 5 lim
Here, lim 3 5 lim 2 xS21 x 1 1 xS21 x 1 1
xS2 u 2 8 xS2 u 1 2u 1 4
5 21
"x 1 1 2 1 "x 1 1 2 1
1
5
12 d. lim 5 lim
xS0 x xS0 x 1 1 2 1
"x 1 1 2 1
27 2 x 1
Let x 3 5 u
b. lim 13
xS27 x 2 3 x 5 u3 5 lim
xS0 ("x 1 1 2 1)("x
3
u 2 27 1 1 1 1)
x S 27, u S 3.
5 lim 1
xS3 u 2 3 5
(u 2 3)(u 2 1 3u 1 9) 2
5 2lim (x 1 h)2 2 x 2 2xh 1 h 2
xS3 u23 e. lim 5 lim
5 2 (9 1 9 1 9) hS0 h hS0 h
5 227 5 2x
f. lim a ba b
1 1 1 1 2
x6 2 1 x 6 5 u, x 5 u 6 2
c. lim xS1 x 2 1 x13 3x 1 5
xS1 x 2 1 x S 1, u S 1
5 lim a ba b
1 3x 1 5 2 2x 2 6
u21
5 lim 6 xS1 x 2 1 (x 1 3)(3x 1 5)
xS1 u 2 1
1
(u 2 1) 5 lim
5 lim 5 4 3 2 xS1 (x 1 3)(3x 1 5)
xS1 (u 2 1)(u 1 u 1 u 1 u 1 u 1 1)
1
1 5
5 4(8)
6
1 1
x6 2 1
1
Let x 6 5 u 5
d. lim 13 32
xS1 x 2 1 u6 5 x
u21 1
x 3 5 u2
5 lim 2
xS1 u 2 1 As x S 1, u S 1

0x 2 50 (x 2 2)(x 1 1) (x 2 2)(x 1 1)
0x 2 20
10. a. lim does not exist. lim2 5 lim2 2
xS5 x 2 5 xS2 xS2 (x 2 2)
0x 2 50 x25 5 lim2 2 (x 1 1)
lim1 5 lim1 xS2
xS5 x 2 5 xS5 x 2 5
5 23
51
0x 2 50
y
5 lim2 2 a b
x25
lim2 4
xS5 x 2 5 xS5 x25
5 21
2
y
2 x
–4 –2 0 2 4
1
–2
x
–8 –4 0 4 8 –4
–1
d. 0 x 1 2 0 5 x 1 2 if x . 22
5 2 (x 1 2) if x , 22
–2
(x 1 2)(x 1 2)2
lim 5 lim 1 (x 1 2)2 5 0
0 2x 2 5 0 (x 1 1)
xS22 1 x12 xS22
b. lim5 does not exist. (x 1 2)(x 1 2)2

xS 2 2x 2 5 lim 50
xS222 2 (x 1 2)
0 2x 2 5 0 5 2x 2 5, x $
5
y
2 4
(2x 2 5)(x 1 1)
lim 5x11
xS 52
1
2x 2 5 2
0 2x 2 5 0 5 2 (2x 2 5), x ,
5
x
2
–4 –2 0 2 4
2 (2x 2 5)(x 1 1)
lim2 5 2 (x 1 1)
xS 52 2x 2 5 –2
y
4 –4
2 11. a.
DT T V DV
x
240 19.1482
–4 –2 0 2 4 20 1.6426
220 20.7908
20 1.6426
–2 20
0 22.4334
1.6426
20 24.0760
20 1.6426
40 25.7186
–4 20 1.6426
60 27.3612
20 1.6426
2
80 29.0038
x 2x22 (x 2 2)(x 1 1)
0x 2 20 0x 2 20
c. lim 5 lim DV is constant, therefore T and V form a linear
xS2 xS2
(x 2 2)(x 1 1) (x 2 2)(x 1 1) relationship.
0x 2 20
lim 5 lim1 DV
xS2 1 xS2 x22 b. V 5 ?T1K
5 lim1 x 1 1 DT
xS2 DV 1.6426
53 5 5 0.082 13
DT 20

V 5 0.082 13T 1 K f(x) g(x)
15. lim 5 1 and lim 52
T50 V 5 22.4334 xS0 x xS0 x
Therefore, k 5 22.4334 and
b5032
g(x)
V 5 0.082 13T 1 22.4334. a. lim g(x) 5 lim xa
xS0 xS0 x
V 2 22.4334 50
c. T 5 f (x)
0.082 13 f(x) x 1
d. lim T 5 2273.145 b. lim 5 lim g (x) 5
vS0 xS0 g(x) xS0 x 2
e. V !x 1 1 2 !2x 1 1
12
xS0 !3x 1 4 2 !2x 1 4
16. lim
10 !x 1 1 2 !2x 1 1
5 lim c
8 xS0 !x 1 1 1 !2x 1 1
6
!x 1 1 1 !2x 1 1
!3x 1 4 2 !2x 1 4
3
!3x 1 4 1 !2x 1 4
4
d
!3x 1 4 1 !2x 1 4
3
2
!3x 1 4 1 !2x 1 4
T
5 lim c d
0 (x 1 1 2 2x 2 1)
!x 1 1 1 !2x 1 1
3
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 xS0 (3x 1 4 2 2x 2 4)
x2 2 4 212
12. lim 52
xS5 f(x)
111
5 22
x 2 1 0 x 2 1 021
lim (x2 2 4)
xS5
5
0x 2 10
lim f(x) 17. lim
xS1
x S 11 0 x 2 1 0 5 x 2 1
xS5
21
5 x2 1 x 2 2 (x 1 2)(x 2 1)
3 5
57 x21 x21
13. lim f(x) 5 3 x 2 1 0 x 2 1 021
0x 2 10
xS4 lim 53
a. lim 3 f(x)4 3 5 33 5 27
xS1 1
xS4 x S 12 0 x 2 1 0 5 2x 1 1
b. x2 2 x x(x 2 1)
5 lim2
3 f(x)4 2 2 x 2
lim2
( f(x) 2 x)( f(x) 1 x) xS1 2x 1 1 xS1 2x 1 1
lim 5 lim 5 21
xS4 f(x) 1 x xS4 f(x) 1 x
5 lim ( f(x) 2 x) Therefore, this limit does not exist.
xS4 y
5324 4
5 21
c. lim "3f(x) 2 2x 5 "3 3 3 2 2 3 4 2
xS4
51 x
f(x) 0
14. lim 51 –4 –2 2 4
xS0 x
–2
a. lim f(x) 5 lim c 3 xd 5 0
f(x)
xS0 xS0 x
–4
5 lim c d 50
f(x) x f(x)
b. lim
xS0 g(x) xS0 g(x) x

1.6 Continuity, pp. 51–53 5. a. The function is a polynomial, so the function
is continuous for all real numbers.
1. Anywhere that you can see breaks or jumps is a b. The function is a polynomial, so the function is
place where the function is not continuous. continuous for all real numbers.
2. It means that on that domain, you can trace the c. x 2 2 5x 5 x(x 2 5)
graph of the function without lifting your pencil. The is continuous for all real numbers except
3. point discontinuity 0 and 5.
y d. The is continuous for all real numbers greater
10 than or equal to 22.
8 e. The is continuous for all real numbers.
6 f. The is continuous for all real numbers.
4 6. g(x) is a linear function (a polynomial),
2 hole and so is continuous everywhere,
x including x 5 2.
–2 0 2 4 6 7. y
–2
8
jump discontinuity
y 4
10 x
8 0
–8 –4 4 8
6
4 –4
2
x –8
–2 0 2 4 6
–2
The function is continuous everywhere.
infinite discontinuity 8. y
4
y
10
8 2
6 x
4 0
–4 –2 2 4
2
x –2
–1 0 1 2 3 4
–2
vertical –4
–4 asymptote
4. a. x 5 3 makes the denominator 0. The function is discontinuous at x 5 0.

b. x 5 0 makes the denominator 0. 9. y
4
c. x 5 0 makes the denominator 0.
d. x 5 3 and x 5 23 make the denominator 0.
e. x 2 1 x 2 6 5 (x 1 3)(x 2 2) 2
x 5 23 and x 5 2 make the denominator 0. x
f. The function has different one-sided limits at x 5 3. 0 200 400 600

x2 2 x 2 6 Thus, lim f(x) 5 4. But, f(3) 5 2. Hence f is not
10. lim f(x) 5 lim xS3
xS3 xS3 x23 continuous at x 5 2 (and also not continuous over
(x 2 3)(x 1 2) 23 , x , 8).
5 lim
xS3 x23 15. The function is to be continuous at x 5 1 and
55 discontinuous at x 5 2.
Function is discontinuous at x 5 3. Ax 2 B
11. Discontinuous at x 5 2 , if x # 1
x22
y f(x) 5 μ 3x, if 1 , x , 2
4 2
Bx 2 A, if x $ 2
2 For f(x) to be continuous at x 5 1:

A(1) 2 B
x 5 3(1)
122
–4 –2 0 2 4 A(1) 2 B 5 23
A5B23
–2
For f(x) to be discontinuous at x 5 2:
B(2)2 2 A 2 3(2)
–4 4B 2 A 2 6
If 4B 2 A . 6, then if 4B 2 A , 6, then
12. g(x) 5 e
x 1 3, if x 2 3 4B 2 (B 2 3) . 6 4B 2 B 1 3 , 6
2 1 !k, if x 5 3 3B 1 3 . 6 3B 1 3 , 6
g(x) is continuous. 3B . 3 3B , 3
2 1 "k 5 6 B . 1 and B , 1 and
"k 5 4, k 5 16 A . 22 A , 22
13. This shows that A and B can be any set of real
21, if x , 0 numbers such that
f(x) 5 • 0, if x 5 0 (1) A 5 B 2 3
1, if x . 0 (2) 4B 2 A 2 6 (if B . 1, then A . 22 if B , 1,
then A , 22)
a. y
4 A 5 1 and B 5 22 is not a solution because then
the graph would be continuous at x 5 2.
2 2x, if 23 # x # 22
16. f(x) 5 • ax 1 b, if 22 , x , 0
2
x 6, if x 5 0
–4 –2 0 2 4 at x 5 22, 4a 1 b 5 2
–2
at x 5 0, b 5 6.
a 5 21
2x, if 23 # x # 22
f(x) 5 • 2x2 1 b, if 22 , x , 0
–4
6, if x 5 0
b. i. From the graph, lim2 f(x) 5 21.
xS0 if a 5 21, b 5 6. f(x) is continuous.
ii. From the graph, lim1 f(x) 5 1.
xS0 x0 x 2 1 0
g(x) 5 • x 2 1
iii. Since the one-sided limits differ, lim f(x) does , if x 2 1
xS0 17.
not exist. 0, if x 5 1
c. f is not continuous since lim f(x) does not exist.
xS0
¶ lim g(x)
14. a. From the graph, f(3) 5 2. lim g(x) 5 21
a. xS12
b. From the graph, lim2 f(x) 5 4. lim1 g(x) 5 1 xS1
xS3 xS1
c. lim2 f(x) 5 4 5 lim2 f(x)
xS3 xS3 lim g(x) does not exist.
xS1

b. y
, Pa4, b
2 2
!x 1 5
4 c. h(x) 5
3
2 2
23
2 !4 1 h 1 5
m 5 lim
x hS0 h
3 2 !9 1 h 3 1 !9 1 h
–4 –2 0 2 4 5 2 lim c d
3 1 !9 1 h
3
hS0 3h!9 1 h
–2
5 2 lim c 2 d
1
hS0 3 !9 1 h(3 1 !9 1 h)
–4 2
52
9(6)
1
52
, Pa4, b
5 5
1. a. f(22) 5 36, f(3) 5 21 d. f(x) 5
x22 2
21 2 36 5 5
m5 2
3 2 (22) 41h22 2
5 23 m 5 lim
hS0 h
b. f(21) 5 13, f(4) 5 48 10 2 5(2 1 h)
48 2 13 5 lim
m5 hS0 h(2 1 h)(2)
4 2 (21)
25h
57 5 lim 2
c. f(1) 5 23 hS0 h(2 1 h)(2)
5(1 1 2h 1 h 2 ) 2 (23) 5
m 5 lim 52
hS0 h 4
3. f(x) 5 e
2h 1 h 2 4 2 x2 , if x # 1
5 lim 2x 1 1, if x . 1
hS0 h
hS0
52 4 2 (21 1 h)2 2 3
m 5 lim
y 2 (23) 5 2(x 2 1) hS0 h
2x 2 y 2 5 5 0 4 2 1 1 2h 2 h 2 2 3
5 lim
3 hS0 h
2. a. f(x) 5 , P(2, 1)
x11 5 lim (2 2 h)
3 hS0
21
m531h 52
1 b. Slope at P(2, 0.5)
5 lim 2
hS0 31h f(x) 5 2x 1 1
1 f(2 1 h) 2 f(2) 5 2(2 1 h) 1 1 2 5
52
3 5 2h
b. g(x) 5 "x 1 2, P(21, 1) 2h
"21 1 h 1 2 2 1
m 5 lim 52
hS0 h
m 5 lim
!h 1 1 2 1 !h 1 1 1 1 4. s(t) 5 25t 2 1 180
5 lim c d
!h 1 1 1 1
3 a. s(0) 5 180, s(1) 5 175, s(2) 5 160
hS0 x
hS0 !h 1 1 1 1
5 lim
m> s.
s(1) 2 s(0)
5 25
1 1
5
2
b. y
, Pa4, b
2 2
!x 1 5
4 c. h(x) 5
3
2 2
23
2 !4 1 h 1 5
m 5 lim
x hS0 h
3 2 !9 1 h 3 1 !9 1 h
–4 –2 0 2 4 5 2 lim c d
3 1 !9 1 h
3
hS0 3h!9 1 h
–2
5 2 lim c 2 d
1
hS0 3 !9 1 h(3 1 !9 1 h)
–4 2
52
9(6)
1
52
, Pa4, b
5 5
1. a. f(22) 5 36, f(3) 5 21 d. f(x) 5
x22 2
21 2 36 5 5
m5 2
3 2 (22) 41h22 2
5 23 m 5 lim
hS0 h
b. f(21) 5 13, f(4) 5 48 10 2 5(2 1 h)
48 2 13 5 lim
m5 hS0 h(2 1 h)(2)
4 2 (21)
25h
57 5 lim 2
c. f(1) 5 23 hS0 h(2 1 h)(2)
5(1 1 2h 1 h 2 ) 2 (23) 5
m 5 lim 52
hS0 h 4
3. f(x) 5 e
2h 1 h 2 4 2 x2 , if x # 1
5 lim 2x 1 1, if x . 1
hS0 h
hS0
52 4 2 (21 1 h)2 2 3
m 5 lim
y 2 (23) 5 2(x 2 1) hS0 h
2x 2 y 2 5 5 0 4 2 1 1 2h 2 h 2 2 3
5 lim
3 hS0 h
2. a. f(x) 5 , P(2, 1)
x11 5 lim (2 2 h)
3 hS0
21
m531h 52
1 b. Slope at P(2, 0.5)
5 lim 2
hS0 31h f(x) 5 2x 1 1
1 f(2 1 h) 2 f(2) 5 2(2 1 h) 1 1 2 5
52
3 5 2h
b. g(x) 5 "x 1 2, P(21, 1) 2h
"21 1 h 1 2 2 1
m 5 lim 52
hS0 h
m 5 lim
!h 1 1 2 1 !h 1 1 1 1 4. s(t) 5 25t 2 1 180
5 lim c d
!h 1 1 1 1
3 a. s(0) 5 180, s(1) 5 175, s(2) 5 160
hS0 x
hS0 !h 1 1 1 1
5 lim
m> s.
s(1) 2 s(0)
5 25
1 1
5
2
Average velocity during the second second is c. Present rate of change:
m> s.
s(2) 2 s(1) Q(h) 5 104 (h 2 1 15h 1 70)
5 215
1 Q(0) 5 104 1 70
b. At t 5 4: Q(h) 2 Q(0)
s(4 1 h) 2 s(4) lim 5 lim 104 (h 1 15)
hS0 h hS0
5 25(4 1 h)2 1 180 2 (25(16) 1 180)
5 15 3 104 t per year.
5 280 2 40h 2 5h 2 1 180 1 80 2 180
d. Q(a 1 h)
s(4 1 h) 2 s(4) 240h 2 5h 2
5 5 104 3a 2 1 2ah 1 h 2 1 15a 1 15h 1 704
Q(a) 5 104 3a 2 1 15a 1 704
h h
v(4) 5 lim (240 2 5h) 5 240
104 32ah 1 h 2 1 15h4
Velocity is 240 m> s.
hS0 Q(a 1 h) 2 Q(a)
5
h h
c. Time to reach ground is when s(t) 5 0.
Q(a 1 h) 2 Q(a)
Therefore, 25t 2 1 180 5 0 lim 5 lim 104 (2a 1 h 1 15)
t 2 5 36 hS0 h hS0
t 5 6, t . 0. 5 (2a 1 15)104
Velocity at t 5 6: Now,
s(6 1 h) 5 25(36 1 12h 1 h 2 ) 1 180 (2a 1 15)104 5 3 3 105
5 260h 2 5h 2 2a 1 15 5 30
s(6) 5 0 a 5 7.5
Therefore, v(6) 5 lim (260 2 5h) 5 260. It will take 7.5 years to reach a rate of
hS0 3.0 3 105 t per year.
5. M(t) 5 t 2 mass in grams 7. a. From the graph, the limit is 10.
a. Growth during 3 # t # 3.01 b. 7; 0
M(3.01) 5 (3.01)2 5 9.0601 c. p(t) is discontinuous for t 5 3 and t 5 4.
M(3) 5 32 8. a. Answers will vary. lim f(x) 5 0.5, f is
59 xS21
Grew 0.0601 g during this time interval. discontinuous at x 5 21

b. Average rate of growth is y
2
5 6.01 g> min.
0.0601
0.01
1
c. s(3 1 h) 5 9 1 6h 1 h 2
s(3) 5 9 x
s(3 1 h) 2 s(3) 6h 1 h 2 –2 –1 0 1 2
5
h h
Rate of growth is lim (6 1 h) 5 6 g> min. –1
hS0
6. Q(t) 5 104 (t 2 1 15t 1 70) tonnes of waste, –2
0 # t # 10
a. At t 5 0, b. f(x) 5 24 if x , 3; f is increasing for x . 3
Q(t) 5 70 3 104 lim1 f(x) 5 1
5 700 000. xS3
700 000 t have accumulated up to now. y

4
b. Over the next three years, the average rate of
change:
Q(3) 5 104 (9 1 45 1 70) 2
5 124 3 104 x
Q(0) 5 70 3 104 0
–4 –2 2 4
Q(3) 2 Q(0) 54 3 104
5 –2
3 3
5 18 3 104 t per year.
–4
9. a. y 13. a.
4 x 1.9 1.99 1.999 2.001 2.01 2.1
x22
0.344 83 0.334 45 0.333 44 0.333 22 0.332 23 0.322 58
2 x2 2 x 2 2
1
x
0 3
–4 –2 2 4
–2
–4
x 1 1, if x , 21
b. f(x) 5 • 2x 1 1, if 21 # x , 1 b.
x 0.9 0.99 0.999 1.001 1.01 1.1
x 2 2, if x . 1
x21
Discontinuous at x 5 21 and x 5 1. 0.526 32 0.502 51 0.500 25 0.499 75 0.497 51 0.476 19
x2 2 1
c. They do not exist.
10. The function is not continuous at x 5 24 1
because the function is not defined at x 5 24. 2
(x 5 24 makes the denominator 0.)
2x 2 2
11. f(x) 5 2
x 1x22
2(x 2 1)
5
(x 2 1)(x 1 2)
a. f is discontinuous at x 5 1 and x 5 22.
2 14.
b. lim f(x) 5 lim
xS1 xS1 x 1 2 x 20.1 20.01 20.001 0.001 0.01 0.1
2 "x 1 3 2 "3 0.291 12 0.288 92 0.2887 0.288 65 0.288 43 0.286 31
5
3 x
2
lim f(x): 5 lim 1 5 1` !x 1 3 2 !3 !x 1 3 1 !3
xS22 x 1 2
lim c d
!x 1 3 1 !3
xS22
?
2 xS0 x
lim 5 2` x1323
xS222 x 1 2
xS0 xA !x 1 3 1 !3B
5 lim
lim f(x) does not exist.
xS22
x
xS0 xA !x 1 3 1 !3B
1 5 lim
12. a. f(x) 5 , lim f(x) does not exist.
x 2 xS0
1
xS0 !x 1 3 1 !3
b. g(x) 5 x(x 2 5), lim g(x) 5 0 5 lim
xS0
x 3 2 27
c. h(x) 5 2 , 1
2 !3
x 29 5
37
lim h(x) 5 5 5.2857 This agrees well with the values in the table.
xS4 7
lim h(x) does not exist. "x 1 2 2 2
xS23 15. a. f(x) 5
x22
x 2.1 2.01 2.001 2.0001
f(x) 0.248 46 0.249 84 0.249 98 0.25
x 5 2.0001
f(x) 8 0.25

b. 1
A !x 1 5 1 !5 2 xB
5 lim
xS0
1
!5
5
(x 2 2)(x 1 2)
d. lim
xS2 (x 2 2)(x 2 1 2x 1 4)
lim f(x) 5 0.25 x12
xS2
5 lim 2
!x 1 2 2 2 !x 1 2 1 2 xS2 x 1 2x 1 4
c. lim c d
!x 1 2 1 2
3 (2) 1 2
xS2 x22 5
1 (2)2 1 2(2) 1 4
xS2 !x 1 2 1 2
5 lim 4
5
1 12
5 5 0.25 1
4 5
(5 1 h)2 2 25 3
4 2 !12 1 x 4 1 !12 1 x
e. lim c d
16. a. lim
4 1 !12 1 x
hS0 h ?
5 lim (10 1 h) xS4 x24
hS0 16 2 (12 1 x)
xS4 (x 2 4)(4 1 !12 1 x)
5 10 5 lim
Slope of the tangent to y 5 x 2 at x 5 5 is 10. 42x
"4 1 h 2 2 "4 1 h 2 2 xS4 (x 2 4)(4 1 !12 1 x)
5 lim
b. lim 5 lim
hS0 h hS0 4 1 h 2 4 2 (x 2 4)
xS4 (x 2 4)(4 1 !12 1 x)
5 lim
1
hS0 !4 1 h 1 2
5 lim
21
xS4 4 1 !12 1 x
5 lim
1
5
4 21
Slope of the tangent to y 5 "x at x 5 4 is 14. 4 1 !12 1 (4)
5
1 1 21
24 4242h 5
41h
c. lim 5 lim 414
hS0 h hS0 4(4 1 h)(h)
1
1 52
5 lim 2 8
hS0 4(4 1 h)
f. lim a 2 b
1 1 1
1
52 xS0 x 21x 2
16
5 lim c 3 2 d
1 1 x
Slope of the tangent to y 5 x at (x 5 4) is 2 161 . xS0 x 2(2 1 x)
(x 1 4)(x 1 8)
5 lim c 2 d
17. a. lim 5 lim (x 1 8) 1
xS24 x14 xS24
xS0 2(2 1 x)
5 (24) 1 8 1
54 52
4
2 2
(x 1 4a) 2 25a (x 2 a)(x 1 9a) 18. a. The function is not defined for x , 3, so
b. lim 5 lim
xSa x 2 a xSa x2a there is no left-side limit.
5 10a b. Even after dividing out common factors from
!x 1 5 2 !5 2 x !x 1 5 1 !5 2 x
c. lim c d
numerator and denominator, there is a factor of
!x 1 5 1 !5 2 x
3
xS0 x x 2 2 in the denominator; the graph has a vertical
x15251x asymptote at x 5 2.
xS0 xA !x 1 5 1 !5 2 xB
5 lim
c. f(x) 5 e
25, if x , 1
2, if x $ 1
lim2 f(x) 5 25 2 lim1 f(x) 5 2
xS1 xS1

0x0 5 lim
hS0 h
e. lim
xS0 x 5 lim (18 2 18h 1 6h2 )
x S 02 0 x 0 5 2x hS0
0x0
5 18
lim2 5 21 When x 5 21, y 5 29.
xS0 x
0x0
lim1 51 y 2 (29) 5 18(x 2 (21))
xS0 x
y 5 18x 1 9
0x0 0x0 22(3 1 h)4 2 (2162)
xS0 x xS0 x
hS0 h
f(x) 5 e
5x2, if x , 21 22(81 1 108h 1 54h2 1 12h3 1 h4 ) 1 162
f. 5 lim
2x 1 1, if x $ 21 hS0 h
lim 1 f(x) 5 21 2216h 2 108h2 2 24h3 2 2h4
xS21 5 lim
lim f(x) 5 5 hS0 h
xS212
5 lim ( 2 216 2 108h 2 24h2 2 2h3 )
xS21 1 xS21
5 2216
xS21
23(1 1 h)2 1 6(1 1 h) 1 4 2 (23 1 6 1 4) y 2 (2162) 5 2216(x 2 3)
m 5 lim y 5 2216x 1 486
hS0 h
23 2 6h 2 h2 1 6 1 6h 1 4 2 7 20. P(t) 5 20 1 61t 1 3t 2
5 lim a. P(8) 5 20 1 61(8) 1 3(8)2
hS0 h
2h2 5 700 000
5 lim b.
hS0 h
20 1 61(8 1 h) 1 3(8 1 h)2 2 (20 1 488 1 192)
5 lim 2h lim
hS0 hS0 h
50 20 1 488 1 61h 1 3(64 1 16h 1 h2 ) 2 700
When x 5 1, y 5 7. 5 lim
hS0 h
y57 5 lim
hS0 h
b. 2
109h 1 3h
(22 1 h)2 2 (22 1 h) 2 1 2 (4 1 2 2 1) 5 lim
m 5 lim hS0 h
hS0 h
5 lim (109 1 3h)
4 2 4h 1 h2 1 2 2 h 2 1 2 5 hS0
5 lim 5 109
hS0 h
5 lim 109 000>h.
hS0 h
5 lim (25 1 h)
5 25 1
xS1
y 5 25x 2 5 lim1 5 1` 2 lim2 5 2 `.
xS1 x 2 1 xS1 x 2 1
6(21 1 h)3 2 3 2 (26 2 3)
c. m 5 lim 2. f(x) 5 5x 2 2 8x
hS0 h f(22) 5 5(4) 2 8(22) 5 20 1 16 5 36
6(21 1 3h 2 3h2 1 h3 ) 2 3 1 9 f(1) 5 5 2 8 5 23
5 lim
hS0 h 36 1 3 39
22 2 1 3
5 213
0x0 5 lim
hS0 h
e. lim
xS0 x 5 lim (18 2 18h 1 6h2 )
x S 02 0 x 0 5 2x hS0
0x0
5 18
lim2 5 21 When x 5 21, y 5 29.
xS0 x
0x0
lim1 51 y 2 (29) 5 18(x 2 (21))
xS0 x
y 5 18x 1 9
0x0 0x0 22(3 1 h)4 2 (2162)
xS0 x xS0 x
hS0 h
f(x) 5 e
5x2, if x , 21 22(81 1 108h 1 54h2 1 12h3 1 h4 ) 1 162
f. 5 lim
2x 1 1, if x $ 21 hS0 h
lim 1 f(x) 5 21 2216h 2 108h2 2 24h3 2 2h4
xS21 5 lim
lim f(x) 5 5 hS0 h
xS212
5 lim ( 2 216 2 108h 2 24h2 2 2h3 )
xS21 1 xS21
5 2216
xS21
23(1 1 h)2 1 6(1 1 h) 1 4 2 (23 1 6 1 4) y 2 (2162) 5 2216(x 2 3)
m 5 lim y 5 2216x 1 486
hS0 h
23 2 6h 2 h2 1 6 1 6h 1 4 2 7 20. P(t) 5 20 1 61t 1 3t 2
5 lim a. P(8) 5 20 1 61(8) 1 3(8)2
hS0 h
2h2 5 700 000
5 lim b.
hS0 h
20 1 61(8 1 h) 1 3(8 1 h)2 2 (20 1 488 1 192)
5 lim 2h lim
hS0 hS0 h
50 20 1 488 1 61h 1 3(64 1 16h 1 h2 ) 2 700
When x 5 1, y 5 7. 5 lim
hS0 h
y57 5 lim
hS0 h
b. 2
109h 1 3h
(22 1 h)2 2 (22 1 h) 2 1 2 (4 1 2 2 1) 5 lim
m 5 lim hS0 h
hS0 h
5 lim (109 1 3h)
4 2 4h 1 h2 1 2 2 h 2 1 2 5 hS0
5 lim 5 109
hS0 h
5 lim 109 000>h.
hS0 h
5 lim (25 1 h)
5 25 1
xS1
y 5 25x 2 5 lim1 5 1` 2 lim2 5 2 `.
xS1 x 2 1 xS1 x 2 1
6(21 1 h)3 2 3 2 (26 2 3)
c. m 5 lim 2. f(x) 5 5x 2 2 8x
hS0 h f(22) 5 5(4) 2 8(22) 5 20 1 16 5 36
6(21 1 3h 2 3h2 1 h3 ) 2 3 1 9 f(1) 5 5 2 8 5 23
5 lim
hS0 h 36 1 3 39
22 2 1 3
5 213
3. a. lim f(x) does not exist. 4x 2 2 36 2(x 2 3)(x 1 3)
xS1 7. a. lim 5 lim
b. lim f(x) 5 1 xS3 2x 2 6 xS3 (x 2 3)
xS2 5 12
c. lim2 f(x) 5 1 2x 2 2 x 2 6 (2x 1 3)(x 2 2)
xS4
b. lim 2 5 lim
d. f is discontinuous at x 5 1 and x 5 2. xS2 3x 2 7x 1 2 xS2 (x 2 2)(3x 2 1)
4. a. Average velocity from t 5 2 to t 5 5: 7
5
s(5) 2 s(2) (40 2 25) 2 (16 2 4) 5
5
3 3 x25 (x 2 1) 2 4
xS5 !x 2 1 2 2 xS5 !x 2 1 2 2
c. lim 5 lim
15 2 12
5
3 A !x 2 1 2 2BA !x 2 1 1 2B
!x 2 1 2 2
51 5 lim
Average velocity from t 5 2 to t 5 5 is 1 km> h.
xS5
54
b. s(3 1 h) 2 s(3) x3 1 1 (x 1 1)(x 2 2 x 1 1)
5 8(3 1 h) 2 (3 1 h)2 2 (24 2 9) d. lim 4 5 lim 2
xS21 x 2 1 xS21 (x 2 1)(x 1 1)(x 1 1)
5 24 1 8h 2 9 2 6h 2 h 2 2 15 3
5 2h 2 h 2 5
22(2)
2h 2 h 2
v(3) 5 lim 52 3
hS0 h 52
Velocity at t 5 3 is 2 km> h.
4
e. lim a b 5 lim
(x 1 3) 2 6
5. f(x) 5 "x 1 11
1 6
2 2
xS3 x 2 3 x 29 xS3 (x 2 3)(x 1 3)
Average rate of change from x 5 5 to x 5 5 1 h:
1
f(5 1 h) 2 f(5) 5 lim
xS3 x 1 3
h
1
"16 1 h 2 "16 5
6
5 1 1
h (x 1 8) 2 2
3
(x 1 8) 2 2
3
x f. lim 5 lim
6. f(x) 5 2 xS0 x xS0 (x 1 8) 2 8
x 2 15 1
(x 1 8)3 2 2
Slope of the tangent at x 5 4: 5 lim
xS0 ((x 1 8)3 2 2)((x 1 8)3 1 2(x 1 8)3 1 4)
1 2 1
41h
f(4 1 h) 5 1
(4 1 h)2 2 15 5
41414
41h
5 1
1 1 8h 1 h 2 5
12
4
f(4) 5 ax 1 3, if x . 5
1
8. f(x) 5 • 8, if x 5 5
41h 2
f(4 1 h) 2 f(4) 5 24 x 1 bx 1 a, if x , 5
1 1 8h 1 h 2
f(x) is continuous.
4 1 h 2 4 2 32h 2 4h 2
5 Therefore, 5a 1 3 5 8 a51
1 1 2h 1 h 2 25 1 5b 1 a 5 8 5b 5 218
31h 2 4h 2 18
52 b52
(1 1 2h 1 h 2 ) 5
f(4 1 h) 2 f(4) (231 2 4h)
lim 5 lim 2
hS0 h hS0 1 1 2h 1 h
5 231
Slope of the tangent at x 5 4 is 231.

Mcv4u CH 1 Nelson Solutions

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CHAPTER 1

1-2 Chapter 1: Introduction to Calculus

3("5 1 "2 ) 2 2 3"2 2 1 3"2

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 1-3

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 1-5

"5 1 h 2 "5 51h25 4

1-6 Chapter 1: Introduction to Calculus

1-8 Chapter 1: Introduction to Calculus

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 1-9

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 1-11

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 1-13

1-14 Chapter 1: Introduction to Calculus

1-16 Chapter 1: Introduction to Calculus

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 1-17

1-18 Chapter 1: Introduction to Calculus

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 1-19

Therefore, the slope of the tangent to 5 3(0) 2 4

1-20 Chapter 1: Introduction to Calculus

b. A left-sided limit is the value that a function 5 (0)4

1-22 Chapter 1: Introduction to Calculus

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 1-23

f. lim Let (x 1 8)3 5 u

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 1-25

b. lim5 does not exist. (x 1 2)(x 1 2)2

1-26 Chapter 1: Introduction to Calculus

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 1-27

4. a. x 5 3 makes the denominator 0. The function is discontinuous at x 5 0.

1-28 Chapter 1: Introduction to Calculus

2 For f(x) to be continuous at x 5 1:

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 1-29

Grew 0.0601 g during this time interval. discontinuous at x 5 21

700 000 t have accumulated up to now. y

f(x) 0.248 46 0.249 84 0.249 98 0.25

1-32 Chapter 1: Introduction to Calculus

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 1-33

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 1-35

1-2 Chapter 1: Introduction to Calculus

1-2 Chapter 1: Introduction to Calculus

3("5 1 "2 ) 2 2 3"2 2 1 3"2

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 1-3

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 1-5

"5 1 h 2 "5 51h25 4

1-6 Chapter 1: Introduction to Calculus

1-8 Chapter 1: Introduction to Calculus

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 1-9

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 1-11

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 1-13

1-14 Chapter 1: Introduction to Calculus

1-16 Chapter 1: Introduction to Calculus

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 1-17

1-18 Chapter 1: Introduction to Calculus

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 1-19

Therefore, the slope of the tangent to 5 3(0) 2 4

1-20 Chapter 1: Introduction to Calculus

b. A left-sided limit is the value that a function 5 (0)4

1-22 Chapter 1: Introduction to Calculus

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 1-23

f. lim Let (x 1 8)3 5 u

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 1-25

b. lim5 does not exist. (x 1 2)(x 1 2)2

1-26 Chapter 1: Introduction to Calculus

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 1-27