MCV4U CH 9 Nelson Solutions

CHAPTER 9
Relationships Between Points,

Lines, and Planes
Review of Prerequisite Skills, p. 487 2(4) 1 6(1) 2 1(23) 1 D 5 8 1 6 1 3 1 D
5 17 1 D 5 0. D 5 217, and the equation of the
1. a. Yes; (2, 25) 5 (10, 212) 1 t(8, 27) plane is 2x 1 6y 2 z 2 17 5 0.
(2, 25) 5 (10, 212) 1 1(8, 27) >
b. Since n 5 (0, 7, 0), the Cartesian equation of
b. No; 12(1) 1 5(2) 2 13 5 9 2 0 the plane is of the form 7y 1 D 5 0, where D is to
c. Yes; (7, 23, 8) 5 (1, 0, 24) 1 t(2, 21, 4) be determined. Since P0 (22, 0, 5) is on the plane, it
(7, 23, 8) 5 (1, 0, 24) 1 3(2, 21, 4) must satisfy the equation. So 7(0) 1 D 5 0 1 D 5 0
d. No; (1, 0, 5) 5 (2, 1, 22) 1 t(4, 21, 2) thus D 5 0. The equation of the plane is
(21, 21, 7) 2 t(4, 21, 2) 7y 5 0, or y 5 0.
There is no value of t that satisfies the equation. >
c. Since n 5 (4, 23, 0), the Cartesian equation of
2. Answers may vary. For example: the plane is of the form 4x 2 3y 1 D 5 0, where
>
a. Vector: m 5 (7, 3) 2 (2, 5) 5 (5, 22) D is to be determined. Since P0 (3, 21, 22)
>
r 5 (2, 5) 1 t(5, 22), tPR is on the plane, it must satisfy the equation. So
Parametric: x 5 2 1 5t, y 5 5 2 2t, tPR 4(3) 2 3(21) 1 D 5 12 1 3 1 D 5 15 1 D 5 0.
>
b. Vector: m 5 (4, 27) 2 (23, 7) 5 (7, 214) D 5 215, and the equation of the plane is
>
r 5 (23, 7) 1 t(7, 214), tPR 4x 1 3y 2 15 5 0.
Parametric: x 5 23 1 7t, y 5 7 2 14t, tPR >
d. Since n 5 (6, 5, 23), the Cartesian equation of
>
c. Vector: m 5 (23, 211) 2 (21, 0) the plane is of the form 6x 2 5y 1 3z 1 D 5 0,
5 (22, 211) where D is to be determined. Since P0 (0, 0, 0) is on
>
r 5 (21, 0) 1 t(22, 211), tPR the plane, it must satisfy the equation. So
Parametric: x 5 21 1 2 2t, y 5 211t, tPR 6(0) 2 5(0) 1 3(0) 1 D 5 0, or D 5 0. The
>
d. Vector: m 5 (6, 27, 0) 2 (1, 3, 5) equation of the plane is 6x 2 5y 1 3z 5 0.
5 (5, 210, 25) >
e. Since n 5 (11, 26, 0), the Cartesian equation
>
r 5 (1, 3, 5) 1 t(5, 210, 25), tPR of the plane is of the form 11x 2 6y 1 D 5 0,
Parametric: x 5 1 1 5t, y 5 3 2 10t, z 5 5 2 5t, where D is to be determined. Since P0 (4, 1, 8)
tPR is on the plane, it must satisfy the equation. So
>
e. Vector: m 5 (21, 5, 2) 2 (2, 0, 21) 11(4) 2 6(1) 1 D 5 44 2 6 1 D 5 38 1 D 5 0.
5 (23, 5, 3) D 5 238, and the equation of the plane is
>
r 5 (2, 0, 21) 1 t(23, 5, 3), tPR 11x 2 6y 2 38 5 0.
Parametric: x 5 2 2 3t, y 5 25t, z 5 21 1 3t, >
f. Since n 5 (1, 1, 21), the Cartesian equation of
tPR the plane is of the form x 1 y 1 2 z 1 D 5 0,
>
f. Vector: m 5 (12, 25, 27) 2 (2, 5, 21) where D is to be determined. Since P0 (2, 5, 1)
5 (10, 210, 26) is on the plane, it must satisfy the equation.
>
r 5 (2, 5, 21) 1 t(10, 210, 26), tPR So 2 1 5 2 1 1 D 5 6 1 D 5 0. D 5 26, and the
Parametric: x 5 2 1 10t, y 5 5 2 10t, z 5 21 2 6t, equation of the plane is x 1 y 2 z 2 6 5 0.
tPR 4. Start by writing the given line in parametric
>
3. a. Since n 5 (2, 6, 21), the Cartesian equation form: (x, y, z) 5 (2 1 s 1 2t, 1 2 s, 3s 2 5t), so
of the plane is of the form 2x 1 6y 2 z 1 D 5 0, x 5 2 1 s 1 2t, y 5 1 2 s, and z 5 3s 2 5t.
where D is to be determined. Since P0 (4, 1, 23) Solving for s in each component, we get s 5 1 2 y
is on the plane, it must satisfy the equation. So and substituting this into z 5 3s 2 5t gives
z 5 3(1 2 y) 2 5t 5 3 2 3y 2 5t.
Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 9-1

> >
3 2 3y 2 z AB 3 AC 5 ((0 ? 6) 2 (1 ? 21), (1 ? 5)
So now 23 1 3y 1 z 5 25t and t5 5
.
2 (1 ? 6), (1 ? 21) 2 (0 ? 5))
Finally, substituting both equations for s and t into
5 (0 1 1, 5 2 6, 21 2 0)
x 5 2 1 s 1 2t, we get >
5 (1, 21, 21) 5 n .
x 5 2 1 (1 2 y) 1 2 a b.
3 2 3y 2 z
If P(x, y, z) is any point on the plane, then
5 >
Rearranging, we get AP 5 (x 2 1, y, z 1 1), and if the normal to the
5x 5 10 1 5 2 5y 1 6 2 6y 2 2z plane is (1, 21, 21), then
5x 1 11y 1 2z 2 21 5 0. (x 2 1, y, z 1 1) ? (1, 21, 21) 5 0, so
5. L1 is not parallel to the plane because (3, 0, 2) is x 2 1 2 y 2 z 2 1 5 0 and thus,
a point on the line and the plane. Substitute the x 2 y> 2 z 2 2 5 0
expressions for the components of the parametric b. PQ> 5 (6, 4, 0) 2 (4, 1, 22) 5 (2, 3, 2)
equation of the line into the equation of the plane. PR 5 (0, >0, 23)> 2 (4, 1, 22) 5 (24, 21, 21)
>
4(3 1 t) 1 (22t) 2 (2 1 2t) 2 10 5 0 n 5 PQ 3 PR
12 1 4t 2 2t 2 2 2 2t 2 10 5 0 5 (3(21) 2 2(21)), 2(24) 22(21),
050 2(21) 2 3(4))
This last statement is always true. So every point on 5 (23 1 2, 28 1 2, 22 1 12) 5 (21, 26, 10)
the line is also in the plane. Therefore, the line lies Since (21, 26, 10) 5 21(1, 6, 210), we will use
on the plane. (1, 6, 210) as the normal vector so that the coefficient
For L2 substitute the expressions for the components of x is positive. If P(x, y, z) is any point on the plane,
>
of the parametric equation of the line into the then AP 5 (x 2 4, y 2 1, z 1 2), and if the normal
equation of the plane. to the plane is (1, 6, 210), then
4(23t) 1 (25 1 2t) 2 (210t) 2 10 5 0 (x 2 4, y 2 1, z 1 2) ? (1, 6, 210) 5 0,
212t 2 5 1 2t 1 10t 2 10 5 0 so x 2 4 1 6y 2 6 2 10z 2 20 5 0,
215 5 0 and thus x 1 6y 2 10z 2 30 5 0.
This last statement is never true. So the line and the 7. Answers may vary. For example: One direction
plane have no points in common. Therefore, L2 is >
vector is m 5 (2, 21, 6) 2 (1, 24, 3) 5 (1, 3, 3).
parallel to the plane. The line cannot lie on the Now we need to find a normal to the plane such
plane. > >
that n ? m 5 0. So (1, 3, 3) ? (a, 0, c) 5 0. Now we
For L3 use the symmetric equation to rewrite x and have a 1 3c 5 0. A possible solution to this is
z in terms of y. >
a 5 3, c 5 21. So n 5 (3, 0, 21) and the
x 5 24y 2 23 Cartesian equation of the plane is 3x 2 z 5 0.
z 5 2y 2 6 Since the plane is parallel to the y-axis, (0, 1, 0) is
Substitute into the equation of the plane. another direction vector for the plane. Therefore, a
4(24y 2 23) 1 y 2 (2y 2 6) 2 10 5 0 vector equation for the plane is
216y 2 92 1 y 1 y 1 6 2 10 5 0 >
r 5 (1, 24, 3) 1 t(1, 3, 3) 1 s(0, 1, 0), s, tPR.
214y 2 96 5 0 8. We are given the point A(21, 3, 4). We need to
This equation has a solution. Therefore, L3 and the >
find a normal vector n 5 (a, b, c) such that
plane have a point in common and are not parallel. a(x 1 1) 1 b(y 2 3) 1 c(z 2 4) 1 d 5 0.
However, (5, 27, 1) is a point that lies on the line The normal vector also must be perpendicular to the
that does not lie on the plane. Therefore, L3 does two planes and their normals, (2, 21, 3) and
not lie in the plane. (5, 1, 23). One possible solution for the normal is
6. a. A normal vector to this plane is determined by >
n 5 (0, 3, 1). So we have
calculating
> the
> cross product of the position vectors, 3(y 2 3) 1 z 2 4 5 0
AB and AC > . 3y 1 z 2 9 2 4 5 0
AB> 5 (2, 0, 0) 2 (1, 0, 21) 5 (1, 0, 1) And the equation of the plane is 3y 1 z 5 13.
AC 5 (6, 21, 5) 2 (1, 0, 21) 5 (5, 21, 6)
9-2 Chapter 9: Relationships Between Points, Lines, and Planes

9.1 The Intersection of a Line c. z
with a Plane and the Intersection
of Two Lines, pp. 496–498
1. a. First, show the parametric equations as
x 5 1 1 5s, y 5 2 1 s, z 5 23 1 s. Then the y
plane can be written as p: x 2 2y 2 3z 5 6, x
and the vector equation of the line is
>
r 5 (1, 2, 23) 1 s(5, 1, 1), sPR.
b. When we substitute the parametric equations into
the Cartesian equation for the plane, we get
(1 1 5s) 2 2(2 1 s) 2 3(23 1 s) 5 6
d. There are no intersections between the line and
1 2 4 1 9 1 5s 2 2s 2 3s 5 6 2 0s 5 6
the plane.
Note that by finishing the solution, we get 0s 5 0.
4. a. For x 1 4y 1 z 2 4 5 0, if we substitute the
Since any real number will satisfy this equation, we
parametric equations, we have
have an infinite number of solutions, and this line
(22 1 t) 1 4(1 2 t)1 (2 1 3t) 1 4
lies on the plane.
5 22 1 4 1 2 1 t 2 4t 1 3t 2 4
2. a. A line and a plane can intersect in three ways:
5 0t 1 0
Case 1: The line and the plane have zero points of
5 0. All values of t give a solution to the equation,
intersection. This occurs when the lines are not
so all points on the line are also on the plane.
incidental, meaning they do not intersect.
b. For the plane 2x 2 3y 1 4z 2 11 5 0, we can
Case 2: The line and the plane have only one point
substitute the parametric equations derived
of intersection. This occurs when the line crosses >
from r 5 (1, 5, 6) 1 t(1, 22, 22):
the plane at a single point.
x 5 1 1 t, y 5 5 2 2t, z 5 6 2 2t.
Case 3: The line and the plane have an infinite
So we have 2(1 1 t)2 3(5 2 2t) 1 4(6 2 2t) 2 11
number of intersections. This occurs when the line
5 2 2 15 1 24 2 11 1 2t 1 6t 2 8t
is coincident with the plane, meaning the line lies
5 0t 1 0
on the plane.
50
b. Assume that the line and the plane have more
Similar to part a., all values of t give a solution to
than one intersection, but not an infinite number.
this equation, so all points on the line are also on
For simplicity, assume two intersections. At the
the plane.
first intersection, the line crosses the plane. In order
5. a. First, we should determine the parametric
for the line to continue on, it must have the same
equations from the vector form: x 5 21 2 s,
direction vector. If the line has already crossed the
y 5 1 1 2s, z 5 2s. Substituting these into the
plane, then it continues to move away from the
equation of the plane, we get
plane, and can not intersect again. So the line and
2(21 2 s) 2 2(1 1 2s) 1 3(2s) 2 1
the plane can only intersect zero, one, or infinitely
5 22 2 2 2 1 2 2s 2 4s 1 6s
many times.
> 5 25 1 0s
3. a. The line r 5 s(1, 0, 0) is the x-axis.
> Since there are no values of s such that 25 5 0, this
b. The plane y 5 1 has the form r 5 (x, 1, z),
line and plane do not intersect.
where x, and z are any values in R. So the plane is
b. Substituting the parametric equations into the
parallel to the xz-plane, but just one unit away to
the right.
2(1 1 2t) 2 4(22 1 5t) 1 4(1 1 4t) 2 13
2 1 8 1 4 2 13 1 4t 2 20t 1 16t
5 1 1 0t
Since there are no values of t such that 1 5 0, there
are no solutions, and the plane and the line do not
intersect.

>
6. a. The direction vector is m 5 (21, 2, 2)
L1: (3, 1, 5) 1 (4, 21, 2) 5 a , , b
5 41 2 45
>
and the normal is n 5 (2, 22, 3), so if the line and 7 7 7 7
> >
the plane meet at right angles, m ? n 5 0. So
L2: a4 1 , 1 2 , b 5 a , , b
13 5 5 41 2 5
(21 ? 2) 1 (2 ? 22) 1 (2 ? 3) 5 22 2 4 1 6 5 0, 7 7 7 7 7 7
but 2(21) 2 2(1) 1 3(0) 2 1 5 25 2 0. So the The points must be equal for intersection to occur,
point on the line is not on the plane. so there is no intersection and the lines are skew.
>
b. The direction vector is m 5 (2, 5, 4) and b. If we compare the z components of the two lines,
>
the normal is n 5 (2, 24, 4), so if the line we see 2 5 8 2 6s or s 5 1. Substituting this back
> >
and the plane meet at right angles, m ? n 5 0. So into the x component (the y component would work
(2 ? 2) 1 (5 ? 24) 1 (4 ? 4) 5 4 2 20 1 16 5 0, just as well), we have 3 1 m 5 23 1 7(1) 5 4, or
but 2(1) 2 4(22) 1 4(1) 2 13 5 1 2 0. So the m 5 1. So now we can substitute m and s back into
point on the line is not on the plane. the equations for the line, and we get
7. a. If the line and the plane intersect, then they are L3 : (3, 7, 2) 1 (1, 26, 0) 5 (4, 1, 2)
equal at a particular point p. So we must substitute L4 : (23, 2, 8) 1 (7, 21, 26) 5 (4, 1, 2)
the parametric equations into the equation of the So (4, 1, 2) is the only point of intersection between
plane, and then solve for p. these two lines.
(21 1 6p) 1 2(3 1 p) 2 (4 2 2p) 1 29 9. a. Comparing the y and z components of each
5 21 1 6 2 4 1 6p 1 2p 1 2p 1 29 vector equation, we get the system of equations:
5 30 1 10p 3 2 2p 5 3 2 2q
5 0. So now 210p 5 30 and p 5 23. 4 1 3p 5 24 1 11q
Now we must find the point at which the Note that from the first equation, p 5 q. So the
line and plane intersect. To do this, just second equation becomes 4 1 3q 5 24 1 11q.
substitute p 5 23 into the vector form of the line: Solving for q, we get q 5 1. So from the earlier
(21, 3, 4) 1 23(6, 1, 22) 5 (219, 0, 10). relation, p 5 1. Placing these two values back into
b. If the line and the plane intersect, then they are the vector equations, we get
equal at a particular point p. So we must substitute (22, 3, 4) 1 (6, 22, 3) 5 (4, 1, 7)
the parametric equations into the equation of the (22, 3, 24) 1 (6, 22, 11) 5 (4, 1, 7)
plane, and then solve for p. This shows that these two lines intersect at (4, 1, 7).
x 5 1 1 4s, y 5 22 2 s, z 5 3 1 s b. Comparing the x and z components of each
2(1 1 4s) 1 7(22 2 s) 1 (3 1 s) 1 15 vector equation, we get the system of equations:
5 2 2 14 1 3 1 15 1 8s 2 7s 1 s 41r521s
5 6 1 2s 6 1 4r 5 28 1 5s
5 0. So now 22s 5 6 and s 5 23. Now we must Note that from the first equation, s 5 2 1 r. So the
find the point at which the line and plane intersect. second equation becomes 6 1 4r 5 2 1 5r.
To do this, just substitute s 5 23 into the vector Solving for r, we get r 5 4. So from the earlier
form of the line: relation, s 5 6. Placing these two values back into
(1, 22, 3) 1 23(4, 21, 1) 5 (211, 1, 0) the vector equations, we get
8. a. Comparing the x and y components in L1 and (4, 1, 6) 1 4(1, 0, 4) 5 (8, 1, 22)
L2, we have (2, 1, 28) 1 6(1, 0, 5) 5 (8, 1, 22)
3 1 4s 5 4 1 13t This shows that these two lines intersect
1 2 s 5 1 2 5t at (8, 1, 22).
We can easily solve for one of the variables by
c. Comparing the x and z components of each
using the second equation: s 5 5t. Substituting this
vector equation, we get the system of equations:
back into the first equation: 3 1 20t 5 4 1 13t so
2 1 m 5 22 1 3p
1 5 7t and thus t 5 17. So now we must solve for s: 11m512p
3 1 4s 5 4 1 137 and s 5 20 5
28 5 7 . Placing these back Note that from the second equation, m 5 2p. So
into the equations for L1 and L2: the first equation becomes 2 2 p 5 22 1 3p.
Solving for p, we get p 5 1. So from the earlier
relation, m 5 21. Placing these two values back
into the vector equations, we get

(2, 2, 1) 2 (1, 1, 1) 5 (1, 1, 0) 13. On the xz-plane, the point A has the coordinates
(22, 2, 1) 1 (3, 21, 21) 5 (1, 1, 0) (x, 0, z), for any x, z. Similarly, on the yz-plane, the
This shows that these two lines intersect at (1, 1, 0). point B has the coordinates (0, y, z) for any y, z. Now
d. Comparing the x and y components of each the task is to find the required values of s for these
vector equation, we get the system of equations: points. Starting with the x component of point B,
1 1 0m 5 2 1 s we have 0 5 28 1 2s or s 5 4. So point B is
2 1 4m 5 3 2 2s (28, 26, 21) 1 4(2, 2, 1) 5 (0, 2, 3). For point A,
Note that from the first equation, s 5 21. So the we need the y coordinate to equal 0. So 0 5 26 1 2s
second equation becomes 2 1 4m 5 5. or s 5 3. So point A is
Solving for m, we get m 5 34. Placing these two (28, 26, 21) 1 3(2, 2, 1) 5 (22, 0, 2).
values back into the vector equations, we get Now we need to find the distance.
(9, 1, 2) 2 (5, 0, 4) 5 a , 1, 21b
3 21 d 5 "(0 2 (22))2 1 (2 2 0)2 1 (3 2 2)2
5 "4 1 4 1 1
4 4
5 "9
(8, 2, 3) 2 (4, 1, 22) 5 (4, 1, 5)
The two lines do not intersect, so they are skew.
53
10. At the point where the line intersects the z-axis,
14. a. Comparing the y and z components of each
the point Q(0, 0, q) equals the vector equation. So
for the x component, 23 1 3s 5 0 or s 5 1.
1 1 0p 5 21 2 2q
Substituting this into the vector equation, we get
1 2 p 5 1 2 2q
(23, 2, 1) 1 (3, 22, 7) 5 (0, 0, 8). So q 5 8.
Note that from the first equation, 2 5 22q or
11. a. Comparing the x components, we get
q 5 21. So the second equation becomes
22 1 7s 5 230 1 7t, which can be reduced to
1 2 p 5 1 1 2 or p 5 22.
28 1 7s 5 7t or s 2 t 5 4. Comparing the other
Placing these two values back into the vector
components, the same equation results.
equations to find the intersection point A, we get
b. From L1, we see that at (22, 3, 4), s 5 0. When
(2, 1, 1) 2 2(4, 0, 21) 5 (26, 1, 3)
this occurs, t 5 4. Substituting this into L2, we get
(3, 21, 1) 2 (9, 22, 22) 5 (26, 1, 3)
(230, 11, 24) 1 4(7, 22, 2) 5 (22, 3, 4). Since
Thus, the intersection point is (26, 1, 3).
both of these lines have the same direction vector
b. A point on the xy plane has the form (x, y, 0). If
and a common point, the lines are coincidental.
such a point is (26, 1, 0) then the distance from
12. a. First, we must determine the values of s and t.
So comparing the x and z components, we get this point is d 5 "0 1 0 1 32 5 3.
23 1 s 5 1 2 3t 15. a. Comparing the x and y components of each
1 1 s 5 2 1 8t vector equation, we get the system of equations:
From the second equation, s 5 1 1 8t. Substituting 21 1 5s 5 4 1 0t
this back into the first equation, 3 2 2s 5 21 1 2t
23 1 1 1 8t 5 1 2 3t or t 5 113 . Note that from the first equation, 5 5 5s or s 5 1.
Substituting back into the second equation, So the second equation becomes 3 2 2 5 21 1 2t
23 1 s 5 1 2 119 5 112 , and solving for s, or t 5 1. Placing these two values back into the
s 5 112 1 3 5 35 11 . Now we can solve for k. Compare
vector equations to find the intersection point A,
the y components after substituting s and t. we get
35 3 (21, 3, 2) 1 (5, 22, 10) 5 (4, 1, 12)
82 541 k (4, 21, 1) 1 (0, 2, 11) 5 (4, 1, 12)
11 11
53 5 44 1 3k Thus, the intersection point is (4, 1, 12).
or k 5 3. b. We need to find a vector (a, b, c) such that
b. The lines intersect when s 5 35 5a 2 2b 1 10c 5 0
11 . The point of
2b 1 11c 5 0
intersection is ( 23 1 35
11 , 8 2 11 , 1 1 11 ) or
35 35
A possible solution to the second equation is
( 112 , 5311, 4611) . (a, 11, 22). If we substitute this into the first
equation, we get 5a 2 22 2 20 5 0 S 5a 5 42.

We can use this to get a solution of ( 425, 11, 22) . To x 1 y 1 2z 5 215
eliminate the fraction, we get (42, 55, 210). So the 0x 2 y 1 z 5 212
> 0x 2 y 2 3z 5 20
vector equation is r 5 (4, 1, 12) 1 t(42, 55, 210),
tPR. Add the second and third equation.
16. a. z x 1 y 1 2z 5 215
0x 2 y 1 z 5 212
0x 1 0y 2 4z 5 32
L2 From the third equation, z 5 28.
Substitute z back into the second equation,
L1 2y 2 8 5 212
y 2y 5 212 1 8 5 24
x So y 5 4. Now substitute y and z back into the first
b. The only point of intersection is at the origin equation.
(0, 0, 0). x 1 4 1 2(28) 5 x 2 12 5 215
c. If p 5 0 and q 5 0, the intersection occurs at And so x 5 23. Thus the solution is (23, 4, 28)
(0, 0, 0). as expected.
17. a. Represent the lines parametrically, and
3. a. 27 2 3(5) 1 4 a b 5 27 2 15 1 3 5 219
3
then substitute into the equation for the plane. 4
For the first equation, x 5 t, y 5 7 2 8t,
27 2 8 a b 5 27 2 6 5 213
3
z 5 1 1 2t. Substituting into the plane equation,
4
2t 1 7 2 8t 1 3 1 6t 2 10 5 0. Simplifying,
27 1 2(5) 5 3
0t 5 0. So the line lies on the plane.
For the second line, x 5 4 1 3s, y 5 21, z 5 1 2 2s Yes, ( 27, 5, 34) is a solution.
Substituting into the plane equation, b.
3(27) 2 2(5) 1 16 a b 5 221 2 10 1 12 5 219
8 1 6s 2 1 1 3 2 6s 2 10 5 0. Simplifying, 3
0s 5 0. This line also lies on the plane. 4
b. Compare the x and y components: 3(27) 2 2(5) 5 221 2 10 5 231
4 1 3s 5 t 2 223
8(27) 2 5 1 4 a b 5 256 2 5 1 3 5 258
7 2 8t 5 21 3
From the second equation, t 5 1. Substituting back 4
into the first equation, 4 1 3s 5 1, or s 5 21. Because the second equation fails to produce an
Determine the point of intersection: equality, ( 27, 5, 34) is not a solution.
(1, 7 2 8, 1 1 2) 5 (1, 21, 3) 4. a. Solve for y. y 5 23
(4 2 3, 21, 1 1 2) 5 (1, 21, 3) The solution is (22, 23).
The point of intersection is (1, 21, 3). b. Multiply the second equation by 6
18. Answers may vary. For example: 3x 1 5y 5 221
>
r 5 (2, 0, 0) 1 p(2, 0, 1), pPR x 2 3y 5 7
Add 3 times the first equation to 5 times the second
9.2 Systems of Equations, pp. 507–509 equation.
3x 1 5y 5 221
1. a. linear 14x 5 228
b. not linear From the second equation, x 5 22.
c. linear Substituting x back into the first equation,
d. not linear 3(22) 1 5y 5 221
2. Answers may vary. For example: 5y 5 215
x 1 y 1 2z 5 215 So y 5 23.
a. x 1 2y 1 z 5 23 The two systems are equivalent because they have
2x 1 y 1 z 5 210 the same solution.
b. Subtract the first equation from the second, and 5. a. Add the second equation to 5 times the first
subtract twice the first equation from the third. equation.

2x 2 y 5 11 10. a. There are infinitely many solutions to this
11x 5 66 equation. This is reason why it is represented
Solve for x in the second equation, x 5 6. Substitute x graphically as a line.
back into the first equation b. Let x 5 t. So 2t 1 4y 5 11, then 4y 5 11 2 2t
2(6) 2 y 5 11 and y 5 114 2 12 t, tPR
2y 5 11 2 12 5 21 c. This equation will not have any integer solutions
So y 5 1 because the left hand side is an even function and
Therefore, the solution is (6, 1). the right side is an odd function.
b. Subtract three times the first equation from twice 11. a. Add the second equation to 22 times the
the second equation. first.
2x 1 5y 5 19 x 1 3y 5 a
0x 2 7y 5 235 0x 2 3y 5 b 2 2a
From the second equation, y 5 5. Divide the second equation by 23 to get
Substitute y back into the first equation. y 5 2 13 b 1 23 a. Now substitute this back into
2x 1 5(5) 5 19 the first equation.
2x 5 19 2 25 5 26 1 2
So x 5 23 x 1 3a2 b 1 ab 5 a
3 3
Therefore, the solution is (23, 5).
x 2 b 1 2a 5 a
c. Add the second equation to 3 times the first
x 5 2a 1 b
equation to the second equation
b. Since they have different direction vectors, these
2x 1 2y 5 10
two equations are not parallel or coincident and will
0x 1 11y 5 33
intersect somewhere.
From the second equation, y 5 3.
12. a. Add the third equation to the first to eliminate z.
Substitute y back into the first equation.
x1y1z50
2x 1 2(3) 5 10
x 2 y 1 0z 5 1
2x 5 4
x 1 2y 1 0z 5 25
So x 5 24.
Add twice the second equation to the third equation
Therefore the solution is (24, 3).
to eliminate
6. a. These two lines are parallel, and therefore
cannot have an intersection.
to eliminate y.
b. The second equation is five times the first,
x1y1z50
therefore the lines are coincident.
x 2 y 1 0z 5 1
7. a. Let x 5 t. So 2t 2 y 5 3 then y 5 2t 2 3.
3x 1 0y 1 0z 5 23
b. Let x 5 t, y 5 s. Then t 2 2s 1 z 5 0 and
Divide the third equation by 23 to get x 5 21.
z 5 2s 1 t.
Now substitute into the second equation.
8. a. If x 5 t, y 5 22t 2 11, then y 5 22x 2 11
21 2 y 5 1
and so 2x 1 y 5 211 is the required linear equation.
y 5 22
b. 2x 1 y 5 211
Finally, substitute x and y to get
2(3t 1 3) 1 (26t 2 17) 5 6t 2 6t 1 6 2 17
21 1 22 1 z 5 0
5 211
So z 5 3. Therefore, the solution is (21, 22, 3).
9. a. The two equations will have no solutions when
b. Add the first equation to 22 times the second,
k 2 12, since they will be parallel should this occur.
and add the first equation to 22 times the third.
b. It is impossible to have only one solution for these
2x 2 3y 1 z 5 6
two equations. They have exactly the same direction
0x 2 5y 2 3z 5 256
vector. They will never intersect at exactly one place.
0x 2 y 1 3z 5 40
c. The two equations will have infinitely many
Now add the second equation to 21 times the third.
solutions when k 5 12. When this occurs, the two
2x 2 3y 1 z 5 6
equations are coincident.
0x 2 5y 2 3z 5 256
0x 2 4y 1 0z 5 216

From the third equation, y 5 4. e. Note that if 2x 2 y 5 0 S y 5 2x, and
Now substitute this into the second equation. 2z 2 x 5 0 S z 5 12 x. So we substitute these two
25(4) 2 3z 5 256 relations into the second equation.
23z 5 236 1 7
2(2x) 2 x 5 x 5 7 S x 5 2
z 5 12 2 2
Now substitute these two values back into the first So now z 5 1, y 5 4, and the solution is (2, 4, 1).
equation. f. Add the first equation to 22 times the second
2x 2 3(4) 1 12 5 6 equation.
2x 5 6, x 5 3 x 1 y 1 2z 5 13
So the solution is (3, 4, 12). 22x 1 0y 2 7z 5 238
c. Add the second equation to 21 times the third. 2x 1 0y 1 6z 5 32
x 1 y 1 0z 5 10 Add the second and third equations.
0x 1 y 1 z 5 22 x 1 y 1 2z 5 13
2x 1 y 1 0z 5 2 22x 1 0y 2 7z 5 238
Add the third equation to the first equation. 0x 1 0y 2 z 5 26
x 1 y 1 0z 5 10 So from the third equation, z 5 6.
0x 1 y 1 z 5 22 Substituting into the second equation,
0x 1 2y 1 0z 5 12 22x 2 42 5 238
So y 5 6. Now substitute into the other two 22x 5 4 S x 5 22
equations. Finally, substituting both values into the first
x 1 6 5 10 S x 5 4 equation,
6 1 z 5 22 S z 5 28 22 1 y 1 12 5 13 S y 5 3.
So the solution is (4, 6, 28). So the final solution is (22, 3, 6).
d. To eliminate fractions, multiply each of the 13. Answers may vary. For example:
equations by 60. a. Three lines parallel
20x 1 15y 1 12z 5 840 z
15x 1 12y 1 20z 5 21260
12x 1 20y 1 15z 5 420
Add 3 times the first equation to 24 times the L3
second, and add 3 times the first equation to 25
L2
times the third.
L1
20x 1 15y 1 12z 5 840
0x 2 3y 2 44z 5 7560
0x 2 55y 2 39z 5 420 y
Now add 55 times the second equation to 23 times x
the third equation.
20x 1 15y 1 12z 5 840 Two lines coincident
0x 2 3y 2 44z 5 7560 and the third parallel
z
0x 1 0y 2 2303z 5 414 540
Divide the third equation through by 22303 to get
z 5 2180. Substituting z back into the second
equation.
23y 2 44(2180) 5 7560 S 23y 5 2360 L2
So y 5 120. Now substitute these two values back L3 L1
into the first equation.
20x 1 15(120) 1 12(2180) 5 840 y
20x 5 840 2 1800 1 2160 5 1200 x
So x 5 60. Therefore the solution is (60, 120, 2180).

Two parallel lines cut So z 5 a 2 b, x 5 a 2 c. Then substitute into the
by the third line first equation.
z a2c1y1a2b5a
y 5 2a 1 b 1 c
L3 So the final solution is (a 2 c, 2a 1 b 1 c, a 2 b).
L2 15. a. For two equations to have no solutions, they
L1 must be parallel—meaning it must have a the same
direction vector. So if k 5 2, then the lines are
parallel.
y
b. If two equations have an infinite number of
x
solutions, then the lines must be coincident. One
The lines form a triangle way to do this is if the second equation is a multiple
z
of the first equation. To achieve this, k 5 22.
c. For two equations to have a unique solution, they
must have only one intersection. From a., we saw
that if k 5 2, the lines are parallel, and if k 5 22,
then they are coincident. Since the only other option
L3 L2
is for the lines to have a unique solution, k 2 6 2.
L1 y
9.3 The Intersection of Two Planes,
x
pp. 516–517
b. Lines meet in a point 1. a. This means that the two equations represent
z
planes that are parallel and not coincident.
b. Answers may vary. For example: x 2 y 1 z 5 1,
x 2 y 1 z 5 22
2. a. The solution to the system of equations is:
L1
x 5 12 1 12 s 2 t, y 5 s, z 5 t, s, tPR. The two
L3 L2 planes are coincident.
b. Answers may vary. For example:
y x 2 y 1 z 1 21; 2x 2 2y 1 2z 5 22
x 3. a. 2z 5 24 1 z 5 22.
c. x 2 y 1 (22) 1 21
Three coincident lines
z x 2 y 1 1.
x 5 1 1 s, y 5 s, z 5 22, sPR
The two planes intersect in a line.
L1 b. Answers may vary. For example:
x 2 y 1 z 5 21; x 2 y 2 z 5 3.
L2 4. a. 1 2x 1 y 1 6z 5 p; 2 x 1 my 1 3z 5 q
For the planes to be coincident equation 2 must be
L3 a multiple of equation 1 . Since the coefficients of
y x and z in equation 1 are twice that of the x and z
x coefficients in equation 2 all of the coefficients
14. a. Add 21 times the first equation and the and constants in equation 2 must be half of the
second equation. Add 21 times the first equation corresponding coefficients in equation 1 . So:
and the third equation. 1
m 5 , p 5 2q. q 5 1, and p 5 2.
x1y1z5a 2
0x 1 0y 2 z 5 b 2 a The value for m is unique, but p just has to be twice
2x 1 0y 1 0z 5 c 2 a q and arbitrary values can be chosen.

b. For parallel planes all of the coefficients of the c. The coefficients of the x and z variables are the
variables must be multiples of each other, but the same but the y coefficients are different. So the
constant terms must differ by a different constant. equations represent planes that intersect in a line.
So a possible solution is: d. The coefficients of each variable from equation 1
1 to 2 are not the same multiple. Therefore the
m 5 , q 5 1, and p 5 3.
2 equations represent planes that intersect in a line.
The value for m is again unique but p and q can be e. The intersection is a line by the same reasoning
arbitrarily chosen as long as p 2 2q. as d.
c. For the two planes to intersect at right angles the f. The intersection is a line by the same reasoning as d.
>
two normal vectors, n1 5 (2, 1, 6) and 7. a. x 5 1 2 s 2 t, y 5 s, z 5 t, s, tPR
>
n2 5 (1, m, 3), must satisfy: b. There is no solution since the planes are parallel.
> >
n1 ? n2 5 0. c. 1 2 2 :
> >
n1 ? n2 5 2 1 m 1 18 5 0 22y 5 4
m 5 220. This value is unique, since only one y 5 22.
value was found to satisfy the given conditions. x 2 2 1 2z 5 22
d. From c. we know that in order to intersect in x 1 2z 5 0
right angles m 5 220. Choose p 5 1, q 5 1. x 5 22z.
The value for m is unique from the solution to c., x 5 22s, y 5 22, z 5 s, sPR.
but the values for p and q can be arbitrary since the d. Let z 5 s; sPR.
only value which can change the angle between the From 2 :
planes is m. x 5 y 1 6.
5. a. Letting z 5 s: (y 1 6) 1 y 1 2s 5 4
y 5 23s. 2y 1 2s 5 22
x 1 2(23s) 2 3s 5 0. y 5 2s 2 1.
x 5 9s x 5 2s 1 5, y 5 2s 2 1, z 5 s, sPR.
The solution is: e. 22 ? 2 : 2x 2 4y 2 2z 5 22
x 5 9s, y 5 23s, z 5 s, sPR Adding 1 :
b. Letting y 5 t. 4x 2 5y 5 0.
t 1 3z 5 0 5
3z 5 2t x 5 y.
4
1 Let y 5 s, sPR.
z 5 2 t.
3 5
2a sb 2 s 1 2z 5 2
x 1 2t 2 3a2 bt 5 0
1 4
3 3
x 1 3t 5 0 s 1 2z 5 2
2
x 5 23t. 3
The solution is: z 5 1 2 s.
4
1 5 3
x 5 23t, y 5 t, z 5 2 t; tPR. x 5 s, y 5 s, z 5 1 2 s, sPR
3 4 4
c. Since t is an arbitrary real number we can f. x 2 y 1 2(4) 5 0
express t as: x 5 y 2 8.
t 5 23s; sPR. x 5 s 2 8, y 5 s, z 5 4, sPR.
Substituting this into the solution for b. shows that 8. a. The system will have an infinite number of
the two solutions are equivalent. solutions for any value of k. When k 5 2 equation
6. a. Equation 2 is twice that of equation 1 , so 2 will be twice that of 1 so the solution is a plane:
they represent intersecting coincident planes. x 5 1 2 s 2 2t, y 5 s, z 5 t, s, tPR.
b. The coefficients of each variable are the same, For any other value of k the solution will be a line.
but the constant terms are different, so the equations For example k 5 0:
represent non-intersecting parallel planes. 2y 5 24z
y 5 22z.

x 1 (22z) 1 2z 5 1 b. L meets the xy-plane when z 5 0.
x 5 1. x 5 1, y 5 1. A 5 (1, 1, 0).
x 5 1, y 5 22s, z 5 s, sPR. L meets the z-axis when both x and y are zero:
b. No there is no value of k for which the system will s 5 21.
not have a solution. The only time when there is no z 5 21.
solution is when the corresponding coefficients for B 5 (0, 0, 21)
each variable differ by a common multiple between The length of AB is therefore:
equations, and the constant terms differ by a different "12 1 12 1 12 5 "3 or about 1.73.
multiple. The only way the first condition is satisfied is 12. The line with equation x 5 22y 5 3z has
when k 5 2, but when this happens the constant terms parametric equations: x 5 s, y 5 2 12 s, z 5 13 s, sPR.
differ by the same factor as the variables, namely 2. This has the equivalent vector form:
9. The line of intersection of the two planes:
r 5 sa1, 2 , b, sPR.
> 1 1
p1: 2x 2 y 1 z 5 0, p2: y 1 4z 5 0 is: 2 3
y 5 24z The line of intersection of the two planes
2x 2 (24z) 1 z 5 0 x 2 y 1 z 5 1 and 2y 2 z 5 0 is:
2x 5 25z 1
5 y5 z
x 5 2 z. 2
2 1
5 x2 z1z51
x 5 2 s, y 5 24s, z 5 s, sPR. 2
2 1
The direction vector is ( 2 52, 24, 1) or (25, 28, 2). x 5 1 2 z.
2
>
r1 5 s(25, 28, 2), sPR. Since the line we are 1 1
x 5 1 2 2 t, y 5 2 t, z 5 t, tPR. Which has a vector
looking for is parallel to this line, we know that the equation of:
>
direction vector must be the same. The line passes r 5 (1, 0, 0) 1 t (2 12, 12, 1), tPR. The vector
through (22, 3, 6) and has direction vector equation of the plane with the given properties is
(25, 28, 2). The equation of the line is thus:
>
r2 5 (22, 3, 6) 1 s(25, 28, 2), sPR.
r 5 (1, 0, 0) 1 t a2 , , 1b 1 s a1, 2 , b, s, tPR.
> 1 1 1 1
10. The line of intersection of the two planes, 2 2 2 3
2x 2 y 1 2z 5 0 and 2x 1 y 1 6z 5 4 is: The normal vector for the plane is then:
4x 1 8z 5 4
a2 , , 1b 3 a1, 2 , b 5 a ? b 2 a1 ? 2 b,
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
x 5 1 2 2z.
2 2 2 3 2 3 2
2(1 2 2z) 2 y 1 2z 5 0
1 ? 1 2 a2 ? b, 2 a2 b 2 ? 1 5 a , , 2 b.
2 2 y 2 2z 5 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 7 1
y 5 2 2 2z. 2 3 2 2 2 3 6 4
x 5 1 2 2s, y 5 2 2 2s, z 5 s, sPR.
Or equivalently (8, 14, 23).
In order for the a line to be contained in the plane The Cartesian equation is then:
8x 1 14y 2 3z 1 D 5 0, and must contain the
we need to check that the values for x, y, and z
always satisfy the plane equation: point (1, 0, 0).
8(1) 1 D 5 0.
5x 1 3y 1 16z 2 11 5 0.
D 5 28.
5(1 2 2s) 1 3(2 2 2s) 1 16(s) 2 11 5 0
8x 1 14y 2 3z 2 8 5 0.
5 1 6 2 11 2 10s 2 6s 1 16s 5 0
0 5 0. Since this is true the line is contained in the
plane. Mid-Chapter Review, pp. 518–519
11. a. p1: 2x 1 y 2 3z 5 3, p2: x 2 2y 1 z 5 21. >
1. a. r 5 (4, 23, 15) 1 t(2, 23, 5), tPR
p1 2 2p2: 5y 2 5z 5 5 x 5 4 1 2t, y 5 23 2 3t, z 5 15 1 5t
y 5 1 1 z. 0 5 15 1 5t
2x 1 (1 1 z) 2 3z 5 3 t 5 23
2x 2 2z 5 2
x 5 1 1 z.
x 5 1 1 s, y 5 1 1 s, z 5 s, sPR.
x 5 4 1 2(23), y 5 23 2 3(23), A: x 5 2 1 3t, y 5 1 1 3t, z 5 3 2 2t, tPR
z 5 15 1 5(23) B: x 5 3 1 t, y 5 22, z 5 5, tPR
x 5 22, y 5 6, z 5 0 C: x 5 28 1 7t, y 5 25 1 3t, z 5 7 2 2t, tPR
(22, 6, 0) y 5 22 5 25 1 3t
>
b. r 5 (4, 23, 15) 1 t(2, 23, 5), tPR t51
x 5 4 1 2t, y 5 23 2 3t, z 5 15 1 5t x 5 28 1 7(1), y 5 25 1 3(1), z 5 7 2 2(1)
0 5 23 2 3t x 5 21, y 5 22, z 5 5
t 5 21 (21, 22, 5)
x 5 4 1 2(21), y 5 23 2 3(21), The three medians meet at (21, 22, 5).
z 5 15 1 5(21) 3. a. L1: 5x 1 y 1 2z 1 15 5 0
x 5 2, y 5 0, z 5 10 L2: 4x 1 y 1 2z 1 8 5 0
(2, 0, 10) L1 2 L2: x 1 7 5 0
>
c. r 5 (4, 23, 15) 1 t(2, 23, 5), tPR So x 5 27.
x 5 4 1 2t, y 5 23 2 3t, z 5 15 1 5t L1: y 1 2z 2 20 5 0
0 5 4 1 2t L2: y 1 2z 2 20 5 0
t 5 22 z 5 t,
x 5 4 1 2(22), y 5 23 2 3(22), y 1 2(t) 2 20 5 0
z 5 15 1 5(22) y 5 20 2 2t
>
x 5 0, y 5 3, z 5 5 r 5 (27, 20, 0) 1 t(0, 22, 1), tPR
(0, 3, 5) b. L1: 4x 1 3y 1 3z 2 2 5 0
2. a.–e. Answers may vary. For example: L2: 5x 1 2y 1 3z 1 5 5 0
A(2, 1, 3), B(3, 22, 5), C(28, 25, 7) 2L1 2 3L2: 27x 2 3z 2 19 5 0
a 5 (22.5, 23.5, 6) z 5 7t,
b 5 (23, 22, 5) 27x 2 3(7t) 2 19 5 0,
c 5 (2.5, 20.5, 4) 19
x 5 23t 2
m1 5 (Aa) 5 (24.5, 24.5, 3) 5 (3, 3, 22) 7
m2 5 (Bb) 5 (26, 0, 0) 5 (1, 0, 0)
4a23t 2 b 1 3y 1 3(7t) 2 2 5 0
19
m3 5 (Cc) 5 (10.5, 4.5, 23) 5 (7, 3, 22) 7
Then substitute in the point and the direction vector 30
to find the equation of the line. y 5 23t 1
7
A(2, 1, 3), B(3, 22, 5), C(28, 25, 7)
r 5 a2 , , 0b 1 t(3, 3, 27), tPR
> 19 30
m1 5 (Aa) 5 (24.5, 24.5, 3) 5 (3, 3, 22)
7 7
m2 5 (Bb) 5 (26, 0, 0) 5 (1, 0, 0) >
c. L1: r 5 (27, 20, 0) 1 t(0, 22, 1), tPR
m3 5 (Cc) 5 (10.5, 4.5, 23) 5 (7, 3, 22)
L2: r 5 a2 , , 0b 1 t(3, 3, 27), tPR
> > 19 30
A: r 5 (2, 1, 3) 1 t(3, 3, 22), tPR
x 5 2 1 3t, y 5 1 1 3t, z 5 3 2 2t, tPR 7 7
>
B: r 5 (3, 22, 5) 1 t(1, 0, 0), tPR L1: x 5 27, y 5 20 2 2t, z 5 t
x 5 3 1 t, y 5 22, z 5 5, tPR 19 30
> L2: x 5 2 1 3t, y 5 1 3t, z 5 27t
C: r 5 (28, 25, 7) 1 t(7, 3, 22), tPR 7 7
x 5 28 1 7t, y 5 25 1 3t, z 5 7 2 2t, tPR 19 30
2 1 3t 5 27, t 5 2
A: x 5 2 1 3t, y 5 1 1 3t, z 5 3 2 2t, tPR 7 21
x 5 2 1 3a2 b, y 5 1 3a2 b,
B: x 5 3 1t, y 5 22, z 5 5, tPR 19 30 30 30
C: x 5 28 1 7t, y 5 25 1 3t, z 5 7 2 2t, tPR 7 21 7 21
z 5 27a2 b
y 5 22 5 1 1 3t 30
t 5 21 21
x 5 2 1 3(21), y 5 1 1 3(21), x 5 27, y 5 0, z 5 10
z 5 3 2 2(21) (27, 0, 10)
x 5 21, y 5 22, z 5 5 4. a. p1: 3x 1 y 1 7z 1 3 5 0
(21, 22, 5) p2: x 2 13y 2 3z 2 38 5 0

13p1 1 p2: 40x 1 88z 1 1 5 0 x 2 11 y24 z 2 27
6. L1: 5 5 5s
z 5 t, 2 24 5
40x 1 88(t) 1 1 5 0 L2: x 5 0, y 5 1 2 3t, z 5 3 1 2t, tPR
11t 1 L1: x 5 2s 1 11, y 5 24s 1 4, z 5 27 1 5s
x52 2 x 5 0 5 2s 1 11,
5 40
s 5 25.5
2 b 1 y 1 7(t) 1 3 5 0
11t 1
3a2 y 5 24(25.5) 1 4, z 5 27 1 5(25.5)
5 40
2t 117 x 5 0, y 5 26, z 5 20.5
y52 2 25
5 40 y 5 26 5 1 2 3t, t 5 2
11t 1 2t 117 3
x52 2 ,y52 2 , z 5 t, tPR 7
5 40 5 40 z 5 20.5 5 3 1 2t, t 5 2
b. p1: x 2 3y 1 z 1 11 5 0 4
p2: 6x 2 13y 1 8z 2 28 5 0 Since there is no t-value that satisfies the equations,
26p1 1 p2: 5y 1 2z 2 94 5 0 there is no intersection, and these lines are skew.
z 5 s, x25 z14
7. a. L1: 5y225 5s
5y 1 2(s) 2 94 5 0 2 23
2 94 L2: (x 2 3, y 2 20, z 2 7) 5 t(2, 24, 5), tPR
y52 s1 L1: x 5 2s 1 5, y 5 s 1 2, z 5 23s 2 4
5 5
L2: x 5 2t 1 3, y 5 24t 1 20, z 5 5t 1 7
x 2 3a2 s 1 b 1 (s) 1 11 5 0
2 94
x 5 2t 1 3 5 2s 1 5
5 5
y 5 s 1 2 5 24t 1 20
11 227
x52 s1 z 5 23s 2 4 5 5t 1 7
5 5 L3: 2t 2 2s 2 2 5 0
11 227 2 94 L4: 4t 1 s 2 18 5 0
x52 s1 , y 5 2 s 1 , z 5 s, sPR
5 5 5 5 L5: 5t 1 3s 1 11 5 0
c. The lines found in 4. a. and 4. b. do not intersect, L3 1 2L4: 10t 2 38 5 0, t 5 3.8
because they are in parallel planes. 3L3 1 2L5: 16t 1 16 5 0, t 5 21
5. a. For there to be no solution the lines must be b. Since there is no t-value that satisfies the
inconsistent with each other. equations, there is no intersection, and these lines
L1: x 1 ay 5 9 are skew.
L2: ax 1 9y 5 227 8. L1: x 5 1 1 2s, y 5 4 2 s, z 5 23s, sPR
1 a L2: x 5 23, y 5 t 1 3, z 5 2t, tPR
5
a 9 x 5 23 5 1 1 2s
a 5 63 s 5 22
For a 5 3: x 5 23, y 5 6, z 5 6
L1: x 1 3y 5 9 (23, 6, 6)
>
L2: 3x 1 9y 5 227 9. a. L1: r 5 (5, 1, 7) 1 s(2, 0, 5), sPR
>
For a 5 23, the equations are equivalent. L2: r 5 (21, 21, 3) 1 t(4, 2, 21), tPR
So there is no solution when a 5 3. L1: x 5 5 1 2s, y 5 1, z 5 7 1 5s
b. To have an infinite number of solutions, the lines L2: x 5 21 1 4t, y 5 21 1 2t, z 5 3 2 t
must be proportional. y 5 1 5 21 1 2t,
L1: x 1 ay 5 9 t51
L2: ax 1 9y 5 227 x 5 21 1 4(1), y 5 21 1 2(1),
23(x 1 ay 5 9) 5 23x 2 3ay 5 227 z 5 3 2 (1)
L1: 23x 2 3ay 5 227 x 5 3, y 5 1, z 5 2
L2: ax 1 9y 5 227 (3, 1, 2)
>
a 5 23 b. L1: r 5 (2, 21, 3) 1 s(5, 21, 6), sPR
>
c. The system has one solution when a 2 3 or L2: r 5 (28, 1, 29) 1 t(5, 21, 6), tPR
a 2 23, because other values lead to an infinite These lines are the same, so either one of these
number of solutions or no solution. lines can be used as their intersection.

10. a. Answers may vary. For example: iii. When lines are skew, there are no common
i. coincident solutions to make each equation consistent.
z iv. When the solution meets in a point, there is only
one unique solution for the system.
11. a. A line and plane have an infinite number of
points of intersection when the line lies in the plane.
>
r 5 t(3, 25, 23), tPR
L1 >
L2 r 5 t(3, 25, 23) 1 s(1, 1, 1), t, sPR
12. a. 1 2x 1 3y 5 30
y
2 x 2 2y 5 213
x
Equation 1 2 (2 3 equation 2 ): 7y 5 56
ii. parallel and distinct
z y58
2x 1 24 5 30
x53
(3, 8)
b. 1 x 1 4y 2 3z 1 6 5 0
L2 2 2x 1 8y 2 6z 1 11 5 0
There is no solution to this system, because the
L1 planes are parallel, but one plane lies above the
y
other.
x c. 1 x 2 3y 2 2z 5 29
iii. skew 2 2x 2 5y 1 z 5 3
3 23x 1 6y 1 2z 5 8
z
Equation 1 1 (2 3 equation 2 ): 5x 2 13y 5 23
Equation 2 1 ( equation 3 ): 22x 1 3y 5 21
2(5x 2 13y 5 23)
1 5(22x 1 3y 5 21)
L1 211y 5 211
y51
5x 2 13(1) 5 23
y x52
x L2
(2) 2 3(1) 2 2z 5 29
z54
iv. intersect in a point (2, 1, 4)
z 13. a. The two lines intersect at a point.
b. The two planes are parallel and do not meet.
c. The three planes intersect at a point.
14. a. L:(x 2 y 5 1) 1 (y 1 z 5 23)
5 x 1 z 5 22
L1 1
L2 L1: y 2 z 5 0, x 5 2
2
y x 1 z 5 22
a2 b 1 z 5 22
x 1
2
b. i. When lines are the same, they are a multiple
3
of each other. z52
ii. When lines are parallel, one equation is a 2
multiple of the other equation, except for the y2z50
constant term.

b. This solution is the point at which all three
y 2 a2 b 5 0
3
2 planes meet.
3 2. a. 1 x2y1z54
y52 2 0x 1 0y 1 0z 5 0
2
3 0x 1 0y 1 0z 5 0
a2 , 2 , 2 b
1 3 3
The answer may vary depending upon the constant
2 2 2
0 n ? n1 0
you multiply the equations by. For example,
2 3 (x 2 y 1 z 5 4) 5 2x 2 2y 1 2z 5 8
0 n 0 0 n1 0
b. cos u 5
3 3 (x 2 y 1 z 5 4) 5 3x 2 3y 1 3z 5 12
n 5 (1, 1, 21) 3x 2 3y 1 3z 5 12 and 2x 2 2y 1 2z 5 8 are
n1 5 (0, 1, 1) equations that could work.
0 b. These three planes are intersecting in one single
@ "3 @ @ "2 @
cos u 5
plane, because all three equations can be changed
u 5 90 ° into one equivalent equation. They are coincident
c. (0, 1, 1) 3 (1, 1, 21) 5 (22, 1, 21) planes.
5 (2, 21, 1) c. Setting x 5 t and y 5 s leads to
Ax 1 By 1 Cz 1 D 5 0 t 2 s 1 z 5 4 or z 5 s 2 t 1 4, s, tPR
2x 2 y 1 z 1 D 5 0 d. Setting y 5 t and z 5 s leads to
x 2 t 1 s 5 4 or x 5 t 2 s 1 4, s, tPR
b2a b1a b1D50
21 23 23
2a 3. a. 1 2x 2 y 1 3z 5 22
2 2 2
D51 2 x 2 y 1 4z 5 3
2x 2 y 1 z 1 1 5 0 3 0x 1 0y 1 0z 5 1
The answer may vary depending upon the constants
and equations you use to determine your answer.
9.4 The Intersection of Three Planes, For example,
pp. 531–533 Equation 1 1 equation 2 1 equation 3 5
1. a. 1 x 2 3y 1 z 5 2 (2x 2 y 1 3z 5 22)
2 0x 1 y 2 z 5 21 1 (x 2 y 1 4z 5 3)
3 0x 1 0y 1 3z 5 212 1 (0x 1 0y 1 0z 5 1)
The system can be solved by first solving equation 3 3x 2 2y 1 7z 5 2
for z. Thus, or
3z 5 212 2 3 equation 2 2 equation 3 5
z 5 24 (2x 2 2y 1 8z 5 6)
If we use the method of back substitution, we can 2 (0x 1 0y 1 0z 5 1)
substitute z 5 24 into equation 2 and solve for y. 2x 2 2y 1 8z 5 5
y 2 (24) 5 21 2x 2 y 1 3z 5 22, x 2 y 1 4z 5 3, and
y 5 25 3x 2 2y 1 7z 5 2 is one system of equations that
If we substitute y 5 25 and z 5 24 into equation 1 could produce the original system composed of
we obtain the value of x. equations 1 , 2 , and 3 .
x 2 3(25) 2 4 5 2 or x 5 29 2x 2 y 1 3z 5 22, x 2 y 1 4z 5 3, and
The three planes intersect at the point with 2x 2 2y 1 8z 5 5 is another system of equations
coordinates (29, 25, 24) that could produce the original system composed of
Check: equations 1 , 2 , and 3 .
Substituting into equation 1 : b. The systems have no solutions.
x 2 3y 1 z 5 29 1 15 2 4 5 2 4. a. 1 x 1 2y 2 z 5 4
Substituting into equation 2 : 2 x 1 0y 2 2z 5 0
0x 1 y 2 z 5 25 1 4 5 21 3 2x 1 0y 1 0z 5 26
Substituting into equation 3 : 0x 1 0y 1 3z 5 212 The system can be solved by first solving equation 3
for x. So,

2x 5 26 b. Answers may vary. For example: To obtain a no
x 5 23 solution and an equation with 0x 1 0y 1 0z 5 0,
If we use the method of back substitution, we can you must have two equal planes and one parallel
substitute x 5 23 into equation 2 and solve for z. distinct plane. For example one solution is:
23 2 2z 5 0 x1y1z52
3 2x 1 2y 1 2z 5 4
z52
2 3x 1 3y 1 3z 5 12
If we substitute x 5 23 and z 5 2 32 into equation 1 8. a. 1 2x 1 y 2 z 5 23
we obtain the value of y. 2 x 2 y 1 2z 5 0
3 11 3 3x 1 2y 2 z 5 25
23 1 2y 1 5 4 or y 5 2 3 equation 2 1 equation 3 5 5x 1 0y 1 0z
2 4
The equations intersect at the point with coordinates 5 25 which gives x 5 21.
Equation 1 1 equation 2 5 3x 1 0y 1 1z
(23, 114, 2 32 )
5 23. Substituting x 5 1 into this equation leads
Check:
to: 3(21) 1 z 5 23 or z 5 0.
Substituting into equation 1 :
Substituting z 5 0 and x 5 21 into equation 1
x 1 2y 2 z 5 23 1 224 1 32 5 4
gives: 2(21)y 2 0 5 23 or y 5 21. (21, 21, 0)
is the point at which the three planes meet.
x 1 0y 2 2z 5 23 1 3 5 0
Check:
Substituting into equation 3 : 2x 1 0y 1 0z 5 26
2x 1 y 2 z 5 22 2 1 1 0 5 23
planes meet.
5. a. 1 2x 2 y 1 z 5 1
x 2 y 1 2z 5 21 1 1 1 0 5 0
2 x 1 y 2 z 5 21
3 23x 2 3y 1 3z 5 3
3x 1 2y 2 z 5 23 2 2 1 0 5 25
Since equation 3 5 2 equation 2 , equation 2
x y 7
and equation 3 are consistent or lie in the same b. 1 2 1z5
plane. Equation 1 meets this plane in a line. 3 4 8
2 2x 1 2y 2 3z 5 220
b. Adding equation 2 and equation 1 creates an
equivalent equation, 3x 5 0 or x 5 0. Substituting
3 x 2 2y 1 3z 5 2
x 5 0 into equation 1 and equation 2 gives Equation 2 1 equation 3 5 3x 1 0y 1 0z 5 218
equation 4 z 2 y 5 1 and equation 5 which gives x 5 26.
y 2 z 5 21. Equations 4 and 5 indicate the Equation 3 2 3 3 Equation 1 5 2 54y 5 2 58 or
problem has infinite solutions. Substituting y 5 t y 5 12. Substituting x 5 26 and y 5 12 into equation 3
into equation 4 or 5 leads to leads to:
26 2 2a b 1 3z 5 2 or z 5 3.
x 5 0, y 5 t, and z 5 1 1 t, tPR 1
Check: 2
2(0) 2 s 1 (s 1 1) 5 1 (26, 12, 3) is the point at which the three planes meet.
0 1 s 2 (s 1 1) 5 21 Check:
23(0) 2 3(s) 1 3(s 1 1) 5 3 Substituting into equation 1 :
x y 1 7
6. 1 2x 1 3y 2 4z 5 25 2 4 1 z 5 22 2 8 1 3 5 8
3
2 x 2 y 1 3z 5 2201 Substituting into equation 2 :
3 5x 2 5y 1 15z 5 21004
2x 1 2y 2 3z 5 212 1 1 2 9 5 220
There is no solution to this system of equations, Substituting into equation 3 :
because if you multiply equation 2 by 5 you x 2 2y 1 3z 5 26 2 1 1 9 5 2
obtain a new equation, 5x 2 5y 1 15z 5 21005, c. 1 x 2 y 5 2199
which is inconsistent with equation 3 . 2 x 1 z 5 2200
7. a. Yes when this equation is alone, this is true, 3 y 2 z 5 201
because any constants can be substituted into the Equation 2 1 equation 3 5 equation 4
variables in the equation 0x 1 0y 1 0z 5 0 and the 5x1y51
equation will always be consistent.
Equation 4 1 equation 1 5 2x 5 2198 or Using z 5 t and x 5 2t, Solve equation 1
x 5 299. Substituting x 5 299 into equation 1 2t 2 y 1 t 5 22 or y 5 2
leads to: x 5 2t, y 5 2, and z 5 t, tPR
299 2 y 5 2199 or y 5 100. Substituting x 5 299 The planes intersect in a line.
into equation 2 , you obtain: 10. a. 1 x2y1z52
299 1 z 5 2200 or z 5 2101 2 2x 2 2y 1 2z 5 4
(299, 100, 2101) is the point at which the three 3 x 1 y 2 z 5 22
planes meet. Equation 1 1 equation 3 5 equation 4
Check: 5 2x 5 0 or x 5 0.
Substituting into equation 1 : Setting z 5 t,
x 2 y 5 299 2 (100) 5 2199 Equation 1 : 0 2 y 1 t 5 2 or y 5 t 2 2
Substituting into equation 2 : x 5 0, y 5 t 2 2, and z 5 t, tPR
x 1 z 5 299 2 101 5 2200 b. 1 2x 2 y 1 3z 5 0
Substituting into equation 3 : 2 4x 2 2y 1 6z 5 0
y 2 z 5 100 2 (2101) 5 201 3 22x 1 y 2 3z 5 0
d. 1 x 2 y 2 z 5 21 Equation 1 1 equation 3 5 equation 4
2 y2250 5 2x 5 0 or x 5 0.
3 x1155 Setting y 5 t and z 5 s, equation 1 :
Rearranging equation 2 gives y 5 2. Solving for x t 2 3s
in equation 3 gives x 5 4. 2x 2 t 1 3s 5 0 or x 5
2
Substituting x 5 4 and y 5 2 into equation 1 t 2 3s
leads to: x5 , y 5 t, and z 5 s, s, tPR
2
4 2 2 2 z 5 21 or z 5 3.
(4, 2, 3) is the point at which all three planes meet. 11. a. 1 x1y1z51
9. a. 1 x 2 2y 1 z 5 3 2 x 2 2y 1 z 5 0
2 2x 1 3y 2 z 5 29 3 x2y1z50
3 5x 2 3y 1 2z 5 0 Equation 1 2 equation 3 5 equation 4
Equation 3 1 equation 2 5 equation 4 5 2y 5 1 or y 5 12
5 7x 1 1z 5 29. Equation 2 2 equation 3 5 equation 5
Setting z 5 t, x 5 2 17 t 2 97 5 2y 5 0 or y 5 0
Equation 2 2 2 3 equation 1 5 equation 5 Since the y-variable is different in equation 4 and
5 7y 1 23z 5 215. equation 5 , the system is inconsistent and has no
Setting z 5 t, y 5 2 157 1 37 t solution.
x 5 2 17 t 2 97, y 5 2 157 1 37 t, and z 5 t, tPR The b. Answers may vary. For example: If you use the
planes intersect in a line. normals from equations 1 , 2 , and 3 , you can
b. 1 x 2 2y 1 z 5 3 determine the direction vectors from the equations’
2 x1y1z52 coefficients.
>
3 x 2 3y 1 z 5 26 n1 5 (1, 1, 1)
>
Equation 3 2 equation 2 5 24y 5 28 or y 5 2 n2 5 (1, 22, 1)
>
> >
Since the solutions for y are different from these m1 5 n1 3 n2 5 (3, 0, 23)
> >
two equations, there is no solution to this system of m2 5 n1 3 n3 5 (2, 0, 22)
> >
equations. m3 5 n2 3 n3 5 (21, 0, 1)
c. 1 x 2 y 1 z 5 22 c. The three lines of intersection are parallel and are
2 x1y1z52 pairwise coplanar, so they form a triangular prism.
> > >
3 x 2 3y 1 z 5 26 d. n1 3 n2 is perpendicular to n3 . So since,
> > >
Equation 1 1 equation 2 5 equation 4 (n1 3 n2 ) ? n3 5 0, a triangular prism forms.
5 2x 1 2y 5 0. 12. a. 1 x 2 y 1 3z 5 3
2 x 2 y 1 3z 5 6
Setting z 5 t, x 5 2t
3 3x 2 5z 5 0

Equation 1 and equation 2 have the same set of equation 3 equal different numbers, there is no
coefficients and variables, however, equations 1 solution to this system.
equals 3 while equation 2 equals 6, which means e. 1 x 2 y 1 z 5 22
there is no possible solution. 2 x1y1z52
b. 1 5x 2 2y 1 3z 5 1 3 3x 1 y 1 3z 5 2
2 5x 2 2y 1 3z 5 21 Equation 1 1 equation 2 : 22y 5 24 or y 5 2
3 5x 2 2y 1 3z 5 13 Setting y 5 2 and z 5 t in equation 1 ,
All three equations equal different numbers so there x 2 2 1 t 5 22 or x 5 2t
is no possible solution. x 5 2t, y 5 2, z 5 t, tPR
c. 1 x2y1z59 f. 1 x 1 y 1 z 5 0
2 2x 2 2y 1 2z 5 18 2 x 2 2y 1 3z 5 0
3 2x 2 2y 1 2z 5 17 3 2x 2 y 1 3z 5 0
Equation 2 equals 18 while equation 3 equals 17, Equation 1 2 equation 2 5 equation 4
which means there is no possible solution. 5 3y 2 2z 5 0
d. The coefficients of equation 1 are half the Equation 3 2 2 3 equation 2 2 equation 5
coefficients of equation 2 , but the constant term 5 3y 2 3z 5 0
is not half the other constant term. Equation 4 2 equation 5 : z 5 0
13. a. 1 2x 2 y 2 z 5 10 Setting z 5 0 in equation 1 and equation 2 ,
2 x 1 y 1 0z 5 7 Equation 6 5 x 1 y 5 0
3 0x 1 y 2 z 5 8 Equation 7 5 x 2 2y 5 0
Equation 1 2 2 3 equation 2 2 equation 3 : Equation 6 2 equation 7 : 3y 5 0 or y 5 0
24y 5 2 12 or y 5 3. Substituting y 5 3 into Setting y 5 0 and z 5 0 in equation 1 leads to
equation 2 and equation 3 gives: x50
x 1 3 1 0z 5 7 or x 5 4 (0, 0, 0)
0x 1 3 2 z 5 8 or z 5 25 14. a. First, reorder these equations so that equation
(4, 3, 25) 2 is first, equation 3 is second, and equation 1
b. 1 2x 2 y 1 z 5 23 last.
2 x 1 y 2 2z 5 1 1 x2y1z5p
3 5x 1 2y 2 5z 5 0 2 4x 1 qy 1 z 5 2
Equation 1 1 equation 2 : 3x 2 z 5 22. 3 2x 1 y 1 z 5 4
t22 To eliminate x from the last two equations, subtract
Setting z 5 t, x 5 3 4 times equation 1 from equation 2 , and subtract
Equation 1 2 2 3 equation 2 : 23y 1 5z 5 25. 2 times equation 1 from equation 3 .
5t 1 5 1 x2y1z5p
Setting z 5 t, y 5 3 2 (q 1 4)y 2 3z 5 2 2 4p
t22 5t 1 5 3 3y 2 z 5 4 2 2p
x5 ,y5 , z 5 t, tPR
3 3 There will be an infinite number of solutions if
c. 1 x1y2z50 q 1 4 5 9 and 3(4 2 2p) 5 2 2 4p because then
2 2x 2 y 1 z 5 0 equation 2 will be 3 times equation 3 . This means
3 4x 2 5y 1 5z 5 0 that p 5 q 5 5.
Equation 1 1 equation 2 : 3x 5 0 or x 5 0 b. Based on what was found in part a., substituting
Setting x 5 0 and z 5 t in equation 2 gives, in p 5 q 5 5 we will arrive at the equivalent system
2(0) 2 y 1 t 5 0 or y 5 t 1 x2y1z55
x 5 0, y 5 t, z 5 t, tPR 2 9y 2 3z 5 218
d. 1 x 2 10y 1 13z 5 24 3 3y 2 z 5 26
2 2x 2 20y 1 26z 5 28 which is really the same as
3 x 2 10y 1 13z 5 28 1 x2y1z55
If you multiply equation 2 by two, you obtain 2 3y 2 z 5 26
2x 2 20y 1 26z 5 216. Since equation 2 and Letting z 5 t, we see that equation 2 delivers

1 4 2 3 5
y5 (t 2 6) 3 2 1 5
3 a b c 2
1 Equation 2 2 2 3 equation 1 :
5 t22
3 1 4 13
1 5 5 equation 4
and so equation 1 gives b c 6
1 6 7
x 5 (t 2 6) 2 t 1 5 Equation 3 2 4 3 equation 1 :2 1
b c
3 > > 5
2 m3 5 n 3 n1 5 (21, 0, 1) 5 5 equation 5
52 t13 2
So the parametric equation of the line of 31
intersection is 5 15.5 or c 5 2
c
2 1
x 5 2 t 1 3, y 5 t 2 2, z 5 t, tPR. Substituting c 5 2 into equation 4 :
3 3
15. a. First, eliminate x from two of these equations. 1 13
125 or b 5 6
To make things easier, switch equation 1 with b 6
equation 2 , and multiply equation 3 by 2. Substituting c 5 2 and b 5 6 into equation 1 :
1 2x 1 y 1 z 5 24 1 1 1
1 2 5 0 or a 5 3
2 4x 1 3y 1 3z 5 28 a 6 2
3 6x 2 4y 1 (2m 2 2 12)z 5 2m 2 8 (3, 6, 2)
Now eliminate x from the last two equations by
using proper multiples of the first equation. 9.5 The Distance from a Point to a
1 2x 1 y 1 z 5 24 Line in R2 and R3, pp. 540–541
2 y1z50
3 27y 1 (2m 2 2 15)z 5 2m 1 4 1. a. 3x 1 4y 2 5 5 0
Now eliminate y from the third equation by using a 0 Ax0 1 By0 1 C 0
d5
proper multiple of the second equation. "A 2 1 B 2
1 2x 1 y 1 z 5 24 0 3(24) 1 4(5) 2 5 0
d5
"32 1 42
2 y1z50
3 (2m 2 2 8)z 5 2m 1 4
3
If 2m 2 2 8 5 0 (the coefficient of z in the third 5
5
equation), then m 5 6 2. However, if m 5 2, the
b. 5x 2 12y 1 24 5 0
0 Ax0 1 By0 1 C 0
third equation would become 0z 5 8, which has no
solutions. So there is no solution if m 5 2. d5
b. Working with what was found in part a., if m 2 62, "A 2 1 B 2
then the third equation in the equivalent system found 0 5(24) 2 12(5) 1 24 0
d5
there will have a unique solution for z, namely "52 1 (212)2
2m 1 4 56
z5 , 5 or 4.31
2m 2 2 8 13
and back-substituting into the other two equations c. 9x 2 40y 5 0
will give unique solutions for x and y also. So there 0 Ax0 1 By0 1 C 0
is a unique solution if m 2 62. d5
"A 2 1 B 2
0 9(24) 2 40(5) 0
c. Again using the equivalent system found in part a.,
setting m 5 22 will deliver the third equation 0z 5 0, d5
which allows for z to be anything at all. So m 5 22 "92 1 (40)2
will give an infinite number of solutions. 236
5 or 5.76
16. a. 1
1 1
1 2 50
1 "1681
a b c 2. a. 2x 2 y 1 1 5 0 and 2x 2 y 1 6 5 0
2 3 2 13 In order to find the distance between these two
2 1 1 5
a b c 6 parallel lines, you must first find a point on one of

the lines. It is easiest to find a point where the line (215 2 25t) 1 (36 2 144t) 5 0
crosses the x or y-axis. 21
t5
2(0) 2 y 1 1 5 0 or y 5 1 which corresponds to 169
the point (0, 1). This means that the minimal distance between
0 Ax0 1 By0 1 C 0 R(22, 3) and the line occurs when t 5 169 21
.
d5
"A 2 1 B 2 This point corresponds to A 169, 169 B. The distance
274 252
0 2(0) 2 1(1) 1 6 0 between this point and (22, 3) is about 3.92.

>
d5 c. r 5 (1, 3) 1 p(7, 224), pPR
"22 1 (21)2 We start by writing the given equation of the line in
5 parametric form. Doing so gives x 5 1 1 7p,
5 or 2.24
"5 y 5 3 2 24p. We construct a vector from R(22, 3)
b. 7x 2 24y 1 168 5 0 and 7x 2 24y 2 336 5 0 to a general point on the line.
a 5 322 2 (1 1 7p), 3 2 (3 2 24p)4
>
In order to find the distance between these two
parallel lines, you must first find a point on one of 5 (23 2 7p, 24p).
the lines. It is easiest to find a point where the line (7, 224) ? (23 2 7p, 24p) 5 0
crosses the x or y-axis. (221 2 49p) 1 (2576p) 5 0
7(0) 2 24y 1 168 5 0 or y 5 7 which corresponds 21
to the point (0, 7) p52
625
0 Ax0 1 By0 1 C 0 This means that the minimal distance between
d5
"A 2 1 B 2
21
R(22, 3) and the line occurs when p 5 2 625 .
0 7(0) 2 24(7) 2 336 0 This point corresponds to A 625, 625 B.
478 2379
d5
"72 1 (224)2
The distance between this point and (22, 3) is
about 2.88.
0 Ax0 1 By0 1 C 0
504
5 or 20.16 4. a. d 5
"A 2 1 B 2
25
>
3. a. r 5 (21, 2) 1 s(3, 4), sPR
If you substitute in the coordinates (0, 0), the
0 A(0) 1 B(0) 1 C 0
We start by writing the given equation of the line in
parametric form. Doing so gives x 5 21 1 3s, formula changes to d 5 ,
y 5 2 1 4s. We construct a vector from R(22, 3) "A 2 1 B 2
to a general point on the line. 0C0
which reduces to d 5
a 5 322 2 (21 1 3s), 3 2 (2 1 4s)4
.
"A 2 1 B 2
>
5 (21 2 3s, 1 2 4s). b. 3x 2 4y 2 12 5 0 and 3x 2 4y 1 12 5 0
(3, 4) ? (21 2 3s, 1 2 4s) 5 0 0C0 0 212 0
d(L1 ) 5 5
"A 2 1 B 2 "32 1 (24)2
(23 2 9s) 1 (4 2 16s) 5 0
1
s5 12
25 5
5
0C0 0 12 0
This means that the minimal distance between
R(22, 3) and the line occurs when s 5 251 . d(L2 ) 5 5
This point corresponds to A2 22 25 , 25 B. The distance
54 "A 1 B
2 2
"3 1 (24)2
2
between this point and (22, 3) is 1.4. 12

> 5
b. r 5 (1, 0) 1 t(5, 12), tPR 5
We start by writing the given equation of the line in The distance between these parallel lines is
parametric form. Doing so gives x 5 1 1 5t, 12 12 24
5 1 5 5 5 , because one of the lines is below
y 5 12t. We construct a vector from R(22, 3) to a the origin and the other is above the origin.
general point on the line. c. 3x 2 4y 2 12 5 0 and 3x 2 4y 1 12 5 0
a 5 322 2 (1 1 5t), 3 2 (12t)4
>
5 (23 2 5t, 3 2 12t). parallel lines, you must first find a point on one of
(5, 12) ? (23 2 5t, 3 2 12t) 5 0 the lines. It is easiest to find a point where the line
crosses the x or y-axis.

3(0) 2 4y 2 12 5 0 or y 5 23 which corresponds 0 Ax0 1 By0 1 C 0
d5
to the point (0, 3). "A 2 1 B 2
0 Ax0 1 By0 1 C 0 0 2(0) 2 3(21) 1 1 0
d5
"A 2 1 B 2
d5
"22 1 (23)2
0 3(0) 2 4(23) 1 12 0 4
d5
"32 1 (24)2
5 or 1.11
"13
24 d. 5x 1 12y 5 120 and 5x 1 12y 1 120 5 0
5
5 In order to find the distance between these two
Both the answers to 4.b. and 4.c. are the same. parallel lines, you must first find a point on one of
>
5. a. r 5 (22, 1) 1 s(3, 4), sPR the lines. It is easiest to find a point where the line
>
r 5 (1, 0) 1 t(3, 4), tPR crosses the x or y-axis.
First find a random point on one of the lines. We 5(0) 1 12y 5 120 or y 5 10 which corresponds to
will use (22, 1) from the first equation. We start by the point (0, 10).
writing the second equation in parametric form. 0 Ax0 1 By0 1 C 0
d5
Doing so gives x 5 1 1 3t, y 5 4t. We construct a "A 2 1 B 2
vector from P(22, 1) to a general point on the line. 0 5(0) 1 12(10) 1 120 0
a 5 322 2 (1 1 3t), 1 2 (4t)4
>
d5
5 (23 2 3t, 1 2 4t). "52 1 122
240
(3, 4) ? (23 2 3t, 1 2 4t) 5 0 5 or 18.46
(29 2 9t) 1 (4 2 16t) 5 0 13
>
1 6. a. P(1, 2, 21) r 5 (1, 0, 0) 1 s(2, 21, 2), sPR
t52 We start by writing the given equation of the line in
5
This means that the minimal distance between parametric form. Doing so gives x 5 1 1 2s,
P(22, 1) and line occurs when t 5 2 15. This point y 5 2s, and z 5 2s. We construct a vector from
corresponds to A 25, 2 45 B. The distance between this
P(1, 2, 21) to a general point on the line.
a 5 31 2 (1 1 2s), 2 2 (2s), 21 2 (2s)4
>
point and (22, 1) is 3 5 (22s, 2 1 s, 21 2 2s).
x21 y x y11 (2, 21, 2) ? (22s, 2 1 s, 21 2 2s) 5 0
b. 5 and 5
4 23 4 23 (24s) 1 (22 2 s) 1 (22 2 4s) 5 0
First change one equation into a Cartesian equation, 4
s52
which leads to 3x 1 4y 2 3 5 0 and take a point 9
from the other equation such as (4, 24). This means that the minimal distance between
0 Ax0 1 By0 1 C 0 P(1, 2, 21) and the line occurs when s 5 2 49.
d5
"A 2 1 B 2 This point corresponds to A 19, 49, 2 89 B. The distance
0 3(4) 1 4(24) 2 3 0 between this point and P(1, 2, 21) is 1.80.
>
d5 b. P(0, 21, 0) r 5 (2, 1, 0) 1 t(24, 5, 20), tPR
"32 1 42 We start by writing the given equation of the line in
7 parametric form. Doing so gives x 5 2 2 4t,
5 or 1.4
5 y 5 1 1 5t, and z 5 20t. We construct a vector
c. 2x 2 3y 1 1 5 0 and 2x 2 3y 2 3 5 0 from P(0, 21, 0) to a general point on the line.
a 5 30 2 (2 2 4t), 21 2 (1 1 5t), 0 2 (20t)4
>
parallel lines, you must first find a point on one of 5 (22 1 4t, 22 2 5t, 20t).
the lines. It is easiest to find a point where the line (24, 5, 20) ? (22 1 4t, 22 2 5t, 220t) 5 0
crosses the x or y-axis. (8 2 16t) 1 (210 2 25t) 1 (2400t) 5 0
t52
to the point (0, 21). 441
2
P(0, 21, 0) and the line occurs when t 5 2 441 .

441 , 441 , 2 441 B. The
This point corresponds to A 890 431 40 This means that the minimal distance between
distance between this point and P(0, 21, 0) is 2.83. P(1, 0, 1) and line occurs when m 5 136 . This point
>
c. P(2, 3, 1) r 5 p(12, 23, 4), pPR 13 , 13 , 2 13 B. The distance between
corresponds to A 45 19 6
We start by writing the given equation of the line in this point and (1, 0, 1) is 3.28
>
parametric form. Doing so gives x 5 12p, y 5 23p, 8. a. r 5 (1, 21, 2) 1 s(1, 3, 21), sPR
and z 5 4p. We construct a vector from P(2, 3, 1) First we write the equation in parametric form.
to a general point on the line. Doing so gives x 5 1 1 s, y 5 21 1 3s, and
a 5 32 2 (12p), 3 2 (23p), 1 2 (4p)4
> z 5 2 2 s. We construct a vector from P(2, 1, 3) to
5 (2 2 12p, 3 1 3p, 1 2 4p). a general point on the line.
a 5 32 2 (1 1 s), 1 2 (21 1 3s), 3 2 (2 2 s)4
>
(12, 23, 4) ? (2 2 12p, 3 1 3p, 1 2 4p) 5 0
(24 2 144p) 1 (29 2 9p) 1 (4 2 16p) 5 0 5 (1 2 s, 2 2 3s, 1 1 s).
19 (1, 3, 21) ? (1 2 s, 2 2 3s, 1 1 s) 5 0
p5 (1 2 s) 1 (6 2 9s) 1 (1 1 s) 5 0
169
This means that the minimal distance between 6
s5
P(2, 3, 1) and the line occurs when p 5 169 19
. This 11
169 , 2 169 , 169 B. The distance
point corresponds to A 228 57 76 This means that the minimal distance between
between this point and P(2, 3, 1) is 3.44. P(2, 1, 3) and line occurs when s 5 116 . This point
>
7. a. r 5 (1, 1, 0) 1 s(2, 1, 2), sPR corresponds to A 17
11 , 11 , 11 B.
7 16
>
r 5 (21, 1, 2) 1 t(2, 1, 2), tPR b. The distance between A 17 11 , 11 , 11 B and (2, 1, 3)
7 16
First find a random point on one of the lines. We is 1.65.

will use P(21, 1, 2) from the second equation. We 9. First, find the line L of intersection between the
then write the first equation in parametric form. planes
Doing so gives x 5 1 1 2s, y 5 1 1 s, and 1 x 2 y 1 2z 5 2
z 5 0 1 2s. We construct a vector from P(21, 1, 2) 2 x 1 y 2 z 5 22

to a general point on the line. Subtract the first equation from the second to
a 5 321 2 (1 1 2s), 1 2 (1 1 s), 2 2 2s4
> eliminate x and get the equivalent system
5 (22 2 2s, 2 2 2s). 1 x 2 y 1 2z 5 2
(2, 1, 2) ? (22 2 2s, 2s, 2 2 2s) 5 0 2 2y 2 3z 5 24

(24 2 4s) 1 (2s) 1 (4 2 4s) 5 0 Let z 5 t. Then the second equation gives
s50 2y 5 3t 2 4
y5 t22
P(21, 1, 2) and line occurs when s 5 0. This point 2
corresponds to (1, 1, 0). The distance between this So substituting these into the first equation gives
point and (21, 1, 2) is 2.83 x 5 y 2 2z 1 2
>
b. r 5 (3, 1, 22) 1 m(1, 1, 3), mPR
5 a t 2 2b 2 2t 1 2
> 3
r 5 (1, 0, 1) 1 n(1, 1, 3), nPR 2
First find a random point on one of the lines. 1
We will use P(1, 0, 1) from the second equation. 52 t
2
We then write the first equation in parametric form. So the equation of the line of intersection for these
Doing so gives x 5 3 1 m, y 5 1 1 m, and two planes in parametric form is
z 5 22 1 3m. We construct a vector from P(1, 0, 1) 1 3
to a general point on the line. x 5 2 t, y 5 t 2 2, z 5 t, tPR.
a 5 31 2 (3 1 m), 0 2 (1 1 m), 1 2 (22 1 3m)4
> 2 2
The direction vector for this line is A2 12, 32, 1B,
5 (22 2 3m, 21 2 m, 3 2 3m).
which is parallel to (21, 3, 2). So, to make things
(1, 1, 3) ? (22 2 3m, 21 2 m, 3 2 3m) 5 0
easier, the parametric form of this line of
(22 2 3m) 1 (21 2 m) 1 (9 2 9m) 5 0
intersection could also be expressed as
6
m5 x 5 2t, y 5 3t 2 2, z 5 2t, tPR
13 In vector form, this is the same as

>
r 5 (0, 22, 0) 1 t(21, 3, 2), tPR. If Q is at minimal distance from A, then this vector
Since Q(0, 22, 0) is on this line, will be perpendicular to the direction vector for the
>
QP 5 (21, 2, 21) 2 (0, 22, 0) line, (4, 2, 1). This means that
5 (21, 4, 21) 0 5 (2 2 4s, 4 2 2s, 26 2 s) ? (4, 2, 1)
So the distance from P(21, 2, 21) to the line of 5 10 2 21s
intersection is 10
s5
0 (21, 3, 2) 3 (21, 4, 21) 0 21
0 (21, 3, 2) 0
d5 So the point Q on the line at minimal distance from
0 (211, 23, 21) 0 A is
0 (21, 3, 2) 0
5
Q(4s, 2s, 1 1 s) 5 Qa4a b, 2a b, 1 1 b
10 10 10
21 21 21
131
Å 14 5 Qa , , b
5 40 20 31
21 21 21
8 3.06
To find the point on the line that gives this minimal Also
QA 5 a2 2 , 4 2 , 25 2 b
> 40 20 31
distance, let (x, y, z) be a point on the line. Then,
using the parametric equations, 21 21 21
5 a , ,2 b
(x, y, z) 5 (2t, 3t 2 2, 2t) 2 64 136
So the distance from P to this point is 21 21 21
"(x 1 1)2 1 (y 2 2)2 1 (z 1 1)2 So the point Ar will satisfy
5 "(1 2 t)2 1 (3t 2 4)2 1 (2t 1 1)2
> >
QAr 5 2QA
5 "14t 2 2 22t 1 18 5 a2 , 2 ,
2 64 136
b
To get the minimal distance, set this quantity 21 21 21
equal to #131
14 .
5 Ar(a, b, c) 2 Q
5 aa 2 , b 2 , c 2 b
40 20 31
"14t 2 2 22t 1 18 5
131
Å 14 21 21 21
38 44 167
131 So a 5 21, b 5 2 21, and c 5 21 . That is,
14t 2 2 22t 1 18 5
14 Ar( 38 44 167
21 , 2 21 , 21 ).
196t 2 2 308t 1 252 5 131 11. a. Think of H as being the origin, E as being on
196t 2 2 308t 1 121 5 0 the x-axis, D as being on the z-axis, and G as being
308 6 "0 on the y-axis. That is,
t5 H(0, 0, 0)
392
11 E(3, 0, 0)
5 G(0, 2, 0)
14
So the point on the line at minimal distance from P is D(0, 0, 2)
(x, y, z) 5 (2t, 3t, 22, 2t) and so on for the other points as well. Then line
segment HB has direction vector
5 a2 , 3a b 2 2, 2a bb
11 11 11
B(3, 2, 2) 2 H(0, 0, 0) 5 (3, 2, 2).
14 14 14 >
Also, HA 5 (3, 0, 2). So the distance formula says
5 a2 , , b
11 5 22 that the distance between A and line segment HB is
14 14 14 0 (3, 2, 2) 3 (3, 0, 2) 0
0 (3, 2, 2) 0
10. A point on the line d5
>
0 4, 0, 26 0
r 5 (0, 0, 1) 1 s(4, 2, 1), sPR.
0 (3, 2, 2) 0
has parametric equations 5
x 5 4s, y 5 2s, z 5 1 1 s, sPR.
Let this point be called 52
Å 17
Q(4s, 2s, 1 1 s). Then 5
>
QA 5 (2, 4, 25) 2 (4s, 2s, 1 1 s) 8 1.75
5 (2 2 4s, 4 2 2s, 26 2 s)

b. Vertices D and G will give the same distance to e. The distance from E(21, 0, 1) to the plane
HB because they are equidistant to the segment HB. 18x 2 9y 1 18z 2 11 5 0 is
(This is easy to check with the distance formula 0 18(21) 2 9(0) 1 18(1) 2 11 0
d5
used similarly to part a. The vertices C, E, and F "182 1 (29)2 1 182
give different distances than those found in part a.) 11
c. The height of triangle AHB was found in part a., 5 or 0.41
27
and was # 52 17 . The base length of this triangle is the
3. a. 3x 1 4y 2 12z 2 26 5 0 and
magnitude of HB 5 (3, 2, 2), which is # 52. So
>
3x 1 4y 2 12z 1 39 5 0
the area of this triangle is
First find a point in the second plane such as
1
a
52
b ("17) 5 ("52)
1 0 Ax0 1 By0 1 Cz0 1 D 0
2 Å 17 2 (23, 0, 0). Then use d 5
!A2 1 B2 1 C2
8 3.6 units 2 to solve.
0 3(213) 1 4(0) 2 12(0) 2 26 0
d5
"32 1 42 1 (212)2
9.6 The Distance from a Point to a 55
Plane, pp. 549–550 b. 3x 1 4y 2 12z 2 26 5 0
1 3x 1 4y 2 12z 1 39 5 0
1. a. Yes the calculations are correct, Point A lies in 6x 1 8y 2 24z 1 13 5 0
the plane. c. Answers may vary. Any point on the plane
b. The answer 0 means that the point lies in the 6x 1 8y 2 24z 1 13 5 0 will work, for example
plane.
2. Use the distance formula. (2 16, 0, 12) .
0 Ax0 1 By0 1 Cz0 1 D 0 4. a. The distance from P(1, 1, 23) to the plane
d5
"A 2 1 B 2 1 C 2 y 1 3 5 0 is
a. The distance from A (3, 1, 0) to the plane 0 0(1) 1 1(1) 1 0(23) 1 3 0
d5
20x 2 4y 1 5z 1 7 5 0 is "02 1 (1)2 1 02
0 20(3) 1 24(1) 1 5(0) 1 7 0 54
d5
"202 1 (24)2 1 52 b. The distance from Q(21, 1, 4) to the plane
53 x 2 3 5 0 is
b. The distance from B(0, 21, 0) to the plane 0 1(21) 1 0(1) 1 0(4) 2 3 0
d5
2x 1 y 1 2z 2 8 5 0 is "12 1 02 1 02
0 2(0) 1 1(21) 1 2(0) 2 8 0 54
d5
"22 1 12 1 22 c. The distance from R(1, 0, 1) to the plane
53 z 1 1 5 0 is
c. The distance from C(5, 1, 4) to the plane 0 0(1) 1 0(0) 1 1(1) 1 1 0
d5
3x 2 4y 2 1 5 0 is "02 1 02 1 12
0 3(5) 1 24(1) 1 0(4) 2 1 0 52
d5
"32 1 (24)2 1 02
5. First you have to find an equation of a plane to
the three points. The equation to this plane is
52
14x 2 28y 1 28z 2 42 5 0. Then use
0 Ax0 1 By0 1 Cz0 1 D 0
d. The distance from D(1, 0, 0) to the plane
5x 2 12y 5 0 is d5 to solve for the distance.
!A2 1 B2 1 C2
0 5(1) 2 12(0) 1 0(0) 1 0 0
d5 0 14(1) 2 28(21) 1 28(1) 2 42 0
"5 2 1 (212)2 1 02 d5
5 "142 1 (228)2 1 282
5 or 0.38 2
13 5 or 0.67
3

0 A(3) 2 2(23) 1 6(1) 1 0 0 5 2t 2 s 1 7
6. 3 5
"A 1 (22) 1 6
2 2 2 Substituting t 5 2s 2 8 into this second equation,
we get
3" ( A 1 40 ) 5 Z 3A 1 12 Z
2
2(2s 2 8) 2 s 1 7 5 0
" ( A2 1 40 ) 5 Z A 1 4 Z s53
A2 1 40 5 A2 1 8A 1 16 t 5 2s 2 8
24 5 8A t 5 22
35A Substituting these values for s and t into U and V,
A 5 3 is the only solution to this equation. we get
7. These lines are skew lines, and the plane containing U(1, 1, 2)
>
the second line, r 5 (0, 0, 1) 1 t(1, 1, 0), tPR, V(21, 21, 0)
that is parallel to the first line will have direction So U(1, 1, 2) is the point on the first line that
vectors (1, 1, 0) and (3, 0, 1). So a normal to this produces the minimal distance to the second line
plane is (1, 1, 0) 3 (3, 0, 1) 5 (1, 21, 23). at point V(21, 21, 0). This minimal distance is
So the equation of this plane will be of the form given by
0 UV 0 5 0 (22, 22, 22) 0
>
x 2 y 2 3z 1 D 5 0. We want the point (0, 0, 1)
to be on this plane, and substituting this into the 5 "12
equation above gives D 5 3. So the equation of the 8 3.46
>
plane containing r 5 (0, 0, 1) 1 t(1, 1, 0), tPR
and parallel to the first line is
x 2 y 2 3z 1 3 5 0. Review Exercise, pp. 552–555
Since (0, 1, 21) is on the first line, the distance 1. 2x 2 y 5 31, x 1 8y 5 234, 3x 1 ky 5 38
between these skew lines is the same as the distance (2x 2 y 5 31) 2 2(x 1 8y 5 234)
between this point and the plane just determined. 5 0x 2 17y 5 99
By the distance formula, this distance is 99 214
0 (0) 2 (1) 2 3(21) 1 3 0 y52 ,x5
17 17
d5
"12 1 (21)2 1 (23)2
b 1 ka b 5 38
214 299
5 3a
5 17 17
"11 4
8 1.51. k52
99
8. a. –b. We will do both of these parts at once. 2. 1 x 2 y 5 13
The two given lines are 2 3x 1 2y 5 26
>
r 5 (1, 22, 5) 1 s(0, 1, 21), sPR, 3 x 1 2y 5 219
>
r 5 (1, 21, 22) 1 t(1, 0, 21), tPR. (2 3 Equation 1 ) 1 equation 2 5 5x 1 0y 5 20
By converting to parametric form, a general point or x 5 4. Substituting x 5 4 into equation 1 gives
on the first line is (4) 2 y 5 13 or y 5 29. However, when you
U(1, s 2 2, 5 2 s), substitute this coordinates into the third equation,
and on the second line is the third equation is not consistent, so there is no
V(1 1 t, 21, 22 2 t). solution to this problem.
So the
> vector 3. a. 1 x 2 y 1 2z 5 3
UV 5 (t, 1 2 s, s 2 t 2 7). 2 2x 2 2y 1 3z 5 1
If the points U and V are those that produce the > 3 2x 2 2y 1 z 5 11
minimal distance between these two lines, then UV Equation 2 2 equation 3 5 5z 5 210 or
will be perpendicular to both direction vectors, z 5 22. Substituting z 5 22 into all of the equations
(0, 1, 21) and (1, 0, 21). In the first case, we get gives
0 5 (t, 1 2 s, s 2 t 2 7) ? (0, 1, 21) 4 x2y2453
5 8 2 2s 1 t 5 2x 2 2y 2 6 5 1
t 5 2s 2 8 6 2x 2 2y 2 2 5 11
In the second case, we get There are no x and y variables that satisfy these
0 5 (t, 1 2 s, s 2 t 2 7) ? (1, 0, 21) equations, so the answer is no solution.
r 5 (1, 1, 4) 1 a2 b (24, 4, 2)
b. 1 x 1 y 1 z 5 300 > 3
2 x 1 y 2 z 5 98 2
3 x 2 y 1 z 5 100
5 (1, 1, 4) 1 (6, 26, 23)
Equation 2 1 equation 3 5 2x 5 198 x 5 99. 5 (7, 25, 1)
Substituting x 5 99 into all three equations gives: as a point on this line. This means the two lines
4 y 1 z 5 201 intersect, and so the four points given lie in the
5 y 2 z 5 21 same plane.
6 2y 1 z 5 1
b. Direction vectors for the plane containing the
Equation 4 1 equation 5 5 2y 5 200 or four points in part a. are (6, 27, 25) and
y 5 100. You then get z 5 101 after substituting (24, 4, 2). So a normal to this plane is
both x and y into equation 1 . (6, 27, 25) 3 (24, 4, 2) 5 (6, 8, 24).
(99, 100, 101) We will use the parallel normal (3, 4, 22). So the
Check: equation of this plane is of the form
1 99 1 100 1 101 5 300
3x 1 4y 2 2z 1 D 5 0.
2 99 1 100 2 101 5 98
Substitute in the point (1, 2, 6) to find D.
3 99 2 100 1 101 5 100
3(1) 1 4(2) 2 2(6) 1 D 5 0
4. a. These four points will lie in the same plane if D51
and only if the line determined by the first two The equation of the plane is
points intersects the line determined by the last two 3x 1 4y 2 2z 1 1 5 0.
points. The direction vector determined by the first So, using the distance formula, this plane is distance
two is Z 3(0) 1 4(0) 2 2(0) 1 1 Z
>
a 5 (7, 25, 1) 2 (1, 2, 6) d5
Z (3, 4, 22) Z
5 (6, 27, 25)
1
So these first two points determine the line with 5
vector equation "29
> 8 0.19
r 5 (1, 2, 6) 1 s(6,27,25), sPR.
The direction vector determined by the last two from the origin.
5. Use the distance formula.
0 Ax0 1 By0 1 Cz0 1 D 0
points is
>
b 5 (23, 5, 6) 2 (1, 1, 4) d5
5 (24, 4, 2) "A 2 1 B 2 1 C 2
a. The distance from A(21, 1, 2) to
So these first two points determine the line with
3x 2 4y 2 12z 2 8 5 0
vector equation
> 0 3(21) 2 4(1) 2 12(2) 2 8 0
r 5 (1, 1, 4) 1 t(24, 4, 2), tPR. d5
Converting these two lines to parametric form, we "32 1 (24)2 1 (212)2
obtain the equations 53
1 1 1 6s 5 1 2 4t b. The distance from B(3, 1, 22) to
2 2 2 7s 5 1 1 4t 8x 2 8y 1 4z 2 7 5 0
3 6 2 5s 5 4 1 2t 0 8(3) 2 8(1) 1 4(22) 2 7 0
d5
Adding the first and second equations gives "82 1 (28)2 1 (4)2
3 2 s 5 2, so s 5 1. Substituting this into the third 1
equation, we get 5 or 0.08
12
1 5 4 1 2t >
6. r 5 (3, 1, 1) 1 t(2, 21, 2), tPR
23 5 2t
3x 2 4y 2 5z 5 0
So t 5 2 32. We need to check this s and t for
Find the parametric equations from the first
consistency. Substituting s 5 1 into the vector
equation, then substitute those equations into the
equation for the first line gives
> second equation. Solve for t. Substitute that t-value
r 5 (1, 2, 6) 1 (1)(6, 27, 25)
5 (7, 25, 1) >
r 5 (3, 1, 1) 1 t(2, 21, 2), tPR
as a point on this line. Substituting t 5 2 32 into the
x 5 3 1 2t
vector equation for the second line gives
y512t Letting z 5 s, then y 5 t gives x 2 3t 1 3s 5 7 or
z 5 1 1 2t x 5 23s 1 3t 1 7
3(3 1 2t) 2 4(1 2 t) 2 5(1 1 2t) 5 0 x 5 3t 2 3s 1 7, y 5 t, z 5 s, s, tPR
t can be any value to satisfy this value, so the two 9. a. 1 3x 2 5y 1 2z 5 4
equations intersect along 1 6x 1 2y 2 z 5 2
>
r 5 (3, 1, 1) 1 t(2, 21, 2), tPR. 1 6x 2 3y 1 8z 5 6
7. a. 1 3x 2 4y 1 5z 5 9 (Equation 2 ) 2 (2 3 equation 1 ) 5 12y 2 5z
2 6x 2 9y 1 10z 5 9 5 26
3 9x 2 12y 1 15z 5 9 Setting z 5 t,
3 3 (3x 2 4y 1 5z 5 9) 5 9x 2 12y 1 15z 5 27 1 5
12y 2 5t 5 26 or y 5 2 1 t
There is no solution because the first and third 2 12
equations are inconsistent. Substituting these two values into the first equation
b. 1 2x 1 3y 1 4z 5 3 gives x 5 12 1 361 t
2 4x 1 6y 1 8z 5 4 1 1 21 5
3 5x 1 y 2 z 5 1 x 5 1 t, y 5 1 t, z 5 t, tPR
2 36 2 12
2 3 (2x 1 3y 1 4z 5 3) 5 4x 1 6y 1 8z 5 6 b. 1 2x 2 5y 1 3z 5 1
There is no solution because the first and second 2 4x 1 2y 1 5z 5 5
equations are inconsistent. 3 2x 1 7y 1 2z 5 4
c. 1 4x 2 3y 1 2z 5 2 (Equation 2 ) 2 (2 3 equation 1 )
2 8x 2 6y 1 4z 5 4 5 12y 2 z 5 3
3 12x 2 9y 1 6z 5 1
Setting z 5 t,
3 3 (4x 2 3y 1 2z 5 2) 5 12x 2 9y 1 6z 5 6 1 1
There is no solution because the first and third 12y 2 t 5 3 or y 5 1 t
4 12
equations are inconsistent.
Substituting these two values into the first equation
8. a. 1 3x 1 4y 1 z 5 4
2 5x 1 2y 1 3z 5 2 gives x 5 98 2 31
24 t
3 6x 1 8y 1 2z 5 8 9 31 1 1
x 5 2 t, y 5 1 t, z 5 t, tPR
(Equation 1 ) 2 (2 3 equation 2 ) 8 24 4 12
5 27x 2 5z 5 0 10. a. 2x 1 y 1 z 5 6
x 2 y 2 z 5 29
Letting z 5 t, then x 5 2 57 t and y 5 1 1 27 t.
5 2 3x 1 y 5 2
x 5 2 t, y 5 1 1 t, z 5 t, tPR The first equation 1 the second equation gives
7 7
3x 5 23 or x 5 21. Substituting x 5 21 into the
b. 1 4x 2 8y 1 12z 5 4
third equation, 3(21) 1 y 5 2 or y 5 5.
2 2x 1 4y 1 6z 5 4
Substituting these two values into the first equation,
3 x 2 2y 2 3z 5 4
2(21) 1 5 1 z 5 6 or z 5 3
(Equation 1 ) 1 (4 3 equation 3 )
These three planes meet at the point (21, 5, 3).
5 24z 5 212 or z 5 2 12. Letting z 5 2 12 creates: 1 2x 2 y 1 2z 5 2
b.
4 4x 2 8y 5 10 2 3x 1 y 2 z 5 1
5 2x 1 4y 5 7 3 x 2 3y 1 5z 5 4
(Equation 1 ) 1 (2 3 equation 2 ) 5 8x 5 24 Equation 1 1 equation 2 5 5x 1 z 5 3

or x 5 3. Substituting in x 5 3 and z 5 2 12 gives Equation 3 2 (3 3 equation 1 ) 5 25x 2 z
y 5 14 5 22.
1 1 These two equations are inconsistent, so the planes
x 5 3, y 5 , z 5 2 do not intersect at any point. Geometrically the
4 2
c. 1 x 2 3y 1 3z 5 7 planes form a triangular prism.
2 2x 2 6y 1 6z 5 14 c. 1 2x 1 y 2 z 5 0
2 x 2 2y 1 3z 5 0
3 2x 1 3y 2 3z 5 27
3 9x 1 2y 2 z 5 0

2 3 equation 1 1 equation 2 5 5x 1 z 5 0, so b. t 5 0 corresponds to the point (3, 0, 21)
>
z 5 25x. 14. a. r 5 (1, 21, 1) 1 t(3, 2, 1), tPR
>
Equation 3 2 equation 1 5 7x 1 y 5 0, so r 5 (22, 23, 0) 1 s(1, 2, 3), sPR
y 5 27x. Set the equations parametric equations equal to
Let x 5 t. The intersection of the planes is a line each other, and determine either the s or t-value.
through the origin with equation x 5 t, y 5 27t, Find the point that corresponds to this value.
z 5 25t, tPR. L1: x 5 1 1 3t, y 5 21 1 2t, z 5 1 1 t
>
11. r 5 (2, 21, 22) 1 s(1, 1, 22), sPR L2: x 5 22 1 s, y 5 23 1 2s, z 5 3s
By substituting in different s-values, you can find x 5 1 1 3t 5 22 1 s
when the plane intersects the xz-plane when y 5 0 y 5 21 1 2t 5 23 1 2s
and the xy-plane when z 5 0. z 5 1 1 t 5 3s
The plane intersects the xz-plane at (3, 0, 24) and s 5 0, t 5 21
the xy-plane at (1, 22, 0). Then find the distance s 5 0 corresponds to the point (22, 23, 0).
>
between these two points using the distance b. r 5 (1, 21, 1) 1 t(3, 2, 1), tPR
>
formula. The distance between these two points r 5 (22, 23, 0) 1 s(1, 2, 3), sPR
is 4.90. P(22, 23, 0)
S S
12. a. x 2 2y 1 z 1 4 5 0 n1 3 n2 5 (3, 2, 1) 3 (1, 2, 3)
>
r 5 (3, 1, 25) 1 s(2, 1, 0), sPR 5 (4, 28, 4) 5 (1, 22, 1)
> >
m ? n 5 (2, 1, 0) ? (1, 22, 1) 5 0 Since the line’s >
r 5 (22, 23, 0) 1 t(1, 22, 1), tPR
direction vector is perpendicular to the normal of 15. a. Since the plane we want contains L, we can
the plane and the point (3, 1, 25) lies on both the use the direction vector for L, (1, 2, 21), as one
line and the plane, the line is in the plane. of the plane’s direction vectors. Since the plane
>
b. r 5 (7, 5, 21) 1 t(4, 3, 2), tPR contains the point (1, 2, 23) (which is on L) and the
>
r 5 (3, 1, 25) 1 s(2, 1, 0), sPR point K(3, 22, 4), it will contain the direction vector
Solve for the parametric equations of both equations (3, 22, 4) 2 (1, 2, 23) 5 (2, 24, 7)
and then set them equal to each other. To find a normal vector for the plane we want, take
L1: x 5 7 1 4t, y 5 5 1 3t, z 5 21 1 2t the cross product of these two direction vectors.
L2: x 5 3 1 2s, y 5 1 1 s, z 5 25 (2, 24, 7) 3 (1, 2, 21) 5 (210, 9, 8)
z 5 25 5 21 1 2t, t 5 22 So the plane we seek will be of the form
t 5 22, x 5 21, y 5 21, z 5 25 210x 1 9y 1 8z 1 D 5 0.
t 5 22 corresponds to the point (21, 21, 25) To determine the value of D, substitute in the point
c. x 2 2y 1 z 1 4 5 0 (1, 2, 23) that is to be on this plane.
21 2 2(21) 1 (25) 1 4 5 0 210(1) 1 9(2) 1 8(23) 1 D 5 0
The point (21, 21, 25) is on the plane since it D 5 16
satisfies the equation of the plane. The equation of the plane we seek is
>
d. r 5 (7, 5, 21) 1 t(4, 3, 2), tPR 210x 1 9y 1 8z 1 16 5 0.
(A, B, C) ? (4, 3, 2) 5 0 b. Using the distance formula, the distance from
A 5 7, B 5 22, C 5 211 S(1, 1, 21) to the plane 210x 1 9y 1 8z 1
7x 2 2y 2 11z 1 D 5 0 16 5 0 is
D 5 250 Z210(1) 1 9(1) 1 8(21) 1 16Z
7x 2 2y 2 11z 2 50 5 0 d5
> Z (210, 9, 8)Z
13. a. r 5 (3, 0, 21) 1 t(1, 1, 2), tPR
7
A(22, 1, 1) 5
x 5 3 1 t, y 5 t, z 5 21 1 2t "245
0 5 3 1 t 2 x, 0 5 t 2 y, 0 5 21 1 2t 2 z 8 0.45
"(3 1 t 2 x)2 1 (t 2 y)2 1 (21 1 2t 2 z)2
16. a. 1 x1y2z51
2 2x 2 5y 1 z 5 21
"(3 1 t 1 2)2 1 (t 2 1)2 1 (21 1 2t 2 1)2 3 7x 2 7y 2 z 5 k
"6t 2 1 30 Equation 1 1 equation 2 5 equation 4
t 5 0 gives the lowest distance of 5.48 5 3x 2 4y 5 0

Equation 2 1 equation 3 5 equation 5 x 5 4t
5 9x 2 12y 5 21 1 k y 5 3t
For the solution to this system to be a line, z 5 21 1 7t, tPR.
equation 4 and equation 5 must be the proportional. So one possible vector equation of this line is
>
k 5 1 makes these two line proportional and the r 5 (0, 0, 21) 1 t(4, 3, 7), tPR.
solution to this system a line. 17. a. 1 x 1 2y 1 z 5 1
b. In part a., we found that k 5 1 by arriving at the 2 2x 2 3y 2 z 5 6
equivalent system 3 3x 1 5y 1 4z 5 5
1 3x 2 4y 5 0 4 4x 1 y 1 z 5 8
2 2x 2 5y 1 z 5 21 Equation 1 1 equation 2 5 equation 5
3 9x 2 12y 5 0 5 3x 2 y 5 7
As the first and third equations are proportional, (4 3 equation 2 ) 1 equation 3 5 equation 6
this is really the same system as 5 11x 2 7y 5 29
1 3x 2 4y 5 0 (7 3 equation 5 ) 1 equation 6
2 2x 2 5y 1 z 5 21 5 equation 7 5 210x 5 220y or x 5 2
Letting x 5 t in the first equation, we see that Substituting into equation 5 : 6 2 y 5 7y 5 21.
y 5 34 t. Substituting these values for x and y into the Substituting into equation 1 : 2 1 22 1 z 5 1
second equation, we find that or z 5 1.
3 (2, 21, 1)
z 5 5a tb 2 2t 2 1 b. 1 x 2 2y 1 z 5 1
4
7 2 2x 2 5y 1 z 5 21
5 t 2 1. 3 3x 2 7y 1 2z 5 0
4
4 6x 2 14y 1 4z 5 0
So the direction vector for the line that solves this
Equation 2 2 (2 3 equation 1 )
system is (1, 34, 74), which is parallel to (4, 3, 7).
5 equation 5 5 2y 2 z 5 23,
So equivalent parametric equations of this line are
x 5 4t
Setting z 5 t,
2y 2 t 5 23 or y 5 3 2 t
y 5 3t
z 5 21 1 7t, tPR.
Substituting y 5 3 2 t and z 5 t into equation 1 :
x 2 2(3 2 t) 1 t 5 1 or x 5 7 2 3t
So one possible vector equation of this line is
> x 5 7 2 3t, y 5 3 2 t, z 5 t, tPR
r 5 (0, 0, 21) 1 t(4, 3, 7), tPR.
9a 3c
b. In part a., we found that k 5 1 by arriving at the 18. 1 2 8b 1 54
equivalent system b b
1 3x 2 4y 5 0 3a 4c
2 2x 2 5y 1 z 5 21
2 2 1 4b 1 53
b b
3 9x 2 12y 5 0 3a 4c
3 1 4b 2 53
As the first and third equations are proportional, b b
this is really the same system as a c
1 3x 2 4y 5 0 x 5 , y 5 b, z 5
b b
2 2x 2 5y 1 z 5 21 1 9x 2 8y 1 3z 5 4
Letting x 5 t in the first equation, we see that 2 23x 1 4y 1 4z 5 3
y 5 34t. Substituting these values for x and y into the 3 3x 1 4y 2 4z 5 3
second equation, we find that 3 1 2 5 8y 5 6
3 3
z 5 5a tb 2 2t 2 1 y5
4 4
7 1 9x 1 3z 5 10
5 t 2 1.
4 2 23x 1 4z 5 0
So the direction vector for the line that solves this 3 3x 2 4z 5 0
system is Q 1, 34, 74 R , which is parallel to (4, 3, 7). 1 1 3 2 5 15z 5 10

2 8 So we get the system of equations
z5 ,x5
3 9 1 42s2t50
3 2 4 1 s 2 2t 5 0
y 5 5 b, 3 2s 2 t 5 0
4
8 a a 2 Adding the first two equations gives
x5 5 5 ,a5 8 2 3t 5 0
9 b 3 3
8
4 t5
3
2 c c 1
z5 5 5 ,c5 Substituting this value for t into the third equation
3 b 3 2
gives
4 0 5 2s 2 t
a , , b
2 3 1 8
3 4 2 5 2s 2
3
19. First put the equation into parametric form. 4
Then substitute the x, y, and z-values into s5
3
x 1 2y 2 z 1 10 5 0 to determine t. Then
Substituting these values for s and t into the equation
substitute t back into the parametric equations >
to determine the coordinates. for PA, we get
>
x11 y22 z21 PA 5 (t 2 s, 2s, 4 2 t)
5 5 5t
5 a 2 ,2 ,42 b
24 3 22 8 4 4 8
x 5 24t 2 1, y 5 3t 1 2, z 5 22t 1 1 3 3 3 3
x 1 2y 2 3z 1 10 5 0
5 a ,2 , b
4 4 4
(24t 2 1) 1 2(3t 1 2) 2 3(22t 1 1) 1 10 5 0 3 3 3
5 This is the vector that is normal to the plane, with
t52
4 its head at point A(1, 0, 4) and tail at the point in
the plane
x 5 24a2 b 2 1, y 5 3a2 b 1 2,
5 5
P(1 2 t 1 s, s, t) 5 Pa1 2 1 , , b
8 4 4 8
4 4
3 3 3 3
z 5 22a2 b 1 1
5
5 a2 , , b
1 4 8
4
3 3 3
a4, 2 , b
7 7 So the vector
> >
4 2 PAr 5 2PA
20. Let Ar(a, b, c) denote the image point under this
5 a2 , , 2 b
4 4 4
reflection. We want to find a, b, and c. The equation
3 3 3
of the plane is x 2 y 1 z 2 1 5 0, so letting y 5 s
5 (a, b, c) 2 a2 , , b
and z 5 t, we get x 5 1 2 t 1 s, s, tPR. These are 1 4 8
the parametric equations of this plane, so a general 3 3 3
5 aa 1 , b 2 , c 2 b
point on this plane has coordinates P(1 2 t 1 s, s, t). 1 4 8
>
So PA 5 (1, 0, 4) 2 (1 2 t 1 s, s, t) 3 3 3
5 (t 2 s, 2s, 4 2 t) This means that a 5 2 53, b 5 2 83, and c 5 2 43,
The normal vector to this plane is (1, 21, 1), and in That is, the reflected point is Ar( 2 53, 83, 43) .
> 21. a. The first plane has normal (3, 1, 7) and the
order for PA to be perpendicular to the plane, it >
must be parallel to this normal. This means that PA second has normal (4, 212, 4). Their line of
and (1, 21, 1) will have a cross product equal to intersection will be perpendicular to both of these
the zero vector. normals. So we can take as direction vector the
(t 2 s, 2s, 4 2 t) 3 (1, 21, 1)
cross product of these two normals.
(3, 1, 7) 3 (4, 212, 4) 5 (88, 16, 240)
5 (4 2 s 2 t, 4 1 s 2 2t, 2s 2 t)
5 8(11, 2, 25)
5 (0, 0, 0)

So let’s use (11, 2, 25) as the direction vector for A point on both the first and third planes is
this line of intersection. To find a point on both of (2 372, 0, 152 ). So the vector equation for this line of
these planes, solve for z in the second plane, and intersection is
r 5 a2 , 0, b 1 t(11, 2, 25), tPR,
substitute this into the equation for the first plane. > 37 15
4x 2 12y 1 4z 2 24 5 0 2 2
4z 5 24 2 4x 1 12y and the corresponding parametric equations are
z 5 6 2 x 1 3y 37
0 5 3x 1 y 1 7z 1 3 x 5 2 1 11t
2
5 3x 1 y 1 7(6 2 x 1 3y) y 5 2t
13 15
5 24x 1 22y 1 45 z5 2 5t, tPR.
2
If y 5 0 in this last equation, then x 5 454 and Finally, we consider the line of intersection between
z 5 6 2 x 1 3y the second and third planes. In this case, a direction
45 vector is
562 1 3(0)
4 (4, 212, 4) 3 (1, 2, 3) 5 (244, 28, 20)
21 5 24(11, 2, 25)
52
4 We may use (11, 2, 25) as the direction vector for
The point ( 454, 0, 214) , lies on both planes. So the this line of intersection. We find a point on both of
vector equation of the line of intersection for the these planes in the same way as before.
first two planes is x 1 2y 1 3z 2 4 5 0
r 5 a , 0, 2 b 1 t(11, 2, 25), tPR.
> 45 21 x 5 4 2 2y 2 3z
4 4 0 5 4x 2 12y 1 4z 2 24
The corresponding parametric form is 5 4(4 2 2y 2 3z) 2 12y 1 4z 2 24
45 5 220y 2 8z 2 8
x5 1 11t
4 Taking y 5 0 in this last equation, we get z 5 21
y 5 2t and
21 x 5 4 2 2y 2 3z
z 5 2 2 5t, tPR. 5 4 2 2(0) 2 3(21)
4
We will use a similar procedure for the other two 57
lines of intersection. For the third plane, the normal A point on both the second and third planes is
vector is (1, 2, 3). So a direction vector for the line (7, 0, 21). So the vector equation for this line of
of intersection between the first and third planes is intersection is
>
(3, 1, 7) 3 (1, 2, 3) 5 (211, 22, 5) r 5 (7, 0, 21) 1 t(11, 2, 25), tPR,
5 2 (11, 2, 25) and the corresponding parametric equations are
We may use (11, 2, 25) as the direction vector for x 5 7 1 11t
this line of intersection. We find a point on both of y 5 2t
these planes in the same way as before. z 5 21 2 5t, PR.
x 1 2y 1 3z 2 4 5 0 b. All three lines of intersection found in part a.
x 5 4 2 2y 2 3z have direction vector (11, 2, 25), and so they are
0 5 3x 1 y 1 7z 1 3 all parallel. Since no pair of normal vectors for
5 3(4 2 2y 2 3z) 1 y 1 7z 1 3 these three planes is parallel, no pair of these planes
5 26y 2 2z 1 15 is coincident.
Taking y 5 0 in this last equation, we get z 5 152 2 5 3
22. 1 2 1 2 1 2 5 40
and a b c
x 5 4 2 2y 2 3z 3 6 1
2 2 2 2 2 5 23
a2
5 4 2 2(0) 2 3a b
15 b c
2 9 5 4
3 2 2 1 2 5 67
37 a2 b c
52
2

11 213 7
1 13 2 5 4 5
1 2 5 31 5 1c
a2 b 6
21 229 2
3 14 2 5 5 5 1 2 5 55 c52
a2 b 3
46 So the equation of the parabola we seek is
21 4 2 11 5 5 2 5 46, b 5 11, b 5 21
b 7 3 2
21 229 1 1 y 5 x2 2 x 2 .
6 2 3
2 1 5 55, a 5 , a 5 2
a 1 2 2 24. The equation of the plane is
2 5 3 1 1 4x 2 5y 1 z 2 9 5 0, which has normal (4, 25, 1).
1 1 2 5 40, c 5 , c 5 2
0.25 1 c 3 3 Converting this plane to parametric form gives
1 1 1 1 x5s
a 5 , a 5 2 , b 5 1, b 5 21, c 5 , c 5 2
2 2 3 3 y5t
Because each equation has each of a , b , and c2, the
2 2 z 5 9 2 4s 1 5t, s, tPR.
possible solutions are all combinations of the So for any point Y(s, t, 9 2 4s 1 5t) on this plane,
positive and negative values for a, b, and c: ( 12, 1, 13) , we >can form the vector
XY 5 (s, t, 9 2 4s 1 5t) 2 (3, 2, 25)
( 12, 1, 2 13) , ( 12, 21, 13) , ( 12, 21, 2 13) , ( 2 12, 1, 13) , 5 (s 2 3, t 2 2, 14 2 4s 1 5t)
( 2 12, 1, 2 13) , ( 2 12, 21, 13) , and ( 12, 21, 2 13) . This vector is perpendicular to the plane when it
23. The general form of such a parabola is is parallel to the normal vector (4, 25, 1). Two
y 5 ax 2 1 bx 1 c. We need to determine a, b, and c. vectors are parallel precisely when their cross
Since (21, 2), (1, 21), and (2, 1) all lie on the product is the zero vector.
parabola, we get the system of equations (s 2 3, t 2 2, 14 2 4s 1 5t) 3 (4, 25, 1)
1 a2b1c52 5 (68 1 26t 2 20s, 59 1 20t 2 17s, 23 2 4t 2 5s)
2 a 1 b 1 c 5 21 5 (0, 0, 0)
3 4a 1 2b 1 c 5 1 So we get the system of equations
1 68 1 26t 2 20s 5 0
Adding the first and second equations gives
2 59 1 20t 2 17s 5 0
1
a1c5 3 23 2 4t 2 5s 5 0
2
Subtracting four times the third equation from the
Subtracting the first from the second equation gives
first equation gives
2b 5 23
42t 2 24 5 0
3
b52 4
2 t5
7
Using the fact that a 1 c 5 12 and b 5 2 32 in the
Substituting this value for t into the second equation
third equation gives
gives
1 5 4a 1 2b 1 c
0 5 59 1 20t 2 17s
5 3a 1 2b 1 (a 1 c)
5 59 1 20a b 2 17s
4
5 3a 1 2a2 b 1
3 1
7
2 2
493
5 17s 5
5 3a 2 7
2
7 29
5 3a s5
2 7
7 Substituting these values for s and t into the equation
a5 for Y gives
6
Y(s, t, 9 2 4s 1 5t) 5 Ya , , 9 2 4a b
So using once more that a 1 c 5 12, we substitute 29 4 29
this value in for a and get 7 7 7
1 5a bb 5 a , , 2 b
1 4 29 4 33
5a1c
2 7 7 7 7
So the point M we wanted is M( 297, 47, 2 337 ).
11x 2 2 14x 1 9 A Bx 1 C This vector forms the height of ^ DEF, and the
25. 2 5 1 2 length of this vector is
(3x 2 1)(x 1 1) 3x 2 1 x 11
11x 2 2 14x 1 9
@ JD @ 5 ` a2 , 22, b `
> 7 17
(3x 2 1)(x 2 1 1) 2 2
5 a2 b 1 (22)2 1 a b
2
A(x 2 1 1) 1 (Bx 1 C) 3x 2 1 7 17 2
Å
5
(3x 2 1)(x 2 1 1) 2 2
11x 2 2 14x 1 9 5 (A 1 3B)x 2 1 (3C 2 B)x 177
Å 72
1 (A 2 C) 5
A 2 C 5 9, 3C 2 B 5 214, A 1 3B 5 11 8 9.41
B 5 3C 1 14, A 5 C 1 9 The length of the base of ^ DEF is
A 1 3(3C 1 14) 5 11, A 1 9C 5 231
@ EF @ 5 0 (25, 24, 23) 0
>
(C 1 9) 1 9C 5 231
10C 5 240, C 5 24 5 "(25)2 1 (24)2 1 (23)2
B 5 3(24) 1 14 5 2, A 5 (24) 1 9 5 5 5 "50
A 5 5, B 5 2, C 5 24 8 7.07
26.> a. The vector So the area of ^ DEF equals
EF 5 (21, 24, 26) 2 (4, 0, 3)
( !50) a b 5 !177
1 177 5
Å 2
5 (25, 24, 23)
2 2
This is a direction vector for the line containing the
8 33.26 units2
segment EF. The point E(21, 24, 26) is on this
27. 3x 2 2z 1 1 5 0
line, so the vector equation of this line is
> 4x 1 3y 1 7 5 0
r 5 (21, 24, 26) 1 t(25, 24, 23), tPR.
(5, 25, 5)
b. Based on the equation of the line found in part a., > >
a general point on this line is of the form n1 3 n2 5 (3, 0, 22) 3 (4, 3, 0) 5 (6, 28, 9)
J(21 2 5t, 24 2 4t, 26 2 3t), tPR. 6x 2 8y 1 9z 1 D 5 0
For> this general point, the vector D 5 2115
JD 5 (3, 0, 7) 2 (21 2 5t, 24 24t, 26 2 3t) 6x 2 8y 1 9z 2 115 5 0
5 (4 1 5t, 4 1 4t, 13 1 3t)
This vector will be perpendicular to the direction Chapter 9 Test, p. 556
vector for the line found in part a. at the point J we >
seek. This means that 1. a. r 1 5 (4, 2, 6) 1 s(1, 3, 11), sPR,
>
0 5 (4 1 5t, 4 1 4t, 13 1 3t) ? (25, 24, 23) r 2 5 (5, 21, 4) 1 t(2, 0, 9), tPR
5 25(4 1 5t) 2 4(4 1 4t) 2 3(13 1 3t) L1: x 5 4 1 s, y 5 2 1 3s, z 5 6 1 11s
5 275 2 50t L2: x 5 5 1 2t, y 5 21, z 5 4 1 9t
3 y 5 21 5 2 1 3s
t52
2 s 5 21
Substituting this value of t into the equation for the L1: x 5 4 1 (21), y 5 2 1 3(21),
general point on the line in part a., z 5 6 1 11(21)
J(21 2 5t, 24 2 4t, 26 2 3t) x 5 3, y 5 21, z 5 25
(3, 21, 25)
5 Ja21 2 5a2 b, 24 2 4a2 b, 26 2 3a2 bb
3 3 3
2 2 2 b. x2y1z1150
3 2 (21) 1 (25) 1 1 5 0
5 a , 2, 2 b
13 3
2 2 311251150
These are the coordinates for the point J we wanted. 050
c. Using the coordinates for J found in part b., 2. Use the distance equation.
0 Ax0 1 By0 1 Cz0 1 D 0
JD 5 (3, 0, 7) 2 a , 2, 2 b
> 13 3 d5
2 2 "A 2 1 B 2 1 C 2
a. A(3, 2, 3)
5 a2 , 22, b
7 17
8x 2 8y 1 4z 2 7 5 0
2 2
0 8x0 2 8y0 1 4z0 2 7 0 Equation 2 1 (2 3 equation 1) 5
d5
"(8) 1 (28) 1 (4)
2 2 2 4x 1 y 5 21
0 8(3) 2 8(2) 1 4(3) 2 7 0 Equation 2 1 (8 3 equation 3) 5
5
"(8)2 1 (28)2 1 (4)2 6x 1
31
y 5 225
13 5
5 or 1.08 31
12 2 (4x 1 y 5 21)
b. First, find any point on one of the planes, then use 5
1 a6x 1 y 5 225b
the other plane equation with the distance formula. 31
2x 2 y 1 2z 2 16 5 0 5
2x 2 y 1 2z 1 24 5 0 218.8x 5 218.8
2(8) 2 (0) 1 2(0) 2 16 5 0 x51
A(8, 0, 0) 4(1) 1 y 5 21
0 2x0 2 1y0 1 2z0 1 24 0 y 5 25
d5
"(2)2 1 (21)2 1 (2)2 (1) 2 (25) 1 z 5 10
0 2(8) 2 1(0) 1 2(0) 1 24 0 z54
5
"(2)2 1 (21)2 1 (2)2
(1, 25, 4)
b. The three planes intersect at this point.
40
5 or 13.33 5. a. 1 x 2 y 1 z 5 21
3 2 2x 1 2y 2 z 5 0
3. a. L1: 2x 1 3y 2 z 5 3 3 x 2 5y 1 4z 5 23
L2: 2x 1 y 1 z 5 1
Equation 2 1 (2 3 equation 1 ) 5
L1 1 2L2: 5y 1 z 5 5
4x 1 z 5 22
z 5 t,
4x 1 z 5 22
5y 1 (t) 5 5
t z5t
y512 4x 1 (t) 5 22
5
2x 1 y 1 z 5 1 1 t
x52 2
2x 1 a1 2 b 1 (t) 5 1
t 2 4
5 x 2 y 1 z 5 21
a2 2 b 2 y 1 (t) 5 21
4t 1 t
x5
5 2 4
4t t
x 5 , y 5 1 2 , z 5 t, tPR 3t 1
5 5 y5 1
4 2
b. To determine the point of intersection with the 1 t 3t 1
xz-plane, set the above y parametric equation equal x 5 2 2 , y 5 1 , z 5 t, tPR
2 4 4 2
to 0 and solve for the t. This t corresponds to the
b. The three planes intersect at this line.
point of intersection.
6. a. L1: x 1 y 1 z 5 0
4t t
x 5 , y 5 1 2 , z 5 t, tPR L2: x 1 2y 1 2z 5 1
5 5
L3: 2x 2 y 1 mz 5 n
t
0512 L2 1 2L3: 5x 1 0y 1 (2m 1 2)z 5 2n 1 1
5 L1 1 L3: 3x 1 0y 1 (m 1 1)z 5 n
t55 5
4(5) (5) (3x 1 0y 1 (m 1 1)z 5 n)
x5 ,y512 , z 5 (5), tPR 3
5 5 5 5
(4, 0, 5) 5 5x 1 0y 1 (m 1 1)z 5 n
3 3
4. a. 1 x 2 y 1 z 5 10
Then set the two new equations to each other and
2 2x 1 3y 2 2z 5 221
solve for a m and n value that would give equivalent
1 2 1 1
3 x1 y1 z52 equations.
2 5 4 2

5 5 Cumulative Review of Vectors,
5x 1 0y 1 (m 1 1)z 5 n
3 3
5x 1 0y 1 (2m 1 2)z 5 2n 1 1
pp. 557–560
5 1. a. The angle, u, between the two vectors is found
2m 1 2 5 (m 1 1) > >
3 a?b
@a @ @b@
from the equation cos (u) 5 > > .
m 5 21
> >
5 a ? b 5 (2, 21, 22) ? (3, 24, 12)
n 5 2n 1 1
3 5 2(3) 2 1(24) 2 2(12)
n 5 23 5 214
0 a 0 5 "22 1 (21)2 1 (22)2
b. L1: x 1 y 1 z 5 0 >
L2: x 1 2y 1 2z 5 1
L3: 2x 2 y 2 z 5 23 53
0 b 0 5 "32 1 (24)2 1 122
>
L1 1 L2: 3x 5 23, x 5 21
(21) 1 y 1 z 5 0 5 13
z5t So u 5 cos21 ( 3 214
3 13 )
(21) 1 y 1 (t) 5 0 8 111.0°
y512t > >
b. The scalar projection of a on b is equal to
0 a 0 cos (u), where u is the angle between the two
x 5 21, y 5 1 2 t, z 5 t, tPR >
7. First find the parametric equations of each line.
Then set these equations equal to each other to find vectors. So from the above work, cos (u) 5 3 214 3 13
and 0 a 0 5 3, so the scalar projection of a on b is

> > >
a set of new equations. Use the dot product to
> >
determine another set of equations that you will 214 14
3 3 13 3 3 5 2 13 . The vector projection of a on b
solve for t and s. Find the corresponding points to is equal to the scalar projection multiplied by the unit
>
these values and the distance between them, which vector in the direction of b. So the vector projection
is the distance between the two lines.
> is 2 14 1
13 3 13 (3, 24, 12) 5 (2
52 56
, , 2 168
169 ).
L1: r 5 (21, 23, 0) 1 s(1, 1, 1), sPR > 169 169
>
>
L2: r 5 (25, 5, 28) 1 t(1, 2, 5), tPR
c. > The scalar projection of b on a is equal to
0 b 0 cos (u), where u is the angle between the two
L1: x 5 21 1 s, y 5 23 1 s, z 5 s
L2: x 5 25 1 t, y 5 5 1 2t, z 5 28 1 5t
vectors. So from the above work, cos (u) 5 3 214 3 > 13
and 0 b 0 5 13, so the scalar projection of a on b is
> >
UV 5 3 (21 1 s) 2 (25 1 t), (23 1 s)
>
> >
214 14
2 (5 1 2t), s 2 (28 1 5t)4 3 3 13 3 13 5 2 3 . The vector projection of b on a
> is equal to the scalar projection multiplied by the
UV 5 (4 1 s 2 t, 28 1 s 2 2t, s 1 8 2 5t) >
> unit vector in the direction of a . So the vector
m1 ? UV 5 0
projection is 2 143 3 13 (2, 21, 22) 5 (2 289, 149, 289 ).
(1, 1, 1) ? (4 1 s 2 t, 28 1 s 2 2t, s 1 8 2 5t) 5 0 2. a. Since the normal of the first plane is (4, 2, 6)
(1, 2, 5) ? (4 1 s 2 t, 28 1 s 2 2t, s 1 8 2 5t) 5 0 and the normal of the second is (1, 21, 1), which
L4: 4 1 3s 2 8t 5 0, are not scalar multiples of each other, there is a line
L5: 28 1 8s 2 30t 5 0 of intersection between the planes.
8 3 L1 1 (23) 3 L2 yields The next step is to use the first and second equations
32 1 24s 2 64t 2 84 2 24s 1 90t 5 0, so t 5 2. to find an equation with a zero for the coefficient of x.
Then s 5 4. The points corresponding to these The first equation minus four times the second
values of s and t are (21, 3, 0) 1 4(1, 1, 1) equation yields 0x 1 6y 1 2z 1 6 5 0. We may
5 (3, 1, 4) and (25, 5, 28) 1 2(1, 2, 5) divide by two to simplify, so 3y 1 z 1 3 5 0. If we
5 (23, 9, 2). let y 5 t, then 3t 1 z 1 3 5 0, or z 5 23 2 3t.
d 5 "(3 2 (23))2 1 (1 2 9)2 1 (4 2 2)2 Substituting these into the second equation yields
5 "(6)2 1 (28)2 1 (2)2 x 2 (t) 1 (23 2 3t) 2 5 5 0 or x 5 8 1 4t.
5 "36 1 64 1 4
So the equation of the line in parametric form is
x 5 8 1 4t, y 5 t, z 5 23 2 3t, tPR.
5 "104 or 10.20

To check that this is correct, we substitute in the 5. The direction vectors for the positive x-axis,
solution to both initial equations y-axis, and z-axis are (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), and (0, 0, 1),
4x 1 2y 1 6z 2 14 5 4(8 1 4t) 1 2(t) respectively.
1 6(23 2 3t) 2 14 0 (4, 22, 23) 0 5 "42 1 (22)2 1 (23)2
5 !29,
50
and 0 (1, 0, 0) 0 5 0 (0, 1, 0) 0
and x 2 y 1 z 2 5
5 0 (0, 0, 1) 0
5 (8 1 4t) 2 (t) 1 (23 2 3t) 2 5
5 0.
Hence the line given by the parametric equation 5 !1
above is the line of intersection for the planes. 5 1.
b. The angle between two planes is the same as the (4, 22, 23) ? (1, 0, 0) 5 4, so the angle the vector
angle between their corresponding normal vectors. makes with the x-axis is cos21 Q 1 !294
R 8 42.0°.
0 (4, 2, 6)0 5 "42 1 22 1 62 (4, 22, 23) ? (0, 1, 0) 5 22, so the angle the vector
5 !56 makes with the y-axis is cos21 Q 1 22
!29 R 5 111.8°.
0 (1, 21, 1) 0 5 "12 1 12 1 12 (4,22,23) ? (0, 0, 1) 5 23, hence the angle the
5 !3 vector makes with the z-axis is cos21 Q 1 23!29 R 8 123.9°.
(4, 2, 6) ? (1, 21, 1) 5 8, so the angle between the > >
6. a. a 3 b 5 (1, 22, 3) 3 (21, 1, 2)
planes is cos21 Q !38!56 R 8 51.9°.
> > 5 (22(2) 2 3(1), 3(21) 2 1(2),
x?y > 1(1) 2 (22)(21))
3. a. We have that cos (60°) 5 0 x> 0 0 y> 0 . Also since x
5 (27, 25, 21)
and y are unit vectors, 0 x 0 5 0 y 0 5 1, and moreover
> > >
> > b. By the> scalar law for> vector multiplication,
1 x?y 1 > >
> >
cos (60°) 5 . So x ? y 5 5 . 2a 3 3b 5 2(3)(a 3 > b)
2 131 2 >
5 6(a 3 b )
b. Scalar multiples can be brought out to the front
> > > > 5 6(27, 25, 21) 5 (242, 230, 26)
of dot products. Hence 2x ? 3y 5 (2)(3)(x ? y ), >
> > c.> The area of a parallelogram determined by a and
and so by part a., 2x ? 3y 5 2 3 3 3 12 5 3. b is equal
c. The dot product is distributive, > > to the magnitude of the cross product of
> > > > a and b.
so (2x 2 y ) ? (x 1 3y ) A 5 area of> parallelogram
> > > > > >
5 0a 3 b0
5 2x ? (x 1 3y ) 2 y ? (x 1 3y ) >
> > > > > > > >
5 0 (27, 25, 21) 0
5 2x ? x 1 2x ? 3y 2 y ? x 2 y ? 3y
> > > > > > > >
5 2x ? x 1 2x ? 3y 2 x ? y 2 3y ? y
> >
Since x and y are unit vectors, x ? x 5 y ? y 5 1,
> > > > 5 "(27)2 1 (25)2 1 (21)2
and so by using the values found in part a. and b., 8 >8.66 square units >
> >
(2x 2 y ) ? (x 1 3y ) 5 2(1) 1 (3) 2 A 12 B 2 3(1) d. (b 3 a ) 5 2 (a 3 b )
> > > >
3 5 2 (27, 25, 21)
5 5 (7, 5, 1)
> > > 2 > > > > > > > >
4. a. 2(i 2 2j 1 3k ) 2 4(2i 1 4j 1 5k ) 2 (i 2 j ) So c ? (b 3 a ) 5 (3, 24, 21) ? (7, 5, 1)
> > > > > > > > 5 3(7) 2 4(5) 2 1(1)
5 2i 2 4j 1 6k 2 8i 2 16j 2 20k 2 i 1 j
> > > 50
5 27i 2 19j 2 14k > >
> > > > > > > > 7. A unit vector perpendicular to both a and b can
b. 22(3i> 2 4j> 2 5k>) ? (2i> 1 3k> ) 1 2i ? (3j 2 2k ) be determined
>
> > from
> > any vector perpendicular to
5 22(3i 2 4j 2 5k ) ? (2i 1 0j 1 3k ) both a and b>. a 3 b is a vector perpendicular to
> > > > > > >
1 2(i 1 0j 1 0k ) ? (0i 1 3j 2 2k ) both a and> b.
>
5 22(3(2) 2 4(0) 2 5(3)) 1 2(1(0) a 3 b 5 (1, 21, 1) 3 (2, 22, 3)
1 0(3) 1 0(22)) 5 (21(3) 2 1(22), 1(2) 2 1(3),
5 22(29) 1 2(0) 1(22) 2 (21)(2))
5 (21, 21, 0)
5 18

0 a 3 b 0 5 0 (21, 21, 0) 0
> >
12. First put the line in its corresponding parametric
5 "(21)2 1 (21)2 1 02 form. (3, 1, 5) is a direction vector and (2, 25, 3) is
5 !2
the origin point, so a parametric equation for the
line is x 5 2 1 3s, y 5 25 1 s, z 5 3 1 5s, sPR.
So !2 1
(21, 21, 0) 5 Q 2 !2 1 1
, 2 !2 , 0 R is an unit vector
> If we substitute these coordinates into the equation
perpendicular to both a and b. Q !2 , 0 R is another.
> 1 1
, !2 of the plane, we may find the s value where the line
8. a. Answers may vary. For example: >
intersects the plane.
A direction vector for the line is AB. 5x 1 y 2 2z 1 2
>
AB 5 (1, 2, 3) 2 (2, 23, 1) 5 5(2 1 3s) 1 (25 1 s) 2 2(3 1 5s) 1 2
5 (21, 5, 2) 5 10 1 15s 1 2 5 1 s 2 6 2 10s 1 2
Since A(2, 23, 1) is a point on the line, 5 1 1 6s
>
r 5 (2, 23, 1) 1 t(21, 5, 2), tPR, is a vector So if 5x 1 y 2 2z 1 2 5 0, then 1 1 6s 5 0 or
equation for a line and the corresponding parametric s 5 2 16. At s 5 2 16, the point on the line is ( 32, 2 316, 136) .
equation is x 5 2 2 t, y 5 23 1 5t, z 5 1 1 2t,
To check that this point is also on the plane, we
tPR.
substitute the x, y, z values into the plane equation
b. If the x-coordinate of a point on the line is 4, then
and check that it equals zero.
2 2 t 5 4, or t 5 22. At t 5 22, the point on the
5x 1 y 2 2z 1 2 5 5a b 1 a2 b 2 2a b 1 2
3 31 13
line is (2, 23, 1) 2 2(21, 5, 2) 5 (4, 213, 23).
Hence C(4, 213, 23) is a point on the line. 2 6 6
9. The direction vector of the first line is (21, 5, 2), 50
while the direction vector for the second line is Hence ( 32, 2 316, 136) is the point of intersection between
(1, 25, 22) 5 2 (21, 5, 2). So the direction vectors the line and the plane.
for the line are collinear. Hence the lines are parallel. 13. a.
The lines coincide if and only if for any point on z
the first line and any point on the second line, the
vector connecting the two points is a multiple of the
direction vector for the lines.
(2, 0, 9) is a point on the first line and (3, 25, 10) is (0, 0, 3)
a point on the second line.
(2, 0, 9) 2 (3, 25, 10) 5 (21, 5, 21) 2 k(21, 5, 2)
for any kPR. Hence the lines are parallel and distinct.
10. The direction vector for the parallel line is (0, 3, 0) y
(0, 1, 1). Since parallel lines have collinear direction x (6, 0, 0)
vectors, (0, 1, 1) can be used as a direction vector
for the line. Since (0, 0, 4) is a point on the line,
>
r 5 (0, 0, 4) 1 t(0, 1, 1), tPR, is a vector equation
for a line and the corresponding parametric equation
is x 5 0, y 5 t, z 5 4 1 t, tPR.
11. The line is parallel to the plane if and only if the
direction vector for the line is perpendicular to the
normal vector for the plane. The normal vector for
the plane is (2, 3, c). The direction vector for the Two direction vectors are:
line is (2, 3, 1). The vectors are perpendicular if and (0, 3, 0) 2 (0, 0, 3) 5 (0, 3, 23)
only if the dot product between the two is zero. and
(2, 3, c) ? (2, 3, 1) 5 2(2) 1 3(3) 1 c(1) (6, 0, 0) 2 (0, 0, 3) 5 (6, 0, 23).
5 13 1 c
So if c 5 213, then the dot product of normal
vector and the direction vector is zero. Hence for
c 5 213, the line and plane are parallel.

b. corresponding parametric form is x 5 1 1 2t,
z y 5 22 2 3t, z 5 4 2 4t, tPR.
The intersection of this line and the plane is the
(–3, –2, 2) bisector between P and its image. To find this point
we substitute the parametric equation into the plane
equation and solve for t.
2x 2 3y 2 4z 1 66
(0, 0, 0)
y 5 2(1 1 2t) 2 3(22 2 3t) 2 4(4 2 4t) 1 66
(3, 2, 1)
5 2 1 4t 1 6 1 9t 2 16 1 16t 1 66
5 58 1 29t
x So if 2x 2 3y 2 4z 1 66 5 0, then 58 1 29t 5 0,
or t 5 22.
So the point of intersection is occurs at t 5 22, since
the origin point is P and the intersection occurs at the
midpoint of the line connecting P and its image, the
Two direction vectors are: image point occurs at t 5 2 3 (22) 5 24.
(23, 22, 2) 2 (0, 0, 0) 5 (23, 22, 2) So the image point is at x 5 1 1 2(24) 5 27,
and y 5 22 2 3(24) 5 10, z 5 4 2 4(24) 5 20.
(3, 2, 1) 2 (0, 0, 0) 5 (3, 2, 1). So the image point is (27, 10, 20).
15. Let (a, b, c) be the direction vector for this line.
c. >
z So a line equation is r 5 (1, 0, 2) 1 t(a, b, c), tPR.
Since (1, 0, 2) is not on the other line, we may
(0, 3, 6) choose a, b, and c such that the intersection occurs
at t 5 1. Since the line is supposed to intersect the
given line at a right angle, the direction vectors
should be perpendicular. The direction vectors are
(0, 0, 0) perpendicular if and only if their dot product is zero.
The direction vector for the given line is (1, 1, 2).
(1, 1, –1) y (a, b, c) ? (1, 1, 2) 5 a 1 b 1 2c 5 0, so
x b 5 2a 2 2c.
Also (1, 0, 2) 1 (a, b, c) 5 (1 1 a, b, 2 1 c) is the
By substituting for b,
(1 1 a, b, 2 1 c) 5 (1 1 a, 2a 2 2c, 2 1 c).
So for some s value,
x 5 22 1 s 5 1 1 a
y 5 3 1 s 5 2a 2 2c
z 5 4 1 2s 5 2 1 c
Subtracting the first equation from the second yields
Two direction vectors are: the equation, 5 1 0s 5 22a 2 2c 2 1.
(0, 3, 6) 2 (0, 0, 0) 5 (0, 3, 6) Simplifying this gives 6 5 22a 2 2c or just
and a 1 c 5 23.
(1, 1, 21) 2 (0, 0, 0) 5 (1, 1, 21). Subtracting twice the first equation from the third
14. The plane is the right bisector joining yields the equation, 8 5 22a 1 c.
P(1, 22, 4) and its image. The line connecting the So a 1 c 5 23 and 22a 1 c 5 8, which is two
two points has a direction vector equal to that of the equations with two unknowns. Twice the first plus
the second equations gives 0a 1 3c 5 2 or c 5 23.
the plane is (2, 23, 24). So the line connecting the
two points is (1, 22, 4) 1 t(2, 23, 24), tPR, or in Solving back for a gives 2 113 and since b 5 2a 2 2c,
b 5 73. Since a 1 b 1 2c 5 0, the direction vectors,

(1, 1, 2) and (a, b, c) are perpendicular. A direction c. Since the plane is perpendicular to the z-axis, a
vector for the line is (211, 7, 2). direction vector for the z-axis acts as a normal vector
We need to check that for the plane. Hence (0, 0, 1) is a normal vector for
(1, 0, 2) 1 (a, b, c) 5 ( 28 3 , 3 , 3 ) is a point on the
7 8
the plane. So the plane has the form z 1 D 5 0, for
given line. some constant D. To find D, we know that (3, 21, 3)
x 5 22 1 s 5 2 83, at s 5 2 23. The point on the given is a point on the plane, so
line at s 5 2 23 is Q 28
3 , 3 , 3 R . Hence
7 8 0(3) 1 0(21) 1 (3) 1 D 5 0. So 3 1 D 5 0, or
>
q 5 (1, 0, 2) 1 t(211, 7, 2), tPR, is a line that D 5 23. So the Cartesian equation for the plane is
intersects the given line at a right angle. z 2 3 5 0.
16. a. The Cartesian equation is found by taking d. The Cartesian equation can be found by taking
> the
cross the cross product of the two direction vectors for
> product of the two direction vectors, AB and
AC. the plane. Since (3, 1, 22) and (1, 3, 21) are two
>
AB 5 (22, 0, 0) 2 (1, 2, 3) points on the plane
(3, 1, 22) 2 (1, 3, 21) 5 (2, 22, 21) is a
> 5 (23, 22, 23)
AC 5 (1, 4, 0) 2 (1, 2, 3) 5 (0, 2, 23) direction vector for the plane. Since the plane is
> > parallel to the y-axis, (0, 1, 0) is also a direction
AB 3 AC 5 (22(23) 2 (23)(2),
vector for the plane.
23(0) 2 (23)(23),
(2, 22, 21) 3 (0, 1, 0) 5 (22(0) 2
23(2) 2 (22)(0))
(21)(1), (21)(0)2 (2)(0), 2(1) 2 (22)(0))
5 (12, 29, 26)
5 (1, 0, 2)
So 5 (12, 29, 26) is a normal vector for the
So (1, 0, 2) is a normal vector for the plane, so the
plane, so the plane has the form
plane has the form x 1 0y 1 2z 1 D 5 0, for some
12x 2 9y 2 6z 1 D 5 0, for some constant D. To
constant D. To find D, we know that (3, 1, 22) is a
find D, we know that A(1, 2, 3) is a point on the
point on the plane, so
plane, so 12(1) 2 9(2) 2 6(3) 1 D 5 0. So
(3) 1 0(1) 1 2(22) 1 D 5 0. So 21 1 D 5 0,
224 1 D 5 0, or D 5 24. So the Cartesian
or D 5 1. So the Cartesian equation for the plane is
equation for the plane is 12x 2 9y 2 6z 1 24 5 0.
x 1 2z 1 1 5 0.
b. Substitute into the formula to determine distance
between a point and a plane. So the distance, d, of 18. E
(0, 0, 0) to the plane 12x 2 9y 2 6z 1 24 5 0 is 100 km/h
45°
@ 12 (0) 2 9 (0) 2 6 (0) 1 24 @ F
equal to .
"122 1 (29)2 1 (26)2
24
So d 5 !261 8 1.49.
17. a. (3, 25, 4) is a normal vector for the plane, so 400 km/h 400 km/h
R
the plane has the form 3x 2 5y 1 4z 1 D 5 0, for
some constant D. To find D, we know that
A(21, 2, 5) is a point on the plane, so
3(21) 2 5(2) 1 4(5) 1 D 5 0. So 7 1 D 5 0,
or D 5 27. So the Cartesian equation for the plane 45° D
100 km/h
is 3x 2 5y 1 4z 2 7 5 0.
b. Since the plane is perpendicular to the line
Position Diagram Vector Diagram
connecting (2, 1, 8) and (1, 2, 24), a direction
vector for the line acts as a normal vector for the From the triangle DEF and the cosine law, we have
0 R 0 2 5 4002 1 1002 2 2(400)(100) cos (45°)
>
plane. So (2, 1, 8) 2 (1, 2, 24) 5 (1, 21, 12) is a
normal vector for the plane. So the plane has the 8 336.80 km> h.
form x 2 y 1 12z 1 D 5 0, for some constant D. To find the direction of the vector, the sine law is
To find D, we know that K(4, 1, 2) is a point on the applied.
plane, so (4) 2 (1) 1 12(2) 1 D 5 0. So sin /DEF sin /EDF
0R0
> 5
27 1 D 5 0, or D 5 227. So the Cartesian 100
equation for the plane is x 2 y 1 12z 2 27 5 0. sin 45° sin /EDF
8 .
336.80 100
sin 45° vector for the plane. The direction vector of the line
sin /EDF 8 3 100.
336.80 is (2, 21, 2) and the normal vector for the plane
sin /EDF 8 0.2100. is (1, 2, 1).
Thus /EDF 8 12.1°, so the resultant velocity is 0 (2, 21, 2) 0 5 "22 1 (21)2 1 22
336.80 km> h, N 12.1° W. 5 !9
19. a. The simplest way is to find the parametric 5 3.
equation, then find the corresponding vector equation.
If we substitute x 5 s and y 5 t and solve for z, we 0 (1, 2, 1) 0 5 "12 1 22 1 12
obtain 3s 2 2t 1 z 2 6 5 0 or z 5 6 2 3s 1 2t. 5 !6
This yields the parametric equations x 5 s, y 5 t, (2, 21, 2) ? (1, 2, 1) 5 2(1) 2 1(2) 1 2(1) 5 2
and z 5 6 2 3s 1 2t. So the corresponding vector So the angle between the normal vector and the
>
equation is r 5 (0, 0, 6) 1 s(1, 0, 23) 1 t(0, 1, 2), direction vector is cos21 Q 3 !6
2
R 8 74.21°. So
s, tPR. To check that this is correct, find the u 8 90° 2 74.21° 5 15.79°.
Cartesian equation corresponding to the above To the nearest degree, u 5 16°.
vector equation and see if it is equivalent to the b. The two planes are perpendicular if and only if
Cartesian equation given in the problem. A normal their normal vectors are also perpendicular.
vector to this plane is the cross product of the two A normal vector for the first plane is (2, 23, 1) and
directional
> vectors. a normal vector for the second plane is
n 5 (1, 0, 23) 3 (0, 1, 2) 5 (0(2) 2 (23)(1),
(4, 23, 217). The two vectors are perpendicular if
23(0) 2 1(2), 1(1) 2 0(0)) and only if their dot product is zero.
5 (3, 22, 1) (2, 23, 1) ? (4, 23, 217) 5 2(4) 2 3(23)
So (3, 22, 1) is a normal vector for the plane, so the 1 1(217)
plane has the form 3x 2 2y 1 z 1 D 5 0, for some
5 0.
constant D. To find D, we know that (0, 0, 6) is a point
Hence the normal vectors are perpendicular. Thus
on the plane, so 3(0) 2 2(0) 1 (6) 1 D 5 0.
the planes are perpendicular.
So 6 1 D 5 0, or D 5 26. So the Cartesian equation
c. The two planes are parallel if and only if their
for the plane is 3x 2 2y 1 z 2 6 5 0. Since this is
normal vectors are also parallel. A normal vector for
the same as the initial Cartesian equation, the vector
the first plane is (2, 23, 2) and a normal vector for
equation for the plane is correct.
the second plane is (2, 23, 2). Since both normal
b. z vectors are the same, the planes are parallel. Since
(0, 0, 6) 2(0) 2 3(21) 1 2(0) 2 3 5 0, the point
(0, 21, 0) is on the second plane. Yet since
2(0) 2 3(21) 1 2(0) 2 1 5 2 2 0, (0, 21, 0) is
not on the first plane. Thus the two planes are
parallel but not coincident.
(0, –3, 0) 21.
25 N
y
60°
x (2, 0, 0)
40 N
Position diagram
E 40 N F
120°
25 N
20. a. The angle, u, between the plane and the line R
is the complementary angle of the angle between 60° 120°
the direction vector of the line and the normal D 40 N
Vector diagram

From the triangle DEF and the cosine law, we have b. 0 (8, 9) 0 5 "82 1 92
0 R 0 2 5 402 1 252 2 2(40)(25) cos (120°)
>
5 "145
8 56.79 N.
To find the direction of the vector, the sine law is 0 (10, 25) 0 5 "102 1 (25)2
applied. 5 "125
sin /DEF sin /EDF (8, 9) ? (10, 25) 5 8(10) 1 9(25)
0R0
> 5
100 5 235
sin 120° sin /EDF So the angle between these diagonals is
56.79
8
40
. cos21 A !145
235
!125 B 8 74.9°.
> >
sin 120° c. OB 5 (21, 7) and OD 5 (9, 2)
3 40.
0 (21, 7) 0 5 "(21)2 1 72.
sin /EDF 8
56.79
sin /EDF 8 0.610. 5 "50
0 (9, 2) 0 5 "92 1 22
Thus /EDF 8 37.6°, so the resultant force is
approximately 56.79 N, 37.6° from the 25 N force
towards the 40 N force. The equilibrant force has 5 "85
the same magnitude as the resultant, but it is in (21, 7) ? (9, 2) 5 2 (9) 1 7(2)
the opposite direction. So the equilibrant is 55
approximately 56.79 N, 180° 2 37.6° 5 142.4° So the angle between these diagonals is
from the 25 N force away from the 40 N force. cos21 A !505!85 B 8 85.6°.
22. 25. a. First step is to use the first equation to
a b –b
remove x from the second and third.
1 x2y1z52
2 2x 1 y 1 2z 5 1
–b
3 x 2 y 1 4z 5 5
a
a –b So we have
4 0x 1 0y 1 3z 5 3, 1 1 2
b. 1
b 5 0x 1 0y 1 3z 5 3, 21 3 1 1 3
2
1 Hence 3z 5 3, or z 5 1. Since both equations are
2a b 1
2 2a + b the same, this implies that there are infinitely many
2 2a solutions. Let x 5 t, then by substituting into the
equation 2, we obtain
>
23. a. The unit vector in the same direction of a is 2t 1 y 1 2(1) 5 1, or y 5 21 1 t.
> >
simply a divided by the magnitude of a . Hence the solution to these equations is x 5 t,
0 a 0 5 "62 1 22 1 (23)2 y 5 21 1 t, z 5 1, tPR.
>
5 "49
b. First step is to use the first equation to remove x
from the second and third.
57 1 22x 2 3y 1 z 5 211
>
So the unit vector in the same direction of a is 2 x 1 2y 1 z 5 2
1 >
> a 5 17 (6, 2, 23) 5 ( 67, 27, 2 37 ).
0a0 >
3 2x 2 y 1 3z 5 212
b. The unit vector in the opposite direction of a is So we have
simply the negative of the unit vector found in part 4 0x 1 1y 1 3z 5 27, 1 1 2 3 2
a. So the vector is 2 A 67, 27, 2 37 B 5 A2 67, 2 27, 37 B. 5 0x 2 1y 2 5z 5 13, 1 2 2 3 3
24. a. Since OBCD is a parallelogram, the point > C Now the fourth and fifth equations are used to
occurs at (21, 7) 1 (9, 2) 5 (8, 9). So> OC is one create a sixth equation where the coefficient of
vector> equivalent to a diagonal and BD is the other. y is zero.
OC> 5 (8, 9) 2 (0, 0) 5 (8, 9) 6 0x 1 0y 2 2z 5 6, 4 1 5
BD 5 (9, 2) 2 (1, 7) 5 (10, 25) So 22z 5 6 or z 5 23.

Substituting this into equation 4 yields, To check that this is correct, we substitute in the
y 1 3(23) 5 27 or y 5 2. Finally substitute z and solution to both initial equations
y values into equation 2 to obtain the x value. x 2 y 1 z 2 1 5 (0) 2 (21 1 t) 1 (t) 2 1
x 1 2(2) 1 (23) 5 2 or x 5 1. 50
Hence the solution to these three equations is and
(1, 2, 23). x 1 2y 2 2z 1 2 5 (0) 1 2(21 1 t) 2 2(t) 1 2
c. First step is to notice that the second equation is 5 0.
simply twice the first equation. Hence the line given by the parametric equation
1 2x 2 y 1 z 5 21 above is the line of intersection for the planes.
2 4x 2 2y 1 2z 5 22 b. The normal vector for the first plane is
3 2x 1 y 2 z 5 5 (1, 24, 7), while the normal vector for the second
So the solution to these equations is the same as the plane is (2, 28, 14) 5 2(1, 24, 7). Hence the
solution to just the first and third equations. planes have collinear normal vectors, and so are
Moreover since this is two equations with three parallel.
unknowns, there will be infinitely many solutions. The second equation is equivalent to
4 4x 1 0y 1 0z 5 4, 1 1 3 x 2 4y 1 7z 5 30, since we may divide the equation
Hence 4x 5 4 or x 5 1. Let y 5 t and solve for z by two. Since the constant on the right in the first
using the first equation. equation is 28, while the constant on the right in the
2(1) 2 t 1 z 5 21, so z 5 23 1 t second equivalent equation is 30, these planes are
Hence the solution to these equations is x 5 1, parallel and not coincident. So there is no intersection.
y 5 t, z 5 23 1 t, tPR. c. The normal vector for the first equation is
d. First step is to notice that the second equations (1, 21, 1), while the normal vector for the second
is simply twice the first and the third equation is equation is (2, 1, 1). Since the normal vectors are
simply 24 times the first equation. not scalar multiples of each other, there is a line of
1 x 2 y 2 3z 5 1 intersection between the planes.
2 2x 2 2y 2 6z 5 2 The next step is to use the first and second equations
3 24x 1 4y 1 12z 5 24 to find an equation with a zero for the coefficient of x.
So the solution to these equations is the same as the The second equation minus twice the first equation
solution to just the first equation. So the solution to yields 0x 1 3y 2 z 1 0 5 0.
these equations is a plane. To solve this in parametric Solving for z yields, z 5 3y. If we let y 5 t, then
equation form, simply let y 5 t and z 5 s and find z 5 3(t) 5 3t.
the x value. Substituting these into the first equation yields
x 2 t 2 3s 5 1, or x 5 1 1 t 1 3s x 2 (t) 1 (3t) 2 2 5 0 or x 5 2 2 2t. So the
So the solution to these equations is x 5 1 1 3s 1 t, equation of the line in parametric form is x 5 2 2 2t,
y 5 t, z 5 s, s, tPR. y 5 t, z 5 3t, tPR.
26. a. Since the normal of the first equation To check that this is correct, we substitute in the
is (1, 21, 1) and the normal of the second is solution to both initial equations
(1, 2, 22), which are not scalar multiples of each x 2 y 1 z 2 2 5 (2 2 2t) 2 (t) 1 (3t) 2 2
other, there is a line of intersection between the 50
planes. The next step is to use the first and second and
equations to find an equation with a zero for the 2x 1 y 1 z 2 4 5 2(2 2 2t) 1 (t) 1 (3t) 2 4
coefficient of x. The second equation minus the first 5 0.
equation yields 0x 1 3y 2 3z 1 3 5 0. We may Hence the line given by the parametric equation
divide by three to simplify, so y 2 z 1 1 5 0. If above is the line of intersection for the planes.
we let z 5 t, then y 2 t 1 1 5 0, or y 5 21 1 t. 27. The angle, u, between the plane and the line is
Substituting these into the first equation yields the complementary angle of the angle between the
x 2 (21 1 t) 1 t 2 1 5 0 or x 5 0. So the direction vector of the line and the normal vector
equation of the line in parametric form is x 5 0, for the plane. The direction vector of the line is
y 5 21 1 t, z 5 t, tPR.

(1, 21, 0) and the normal vector for the plane is (21, 3, 1) is a point on the plane. Substitute the
(2, 0, 22). coordinates to determine the value of D.
0 (1, 21, 0) 0 5 "12 1 (21)2 1 02 119111D50
D 5 211
5 "2 The equation of the plane is 2x 1 3y 1 z 2 11 5 0.
0 (2, 0, 22) 0 5 "22 1 02 1 (22)2 5 "8 30. The plane is the right bisector joining
(1, 21, 0) ? (2, 0, 22) 5 1(2) 2 1(0) 1 0(22) 5 2 P(21, 0, 1) and its image. The line connecting the
So the angle between the normal vector and the two points has a direction vector equal to that of the
direction vector is cos21 A !22!8 B 5 60°. So normal vector for the plane. The normal vector for
u 5 90 260° 5 30°. > > the plane is (0, 1, 21). So the line connecting the
a?b two points is (21, 0, 1) 1 t(0, 1, 21), tPR, or in
28. a. We have that cos (60°) 5 > > . Also
0a0 0b0 > corresponding
since a and b are unit vectors, 0 a 0 5 0 b 0 5 1 and
> > >
parametric form is x 5 21, y 5 t, z 5 1 2 t, tPR.
> > > >
a ? a 5 b ? b> 5 1, and moreover cos (60°) 5 12. So The intersection of this line and the plane is the
> bisector between P and its image. To find this point
> > a?b
a?b5 5 12. we plug the parametric equation into the plane
131
The dot >product is distributive,
> so > equation and solve for t.
> > > >
(6a 1 b ) ? (a 2 2b ) 5 6a ? (a 2 2b ) 0x 1 y 2 z 5 0(21) 1 (t) 2 (1 2 t)
> >
>
1 b ? (a 2 2b ) 5 21 1 2t
> > > > So if y 2 z 5 0, then 21 1 2t 5 0, or t 5 12.
5 6a ? a 1 6a ? (22b )
> > > > So the point of intersection is occurs at t 5 12, since
1 b ? a 1 b ? (22b ) the origin point is P and the intersection occurs at
> > > > > >
5 6a ? a> 2> 12a ? b 1 a ? b the midpoint of the line connecting P and its image,
2 2b ? b the image point occurs at t 5 2 3 12 5 1. So the
5 6(1) 2 12a b 1 a b
1 1 image point is at x 5 21, y 5 1, z 5 1 2 (1) 5 0.
2 2 So the image point is (21, 1, 0).
2 2(1) 31. a. Thinking of the motorboat’s velocity vector
3 (without the influence of the current) as starting
52 at the origin and pointing northward toward the
2 > >
x?y opposite side of the river, the motorboat has velocity
b. We have that cos (60°) 5 0 x> 0 0 y> 0 . Also since vector (0, 10) and the river current has velocity
0 x 0 5 3, 0 y 0 5 4, and cos (60°) 5 12,
> > vector (4, 0). So the resultant velocity vector of the
x ? y 5 12 (4)(3) 5 6. Also x ? x 5 0 x 0 2 5 9
> > > > > motorboat is
and y ? y 5 0 y 0 5 16.
> > >2 (0, 10) 1 (4, 0) 5 (4, 10)
To reach the other side of the river, the motorboat
The dot product is distributive, so
> > > > > > > needs to cover a vertical distance of 2 km. So the
(4x 2 y ) ? (2x 1 3y ) 5 4x ? (2x 1 3y )
> > > hypotenuse of the right triangle formed by the
2 y ? (2x 1 3y )
> > > > > > marina, the motorboat’s initial position, and the
5 8x ? x 1 12x ? y 2 2y ? x
> > motorboat’s arrival point on the opposite side of
2 3y ? y
the river is represented by the vector
5 8(9) 1 12(6) 2 2(6)
(4, 10) 5 a , 2b
1 4
2 3(16)
5 5
5 84
29. The origin, (0, 0, 0), and (21, 3, 1) are two (We multiplied by 15 to create a vertical component
points on this line. So (21, 3, 1) is a direction vector of 2 in the motorboat’s resultant velocity vector,
for this line and since the origin is on the line, a the distance needed to cross the river.) Since this
>
possible vector equation is r 5 t(21, 3, 1), tPR. new vector has horizontal component equal to 45,
(21, 3, 1) is a normal vector for the plane. So the this means that the motorboat arrives 45 5 0.8 km
equation of the plane is 2x 1 3y 1 z 1 D 5 0. downstream from the marina.

b. The motorboat is travelling at 10 km> h, and in 12
cos u 5
part a. we found that it will travel along the vector 20
( 45, 2) . The length of this vector is u 5 cos 21 a
12
b
20
` a , 2b ` 5 a b 1 22
4 4 2
Å 5
8 53.1°
5
So the sailboat is travelling in the direction
5 "4.64 N 53.1° E, or equivalently E 36.9° N.
So the motorboat travels a total of !4.64 km to 34. Think of the weight vector for the crane with tail
cross the river which, at 10 km> h, takes at the origin at head at (0, 2400) (we use one unit
"4.64 4 10 8 0.2 hours for every kilogram of mass). We need to express this
5 12 minutes. weight vector as the sum of two vectors: one that is
32. a. Answers may vary. For example: parallel to the inclined plane and pointing down this
A direction vector for this line is >
> incline (call this vector x 5 (a, b)), and one that is
AB 5 (6, 3, 4) 2 (2, 21, 3) perpendicular to the inclined plane and pointing
5 (4, 4, 1) >
toward the plane (call this vector y 5 (c, d)). The
So, since the point B(6, 3, 4) is on this line, the >
angle between x and (0, 2400) is 60° and the angle
vector equation of this line is > > >
> between y and (0, 2400) is 30°. Of course, x and y
r 5 (6, 3, 4) 1 t(4, 4, 1), tPR. are perpendicular. Using the formula for dot product,
The equivalent parametric form is we get
y ? (0, 2400) 5 0 y 0 0 (0, 2400) 0cos 30°
x 5 6 1 4t > >
"3
y 5 3 1 4t
z 5 4 1 t, tPR. 2400d 5 400a b"c 2 1 d 2
b. The line found in part a. will lie in the plane 2
x 2 2y 1 4z 2 16 5 0 if and only if both points 22d 5 "3 ? "c 2 1 d 2
A(2, 21, 3) and B(6, 3, 4) lie in this plane. 4d 2 5 3(c 2 1 d 2 )
We verify this by substituting these points into the d 2 5 3c 2
equation of the plane, and checking for consistency. So, since c is positive and d is negative (thinking of
For A: the inclined plane as moving upward from left to
>
2 2 2(21) 1 4(3) 2 16 5 0 right as we look at it means that y points down and
For B: d
to the right), this last equation means that c 5 2"3
6 2 2(3) 1 4(4) 2 16 5 0 >
Since both points lie on the plane, so does the line So a vector in the same direction as y is (1, 2"3).
>
found in part a. We can find the length of y by computing the scalar
33. The wind velocity vector is represented by (16, 0), projection of (0, 2400) on (1, 2 !3), which equals
and the water current velocity vector is represented (0, 2400) ? (1, 2"3) 400"3
5
by (0, 12). So the resultant of these two vectors is 0 (1, 2"3) 0 2
(16, 0) 1 (0, 12) 5 (16, 12).
5 200"3
That is, 0 y 0 5 200"3. Now we can find the length
Thinking of this vector with tail at the origin and >
head at point (16, 12), this vector forms a right >
of x as well by using the fact that
0 x 0 2 1 0 y 0 2 5 0 (0, 2400) 0 2
triangle with vertices at points (0, 0), (0, 12), and > >
(16, 12). Notice that
0 (16, 12) 0 5 "162 1 122 0 x 0 2 1 (200"3)2 5 4002
>
5 "400 0 x 0 5 "160 000 2 120 000

>
5 20 5 "40 000
This means that the sailboat is moving at a speed 5 200
of 20 km> h once we account for wind and water
velocities. Also the angle, u, this resultant vector
makes with the positive y-axis satisfies

So we get that component of (0, 3, 1) is 0. This means that the
0 x 0 5 200 and 0 y 0 5 200"3. This means that the
> >
direction vectors for L1 and L2 are never parallel,
component of the weight of the mass parallel to the which means that these lines are never parallel for
inclined plane is any k.
9.8 3 0 x 0 5 9.8 3 200
>
b. If L1 and L2 intersect, in particular their
5 1960 N, x-coordinates will be equal at this intersection point.
and the component of the weight of the mass But x 5 2 always in L1 so we get the equation
perpendicular to the inclined plane is 25y1k
9.8 3 0 y 0 5 9.8 3 200"3
> y522k
y22
8 3394.82 N. Also, from L1 we know that z 5 3 , so substituting
35. a. True; all non-parallel pairs of lines intersect this in for z in L2 we get
in exactly one point in R2. However, this is not 2k 5 z 1 14
the case for lines in R3 (skew lines provide a y22
counterexample). 2k 5 1 14
3
b. True; all non-parallel pairs of planes intersect in a
3(2k 2 14) 5 y 2 2
line in R3.
y 5 6k 2 40
c. True; the line x 5 y 5 z has direction vector
So since we already know that y 5 2 2 k, we
(1, 1, 1), which is not perpendicular to the normal
now get
vector (1, 22, 2) to the plane x 2 2y 1 2z 5 k,
2 2 k 5 6k 2 40
k any constant. Since these vectors are not
7k 5 42
perpendicular, the line is not parallel to the plane,
k56
and so they will intersect in exactly one point.
So these two lines intersect when k 5 6. We have
d. False; a direction vector for the line
x z11 already found that x 5 2 at this intersection point,
5 y 2 1 5 2 is (2, 1, 2). A direction vector but now we know that
2
x21 y21 z11 y 5 6k 2 40
for the line 24 5 22 5 22 is (24, 22, 22),
5 6(6) 2 40
or (2, 1, 1) (which is parallel to (24, 22, 22)). 5 24
Since (2, 1, 2) and (2, 1, 1) are obviously not y22
parallel, these two lines are not parallel. z5
3
36. a. A direction vector for 24 2 2
y22 5
L1: x 5 2, 5z 3
3 5 22
is (0, 3, 1), and a direction vector for So the point of intersection of these two lines is
z 1 14 (2, 24, 22), and this occurs when k 5 6.
L2: x 5 y 1 k 5
k
is (1, 1, k). But (0, 3, 1) is not a nonzero scalar
multiple of (1, 1, k) for any k since the first

CHAPTER 9
Relationships Between Points,
Lines, and Planes
Review of Prerequisite Skills, p. 487 2(4) 1 6(1) 2 1(23) 1 D 5 8 1 6 1 3 1 D
5 17 1 D 5 0. D 5 217, and the equation of the
1. a. Yes; (2, 25) 5 (10, 212) 1 t(8, 27) plane is 2x 1 6y 2 z 2 17 5 0.
(2, 25) 5 (10, 212) 1 1(8, 27) >
b. Since n 5 (0, 7, 0), the Cartesian equation of
b. No; 12(1) 1 5(2) 2 13 5 9 2 0 the plane is of the form 7y 1 D 5 0, where D is to
c. Yes; (7, 23, 8) 5 (1, 0, 24) 1 t(2, 21, 4) be determined. Since P0 (22, 0, 5) is on the plane, it
(7, 23, 8) 5 (1, 0, 24) 1 3(2, 21, 4) must satisfy the equation. So 7(0) 1 D 5 0 1 D 5 0
d. No; (1, 0, 5) 5 (2, 1, 22) 1 t(4, 21, 2) thus D 5 0. The equation of the plane is
(21, 21, 7) 2 t(4, 21, 2) 7y 5 0, or y 5 0.
There is no value of t that satisfies the equation. >
c. Since n 5 (4, 23, 0), the Cartesian equation of
2. Answers may vary. For example: the plane is of the form 4x 2 3y 1 D 5 0, where
>
a. Vector: m 5 (7, 3) 2 (2, 5) 5 (5, 22) D is to be determined. Since P0 (3, 21, 22)
>
r 5 (2, 5) 1 t(5, 22), tPR is on the plane, it must satisfy the equation. So
Parametric: x 5 2 1 5t, y 5 5 2 2t, tPR 4(3) 2 3(21) 1 D 5 12 1 3 1 D 5 15 1 D 5 0.
>
b. Vector: m 5 (4, 27) 2 (23, 7) 5 (7, 214) D 5 215, and the equation of the plane is
>
r 5 (23, 7) 1 t(7, 214), tPR 4x 1 3y 2 15 5 0.
Parametric: x 5 23 1 7t, y 5 7 2 14t, tPR >
d. Since n 5 (6, 5, 23), the Cartesian equation of
>
c. Vector: m 5 (23, 211) 2 (21, 0) the plane is of the form 6x 2 5y 1 3z 1 D 5 0,
5 (22, 211) where D is to be determined. Since P0 (0, 0, 0) is on
>
r 5 (21, 0) 1 t(22, 211), tPR the plane, it must satisfy the equation. So
Parametric: x 5 21 1 2 2t, y 5 211t, tPR 6(0) 2 5(0) 1 3(0) 1 D 5 0, or D 5 0. The
>
d. Vector: m 5 (6, 27, 0) 2 (1, 3, 5) equation of the plane is 6x 2 5y 1 3z 5 0.
5 (5, 210, 25) >
e. Since n 5 (11, 26, 0), the Cartesian equation
>
r 5 (1, 3, 5) 1 t(5, 210, 25), tPR of the plane is of the form 11x 2 6y 1 D 5 0,
Parametric: x 5 1 1 5t, y 5 3 2 10t, z 5 5 2 5t, where D is to be determined. Since P0 (4, 1, 8)
tPR is on the plane, it must satisfy the equation. So
>
e. Vector: m 5 (21, 5, 2) 2 (2, 0, 21) 11(4) 2 6(1) 1 D 5 44 2 6 1 D 5 38 1 D 5 0.
5 (23, 5, 3) D 5 238, and the equation of the plane is
>
r 5 (2, 0, 21) 1 t(23, 5, 3), tPR 11x 2 6y 2 38 5 0.
Parametric: x 5 2 2 3t, y 5 25t, z 5 21 1 3t, >
f. Since n 5 (1, 1, 21), the Cartesian equation of
tPR the plane is of the form x 1 y 1 2 z 1 D 5 0,
>
f. Vector: m 5 (12, 25, 27) 2 (2, 5, 21) where D is to be determined. Since P0 (2, 5, 1)
5 (10, 210, 26) is on the plane, it must satisfy the equation.
>
r 5 (2, 5, 21) 1 t(10, 210, 26), tPR So 2 1 5 2 1 1 D 5 6 1 D 5 0. D 5 26, and the
Parametric: x 5 2 1 10t, y 5 5 2 10t, z 5 21 2 6t, equation of the plane is x 1 y 2 z 2 6 5 0.
tPR 4. Start by writing the given line in parametric
>
3. a. Since n 5 (2, 6, 21), the Cartesian equation form: (x, y, z) 5 (2 1 s 1 2t, 1 2 s, 3s 2 5t), so
of the plane is of the form 2x 1 6y 2 z 1 D 5 0, x 5 2 1 s 1 2t, y 5 1 2 s, and z 5 3s 2 5t.
where D is to be determined. Since P0 (4, 1, 23) Solving for s in each component, we get s 5 1 2 y
is on the plane, it must satisfy the equation. So and substituting this into z 5 3s 2 5t gives
z 5 3(1 2 y) 2 5t 5 3 2 3y 2 5t.

> >
3 2 3y 2 z AB 3 AC 5 ((0 ? 6) 2 (1 ? 21), (1 ? 5)
So now 23 1 3y 1 z 5 25t and t5 5
.
2 (1 ? 6), (1 ? 21) 2 (0 ? 5))
Finally, substituting both equations for s and t into
5 (0 1 1, 5 2 6, 21 2 0)
x 5 2 1 s 1 2t, we get >
5 (1, 21, 21) 5 n .
x 5 2 1 (1 2 y) 1 2 a b.
3 2 3y 2 z
If P(x, y, z) is any point on the plane, then
5 >
Rearranging, we get AP 5 (x 2 1, y, z 1 1), and if the normal to the
5x 5 10 1 5 2 5y 1 6 2 6y 2 2z plane is (1, 21, 21), then
5x 1 11y 1 2z 2 21 5 0. (x 2 1, y, z 1 1) ? (1, 21, 21) 5 0, so
5. L1 is not parallel to the plane because (3, 0, 2) is x 2 1 2 y 2 z 2 1 5 0 and thus,
a point on the line and the plane. Substitute the x 2 y> 2 z 2 2 5 0
expressions for the components of the parametric b. PQ> 5 (6, 4, 0) 2 (4, 1, 22) 5 (2, 3, 2)
equation of the line into the equation of the plane. PR 5 (0, >0, 23)> 2 (4, 1, 22) 5 (24, 21, 21)
>
4(3 1 t) 1 (22t) 2 (2 1 2t) 2 10 5 0 n 5 PQ 3 PR
12 1 4t 2 2t 2 2 2 2t 2 10 5 0 5 (3(21) 2 2(21)), 2(24) 22(21),
050 2(21) 2 3(4))
This last statement is always true. So every point on 5 (23 1 2, 28 1 2, 22 1 12) 5 (21, 26, 10)
the line is also in the plane. Therefore, the line lies Since (21, 26, 10) 5 21(1, 6, 210), we will use
on the plane. (1, 6, 210) as the normal vector so that the coefficient
For L2 substitute the expressions for the components of x is positive. If P(x, y, z) is any point on the plane,
>
of the parametric equation of the line into the then AP 5 (x 2 4, y 2 1, z 1 2), and if the normal
equation of the plane. to the plane is (1, 6, 210), then
4(23t) 1 (25 1 2t) 2 (210t) 2 10 5 0 (x 2 4, y 2 1, z 1 2) ? (1, 6, 210) 5 0,
212t 2 5 1 2t 1 10t 2 10 5 0 so x 2 4 1 6y 2 6 2 10z 2 20 5 0,
215 5 0 and thus x 1 6y 2 10z 2 30 5 0.
This last statement is never true. So the line and the 7. Answers may vary. For example: One direction
plane have no points in common. Therefore, L2 is >
vector is m 5 (2, 21, 6) 2 (1, 24, 3) 5 (1, 3, 3).
parallel to the plane. The line cannot lie on the Now we need to find a normal to the plane such
plane. > >
that n ? m 5 0. So (1, 3, 3) ? (a, 0, c) 5 0. Now we
For L3 use the symmetric equation to rewrite x and have a 1 3c 5 0. A possible solution to this is
z in terms of y. >
a 5 3, c 5 21. So n 5 (3, 0, 21) and the
x 5 24y 2 23 Cartesian equation of the plane is 3x 2 z 5 0.
z 5 2y 2 6 Since the plane is parallel to the y-axis, (0, 1, 0) is
Substitute into the equation of the plane. another direction vector for the plane. Therefore, a
4(24y 2 23) 1 y 2 (2y 2 6) 2 10 5 0 vector equation for the plane is
216y 2 92 1 y 1 y 1 6 2 10 5 0 >
r 5 (1, 24, 3) 1 t(1, 3, 3) 1 s(0, 1, 0), s, tPR.
214y 2 96 5 0 8. We are given the point A(21, 3, 4). We need to
This equation has a solution. Therefore, L3 and the >
find a normal vector n 5 (a, b, c) such that
plane have a point in common and are not parallel. a(x 1 1) 1 b(y 2 3) 1 c(z 2 4) 1 d 5 0.
However, (5, 27, 1) is a point that lies on the line The normal vector also must be perpendicular to the
that does not lie on the plane. Therefore, L3 does two planes and their normals, (2, 21, 3) and
not lie in the plane. (5, 1, 23). One possible solution for the normal is
6. a. A normal vector to this plane is determined by >
n 5 (0, 3, 1). So we have
calculating
> the
> cross product of the position vectors, 3(y 2 3) 1 z 2 4 5 0
AB and AC > . 3y 1 z 2 9 2 4 5 0
AB> 5 (2, 0, 0) 2 (1, 0, 21) 5 (1, 0, 1) And the equation of the plane is 3y 1 z 5 13.
AC 5 (6, 21, 5) 2 (1, 0, 21) 5 (5, 21, 6)

9.1 The Intersection of a Line c. z
with a Plane and the Intersection
of Two Lines, pp. 496–498
1. a. First, show the parametric equations as
x 5 1 1 5s, y 5 2 1 s, z 5 23 1 s. Then the y
plane can be written as p: x 2 2y 2 3z 5 6, x
and the vector equation of the line is
>
r 5 (1, 2, 23) 1 s(5, 1, 1), sPR.
b. When we substitute the parametric equations into
the Cartesian equation for the plane, we get
(1 1 5s) 2 2(2 1 s) 2 3(23 1 s) 5 6
d. There are no intersections between the line and
1 2 4 1 9 1 5s 2 2s 2 3s 5 6 2 0s 5 6
the plane.
Note that by finishing the solution, we get 0s 5 0.
4. a. For x 1 4y 1 z 2 4 5 0, if we substitute the
Since any real number will satisfy this equation, we
parametric equations, we have
have an infinite number of solutions, and this line
(22 1 t) 1 4(1 2 t)1 (2 1 3t) 1 4
lies on the plane.
5 22 1 4 1 2 1 t 2 4t 1 3t 2 4
2. a. A line and a plane can intersect in three ways:
5 0t 1 0
Case 1: The line and the plane have zero points of
5 0. All values of t give a solution to the equation,
intersection. This occurs when the lines are not
so all points on the line are also on the plane.
incidental, meaning they do not intersect.
b. For the plane 2x 2 3y 1 4z 2 11 5 0, we can
Case 2: The line and the plane have only one point
substitute the parametric equations derived
of intersection. This occurs when the line crosses >
from r 5 (1, 5, 6) 1 t(1, 22, 22):
the plane at a single point.
x 5 1 1 t, y 5 5 2 2t, z 5 6 2 2t.
Case 3: The line and the plane have an infinite
So we have 2(1 1 t)2 3(5 2 2t) 1 4(6 2 2t) 2 11
number of intersections. This occurs when the line
5 2 2 15 1 24 2 11 1 2t 1 6t 2 8t
is coincident with the plane, meaning the line lies
5 0t 1 0
on the plane.
50
b. Assume that the line and the plane have more
Similar to part a., all values of t give a solution to
than one intersection, but not an infinite number.
this equation, so all points on the line are also on
For simplicity, assume two intersections. At the
the plane.
first intersection, the line crosses the plane. In order
5. a. First, we should determine the parametric
for the line to continue on, it must have the same
equations from the vector form: x 5 21 2 s,
direction vector. If the line has already crossed the
y 5 1 1 2s, z 5 2s. Substituting these into the
plane, then it continues to move away from the
plane, and can not intersect again. So the line and
2(21 2 s) 2 2(1 1 2s) 1 3(2s) 2 1
the plane can only intersect zero, one, or infinitely
5 22 2 2 2 1 2 2s 2 4s 1 6s
many times.
> 5 25 1 0s
3. a. The line r 5 s(1, 0, 0) is the x-axis.
> Since there are no values of s such that 25 5 0, this
b. The plane y 5 1 has the form r 5 (x, 1, z),
line and plane do not intersect.
where x, and z are any values in R. So the plane is
b. Substituting the parametric equations into the
parallel to the xz-plane, but just one unit away to
the right.
2(1 1 2t) 2 4(22 1 5t) 1 4(1 1 4t) 2 13
2 1 8 1 4 2 13 1 4t 2 20t 1 16t
5 1 1 0t
Since there are no values of t such that 1 5 0, there
are no solutions, and the plane and the line do not
intersect.

>
6. a. The direction vector is m 5 (21, 2, 2)
L1: (3, 1, 5) 1 (4, 21, 2) 5 a , , b
5 41 2 45
>
and the normal is n 5 (2, 22, 3), so if the line and 7 7 7 7
> >
the plane meet at right angles, m ? n 5 0. So
L2: a4 1 , 1 2 , b 5 a , , b
13 5 5 41 2 5
(21 ? 2) 1 (2 ? 22) 1 (2 ? 3) 5 22 2 4 1 6 5 0, 7 7 7 7 7 7
but 2(21) 2 2(1) 1 3(0) 2 1 5 25 2 0. So the The points must be equal for intersection to occur,
point on the line is not on the plane. so there is no intersection and the lines are skew.
>
b. The direction vector is m 5 (2, 5, 4) and b. If we compare the z components of the two lines,
>
the normal is n 5 (2, 24, 4), so if the line we see 2 5 8 2 6s or s 5 1. Substituting this back
> >
and the plane meet at right angles, m ? n 5 0. So into the x component (the y component would work
(2 ? 2) 1 (5 ? 24) 1 (4 ? 4) 5 4 2 20 1 16 5 0, just as well), we have 3 1 m 5 23 1 7(1) 5 4, or
but 2(1) 2 4(22) 1 4(1) 2 13 5 1 2 0. So the m 5 1. So now we can substitute m and s back into
point on the line is not on the plane. the equations for the line, and we get
7. a. If the line and the plane intersect, then they are L3 : (3, 7, 2) 1 (1, 26, 0) 5 (4, 1, 2)
equal at a particular point p. So we must substitute L4 : (23, 2, 8) 1 (7, 21, 26) 5 (4, 1, 2)
the parametric equations into the equation of the So (4, 1, 2) is the only point of intersection between
plane, and then solve for p. these two lines.
(21 1 6p) 1 2(3 1 p) 2 (4 2 2p) 1 29 9. a. Comparing the y and z components of each
5 21 1 6 2 4 1 6p 1 2p 1 2p 1 29 vector equation, we get the system of equations:
5 30 1 10p 3 2 2p 5 3 2 2q
5 0. So now 210p 5 30 and p 5 23. 4 1 3p 5 24 1 11q
Now we must find the point at which the Note that from the first equation, p 5 q. So the
line and plane intersect. To do this, just second equation becomes 4 1 3q 5 24 1 11q.
substitute p 5 23 into the vector form of the line: Solving for q, we get q 5 1. So from the earlier
(21, 3, 4) 1 23(6, 1, 22) 5 (219, 0, 10). relation, p 5 1. Placing these two values back into
b. If the line and the plane intersect, then they are the vector equations, we get
equal at a particular point p. So we must substitute (22, 3, 4) 1 (6, 22, 3) 5 (4, 1, 7)
the parametric equations into the equation of the (22, 3, 24) 1 (6, 22, 11) 5 (4, 1, 7)
plane, and then solve for p. This shows that these two lines intersect at (4, 1, 7).
x 5 1 1 4s, y 5 22 2 s, z 5 3 1 s b. Comparing the x and z components of each
2(1 1 4s) 1 7(22 2 s) 1 (3 1 s) 1 15 vector equation, we get the system of equations:
5 2 2 14 1 3 1 15 1 8s 2 7s 1 s 41r521s
5 6 1 2s 6 1 4r 5 28 1 5s
5 0. So now 22s 5 6 and s 5 23. Now we must Note that from the first equation, s 5 2 1 r. So the
find the point at which the line and plane intersect. second equation becomes 6 1 4r 5 2 1 5r.
To do this, just substitute s 5 23 into the vector Solving for r, we get r 5 4. So from the earlier
form of the line: relation, s 5 6. Placing these two values back into
(1, 22, 3) 1 23(4, 21, 1) 5 (211, 1, 0) the vector equations, we get
8. a. Comparing the x and y components in L1 and (4, 1, 6) 1 4(1, 0, 4) 5 (8, 1, 22)
L2, we have (2, 1, 28) 1 6(1, 0, 5) 5 (8, 1, 22)
3 1 4s 5 4 1 13t This shows that these two lines intersect
1 2 s 5 1 2 5t at (8, 1, 22).
We can easily solve for one of the variables by
c. Comparing the x and z components of each
using the second equation: s 5 5t. Substituting this
back into the first equation: 3 1 20t 5 4 1 13t so
2 1 m 5 22 1 3p
1 5 7t and thus t 5 17. So now we must solve for s: 11m512p
3 1 4s 5 4 1 137 and s 5 20 5
28 5 7 . Placing these back Note that from the second equation, m 5 2p. So
into the equations for L1 and L2: the first equation becomes 2 2 p 5 22 1 3p.
Solving for p, we get p 5 1. So from the earlier
relation, m 5 21. Placing these two values back
into the vector equations, we get

(2, 2, 1) 2 (1, 1, 1) 5 (1, 1, 0) 13. On the xz-plane, the point A has the coordinates
(22, 2, 1) 1 (3, 21, 21) 5 (1, 1, 0) (x, 0, z), for any x, z. Similarly, on the yz-plane, the
This shows that these two lines intersect at (1, 1, 0). point B has the coordinates (0, y, z) for any y, z. Now
d. Comparing the x and y components of each the task is to find the required values of s for these
vector equation, we get the system of equations: points. Starting with the x component of point B,
1 1 0m 5 2 1 s we have 0 5 28 1 2s or s 5 4. So point B is
2 1 4m 5 3 2 2s (28, 26, 21) 1 4(2, 2, 1) 5 (0, 2, 3). For point A,
Note that from the first equation, s 5 21. So the we need the y coordinate to equal 0. So 0 5 26 1 2s
second equation becomes 2 1 4m 5 5. or s 5 3. So point A is
Solving for m, we get m 5 34. Placing these two (28, 26, 21) 1 3(2, 2, 1) 5 (22, 0, 2).
values back into the vector equations, we get Now we need to find the distance.
(9, 1, 2) 2 (5, 0, 4) 5 a , 1, 21b
3 21 d 5 "(0 2 (22))2 1 (2 2 0)2 1 (3 2 2)2
5 "4 1 4 1 1
4 4
5 "9
(8, 2, 3) 2 (4, 1, 22) 5 (4, 1, 5)
The two lines do not intersect, so they are skew.
53
10. At the point where the line intersects the z-axis,
14. a. Comparing the y and z components of each
the point Q(0, 0, q) equals the vector equation. So
for the x component, 23 1 3s 5 0 or s 5 1.
1 1 0p 5 21 2 2q
Substituting this into the vector equation, we get
1 2 p 5 1 2 2q
(23, 2, 1) 1 (3, 22, 7) 5 (0, 0, 8). So q 5 8.
Note that from the first equation, 2 5 22q or
11. a. Comparing the x components, we get
q 5 21. So the second equation becomes
22 1 7s 5 230 1 7t, which can be reduced to
1 2 p 5 1 1 2 or p 5 22.
28 1 7s 5 7t or s 2 t 5 4. Comparing the other
Placing these two values back into the vector
components, the same equation results.
equations to find the intersection point A, we get
b. From L1, we see that at (22, 3, 4), s 5 0. When
(2, 1, 1) 2 2(4, 0, 21) 5 (26, 1, 3)
this occurs, t 5 4. Substituting this into L2, we get
(3, 21, 1) 2 (9, 22, 22) 5 (26, 1, 3)
(230, 11, 24) 1 4(7, 22, 2) 5 (22, 3, 4). Since
Thus, the intersection point is (26, 1, 3).
both of these lines have the same direction vector
b. A point on the xy plane has the form (x, y, 0). If
and a common point, the lines are coincidental.
such a point is (26, 1, 0) then the distance from
12. a. First, we must determine the values of s and t.
So comparing the x and z components, we get this point is d 5 "0 1 0 1 32 5 3.
23 1 s 5 1 2 3t 15. a. Comparing the x and y components of each
1 1 s 5 2 1 8t vector equation, we get the system of equations:
From the second equation, s 5 1 1 8t. Substituting 21 1 5s 5 4 1 0t
this back into the first equation, 3 2 2s 5 21 1 2t
23 1 1 1 8t 5 1 2 3t or t 5 113 . Note that from the first equation, 5 5 5s or s 5 1.
Substituting back into the second equation, So the second equation becomes 3 2 2 5 21 1 2t
23 1 s 5 1 2 119 5 112 , and solving for s, or t 5 1. Placing these two values back into the
s 5 112 1 3 5 35 11 . Now we can solve for k. Compare
vector equations to find the intersection point A,
the y components after substituting s and t. we get
35 3 (21, 3, 2) 1 (5, 22, 10) 5 (4, 1, 12)
82 541 k (4, 21, 1) 1 (0, 2, 11) 5 (4, 1, 12)
11 11
53 5 44 1 3k Thus, the intersection point is (4, 1, 12).
or k 5 3. b. We need to find a vector (a, b, c) such that
b. The lines intersect when s 5 35 5a 2 2b 1 10c 5 0
11 . The point of
2b 1 11c 5 0
intersection is ( 23 1 35
11 , 8 2 11 , 1 1 11 ) or
35 35
A possible solution to the second equation is
( 112 , 5311, 4611) . (a, 11, 22). If we substitute this into the first
equation, we get 5a 2 22 2 20 5 0 S 5a 5 42.

> 0x 2 y 2 3z 5 20
16. a. z x 1 y 1 2z 5 215
0x 2 y 1 z 5 212
0x 1 0y 2 4z 5 32
L1 2y 2 8 5 212
y 2y 5 212 1 8 5 24
(0, 0, 0). x 1 4 1 2(28) 5 x 2 12 5 215
3. a. 27 2 3(5) 1 4 a b 5 27 2 15 1 3 5 219
3
27 2 8 a b 5 27 2 6 5 213
3
4
2t 1 7 2 8t 1 3 1 6t 2 10 5 0. Simplifying,
27 1 2(5) 5 3
3(27) 2 2(5) 1 16 a b 5 221 2 10 1 12 5 219
8 1 6s 2 1 1 3 2 6s 2 10 5 0. Simplifying, 3
4 1 3s 5 t 2 223
8(27) 2 5 1 4 a b 5 256 2 5 1 3 5 258
7 2 8t 5 21 3
(1, 7 2 8, 1 1 2) 5 (1, 21, 3) 4. a. Solve for y. y 5 23
(4 2 3, 21, 1 1 2) 5 (1, 21, 3) The solution is (22, 23).
>
r 5 (2, 0, 0) 1 p(2, 0, 1), pPR x 2 3y 5 7
3x 1 5y 5 221
1. a. linear 14x 5 228
d. not linear 3(22) 1 5y 5 221
x 1 y 1 2z 5 215 So y 5 23.

> 0x 2 y 2 3z 5 20
16. a. z x 1 y 1 2z 5 215
0x 2 y 1 z 5 212
0x 1 0y 2 4z 5 32
L1 2y 2 8 5 212
y 2y 5 212 1 8 5 24
(0, 0, 0). x 1 4 1 2(28) 5 x 2 12 5 215
3. a. 27 2 3(5) 1 4 a b 5 27 2 15 1 3 5 219
3
27 2 8 a b 5 27 2 6 5 213
3
4
2t 1 7 2 8t 1 3 1 6t 2 10 5 0. Simplifying,
27 1 2(5) 5 3
3(27) 2 2(5) 1 16 a b 5 221 2 10 1 12 5 219
8 1 6s 2 1 1 3 2 6s 2 10 5 0. Simplifying, 3
4 1 3s 5 t 2 223
8(27) 2 5 1 4 a b 5 256 2 5 1 3 5 258
7 2 8t 5 21 3
(1, 7 2 8, 1 1 2) 5 (1, 21, 3) 4. a. Solve for y. y 5 23
(4 2 3, 21, 1 1 2) 5 (1, 21, 3) The solution is (22, 23).
>
r 5 (2, 0, 0) 1 p(2, 0, 1), pPR x 2 3y 5 7
3x 1 5y 5 221
1. a. linear 14x 5 228
d. not linear 3(22) 1 5y 5 221
x 1 y 1 2z 5 215 So y 5 23.

2x 2 y 5 11 10. a. There are infinitely many solutions to this
11x 5 66 equation. This is reason why it is represented
Solve for x in the second equation, x 5 6. Substitute x graphically as a line.
back into the first equation b. Let x 5 t. So 2t 1 4y 5 11, then 4y 5 11 2 2t
2(6) 2 y 5 11 and y 5 114 2 12 t, tPR
2y 5 11 2 12 5 21 c. This equation will not have any integer solutions
So y 5 1 because the left hand side is an even function and
Therefore, the solution is (6, 1). the right side is an odd function.
b. Subtract three times the first equation from twice 11. a. Add the second equation to 22 times the
the second equation. first.
2x 1 5y 5 19 x 1 3y 5 a
0x 2 7y 5 235 0x 2 3y 5 b 2 2a
From the second equation, y 5 5. Divide the second equation by 23 to get
Substitute y back into the first equation. y 5 2 13 b 1 23 a. Now substitute this back into
2x 1 5(5) 5 19 the first equation.
2x 5 19 2 25 5 26 1 2
So x 5 23 x 1 3a2 b 1 ab 5 a
3 3
Therefore, the solution is (23, 5).
x 2 b 1 2a 5 a
c. Add the second equation to 3 times the first
x 5 2a 1 b
equation to the second equation
b. Since they have different direction vectors, these
2x 1 2y 5 10
two equations are not parallel or coincident and will
0x 1 11y 5 33
intersect somewhere.
From the second equation, y 5 3.
12. a. Add the third equation to the first to eliminate z.
Substitute y back into the first equation.
x1y1z50
2x 1 2(3) 5 10
x 2 y 1 0z 5 1
2x 5 4
x 1 2y 1 0z 5 25
So x 5 24.
Therefore the solution is (24, 3).
to eliminate
6. a. These two lines are parallel, and therefore
cannot have an intersection.
to eliminate y.
b. The second equation is five times the first,
x1y1z50
therefore the lines are coincident.
x 2 y 1 0z 5 1
7. a. Let x 5 t. So 2t 2 y 5 3 then y 5 2t 2 3.
3x 1 0y 1 0z 5 23
b. Let x 5 t, y 5 s. Then t 2 2s 1 z 5 0 and
Divide the third equation by 23 to get x 5 21.
z 5 2s 1 t.
Now substitute into the second equation.
8. a. If x 5 t, y 5 22t 2 11, then y 5 22x 2 11
21 2 y 5 1
and so 2x 1 y 5 211 is the required linear equation.
y 5 22
b. 2x 1 y 5 211
Finally, substitute x and y to get
2(3t 1 3) 1 (26t 2 17) 5 6t 2 6t 1 6 2 17
21 1 22 1 z 5 0
5 211
So z 5 3. Therefore, the solution is (21, 22, 3).
9. a. The two equations will have no solutions when
b. Add the first equation to 22 times the second,
k 2 12, since they will be parallel should this occur.
and add the first equation to 22 times the third.
b. It is impossible to have only one solution for these
2x 2 3y 1 z 5 6
two equations. They have exactly the same direction
0x 2 5y 2 3z 5 256
vector. They will never intersect at exactly one place.
0x 2 y 1 3z 5 40
c. The two equations will have infinitely many
Now add the second equation to 21 times the third.
solutions when k 5 12. When this occurs, the two
2x 2 3y 1 z 5 6
equations are coincident.
0x 2 5y 2 3z 5 256
0x 2 4y 1 0z 5 216

From the third equation, y 5 4. e. Note that if 2x 2 y 5 0 S y 5 2x, and
Now substitute this into the second equation. 2z 2 x 5 0 S z 5 12 x. So we substitute these two
25(4) 2 3z 5 256 relations into the second equation.
23z 5 236 1 7
2(2x) 2 x 5 x 5 7 S x 5 2
z 5 12 2 2
Now substitute these two values back into the first So now z 5 1, y 5 4, and the solution is (2, 4, 1).
equation. f. Add the first equation to 22 times the second
2x 2 3(4) 1 12 5 6 equation.
2x 5 6, x 5 3 x 1 y 1 2z 5 13
So the solution is (3, 4, 12). 22x 1 0y 2 7z 5 238
c. Add the second equation to 21 times the third. 2x 1 0y 1 6z 5 32
x 1 y 1 0z 5 10 Add the second and third equations.
0x 1 y 1 z 5 22 x 1 y 1 2z 5 13
2x 1 y 1 0z 5 2 22x 1 0y 2 7z 5 238
Add the third equation to the first equation. 0x 1 0y 2 z 5 26
x 1 y 1 0z 5 10 So from the third equation, z 5 6.
0x 1 y 1 z 5 22 Substituting into the second equation,
0x 1 2y 1 0z 5 12 22x 2 42 5 238
So y 5 6. Now substitute into the other two 22x 5 4 S x 5 22
equations. Finally, substituting both values into the first
x 1 6 5 10 S x 5 4 equation,
6 1 z 5 22 S z 5 28 22 1 y 1 12 5 13 S y 5 3.
So the solution is (4, 6, 28). So the final solution is (22, 3, 6).
d. To eliminate fractions, multiply each of the 13. Answers may vary. For example:
equations by 60. a. Three lines parallel
20x 1 15y 1 12z 5 840 z
15x 1 12y 1 20z 5 21260
12x 1 20y 1 15z 5 420
Add 3 times the first equation to 24 times the L3
second, and add 3 times the first equation to 25
L2
times the third.
L1
20x 1 15y 1 12z 5 840
0x 2 3y 2 44z 5 7560
0x 2 55y 2 39z 5 420 y
Now add 55 times the second equation to 23 times x
the third equation.
20x 1 15y 1 12z 5 840 Two lines coincident
0x 2 3y 2 44z 5 7560 and the third parallel
z
0x 1 0y 2 2303z 5 414 540
Divide the third equation through by 22303 to get
z 5 2180. Substituting z back into the second
equation.
23y 2 44(2180) 5 7560 S 23y 5 2360 L2
So y 5 120. Now substitute these two values back L3 L1
20x 1 15(120) 1 12(2180) 5 840 y
20x 5 840 2 1800 1 2160 5 1200 x
So x 5 60. Therefore the solution is (60, 120, 2180).

z a2c1y1a2b5a
y 5 2a 1 b 1 c
parallel.
y
x
z
L3 L2
L1 y
x
pp. 516–517
z
x 2 y 1 z 5 22
L1
y x 2 y 1 z 1 21; 2x 2 2y 1 2z 5 22
x 3. a. 2z 5 24 1 z 5 22.
c. x 2 y 1 (22) 1 21
z x 2 y 1 1.
x 5 1 1 s, y 5 s, z 5 22, sPR
x 2 y 1 z 5 21; x 2 y 2 z 5 3.
L2 4. a. 1 2x 1 y 1 6z 5 p; 2 x 1 my 1 3z 5 q
m 5 , p 5 2q. q 5 1, and p 5 2.
x1y1z5a 2

z a2c1y1a2b5a
y 5 2a 1 b 1 c
parallel.
y
x
z
L3 L2
L1 y
x
pp. 516–517
z
x 2 y 1 z 5 22
L1
y x 2 y 1 z 1 21; 2x 2 2y 1 2z 5 22
x 3. a. 2z 5 24 1 z 5 22.
c. x 2 y 1 (22) 1 21
z x 2 y 1 1.
x 5 1 1 s, y 5 s, z 5 22, sPR
x 2 y 1 z 5 21; x 2 y 2 z 5 3.
L2 4. a. 1 2x 1 y 1 6z 5 p; 2 x 1 my 1 3z 5 q
m 5 , p 5 2q. q 5 1, and p 5 2.
x1y1z5a 2

b. For parallel planes all of the coefficients of the c. The coefficients of the x and z variables are the
variables must be multiples of each other, but the same but the y coefficients are different. So the
constant terms must differ by a different constant. equations represent planes that intersect in a line.
So a possible solution is: d. The coefficients of each variable from equation 1
1 to 2 are not the same multiple. Therefore the
m 5 , q 5 1, and p 5 3.
2 equations represent planes that intersect in a line.
The value for m is again unique but p and q can be e. The intersection is a line by the same reasoning
arbitrarily chosen as long as p 2 2q. as d.
c. For the two planes to intersect at right angles the f. The intersection is a line by the same reasoning as d.
>
two normal vectors, n1 5 (2, 1, 6) and 7. a. x 5 1 2 s 2 t, y 5 s, z 5 t, s, tPR
>
n2 5 (1, m, 3), must satisfy: b. There is no solution since the planes are parallel.
> >
n1 ? n2 5 0. c. 1 2 2 :
> >
n1 ? n2 5 2 1 m 1 18 5 0 22y 5 4
m 5 220. This value is unique, since only one y 5 22.
value was found to satisfy the given conditions. x 2 2 1 2z 5 22
d. From c. we know that in order to intersect in x 1 2z 5 0
right angles m 5 220. Choose p 5 1, q 5 1. x 5 22z.
The value for m is unique from the solution to c., x 5 22s, y 5 22, z 5 s, sPR.
but the values for p and q can be arbitrary since the d. Let z 5 s; sPR.
only value which can change the angle between the From 2 :
planes is m. x 5 y 1 6.
5. a. Letting z 5 s: (y 1 6) 1 y 1 2s 5 4
y 5 23s. 2y 1 2s 5 22
x 1 2(23s) 2 3s 5 0. y 5 2s 2 1.
x 5 9s x 5 2s 1 5, y 5 2s 2 1, z 5 s, sPR.
The solution is: e. 22 ? 2 : 2x 2 4y 2 2z 5 22
x 5 9s, y 5 23s, z 5 s, sPR Adding 1 :
b. Letting y 5 t. 4x 2 5y 5 0.
t 1 3z 5 0 5
3z 5 2t x 5 y.
4
1 Let y 5 s, sPR.
z 5 2 t.
3 5
2a sb 2 s 1 2z 5 2
x 1 2t 2 3a2 bt 5 0
1 4
3 3
x 1 3t 5 0 s 1 2z 5 2
2
x 5 23t. 3
The solution is: z 5 1 2 s.
4
1 5 3
x 5 23t, y 5 t, z 5 2 t; tPR. x 5 s, y 5 s, z 5 1 2 s, sPR
3 4 4
c. Since t is an arbitrary real number we can f. x 2 y 1 2(4) 5 0
express t as: x 5 y 2 8.
t 5 23s; sPR. x 5 s 2 8, y 5 s, z 5 4, sPR.
Substituting this into the solution for b. shows that 8. a. The system will have an infinite number of
the two solutions are equivalent. solutions for any value of k. When k 5 2 equation
6. a. Equation 2 is twice that of equation 1 , so 2 will be twice that of 1 so the solution is a plane:
they represent intersecting coincident planes. x 5 1 2 s 2 2t, y 5 s, z 5 t, s, tPR.
b. The coefficients of each variable are the same, For any other value of k the solution will be a line.
but the constant terms are different, so the equations For example k 5 0:
represent non-intersecting parallel planes. 2y 5 24z
y 5 22z.

x 5 1. x 5 1, y 5 1. A 5 (1, 1, 0).
r 5 sa1, 2 , b, sPR.
> 1 1
p1: 2x 2 y 1 z 5 0, p2: y 1 4z 5 0 is: 2 3
2x 2 (24z) 1 z 5 0 x 2 y 1 z 5 1 and 2y 2 z 5 0 is:
2x 5 25z 1
5 y5 z
x 5 2 z. 2
2 1
5 x2 z1z51
x 5 2 s, y 5 24s, z 5 s, sPR. 2
2 1
2
>
>
>
r2 5 (22, 3, 6) 1 s(25, 28, 2), sPR.
r 5 (1, 0, 0) 1 t a2 , , 1b 1 s a1, 2 , b, s, tPR.
> 1 1 1 1
4x 1 8z 5 4
a2 , , 1b 3 a1, 2 , b 5 a ? b 2 a1 ? 2 b,
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
x 5 1 2 2z.
2 2 2 3 2 3 2
2(1 2 2z) 2 y 1 2z 5 0
1 ? 1 2 a2 ? b, 2 a2 b 2 ? 1 5 a , , 2 b.
2 2 y 2 2z 5 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 7 1
y 5 2 2 2z. 2 3 2 2 2 3 6 4
x 5 1 2 2s, y 5 2 2 2s, z 5 s, sPR.
8(1) 1 D 5 0.
5x 1 3y 1 16z 2 11 5 0.
D 5 28.
5(1 2 2s) 1 3(2 2 2s) 1 16(s) 2 11 5 0
8x 1 14y 2 3z 2 8 5 0.
5 1 6 2 11 2 10s 2 6s 1 16s 5 0
11. a. p1: 2x 1 y 2 3z 5 3, p2: x 2 2y 1 z 5 21. >
1. a. r 5 (4, 23, 15) 1 t(2, 23, 5), tPR
p1 2 2p2: 5y 2 5z 5 5 x 5 4 1 2t, y 5 23 2 3t, z 5 15 1 5t
y 5 1 1 z. 0 5 15 1 5t
2x 1 (1 1 z) 2 3z 5 3 t 5 23
2x 2 2z 5 2
x 5 1 1 z.
x 5 1 1 s, y 5 1 1 s, z 5 s, sPR.
x 5 1. x 5 1, y 5 1. A 5 (1, 1, 0).
r 5 sa1, 2 , b, sPR.
> 1 1
p1: 2x 2 y 1 z 5 0, p2: y 1 4z 5 0 is: 2 3
2x 2 (24z) 1 z 5 0 x 2 y 1 z 5 1 and 2y 2 z 5 0 is:
2x 5 25z 1
5 y5 z
x 5 2 z. 2
2 1
5 x2 z1z51
x 5 2 s, y 5 24s, z 5 s, sPR. 2
2 1
2
>
>
>
r2 5 (22, 3, 6) 1 s(25, 28, 2), sPR.
r 5 (1, 0, 0) 1 t a2 , , 1b 1 s a1, 2 , b, s, tPR.
> 1 1 1 1
4x 1 8z 5 4
a2 , , 1b 3 a1, 2 , b 5 a ? b 2 a1 ? 2 b,
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
x 5 1 2 2z.
2 2 2 3 2 3 2
2(1 2 2z) 2 y 1 2z 5 0
1 ? 1 2 a2 ? b, 2 a2 b 2 ? 1 5 a , , 2 b.
2 2 y 2 2z 5 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 7 1
y 5 2 2 2z. 2 3 2 2 2 3 6 4
x 5 1 2 2s, y 5 2 2 2s, z 5 s, sPR.
8(1) 1 D 5 0.
5x 1 3y 1 16z 2 11 5 0.
D 5 28.
5(1 2 2s) 1 3(2 2 2s) 1 16(s) 2 11 5 0
8x 1 14y 2 3z 2 8 5 0.
5 1 6 2 11 2 10s 2 6s 1 16s 5 0
11. a. p1: 2x 1 y 2 3z 5 3, p2: x 2 2y 1 z 5 21. >
1. a. r 5 (4, 23, 15) 1 t(2, 23, 5), tPR
p1 2 2p2: 5y 2 5z 5 5 x 5 4 1 2t, y 5 23 2 3t, z 5 15 1 5t
y 5 1 1 z. 0 5 15 1 5t
2x 1 (1 1 z) 2 3z 5 3 t 5 23
2x 2 2z 5 2
x 5 1 1 z.
x 5 1 1 s, y 5 1 1 s, z 5 s, sPR.
x 5 4 1 2(23), y 5 23 2 3(23), A: x 5 2 1 3t, y 5 1 1 3t, z 5 3 2 2t, tPR
z 5 15 1 5(23) B: x 5 3 1 t, y 5 22, z 5 5, tPR
x 5 22, y 5 6, z 5 0 C: x 5 28 1 7t, y 5 25 1 3t, z 5 7 2 2t, tPR
(22, 6, 0) y 5 22 5 25 1 3t
>
b. r 5 (4, 23, 15) 1 t(2, 23, 5), tPR t51
x 5 4 1 2t, y 5 23 2 3t, z 5 15 1 5t x 5 28 1 7(1), y 5 25 1 3(1), z 5 7 2 2(1)
0 5 23 2 3t x 5 21, y 5 22, z 5 5
t 5 21 (21, 22, 5)
x 5 4 1 2(21), y 5 23 2 3(21), The three medians meet at (21, 22, 5).
z 5 15 1 5(21) 3. a. L1: 5x 1 y 1 2z 1 15 5 0
x 5 2, y 5 0, z 5 10 L2: 4x 1 y 1 2z 1 8 5 0
(2, 0, 10) L1 2 L2: x 1 7 5 0
>
c. r 5 (4, 23, 15) 1 t(2, 23, 5), tPR So x 5 27.
x 5 4 1 2t, y 5 23 2 3t, z 5 15 1 5t L1: y 1 2z 2 20 5 0
0 5 4 1 2t L2: y 1 2z 2 20 5 0
t 5 22 z 5 t,
x 5 4 1 2(22), y 5 23 2 3(22), y 1 2(t) 2 20 5 0
z 5 15 1 5(22) y 5 20 2 2t
>
x 5 0, y 5 3, z 5 5 r 5 (27, 20, 0) 1 t(0, 22, 1), tPR
(0, 3, 5) b. L1: 4x 1 3y 1 3z 2 2 5 0
2. a.–e. Answers may vary. For example: L2: 5x 1 2y 1 3z 1 5 5 0
A(2, 1, 3), B(3, 22, 5), C(28, 25, 7) 2L1 2 3L2: 27x 2 3z 2 19 5 0
a 5 (22.5, 23.5, 6) z 5 7t,
b 5 (23, 22, 5) 27x 2 3(7t) 2 19 5 0,
c 5 (2.5, 20.5, 4) 19
x 5 23t 2
m1 5 (Aa) 5 (24.5, 24.5, 3) 5 (3, 3, 22) 7
m2 5 (Bb) 5 (26, 0, 0) 5 (1, 0, 0)
4a23t 2 b 1 3y 1 3(7t) 2 2 5 0
19
m3 5 (Cc) 5 (10.5, 4.5, 23) 5 (7, 3, 22) 7
Then substitute in the point and the direction vector 30
to find the equation of the line. y 5 23t 1
7
A(2, 1, 3), B(3, 22, 5), C(28, 25, 7)
r 5 a2 , , 0b 1 t(3, 3, 27), tPR
> 19 30
m1 5 (Aa) 5 (24.5, 24.5, 3) 5 (3, 3, 22)
7 7
m2 5 (Bb) 5 (26, 0, 0) 5 (1, 0, 0) >
c. L1: r 5 (27, 20, 0) 1 t(0, 22, 1), tPR
m3 5 (Cc) 5 (10.5, 4.5, 23) 5 (7, 3, 22)
L2: r 5 a2 , , 0b 1 t(3, 3, 27), tPR
> > 19 30
A: r 5 (2, 1, 3) 1 t(3, 3, 22), tPR
x 5 2 1 3t, y 5 1 1 3t, z 5 3 2 2t, tPR 7 7
>
B: r 5 (3, 22, 5) 1 t(1, 0, 0), tPR L1: x 5 27, y 5 20 2 2t, z 5 t
x 5 3 1 t, y 5 22, z 5 5, tPR 19 30
> L2: x 5 2 1 3t, y 5 1 3t, z 5 27t
C: r 5 (28, 25, 7) 1 t(7, 3, 22), tPR 7 7
x 5 28 1 7t, y 5 25 1 3t, z 5 7 2 2t, tPR 19 30
2 1 3t 5 27, t 5 2
A: x 5 2 1 3t, y 5 1 1 3t, z 5 3 2 2t, tPR 7 21
x 5 2 1 3a2 b, y 5 1 3a2 b,
B: x 5 3 1t, y 5 22, z 5 5, tPR 19 30 30 30
C: x 5 28 1 7t, y 5 25 1 3t, z 5 7 2 2t, tPR 7 21 7 21
z 5 27a2 b
y 5 22 5 1 1 3t 30
t 5 21 21
x 5 2 1 3(21), y 5 1 1 3(21), x 5 27, y 5 0, z 5 10
z 5 3 2 2(21) (27, 0, 10)
x 5 21, y 5 22, z 5 5 4. a. p1: 3x 1 y 1 7z 1 3 5 0
(21, 22, 5) p2: x 2 13y 2 3z 2 38 5 0

13p1 1 p2: 40x 1 88z 1 1 5 0 x 2 11 y24 z 2 27
6. L1: 5 5 5s
z 5 t, 2 24 5
40x 1 88(t) 1 1 5 0 L2: x 5 0, y 5 1 2 3t, z 5 3 1 2t, tPR
11t 1 L1: x 5 2s 1 11, y 5 24s 1 4, z 5 27 1 5s
x52 2 x 5 0 5 2s 1 11,
5 40
s 5 25.5
2 b 1 y 1 7(t) 1 3 5 0
11t 1
3a2 y 5 24(25.5) 1 4, z 5 27 1 5(25.5)
5 40
2t 117 x 5 0, y 5 26, z 5 20.5
y52 2 25
5 40 y 5 26 5 1 2 3t, t 5 2
11t 1 2t 117 3
x52 2 ,y52 2 , z 5 t, tPR 7
5 40 5 40 z 5 20.5 5 3 1 2t, t 5 2
b. p1: x 2 3y 1 z 1 11 5 0 4
p2: 6x 2 13y 1 8z 2 28 5 0 Since there is no t-value that satisfies the equations,
26p1 1 p2: 5y 1 2z 2 94 5 0 there is no intersection, and these lines are skew.
z 5 s, x25 z14
7. a. L1: 5y225 5s
5y 1 2(s) 2 94 5 0 2 23
2 94 L2: (x 2 3, y 2 20, z 2 7) 5 t(2, 24, 5), tPR
y52 s1 L1: x 5 2s 1 5, y 5 s 1 2, z 5 23s 2 4
5 5
L2: x 5 2t 1 3, y 5 24t 1 20, z 5 5t 1 7
x 2 3a2 s 1 b 1 (s) 1 11 5 0
2 94
x 5 2t 1 3 5 2s 1 5
5 5
y 5 s 1 2 5 24t 1 20
11 227
x52 s1 z 5 23s 2 4 5 5t 1 7
5 5 L3: 2t 2 2s 2 2 5 0
11 227 2 94 L4: 4t 1 s 2 18 5 0
x52 s1 , y 5 2 s 1 , z 5 s, sPR
5 5 5 5 L5: 5t 1 3s 1 11 5 0
c. The lines found in 4. a. and 4. b. do not intersect, L3 1 2L4: 10t 2 38 5 0, t 5 3.8
because they are in parallel planes. 3L3 1 2L5: 16t 1 16 5 0, t 5 21
5. a. For there to be no solution the lines must be b. Since there is no t-value that satisfies the
inconsistent with each other. equations, there is no intersection, and these lines
L1: x 1 ay 5 9 are skew.
L2: ax 1 9y 5 227 8. L1: x 5 1 1 2s, y 5 4 2 s, z 5 23s, sPR
1 a L2: x 5 23, y 5 t 1 3, z 5 2t, tPR
5
a 9 x 5 23 5 1 1 2s
a 5 63 s 5 22
For a 5 3: x 5 23, y 5 6, z 5 6
L1: x 1 3y 5 9 (23, 6, 6)
>
L2: 3x 1 9y 5 227 9. a. L1: r 5 (5, 1, 7) 1 s(2, 0, 5), sPR
>
For a 5 23, the equations are equivalent. L2: r 5 (21, 21, 3) 1 t(4, 2, 21), tPR
So there is no solution when a 5 3. L1: x 5 5 1 2s, y 5 1, z 5 7 1 5s
b. To have an infinite number of solutions, the lines L2: x 5 21 1 4t, y 5 21 1 2t, z 5 3 2 t
must be proportional. y 5 1 5 21 1 2t,
L1: x 1 ay 5 9 t51
L2: ax 1 9y 5 227 x 5 21 1 4(1), y 5 21 1 2(1),
23(x 1 ay 5 9) 5 23x 2 3ay 5 227 z 5 3 2 (1)
L1: 23x 2 3ay 5 227 x 5 3, y 5 1, z 5 2
L2: ax 1 9y 5 227 (3, 1, 2)
>
a 5 23 b. L1: r 5 (2, 21, 3) 1 s(5, 21, 6), sPR
>
c. The system has one solution when a 2 3 or L2: r 5 (28, 1, 29) 1 t(5, 21, 6), tPR
a 2 23, because other values lead to an infinite These lines are the same, so either one of these
number of solutions or no solution. lines can be used as their intersection.

10. a. Answers may vary. For example: iii. When lines are skew, there are no common
i. coincident solutions to make each equation consistent.
z iv. When the solution meets in a point, there is only
one unique solution for the system.
11. a. A line and plane have an infinite number of
points of intersection when the line lies in the plane.
>
r 5 t(3, 25, 23), tPR
L1 >
L2 r 5 t(3, 25, 23) 1 s(1, 1, 1), t, sPR
12. a. 1 2x 1 3y 5 30
y
2 x 2 2y 5 213
x
Equation 1 2 (2 3 equation 2 ): 7y 5 56
ii. parallel and distinct
z y58
2x 1 24 5 30
x53
(3, 8)
b. 1 x 1 4y 2 3z 1 6 5 0
L2 2 2x 1 8y 2 6z 1 11 5 0
There is no solution to this system, because the
L1 planes are parallel, but one plane lies above the
y
other.
x c. 1 x 2 3y 2 2z 5 29
iii. skew 2 2x 2 5y 1 z 5 3
3 23x 1 6y 1 2z 5 8
z
Equation 1 1 (2 3 equation 2 ): 5x 2 13y 5 23
Equation 2 1 ( equation 3 ): 22x 1 3y 5 21
2(5x 2 13y 5 23)
1 5(22x 1 3y 5 21)
L1 211y 5 211
y51
5x 2 13(1) 5 23
y x52
x L2
(2) 2 3(1) 2 2z 5 29
z54
iv. intersect in a point (2, 1, 4)
z 13. a. The two lines intersect at a point.
b. The two planes are parallel and do not meet.
c. The three planes intersect at a point.
14. a. L:(x 2 y 5 1) 1 (y 1 z 5 23)
5 x 1 z 5 22
L1 1
L2 L1: y 2 z 5 0, x 5 2
2
y x 1 z 5 22
a2 b 1 z 5 22
x 1
2
b. i. When lines are the same, they are a multiple
3
of each other. z52
ii. When lines are parallel, one equation is a 2
multiple of the other equation, except for the y2z50
constant term.

y 2 a2 b 5 0
3
2 planes meet.
3 2. a. 1 x2y1z54
y52 2 0x 1 0y 1 0z 5 0
2
3 0x 1 0y 1 0z 5 0
a2 , 2 , 2 b
1 3 3
2 2 2
0 n ? n1 0
2 3 (x 2 y 1 z 5 4) 5 2x 2 2y 1 2z 5 8
0 n 0 0 n1 0
b. cos u 5
3 3 (x 2 y 1 z 5 4) 5 3x 2 3y 1 3z 5 12
n 5 (1, 1, 21) 3x 2 3y 1 3z 5 12 and 2x 2 2y 1 2z 5 8 are
@ "3 @ @ "2 @
cos u 5
c. (0, 1, 1) 3 (1, 1, 21) 5 (22, 1, 21) planes.
x 2 t 1 s 5 4 or x 5 t 2 s 1 4, s, tPR
b2a b1a b1D50
21 23 23
2a 3. a. 1 2x 2 y 1 3z 5 22
2 2 2
D51 2 x 2 y 1 4z 5 3
2x 2 y 1 z 1 1 5 0 3 0x 1 0y 1 0z 5 1
1. a. 1 x 2 3y 1 z 5 2 (2x 2 y 1 3z 5 22)
2 0x 1 y 2 z 5 21 1 (x 2 y 1 4z 5 3)
3 0x 1 0y 1 3z 5 212 1 (0x 1 0y 1 0z 5 1)
for z. Thus, or
z 5 24 (2x 2 2y 1 8z 5 6)
y 2 (24) 5 21 2x 2 y 1 3z 5 22, x 2 y 1 4z 5 3, and
x 2 3(25) 2 4 5 2 or x 5 29 2x 2 y 1 3z 5 22, x 2 y 1 4z 5 3, and
x 2 3y 1 z 5 29 1 15 2 4 5 2 4. a. 1 x 1 2y 2 z 5 4
0x 1 y 2 z 5 25 1 4 5 21 3 2x 1 0y 1 0z 5 26
for x. So,

y 2 a2 b 5 0
3
2 planes meet.
3 2. a. 1 x2y1z54
y52 2 0x 1 0y 1 0z 5 0
2
3 0x 1 0y 1 0z 5 0
a2 , 2 , 2 b
1 3 3
2 2 2
0 n ? n1 0
2 3 (x 2 y 1 z 5 4) 5 2x 2 2y 1 2z 5 8
0 n 0 0 n1 0
b. cos u 5
3 3 (x 2 y 1 z 5 4) 5 3x 2 3y 1 3z 5 12
n 5 (1, 1, 21) 3x 2 3y 1 3z 5 12 and 2x 2 2y 1 2z 5 8 are
@ "3 @ @ "2 @
cos u 5
c. (0, 1, 1) 3 (1, 1, 21) 5 (22, 1, 21) planes.
x 2 t 1 s 5 4 or x 5 t 2 s 1 4, s, tPR
b2a b1a b1D50
21 23 23
2a 3. a. 1 2x 2 y 1 3z 5 22
2 2 2
D51 2 x 2 y 1 4z 5 3
2x 2 y 1 z 1 1 5 0 3 0x 1 0y 1 0z 5 1
1. a. 1 x 2 3y 1 z 5 2 (2x 2 y 1 3z 5 22)
2 0x 1 y 2 z 5 21 1 (x 2 y 1 4z 5 3)
3 0x 1 0y 1 3z 5 212 1 (0x 1 0y 1 0z 5 1)
for z. Thus, or
z 5 24 (2x 2 2y 1 8z 5 6)
y 2 (24) 5 21 2x 2 y 1 3z 5 22, x 2 y 1 4z 5 3, and
x 2 3(25) 2 4 5 2 or x 5 29 2x 2 y 1 3z 5 22, x 2 y 1 4z 5 3, and
x 2 3y 1 z 5 29 1 15 2 4 5 2 4. a. 1 x 1 2y 2 z 5 4
0x 1 y 2 z 5 25 1 4 5 21 3 2x 1 0y 1 0z 5 26
for x. So,

2x 5 26 b. Answers may vary. For example: To obtain a no
x 5 23 solution and an equation with 0x 1 0y 1 0z 5 0,
If we use the method of back substitution, we can you must have two equal planes and one parallel
substitute x 5 23 into equation 2 and solve for z. distinct plane. For example one solution is:
23 2 2z 5 0 x1y1z52
3 2x 1 2y 1 2z 5 4
z52
2 3x 1 3y 1 3z 5 12
If we substitute x 5 23 and z 5 2 32 into equation 1 8. a. 1 2x 1 y 2 z 5 23
we obtain the value of y. 2 x 2 y 1 2z 5 0
3 11 3 3x 1 2y 2 z 5 25
23 1 2y 1 5 4 or y 5 2 3 equation 2 1 equation 3 5 5x 1 0y 1 0z
2 4
The equations intersect at the point with coordinates 5 25 which gives x 5 21.
Equation 1 1 equation 2 5 3x 1 0y 1 1z
(23, 114, 2 32 )
5 23. Substituting x 5 1 into this equation leads
Check:
to: 3(21) 1 z 5 23 or z 5 0.
Substituting z 5 0 and x 5 21 into equation 1
x 1 2y 2 z 5 23 1 224 1 32 5 4
gives: 2(21)y 2 0 5 23 or y 5 21. (21, 21, 0)
is the point at which the three planes meet.
x 1 0y 2 2z 5 23 1 3 5 0
Check:
Substituting into equation 3 : 2x 1 0y 1 0z 5 26
2x 1 y 2 z 5 22 2 1 1 0 5 23
planes meet.
5. a. 1 2x 2 y 1 z 5 1
x 2 y 1 2z 5 21 1 1 1 0 5 0
2 x 1 y 2 z 5 21
3 23x 2 3y 1 3z 5 3
3x 1 2y 2 z 5 23 2 2 1 0 5 25
Since equation 3 5 2 equation 2 , equation 2
x y 7
and equation 3 are consistent or lie in the same b. 1 2 1z5
plane. Equation 1 meets this plane in a line. 3 4 8
2 2x 1 2y 2 3z 5 220
b. Adding equation 2 and equation 1 creates an
equivalent equation, 3x 5 0 or x 5 0. Substituting
3 x 2 2y 1 3z 5 2
x 5 0 into equation 1 and equation 2 gives Equation 2 1 equation 3 5 3x 1 0y 1 0z 5 218
equation 4 z 2 y 5 1 and equation 5 which gives x 5 26.
y 2 z 5 21. Equations 4 and 5 indicate the Equation 3 2 3 3 Equation 1 5 2 54y 5 2 58 or
problem has infinite solutions. Substituting y 5 t y 5 12. Substituting x 5 26 and y 5 12 into equation 3
into equation 4 or 5 leads to leads to:
26 2 2a b 1 3z 5 2 or z 5 3.
x 5 0, y 5 t, and z 5 1 1 t, tPR 1
Check: 2
2(0) 2 s 1 (s 1 1) 5 1 (26, 12, 3) is the point at which the three planes meet.
0 1 s 2 (s 1 1) 5 21 Check:
23(0) 2 3(s) 1 3(s 1 1) 5 3 Substituting into equation 1 :
x y 1 7
6. 1 2x 1 3y 2 4z 5 25 2 4 1 z 5 22 2 8 1 3 5 8
3
2 x 2 y 1 3z 5 2201 Substituting into equation 2 :
3 5x 2 5y 1 15z 5 21004
2x 1 2y 2 3z 5 212 1 1 2 9 5 220
There is no solution to this system of equations, Substituting into equation 3 :
because if you multiply equation 2 by 5 you x 2 2y 1 3z 5 26 2 1 1 9 5 2
obtain a new equation, 5x 2 5y 1 15z 5 21005, c. 1 x 2 y 5 2199
which is inconsistent with equation 3 . 2 x 1 z 5 2200
7. a. Yes when this equation is alone, this is true, 3 y 2 z 5 201
because any constants can be substituted into the Equation 2 1 equation 3 5 equation 4
variables in the equation 0x 1 0y 1 0z 5 0 and the 5x1y51
equation will always be consistent.
Equation 4 1 equation 1 5 2x 5 2198 or Using z 5 t and x 5 2t, Solve equation 1
x 5 299. Substituting x 5 299 into equation 1 2t 2 y 1 t 5 22 or y 5 2
leads to: x 5 2t, y 5 2, and z 5 t, tPR
299 2 y 5 2199 or y 5 100. Substituting x 5 299 The planes intersect in a line.
into equation 2 , you obtain: 10. a. 1 x2y1z52
299 1 z 5 2200 or z 5 2101 2 2x 2 2y 1 2z 5 4
(299, 100, 2101) is the point at which the three 3 x 1 y 2 z 5 22
planes meet. Equation 1 1 equation 3 5 equation 4
Check: 5 2x 5 0 or x 5 0.
Substituting into equation 1 : Setting z 5 t,
x 2 y 5 299 2 (100) 5 2199 Equation 1 : 0 2 y 1 t 5 2 or y 5 t 2 2
Substituting into equation 2 : x 5 0, y 5 t 2 2, and z 5 t, tPR
x 1 z 5 299 2 101 5 2200 b. 1 2x 2 y 1 3z 5 0
Substituting into equation 3 : 2 4x 2 2y 1 6z 5 0
y 2 z 5 100 2 (2101) 5 201 3 22x 1 y 2 3z 5 0
d. 1 x 2 y 2 z 5 21 Equation 1 1 equation 3 5 equation 4
2 y2250 5 2x 5 0 or x 5 0.
3 x1155 Setting y 5 t and z 5 s, equation 1 :
Rearranging equation 2 gives y 5 2. Solving for x t 2 3s
in equation 3 gives x 5 4. 2x 2 t 1 3s 5 0 or x 5
2
Substituting x 5 4 and y 5 2 into equation 1 t 2 3s
leads to: x5 , y 5 t, and z 5 s, s, tPR
2
4 2 2 2 z 5 21 or z 5 3.
(4, 2, 3) is the point at which all three planes meet. 11. a. 1 x1y1z51
9. a. 1 x 2 2y 1 z 5 3 2 x 2 2y 1 z 5 0
2 2x 1 3y 2 z 5 29 3 x2y1z50
3 5x 2 3y 1 2z 5 0 Equation 1 2 equation 3 5 equation 4
Equation 3 1 equation 2 5 equation 4 5 2y 5 1 or y 5 12
5 7x 1 1z 5 29. Equation 2 2 equation 3 5 equation 5
Setting z 5 t, x 5 2 17 t 2 97 5 2y 5 0 or y 5 0
Equation 2 2 2 3 equation 1 5 equation 5 Since the y-variable is different in equation 4 and
5 7y 1 23z 5 215. equation 5 , the system is inconsistent and has no
Setting z 5 t, y 5 2 157 1 37 t solution.
x 5 2 17 t 2 97, y 5 2 157 1 37 t, and z 5 t, tPR The b. Answers may vary. For example: If you use the
planes intersect in a line. normals from equations 1 , 2 , and 3 , you can
b. 1 x 2 2y 1 z 5 3 determine the direction vectors from the equations’
2 x1y1z52 coefficients.
>
3 x 2 3y 1 z 5 26 n1 5 (1, 1, 1)
>
>
> >
Since the solutions for y are different from these m1 5 n1 3 n2 5 (3, 0, 23)
> >
two equations, there is no solution to this system of m2 5 n1 3 n3 5 (2, 0, 22)
> >
equations. m3 5 n2 3 n3 5 (21, 0, 1)
c. 1 x 2 y 1 z 5 22 c. The three lines of intersection are parallel and are
2 x1y1z52 pairwise coplanar, so they form a triangular prism.
> > >
3 x 2 3y 1 z 5 26 d. n1 3 n2 is perpendicular to n3 . So since,
> > >
Equation 1 1 equation 2 5 equation 4 (n1 3 n2 ) ? n3 5 0, a triangular prism forms.
5 2x 1 2y 5 0. 12. a. 1 x 2 y 1 3z 5 3
2 x 2 y 1 3z 5 6
Setting z 5 t, x 5 2t
3 3x 2 5z 5 0

Equation 1 and equation 2 have the same set of equation 3 equal different numbers, there is no
coefficients and variables, however, equations 1 solution to this system.
equals 3 while equation 2 equals 6, which means e. 1 x 2 y 1 z 5 22
there is no possible solution. 2 x1y1z52
b. 1 5x 2 2y 1 3z 5 1 3 3x 1 y 1 3z 5 2
2 5x 2 2y 1 3z 5 21 Equation 1 1 equation 2 : 22y 5 24 or y 5 2
3 5x 2 2y 1 3z 5 13 Setting y 5 2 and z 5 t in equation 1 ,
All three equations equal different numbers so there x 2 2 1 t 5 22 or x 5 2t
is no possible solution. x 5 2t, y 5 2, z 5 t, tPR
c. 1 x2y1z59 f. 1 x 1 y 1 z 5 0
2 2x 2 2y 1 2z 5 18 2 x 2 2y 1 3z 5 0
3 2x 2 2y 1 2z 5 17 3 2x 2 y 1 3z 5 0
Equation 2 equals 18 while equation 3 equals 17, Equation 1 2 equation 2 5 equation 4
which means there is no possible solution. 5 3y 2 2z 5 0
d. The coefficients of equation 1 are half the Equation 3 2 2 3 equation 2 2 equation 5
coefficients of equation 2 , but the constant term 5 3y 2 3z 5 0
is not half the other constant term. Equation 4 2 equation 5 : z 5 0
13. a. 1 2x 2 y 2 z 5 10 Setting z 5 0 in equation 1 and equation 2 ,
2 x 1 y 1 0z 5 7 Equation 6 5 x 1 y 5 0
3 0x 1 y 2 z 5 8 Equation 7 5 x 2 2y 5 0
Equation 1 2 2 3 equation 2 2 equation 3 : Equation 6 2 equation 7 : 3y 5 0 or y 5 0
24y 5 2 12 or y 5 3. Substituting y 5 3 into Setting y 5 0 and z 5 0 in equation 1 leads to
equation 2 and equation 3 gives: x50
x 1 3 1 0z 5 7 or x 5 4 (0, 0, 0)
0x 1 3 2 z 5 8 or z 5 25 14. a. First, reorder these equations so that equation
(4, 3, 25) 2 is first, equation 3 is second, and equation 1
b. 1 2x 2 y 1 z 5 23 last.
2 x 1 y 2 2z 5 1 1 x2y1z5p
3 5x 1 2y 2 5z 5 0 2 4x 1 qy 1 z 5 2
Equation 1 1 equation 2 : 3x 2 z 5 22. 3 2x 1 y 1 z 5 4
t22 To eliminate x from the last two equations, subtract
Setting z 5 t, x 5 3 4 times equation 1 from equation 2 , and subtract
Equation 1 2 2 3 equation 2 : 23y 1 5z 5 25. 2 times equation 1 from equation 3 .
5t 1 5 1 x2y1z5p
Setting z 5 t, y 5 3 2 (q 1 4)y 2 3z 5 2 2 4p
t22 5t 1 5 3 3y 2 z 5 4 2 2p
x5 ,y5 , z 5 t, tPR
3 3 There will be an infinite number of solutions if
c. 1 x1y2z50 q 1 4 5 9 and 3(4 2 2p) 5 2 2 4p because then
2 2x 2 y 1 z 5 0 equation 2 will be 3 times equation 3 . This means
3 4x 2 5y 1 5z 5 0 that p 5 q 5 5.
Equation 1 1 equation 2 : 3x 5 0 or x 5 0 b. Based on what was found in part a., substituting
Setting x 5 0 and z 5 t in equation 2 gives, in p 5 q 5 5 we will arrive at the equivalent system
2(0) 2 y 1 t 5 0 or y 5 t 1 x2y1z55
x 5 0, y 5 t, z 5 t, tPR 2 9y 2 3z 5 218
d. 1 x 2 10y 1 13z 5 24 3 3y 2 z 5 26
2 2x 2 20y 1 26z 5 28 which is really the same as
3 x 2 10y 1 13z 5 28 1 x2y1z55
If you multiply equation 2 by two, you obtain 2 3y 2 z 5 26
2x 2 20y 1 26z 5 216. Since equation 2 and Letting z 5 t, we see that equation 2 delivers

1 4 2 3 5
y5 (t 2 6) 3 2 1 5
3 a b c 2
5 t22
3 1 4 13
1 5 5 equation 4
1 6 7
b c
3 > > 5
2 m3 5 n 3 n1 5 (21, 0, 1) 5 5 equation 5
52 t13 2
c
2 1
3 3
125 or b 5 6
1 2x 1 y 1 z 5 24 1 1 1
1 2 5 0 or a 5 3
2 4x 1 3y 1 3z 5 28 a 6 2
3 6x 2 4y 1 (2m 2 2 12)z 5 2m 2 8 (3, 6, 2)
2 y1z50
3 27y 1 (2m 2 2 15)z 5 2m 1 4 1. a. 3x 1 4y 2 5 5 0
d5
1 2x 1 y 1 z 5 24 0 3(24) 1 4(5) 2 5 0
d5
"32 1 42
2 y1z50
3 (2m 2 2 8)z 5 2m 1 4
3
5
b. 5x 2 12y 1 24 5 0
0 Ax0 1 By0 1 C 0
d5
2m 1 4 56
z5 , 5 or 4.31
2m 2 2 8 13
"A 2 1 B 2
0 9(24) 2 40(5) 0
5 or 5.76
16. a. 1
1 1
1 2 50
1 "1681
a b c 2. a. 2x 2 y 1 1 5 0 and 2x 2 y 1 6 5 0
2 1 1 5

1 4 2 3 5
y5 (t 2 6) 3 2 1 5
3 a b c 2
5 t22
3 1 4 13
1 5 5 equation 4
1 6 7
b c
3 > > 5
2 m3 5 n 3 n1 5 (21, 0, 1) 5 5 equation 5
52 t13 2
c
2 1
3 3
125 or b 5 6
1 2x 1 y 1 z 5 24 1 1 1
1 2 5 0 or a 5 3
2 4x 1 3y 1 3z 5 28 a 6 2
3 6x 2 4y 1 (2m 2 2 12)z 5 2m 2 8 (3, 6, 2)
2 y1z50
3 27y 1 (2m 2 2 15)z 5 2m 1 4 1. a. 3x 1 4y 2 5 5 0
d5
1 2x 1 y 1 z 5 24 0 3(24) 1 4(5) 2 5 0
d5
"32 1 42
2 y1z50
3 (2m 2 2 8)z 5 2m 1 4
3
5
b. 5x 2 12y 1 24 5 0
0 Ax0 1 By0 1 C 0
d5
2m 1 4 56
z5 , 5 or 4.31
2m 2 2 8 13
"A 2 1 B 2
0 9(24) 2 40(5) 0
5 or 5.76
16. a. 1
1 1
1 2 50
1 "1681
a b c 2. a. 2x 2 y 1 1 5 0 and 2x 2 y 1 6 5 0
2 1 1 5

the lines. It is easiest to find a point where the line (215 2 25t) 1 (36 2 144t) 5 0
crosses the x or y-axis. 21
t5
2(0) 2 y 1 1 5 0 or y 5 1 which corresponds to 169
the point (0, 1). This means that the minimal distance between
0 Ax0 1 By0 1 C 0 R(22, 3) and the line occurs when t 5 169 21
.
d5
"A 2 1 B 2 This point corresponds to A 169, 169 B. The distance
274 252
0 2(0) 2 1(1) 1 6 0 between this point and (22, 3) is about 3.92.

>
d5 c. r 5 (1, 3) 1 p(7, 224), pPR
"22 1 (21)2 We start by writing the given equation of the line in
5 parametric form. Doing so gives x 5 1 1 7p,
5 or 2.24
"5 y 5 3 2 24p. We construct a vector from R(22, 3)
b. 7x 2 24y 1 168 5 0 and 7x 2 24y 2 336 5 0 to a general point on the line.
a 5 322 2 (1 1 7p), 3 2 (3 2 24p)4
>
parallel lines, you must first find a point on one of 5 (23 2 7p, 24p).
the lines. It is easiest to find a point where the line (7, 224) ? (23 2 7p, 24p) 5 0
crosses the x or y-axis. (221 2 49p) 1 (2576p) 5 0
to the point (0, 7) p52
625
0 Ax0 1 By0 1 C 0 This means that the minimal distance between
d5
"A 2 1 B 2
21
R(22, 3) and the line occurs when p 5 2 625 .
0 7(0) 2 24(7) 2 336 0 This point corresponds to A 625, 625 B.
478 2379
d5
"72 1 (224)2
The distance between this point and (22, 3) is
about 2.88.
0 Ax0 1 By0 1 C 0
504
5 or 20.16 4. a. d 5
"A 2 1 B 2
25
>
3. a. r 5 (21, 2) 1 s(3, 4), sPR
If you substitute in the coordinates (0, 0), the
0 A(0) 1 B(0) 1 C 0
We start by writing the given equation of the line in
parametric form. Doing so gives x 5 21 1 3s, formula changes to d 5 ,
y 5 2 1 4s. We construct a vector from R(22, 3) "A 2 1 B 2
to a general point on the line. 0C0
which reduces to d 5
a 5 322 2 (21 1 3s), 3 2 (2 1 4s)4
.
"A 2 1 B 2
>
5 (21 2 3s, 1 2 4s). b. 3x 2 4y 2 12 5 0 and 3x 2 4y 1 12 5 0
(3, 4) ? (21 2 3s, 1 2 4s) 5 0 0C0 0 212 0
d(L1 ) 5 5
"A 2 1 B 2 "32 1 (24)2
(23 2 9s) 1 (4 2 16s) 5 0
1
s5 12
25 5
5
0C0 0 12 0
R(22, 3) and the line occurs when s 5 251 . d(L2 ) 5 5
This point corresponds to A2 22 25 , 25 B. The distance
54 "A 1 B
2 2
"3 1 (24)2
2
between this point and (22, 3) is 1.4. 12

> 5
b. r 5 (1, 0) 1 t(5, 12), tPR 5
We start by writing the given equation of the line in The distance between these parallel lines is
parametric form. Doing so gives x 5 1 1 5t, 12 12 24
5 1 5 5 5 , because one of the lines is below
y 5 12t. We construct a vector from R(22, 3) to a the origin and the other is above the origin.
general point on the line. c. 3x 2 4y 2 12 5 0 and 3x 2 4y 1 12 5 0
a 5 322 2 (1 1 5t), 3 2 (12t)4
>
5 (23 2 5t, 3 2 12t). parallel lines, you must first find a point on one of
(5, 12) ? (23 2 5t, 3 2 12t) 5 0 the lines. It is easiest to find a point where the line
crosses the x or y-axis.

3(0) 2 4y 2 12 5 0 or y 5 23 which corresponds 0 Ax0 1 By0 1 C 0
d5
to the point (0, 3). "A 2 1 B 2
0 Ax0 1 By0 1 C 0 0 2(0) 2 3(21) 1 1 0
d5
"A 2 1 B 2
d5
"22 1 (23)2
0 3(0) 2 4(23) 1 12 0 4
d5
"32 1 (24)2
5 or 1.11
"13
24 d. 5x 1 12y 5 120 and 5x 1 12y 1 120 5 0
5
5 In order to find the distance between these two
Both the answers to 4.b. and 4.c. are the same. parallel lines, you must first find a point on one of
>
5. a. r 5 (22, 1) 1 s(3, 4), sPR the lines. It is easiest to find a point where the line
>
r 5 (1, 0) 1 t(3, 4), tPR crosses the x or y-axis.
First find a random point on one of the lines. We 5(0) 1 12y 5 120 or y 5 10 which corresponds to
will use (22, 1) from the first equation. We start by the point (0, 10).
writing the second equation in parametric form. 0 Ax0 1 By0 1 C 0
d5
Doing so gives x 5 1 1 3t, y 5 4t. We construct a "A 2 1 B 2
vector from P(22, 1) to a general point on the line. 0 5(0) 1 12(10) 1 120 0
a 5 322 2 (1 1 3t), 1 2 (4t)4
>
d5
5 (23 2 3t, 1 2 4t). "52 1 122
240
(3, 4) ? (23 2 3t, 1 2 4t) 5 0 5 or 18.46
(29 2 9t) 1 (4 2 16t) 5 0 13
>
1 6. a. P(1, 2, 21) r 5 (1, 0, 0) 1 s(2, 21, 2), sPR
t52 We start by writing the given equation of the line in
5
This means that the minimal distance between parametric form. Doing so gives x 5 1 1 2s,
P(22, 1) and line occurs when t 5 2 15. This point y 5 2s, and z 5 2s. We construct a vector from
corresponds to A 25, 2 45 B. The distance between this
P(1, 2, 21) to a general point on the line.
a 5 31 2 (1 1 2s), 2 2 (2s), 21 2 (2s)4
>
point and (22, 1) is 3 5 (22s, 2 1 s, 21 2 2s).
x21 y x y11 (2, 21, 2) ? (22s, 2 1 s, 21 2 2s) 5 0
b. 5 and 5
4 23 4 23 (24s) 1 (22 2 s) 1 (22 2 4s) 5 0
First change one equation into a Cartesian equation, 4
s52
which leads to 3x 1 4y 2 3 5 0 and take a point 9
from the other equation such as (4, 24). This means that the minimal distance between
0 Ax0 1 By0 1 C 0 P(1, 2, 21) and the line occurs when s 5 2 49.
d5
"A 2 1 B 2 This point corresponds to A 19, 49, 2 89 B. The distance
0 3(4) 1 4(24) 2 3 0 between this point and P(1, 2, 21) is 1.80.
>
d5 b. P(0, 21, 0) r 5 (2, 1, 0) 1 t(24, 5, 20), tPR
"32 1 42 We start by writing the given equation of the line in
7 parametric form. Doing so gives x 5 2 2 4t,
5 or 1.4
5 y 5 1 1 5t, and z 5 20t. We construct a vector
c. 2x 2 3y 1 1 5 0 and 2x 2 3y 2 3 5 0 from P(0, 21, 0) to a general point on the line.
a 5 30 2 (2 2 4t), 21 2 (1 1 5t), 0 2 (20t)4
>
parallel lines, you must first find a point on one of 5 (22 1 4t, 22 2 5t, 20t).
the lines. It is easiest to find a point where the line (24, 5, 20) ? (22 1 4t, 22 2 5t, 220t) 5 0
crosses the x or y-axis. (8 2 16t) 1 (210 2 25t) 1 (2400t) 5 0
t52
to the point (0, 21). 441
2
P(0, 21, 0) and the line occurs when t 5 2 441 .

441 , 441 , 2 441 B. The
This point corresponds to A 890 431 40 This means that the minimal distance between
distance between this point and P(0, 21, 0) is 2.83. P(1, 0, 1) and line occurs when m 5 136 . This point
>
c. P(2, 3, 1) r 5 p(12, 23, 4), pPR 13 , 13 , 2 13 B. The distance between
corresponds to A 45 19 6
We start by writing the given equation of the line in this point and (1, 0, 1) is 3.28
>
parametric form. Doing so gives x 5 12p, y 5 23p, 8. a. r 5 (1, 21, 2) 1 s(1, 3, 21), sPR
and z 5 4p. We construct a vector from P(2, 3, 1) First we write the equation in parametric form.
to a general point on the line. Doing so gives x 5 1 1 s, y 5 21 1 3s, and
a 5 32 2 (12p), 3 2 (23p), 1 2 (4p)4
> z 5 2 2 s. We construct a vector from P(2, 1, 3) to
5 (2 2 12p, 3 1 3p, 1 2 4p). a general point on the line.
a 5 32 2 (1 1 s), 1 2 (21 1 3s), 3 2 (2 2 s)4
>
(12, 23, 4) ? (2 2 12p, 3 1 3p, 1 2 4p) 5 0
(24 2 144p) 1 (29 2 9p) 1 (4 2 16p) 5 0 5 (1 2 s, 2 2 3s, 1 1 s).
19 (1, 3, 21) ? (1 2 s, 2 2 3s, 1 1 s) 5 0
p5 (1 2 s) 1 (6 2 9s) 1 (1 1 s) 5 0
169
s5
P(2, 3, 1) and the line occurs when p 5 169 19
. This 11
169 , 2 169 , 169 B. The distance
point corresponds to A 228 57 76 This means that the minimal distance between
between this point and P(2, 3, 1) is 3.44. P(2, 1, 3) and line occurs when s 5 116 . This point
>
7. a. r 5 (1, 1, 0) 1 s(2, 1, 2), sPR corresponds to A 17
11 , 11 , 11 B.
7 16
>
r 5 (21, 1, 2) 1 t(2, 1, 2), tPR b. The distance between A 17 11 , 11 , 11 B and (2, 1, 3)
7 16
First find a random point on one of the lines. We is 1.65.

will use P(21, 1, 2) from the second equation. We 9. First, find the line L of intersection between the
then write the first equation in parametric form. planes
Doing so gives x 5 1 1 2s, y 5 1 1 s, and 1 x 2 y 1 2z 5 2
z 5 0 1 2s. We construct a vector from P(21, 1, 2) 2 x 1 y 2 z 5 22

to a general point on the line. Subtract the first equation from the second to
a 5 321 2 (1 1 2s), 1 2 (1 1 s), 2 2 2s4
> eliminate x and get the equivalent system
5 (22 2 2s, 2 2 2s). 1 x 2 y 1 2z 5 2
(2, 1, 2) ? (22 2 2s, 2s, 2 2 2s) 5 0 2 2y 2 3z 5 24

(24 2 4s) 1 (2s) 1 (4 2 4s) 5 0 Let z 5 t. Then the second equation gives
s50 2y 5 3t 2 4
y5 t22
P(21, 1, 2) and line occurs when s 5 0. This point 2
corresponds to (1, 1, 0). The distance between this So substituting these into the first equation gives
point and (21, 1, 2) is 2.83 x 5 y 2 2z 1 2
>
b. r 5 (3, 1, 22) 1 m(1, 1, 3), mPR
5 a t 2 2b 2 2t 1 2
> 3
r 5 (1, 0, 1) 1 n(1, 1, 3), nPR 2
First find a random point on one of the lines. 1
We will use P(1, 0, 1) from the second equation. 52 t
2
We then write the first equation in parametric form. So the equation of the line of intersection for these
Doing so gives x 5 3 1 m, y 5 1 1 m, and two planes in parametric form is
z 5 22 1 3m. We construct a vector from P(1, 0, 1) 1 3
to a general point on the line. x 5 2 t, y 5 t 2 2, z 5 t, tPR.
a 5 31 2 (3 1 m), 0 2 (1 1 m), 1 2 (22 1 3m)4
> 2 2
The direction vector for this line is A2 12, 32, 1B,
5 (22 2 3m, 21 2 m, 3 2 3m).
which is parallel to (21, 3, 2). So, to make things
(1, 1, 3) ? (22 2 3m, 21 2 m, 3 2 3m) 5 0
easier, the parametric form of this line of
(22 2 3m) 1 (21 2 m) 1 (9 2 9m) 5 0
intersection could also be expressed as
6
m5 x 5 2t, y 5 3t 2 2, z 5 2t, tPR
13 In vector form, this is the same as

>
r 5 (0, 22, 0) 1 t(21, 3, 2), tPR. If Q is at minimal distance from A, then this vector
Since Q(0, 22, 0) is on this line, will be perpendicular to the direction vector for the
>
QP 5 (21, 2, 21) 2 (0, 22, 0) line, (4, 2, 1). This means that
5 (21, 4, 21) 0 5 (2 2 4s, 4 2 2s, 26 2 s) ? (4, 2, 1)
So the distance from P(21, 2, 21) to the line of 5 10 2 21s
intersection is 10
s5
0 (21, 3, 2) 3 (21, 4, 21) 0 21
0 (21, 3, 2) 0
d5 So the point Q on the line at minimal distance from
0 (211, 23, 21) 0 A is
0 (21, 3, 2) 0
5
Q(4s, 2s, 1 1 s) 5 Qa4a b, 2a b, 1 1 b
10 10 10
21 21 21
131
Å 14 5 Qa , , b
5 40 20 31
21 21 21
8 3.06
To find the point on the line that gives this minimal Also
QA 5 a2 2 , 4 2 , 25 2 b
> 40 20 31
distance, let (x, y, z) be a point on the line. Then,
using the parametric equations, 21 21 21
5 a , ,2 b
(x, y, z) 5 (2t, 3t 2 2, 2t) 2 64 136
So the distance from P to this point is 21 21 21
"(x 1 1)2 1 (y 2 2)2 1 (z 1 1)2 So the point Ar will satisfy
5 "(1 2 t)2 1 (3t 2 4)2 1 (2t 1 1)2
> >
QAr 5 2QA
5 "14t 2 2 22t 1 18 5 a2 , 2 ,
2 64 136
b
To get the minimal distance, set this quantity 21 21 21
equal to #131
14 .
5 Ar(a, b, c) 2 Q
5 aa 2 , b 2 , c 2 b
40 20 31
"14t 2 2 22t 1 18 5
131
Å 14 21 21 21
38 44 167
131 So a 5 21, b 5 2 21, and c 5 21 . That is,
14t 2 2 22t 1 18 5
14 Ar( 38 44 167
21 , 2 21 , 21 ).
196t 2 2 308t 1 252 5 131 11. a. Think of H as being the origin, E as being on
196t 2 2 308t 1 121 5 0 the x-axis, D as being on the z-axis, and G as being
308 6 "0 on the y-axis. That is,
t5 H(0, 0, 0)
392
11 E(3, 0, 0)
5 G(0, 2, 0)
14
So the point on the line at minimal distance from P is D(0, 0, 2)
(x, y, z) 5 (2t, 3t, 22, 2t) and so on for the other points as well. Then line
segment HB has direction vector
5 a2 , 3a b 2 2, 2a bb
11 11 11
B(3, 2, 2) 2 H(0, 0, 0) 5 (3, 2, 2).
14 14 14 >
Also, HA 5 (3, 0, 2). So the distance formula says
5 a2 , , b
11 5 22 that the distance between A and line segment HB is
14 14 14 0 (3, 2, 2) 3 (3, 0, 2) 0
0 (3, 2, 2) 0
10. A point on the line d5
>
0 4, 0, 26 0
r 5 (0, 0, 1) 1 s(4, 2, 1), sPR.
0 (3, 2, 2) 0
has parametric equations 5
x 5 4s, y 5 2s, z 5 1 1 s, sPR.
Let this point be called 52
Å 17
Q(4s, 2s, 1 1 s). Then 5
>
QA 5 (2, 4, 25) 2 (4s, 2s, 1 1 s) 8 1.75
5 (2 2 4s, 4 2 2s, 26 2 s)

d5
27
3. a. 3x 1 4y 2 12z 2 26 5 0 and
>
3x 1 4y 2 12z 1 39 5 0
1
a
52
b ("17) 5 ("52)
1 0 Ax0 1 By0 1 Cz0 1 D 0
2 Å 17 2 (23, 0, 0). Then use d 5
!A2 1 B2 1 C2
0 3(213) 1 4(0) 2 12(0) 2 26 0
d5
"32 1 42 1 (212)2
Plane, pp. 549–550 b. 3x 1 4y 2 12z 2 26 5 0
1 3x 1 4y 2 12z 1 39 5 0
plane.
d5
"A 2 1 B 2 1 C 2 y 1 3 5 0 is
d5
20x 2 4y 1 5z 1 7 5 0 is "02 1 (1)2 1 02
0 20(3) 1 24(1) 1 5(0) 1 7 0 54
d5
53 x 2 3 5 0 is
d5
2x 1 y 1 2z 2 8 5 0 is "12 1 02 1 02
0 2(0) 1 1(21) 1 2(0) 2 8 0 54
d5
53 z 1 1 5 0 is
d5
3x 2 4y 2 1 5 0 is "02 1 02 1 12
0 3(5) 1 24(1) 1 0(4) 2 1 0 52
d5
"32 1 (24)2 1 02
52
14x 2 28y 1 28z 2 42 5 0. Then use
0 Ax0 1 By0 1 Cz0 1 D 0
!A2 1 B2 1 C2
0 5(1) 2 12(0) 1 0(0) 1 0 0
d5 0 14(1) 2 28(21) 1 28(1) 2 42 0
"5 2 1 (212)2 1 02 d5
5 "142 1 (228)2 1 282
5 or 0.38 2
13 5 or 0.67
3

d5
27
3. a. 3x 1 4y 2 12z 2 26 5 0 and
>
3x 1 4y 2 12z 1 39 5 0
1
a
52
b ("17) 5 ("52)
1 0 Ax0 1 By0 1 Cz0 1 D 0
2 Å 17 2 (23, 0, 0). Then use d 5
!A2 1 B2 1 C2
0 3(213) 1 4(0) 2 12(0) 2 26 0
d5
"32 1 42 1 (212)2
Plane, pp. 549–550 b. 3x 1 4y 2 12z 2 26 5 0
1 3x 1 4y 2 12z 1 39 5 0
plane.
d5
"A 2 1 B 2 1 C 2 y 1 3 5 0 is
d5
20x 2 4y 1 5z 1 7 5 0 is "02 1 (1)2 1 02
0 20(3) 1 24(1) 1 5(0) 1 7 0 54
d5
53 x 2 3 5 0 is
d5
2x 1 y 1 2z 2 8 5 0 is "12 1 02 1 02
0 2(0) 1 1(21) 1 2(0) 2 8 0 54
d5
53 z 1 1 5 0 is
d5
3x 2 4y 2 1 5 0 is "02 1 02 1 12
0 3(5) 1 24(1) 1 0(4) 2 1 0 52
d5
"32 1 (24)2 1 02
52
14x 2 28y 1 28z 2 42 5 0. Then use
0 Ax0 1 By0 1 Cz0 1 D 0
!A2 1 B2 1 C2
0 5(1) 2 12(0) 1 0(0) 1 0 0
d5 0 14(1) 2 28(21) 1 28(1) 2 42 0
"5 2 1 (212)2 1 02 d5
5 "142 1 (228)2 1 282
5 or 0.38 2
13 5 or 0.67
3

0 A(3) 2 2(23) 1 6(1) 1 0 0 5 2t 2 s 1 7
6. 3 5
"A 1 (22) 1 6
we get
3" ( A 1 40 ) 5 Z 3A 1 12 Z
2
2(2s 2 8) 2 s 1 7 5 0
" ( A2 1 40 ) 5 Z A 1 4 Z s53
A2 1 40 5 A2 1 8A 1 16 t 5 2s 2 8
24 5 8A t 5 22
>
0 UV 0 5 0 (22, 22, 22) 0
>
>
0 (0) 2 (1) 2 3(21) 1 3 0 y52 ,x5
17 17
d5
"12 1 (21)2 1 (23)2
b 1 ka b 5 38
214 299
5 3a
5 17 17
"11 4
8 1.51. k52
99
>
r 5 (1, 22, 5) 1 s(0, 1, 21), sPR, 3 x 1 2y 5 219
>
So the
> vector 3. a. 1 x 2 y 1 2z 5 3
UV 5 (t, 1 2 s, s 2 t 2 7). 2 2x 2 2y 1 3z 5 1
0 5 (t, 1 2 s, s 2 t 2 7) ? (0, 1, 21) 4 x2y2453
5 8 2 2s 1 t 5 2x 2 2y 2 6 5 1
t 5 2s 2 8 6 2x 2 2y 2 2 5 11
0 A(3) 2 2(23) 1 6(1) 1 0 0 5 2t 2 s 1 7
6. 3 5
"A 1 (22) 1 6
we get
3" ( A 1 40 ) 5 Z 3A 1 12 Z
2
2(2s 2 8) 2 s 1 7 5 0
" ( A2 1 40 ) 5 Z A 1 4 Z s53
A2 1 40 5 A2 1 8A 1 16 t 5 2s 2 8
24 5 8A t 5 22
>
0 UV 0 5 0 (22, 22, 22) 0
>
>
0 (0) 2 (1) 2 3(21) 1 3 0 y52 ,x5
17 17
d5
"12 1 (21)2 1 (23)2
b 1 ka b 5 38
214 299
5 3a
5 17 17
"11 4
8 1.51. k52
99
>
r 5 (1, 22, 5) 1 s(0, 1, 21), sPR, 3 x 1 2y 5 219
>
So the
> vector 3. a. 1 x 2 y 1 2z 5 3
UV 5 (t, 1 2 s, s 2 t 2 7). 2 2x 2 2y 1 3z 5 1
0 5 (t, 1 2 s, s 2 t 2 7) ? (0, 1, 21) 4 x2y2453
5 8 2 2s 1 t 5 2x 2 2y 2 6 5 1
t 5 2s 2 8 6 2x 2 2y 2 2 5 11
r 5 (1, 1, 4) 1 a2 b (24, 4, 2)
b. 1 x 1 y 1 z 5 300 > 3
2 x 1 y 2 z 5 98 2
3 x 2 y 1 z 5 100
5 (1, 1, 4) 1 (6, 26, 23)
Equation 2 1 equation 3 5 2x 5 198 x 5 99. 5 (7, 25, 1)
Substituting x 5 99 into all three equations gives: as a point on this line. This means the two lines
4 y 1 z 5 201 intersect, and so the four points given lie in the
5 y 2 z 5 21 same plane.
6 2y 1 z 5 1
b. Direction vectors for the plane containing the
Equation 4 1 equation 5 5 2y 5 200 or four points in part a. are (6, 27, 25) and
y 5 100. You then get z 5 101 after substituting (24, 4, 2). So a normal to this plane is
both x and y into equation 1 . (6, 27, 25) 3 (24, 4, 2) 5 (6, 8, 24).
(99, 100, 101) We will use the parallel normal (3, 4, 22). So the
Check: equation of this plane is of the form
1 99 1 100 1 101 5 300
3x 1 4y 2 2z 1 D 5 0.
2 99 1 100 2 101 5 98
Substitute in the point (1, 2, 6) to find D.
3 99 2 100 1 101 5 100
3(1) 1 4(2) 2 2(6) 1 D 5 0
4. a. These four points will lie in the same plane if D51
and only if the line determined by the first two The equation of the plane is
points intersects the line determined by the last two 3x 1 4y 2 2z 1 1 5 0.
points. The direction vector determined by the first So, using the distance formula, this plane is distance
two is Z 3(0) 1 4(0) 2 2(0) 1 1 Z
>
a 5 (7, 25, 1) 2 (1, 2, 6) d5
Z (3, 4, 22) Z
5 (6, 27, 25)
1
So these first two points determine the line with 5
vector equation "29
> 8 0.19
r 5 (1, 2, 6) 1 s(6,27,25), sPR.
The direction vector determined by the last two from the origin.
5. Use the distance formula.
0 Ax0 1 By0 1 Cz0 1 D 0
points is
>
b 5 (23, 5, 6) 2 (1, 1, 4) d5
5 (24, 4, 2) "A 2 1 B 2 1 C 2
a. The distance from A(21, 1, 2) to
So these first two points determine the line with
3x 2 4y 2 12z 2 8 5 0
vector equation
> 0 3(21) 2 4(1) 2 12(2) 2 8 0
r 5 (1, 1, 4) 1 t(24, 4, 2), tPR. d5
Converting these two lines to parametric form, we "32 1 (24)2 1 (212)2
obtain the equations 53
1 1 1 6s 5 1 2 4t b. The distance from B(3, 1, 22) to
2 2 2 7s 5 1 1 4t 8x 2 8y 1 4z 2 7 5 0
3 6 2 5s 5 4 1 2t 0 8(3) 2 8(1) 1 4(22) 2 7 0
d5
Adding the first and second equations gives "82 1 (28)2 1 (4)2
3 2 s 5 2, so s 5 1. Substituting this into the third 1
equation, we get 5 or 0.08
12
1 5 4 1 2t >
6. r 5 (3, 1, 1) 1 t(2, 21, 2), tPR
23 5 2t
3x 2 4y 2 5z 5 0
So t 5 2 32. We need to check this s and t for
Find the parametric equations from the first
consistency. Substituting s 5 1 into the vector
equation, then substitute those equations into the
equation for the first line gives
> second equation. Solve for t. Substitute that t-value
r 5 (1, 2, 6) 1 (1)(6, 27, 25)
5 (7, 25, 1) >
r 5 (3, 1, 1) 1 t(2, 21, 2), tPR
as a point on this line. Substituting t 5 2 32 into the
x 5 3 1 2t
vector equation for the second line gives
y512t Letting z 5 s, then y 5 t gives x 2 3t 1 3s 5 7 or
z 5 1 1 2t x 5 23s 1 3t 1 7
3(3 1 2t) 2 4(1 2 t) 2 5(1 1 2t) 5 0 x 5 3t 2 3s 1 7, y 5 t, z 5 s, s, tPR
t can be any value to satisfy this value, so the two 9. a. 1 3x 2 5y 1 2z 5 4
equations intersect along 1 6x 1 2y 2 z 5 2
>
r 5 (3, 1, 1) 1 t(2, 21, 2), tPR. 1 6x 2 3y 1 8z 5 6
7. a. 1 3x 2 4y 1 5z 5 9 (Equation 2 ) 2 (2 3 equation 1 ) 5 12y 2 5z
2 6x 2 9y 1 10z 5 9 5 26
3 9x 2 12y 1 15z 5 9 Setting z 5 t,
3 3 (3x 2 4y 1 5z 5 9) 5 9x 2 12y 1 15z 5 27 1 5
12y 2 5t 5 26 or y 5 2 1 t
There is no solution because the first and third 2 12
equations are inconsistent. Substituting these two values into the first equation
b. 1 2x 1 3y 1 4z 5 3 gives x 5 12 1 361 t
2 4x 1 6y 1 8z 5 4 1 1 21 5
3 5x 1 y 2 z 5 1 x 5 1 t, y 5 1 t, z 5 t, tPR
2 36 2 12
2 3 (2x 1 3y 1 4z 5 3) 5 4x 1 6y 1 8z 5 6 b. 1 2x 2 5y 1 3z 5 1
There is no solution because the first and second 2 4x 1 2y 1 5z 5 5
equations are inconsistent. 3 2x 1 7y 1 2z 5 4
c. 1 4x 2 3y 1 2z 5 2 (Equation 2 ) 2 (2 3 equation 1 )
2 8x 2 6y 1 4z 5 4 5 12y 2 z 5 3
3 12x 2 9y 1 6z 5 1
Setting z 5 t,
3 3 (4x 2 3y 1 2z 5 2) 5 12x 2 9y 1 6z 5 6 1 1
There is no solution because the first and third 12y 2 t 5 3 or y 5 1 t
4 12
equations are inconsistent.
Substituting these two values into the first equation
8. a. 1 3x 1 4y 1 z 5 4
2 5x 1 2y 1 3z 5 2 gives x 5 98 2 31
24 t
3 6x 1 8y 1 2z 5 8 9 31 1 1
x 5 2 t, y 5 1 t, z 5 t, tPR
(Equation 1 ) 2 (2 3 equation 2 ) 8 24 4 12
5 27x 2 5z 5 0 10. a. 2x 1 y 1 z 5 6
x 2 y 2 z 5 29
Letting z 5 t, then x 5 2 57 t and y 5 1 1 27 t.
5 2 3x 1 y 5 2
x 5 2 t, y 5 1 1 t, z 5 t, tPR The first equation 1 the second equation gives
7 7
3x 5 23 or x 5 21. Substituting x 5 21 into the
b. 1 4x 2 8y 1 12z 5 4
third equation, 3(21) 1 y 5 2 or y 5 5.
2 2x 1 4y 1 6z 5 4
Substituting these two values into the first equation,
3 x 2 2y 2 3z 5 4
2(21) 1 5 1 z 5 6 or z 5 3
(Equation 1 ) 1 (4 3 equation 3 )
These three planes meet at the point (21, 5, 3).
5 24z 5 212 or z 5 2 12. Letting z 5 2 12 creates: 1 2x 2 y 1 2z 5 2
b.
4 4x 2 8y 5 10 2 3x 1 y 2 z 5 1
5 2x 1 4y 5 7 3 x 2 3y 1 5z 5 4
(Equation 1 ) 1 (2 3 equation 2 ) 5 8x 5 24 Equation 1 1 equation 2 5 5x 1 z 5 3

or x 5 3. Substituting in x 5 3 and z 5 2 12 gives Equation 3 2 (3 3 equation 1 ) 5 25x 2 z
y 5 14 5 22.
1 1 These two equations are inconsistent, so the planes
x 5 3, y 5 , z 5 2 do not intersect at any point. Geometrically the
4 2
c. 1 x 2 3y 1 3z 5 7 planes form a triangular prism.
2 2x 2 6y 1 6z 5 14 c. 1 2x 1 y 2 z 5 0
2 x 2 2y 1 3z 5 0
3 2x 1 3y 2 3z 5 27
3 9x 1 2y 2 z 5 0

2 3 equation 1 1 equation 2 5 5x 1 z 5 0, so b. t 5 0 corresponds to the point (3, 0, 21)
>
z 5 25x. 14. a. r 5 (1, 21, 1) 1 t(3, 2, 1), tPR
>
Equation 3 2 equation 1 5 7x 1 y 5 0, so r 5 (22, 23, 0) 1 s(1, 2, 3), sPR
y 5 27x. Set the equations parametric equations equal to
Let x 5 t. The intersection of the planes is a line each other, and determine either the s or t-value.
through the origin with equation x 5 t, y 5 27t, Find the point that corresponds to this value.
z 5 25t, tPR. L1: x 5 1 1 3t, y 5 21 1 2t, z 5 1 1 t
>
11. r 5 (2, 21, 22) 1 s(1, 1, 22), sPR L2: x 5 22 1 s, y 5 23 1 2s, z 5 3s
By substituting in different s-values, you can find x 5 1 1 3t 5 22 1 s
when the plane intersects the xz-plane when y 5 0 y 5 21 1 2t 5 23 1 2s
and the xy-plane when z 5 0. z 5 1 1 t 5 3s
The plane intersects the xz-plane at (3, 0, 24) and s 5 0, t 5 21
the xy-plane at (1, 22, 0). Then find the distance s 5 0 corresponds to the point (22, 23, 0).
>
between these two points using the distance b. r 5 (1, 21, 1) 1 t(3, 2, 1), tPR
>
formula. The distance between these two points r 5 (22, 23, 0) 1 s(1, 2, 3), sPR
is 4.90. P(22, 23, 0)
S S
12. a. x 2 2y 1 z 1 4 5 0 n1 3 n2 5 (3, 2, 1) 3 (1, 2, 3)
>
r 5 (3, 1, 25) 1 s(2, 1, 0), sPR 5 (4, 28, 4) 5 (1, 22, 1)
> >
m ? n 5 (2, 1, 0) ? (1, 22, 1) 5 0 Since the line’s >
r 5 (22, 23, 0) 1 t(1, 22, 1), tPR
direction vector is perpendicular to the normal of 15. a. Since the plane we want contains L, we can
the plane and the point (3, 1, 25) lies on both the use the direction vector for L, (1, 2, 21), as one
line and the plane, the line is in the plane. of the plane’s direction vectors. Since the plane
>
b. r 5 (7, 5, 21) 1 t(4, 3, 2), tPR contains the point (1, 2, 23) (which is on L) and the
>
r 5 (3, 1, 25) 1 s(2, 1, 0), sPR point K(3, 22, 4), it will contain the direction vector
Solve for the parametric equations of both equations (3, 22, 4) 2 (1, 2, 23) 5 (2, 24, 7)
and then set them equal to each other. To find a normal vector for the plane we want, take
L1: x 5 7 1 4t, y 5 5 1 3t, z 5 21 1 2t the cross product of these two direction vectors.
L2: x 5 3 1 2s, y 5 1 1 s, z 5 25 (2, 24, 7) 3 (1, 2, 21) 5 (210, 9, 8)
z 5 25 5 21 1 2t, t 5 22 So the plane we seek will be of the form
t 5 22, x 5 21, y 5 21, z 5 25 210x 1 9y 1 8z 1 D 5 0.
t 5 22 corresponds to the point (21, 21, 25) To determine the value of D, substitute in the point
c. x 2 2y 1 z 1 4 5 0 (1, 2, 23) that is to be on this plane.
21 2 2(21) 1 (25) 1 4 5 0 210(1) 1 9(2) 1 8(23) 1 D 5 0
The point (21, 21, 25) is on the plane since it D 5 16
satisfies the equation of the plane. The equation of the plane we seek is
>
d. r 5 (7, 5, 21) 1 t(4, 3, 2), tPR 210x 1 9y 1 8z 1 16 5 0.
(A, B, C) ? (4, 3, 2) 5 0 b. Using the distance formula, the distance from
A 5 7, B 5 22, C 5 211 S(1, 1, 21) to the plane 210x 1 9y 1 8z 1
7x 2 2y 2 11z 1 D 5 0 16 5 0 is
D 5 250 Z210(1) 1 9(1) 1 8(21) 1 16Z
7x 2 2y 2 11z 2 50 5 0 d5
> Z (210, 9, 8)Z
13. a. r 5 (3, 0, 21) 1 t(1, 1, 2), tPR
7
A(22, 1, 1) 5
x 5 3 1 t, y 5 t, z 5 21 1 2t "245
0 5 3 1 t 2 x, 0 5 t 2 y, 0 5 21 1 2t 2 z 8 0.45
"(3 1 t 2 x)2 1 (t 2 y)2 1 (21 1 2t 2 z)2
16. a. 1 x1y2z51
2 2x 2 5y 1 z 5 21
"(3 1 t 1 2)2 1 (t 2 1)2 1 (21 1 2t 2 1)2 3 7x 2 7y 2 z 5 k
"6t 2 1 30 Equation 1 1 equation 2 5 equation 4
t 5 0 gives the lowest distance of 5.48 5 3x 2 4y 5 0

Equation 2 1 equation 3 5 equation 5 x 5 4t
5 9x 2 12y 5 21 1 k y 5 3t
For the solution to this system to be a line, z 5 21 1 7t, tPR.
equation 4 and equation 5 must be the proportional. So one possible vector equation of this line is
>
k 5 1 makes these two line proportional and the r 5 (0, 0, 21) 1 t(4, 3, 7), tPR.
solution to this system a line. 17. a. 1 x 1 2y 1 z 5 1
b. In part a., we found that k 5 1 by arriving at the 2 2x 2 3y 2 z 5 6
equivalent system 3 3x 1 5y 1 4z 5 5
1 3x 2 4y 5 0 4 4x 1 y 1 z 5 8
2 2x 2 5y 1 z 5 21 Equation 1 1 equation 2 5 equation 5
3 9x 2 12y 5 0 5 3x 2 y 5 7
As the first and third equations are proportional, (4 3 equation 2 ) 1 equation 3 5 equation 6
this is really the same system as 5 11x 2 7y 5 29
1 3x 2 4y 5 0 (7 3 equation 5 ) 1 equation 6
2 2x 2 5y 1 z 5 21 5 equation 7 5 210x 5 220y or x 5 2
Letting x 5 t in the first equation, we see that Substituting into equation 5 : 6 2 y 5 7y 5 21.
y 5 34 t. Substituting these values for x and y into the Substituting into equation 1 : 2 1 22 1 z 5 1
second equation, we find that or z 5 1.
3 (2, 21, 1)
z 5 5a tb 2 2t 2 1 b. 1 x 2 2y 1 z 5 1
4
7 2 2x 2 5y 1 z 5 21
5 t 2 1. 3 3x 2 7y 1 2z 5 0
4
4 6x 2 14y 1 4z 5 0
So the direction vector for the line that solves this
Equation 2 2 (2 3 equation 1 )
system is (1, 34, 74), which is parallel to (4, 3, 7).
5 equation 5 5 2y 2 z 5 23,
x 5 4t
Setting z 5 t,
2y 2 t 5 23 or y 5 3 2 t
y 5 3t
z 5 21 1 7t, tPR.
Substituting y 5 3 2 t and z 5 t into equation 1 :
x 2 2(3 2 t) 1 t 5 1 or x 5 7 2 3t
So one possible vector equation of this line is
> x 5 7 2 3t, y 5 3 2 t, z 5 t, tPR
r 5 (0, 0, 21) 1 t(4, 3, 7), tPR.
9a 3c
b. In part a., we found that k 5 1 by arriving at the 18. 1 2 8b 1 54
equivalent system b b
1 3x 2 4y 5 0 3a 4c
2 2x 2 5y 1 z 5 21
2 2 1 4b 1 53
b b
3 9x 2 12y 5 0 3a 4c
3 1 4b 2 53
As the first and third equations are proportional, b b
this is really the same system as a c
1 3x 2 4y 5 0 x 5 , y 5 b, z 5
b b
2 2x 2 5y 1 z 5 21 1 9x 2 8y 1 3z 5 4
Letting x 5 t in the first equation, we see that 2 23x 1 4y 1 4z 5 3
y 5 34t. Substituting these values for x and y into the 3 3x 1 4y 2 4z 5 3
second equation, we find that 3 1 2 5 8y 5 6
3 3
z 5 5a tb 2 2t 2 1 y5
4 4
7 1 9x 1 3z 5 10
5 t 2 1.
4 2 23x 1 4z 5 0
So the direction vector for the line that solves this 3 3x 2 4z 5 0
system is Q 1, 34, 74 R , which is parallel to (4, 3, 7). 1 1 3 2 5 15z 5 10

2 8 So we get the system of equations
z5 ,x5
3 9 1 42s2t50
3 2 4 1 s 2 2t 5 0
y 5 5 b, 3 2s 2 t 5 0
4
8 a a 2 Adding the first two equations gives
x5 5 5 ,a5 8 2 3t 5 0
9 b 3 3
8
4 t5
3
2 c c 1
z5 5 5 ,c5 Substituting this value for t into the third equation
3 b 3 2
gives
4 0 5 2s 2 t
a , , b
2 3 1 8
3 4 2 5 2s 2
3
19. First put the equation into parametric form. 4
Then substitute the x, y, and z-values into s5
3
x 1 2y 2 z 1 10 5 0 to determine t. Then
Substituting these values for s and t into the equation
substitute t back into the parametric equations >
to determine the coordinates. for PA, we get
>
x11 y22 z21 PA 5 (t 2 s, 2s, 4 2 t)
5 5 5t
5 a 2 ,2 ,42 b
24 3 22 8 4 4 8
x 5 24t 2 1, y 5 3t 1 2, z 5 22t 1 1 3 3 3 3
x 1 2y 2 3z 1 10 5 0
5 a ,2 , b
4 4 4
(24t 2 1) 1 2(3t 1 2) 2 3(22t 1 1) 1 10 5 0 3 3 3
5 This is the vector that is normal to the plane, with
t52
4 its head at point A(1, 0, 4) and tail at the point in
the plane
x 5 24a2 b 2 1, y 5 3a2 b 1 2,
5 5
P(1 2 t 1 s, s, t) 5 Pa1 2 1 , , b
8 4 4 8
4 4
3 3 3 3
z 5 22a2 b 1 1
5
5 a2 , , b
1 4 8
4
3 3 3
a4, 2 , b
7 7 So the vector
> >
4 2 PAr 5 2PA
20. Let Ar(a, b, c) denote the image point under this
5 a2 , , 2 b
4 4 4
reflection. We want to find a, b, and c. The equation
3 3 3
of the plane is x 2 y 1 z 2 1 5 0, so letting y 5 s
5 (a, b, c) 2 a2 , , b
and z 5 t, we get x 5 1 2 t 1 s, s, tPR. These are 1 4 8
the parametric equations of this plane, so a general 3 3 3
5 aa 1 , b 2 , c 2 b
point on this plane has coordinates P(1 2 t 1 s, s, t). 1 4 8
>
So PA 5 (1, 0, 4) 2 (1 2 t 1 s, s, t) 3 3 3
5 (t 2 s, 2s, 4 2 t) This means that a 5 2 53, b 5 2 83, and c 5 2 43,
The normal vector to this plane is (1, 21, 1), and in That is, the reflected point is Ar( 2 53, 83, 43) .
> 21. a. The first plane has normal (3, 1, 7) and the
order for PA to be perpendicular to the plane, it >
must be parallel to this normal. This means that PA second has normal (4, 212, 4). Their line of
and (1, 21, 1) will have a cross product equal to intersection will be perpendicular to both of these
the zero vector. normals. So we can take as direction vector the
(t 2 s, 2s, 4 2 t) 3 (1, 21, 1)
cross product of these two normals.
(3, 1, 7) 3 (4, 212, 4) 5 (88, 16, 240)
5 (4 2 s 2 t, 4 1 s 2 2t, 2s 2 t)
5 8(11, 2, 25)
5 (0, 0, 0)

So let’s use (11, 2, 25) as the direction vector for A point on both the first and third planes is
this line of intersection. To find a point on both of (2 372, 0, 152 ). So the vector equation for this line of
these planes, solve for z in the second plane, and intersection is
r 5 a2 , 0, b 1 t(11, 2, 25), tPR,
substitute this into the equation for the first plane. > 37 15
4x 2 12y 1 4z 2 24 5 0 2 2
4z 5 24 2 4x 1 12y and the corresponding parametric equations are
z 5 6 2 x 1 3y 37
0 5 3x 1 y 1 7z 1 3 x 5 2 1 11t
2
5 3x 1 y 1 7(6 2 x 1 3y) y 5 2t
13 15
5 24x 1 22y 1 45 z5 2 5t, tPR.
2
If y 5 0 in this last equation, then x 5 454 and Finally, we consider the line of intersection between
z 5 6 2 x 1 3y the second and third planes. In this case, a direction
45 vector is
562 1 3(0)
4 (4, 212, 4) 3 (1, 2, 3) 5 (244, 28, 20)
21 5 24(11, 2, 25)
52
4 We may use (11, 2, 25) as the direction vector for
The point ( 454, 0, 214) , lies on both planes. So the this line of intersection. We find a point on both of
vector equation of the line of intersection for the these planes in the same way as before.
first two planes is x 1 2y 1 3z 2 4 5 0
r 5 a , 0, 2 b 1 t(11, 2, 25), tPR.
> 45 21 x 5 4 2 2y 2 3z
4 4 0 5 4x 2 12y 1 4z 2 24
The corresponding parametric form is 5 4(4 2 2y 2 3z) 2 12y 1 4z 2 24
45 5 220y 2 8z 2 8
x5 1 11t
4 Taking y 5 0 in this last equation, we get z 5 21
y 5 2t and
21 x 5 4 2 2y 2 3z
z 5 2 2 5t, tPR. 5 4 2 2(0) 2 3(21)
4
We will use a similar procedure for the other two 57
lines of intersection. For the third plane, the normal A point on both the second and third planes is
vector is (1, 2, 3). So a direction vector for the line (7, 0, 21). So the vector equation for this line of
of intersection between the first and third planes is intersection is
>
(3, 1, 7) 3 (1, 2, 3) 5 (211, 22, 5) r 5 (7, 0, 21) 1 t(11, 2, 25), tPR,
5 2 (11, 2, 25) and the corresponding parametric equations are
We may use (11, 2, 25) as the direction vector for x 5 7 1 11t
this line of intersection. We find a point on both of y 5 2t
these planes in the same way as before. z 5 21 2 5t, PR.
x 1 2y 1 3z 2 4 5 0 b. All three lines of intersection found in part a.
x 5 4 2 2y 2 3z have direction vector (11, 2, 25), and so they are
0 5 3x 1 y 1 7z 1 3 all parallel. Since no pair of normal vectors for
5 3(4 2 2y 2 3z) 1 y 1 7z 1 3 these three planes is parallel, no pair of these planes
5 26y 2 2z 1 15 is coincident.
Taking y 5 0 in this last equation, we get z 5 152 2 5 3
22. 1 2 1 2 1 2 5 40
and a b c
x 5 4 2 2y 2 3z 3 6 1
2 2 2 2 2 5 23
a2
5 4 2 2(0) 2 3a b
15 b c
2 9 5 4
3 2 2 1 2 5 67
37 a2 b c
52
2

11 213 7
1 13 2 5 4 5
1 2 5 31 5 1c
a2 b 6
21 229 2
3 14 2 5 5 5 1 2 5 55 c52
a2 b 3
46 So the equation of the parabola we seek is
21 4 2 11 5 5 2 5 46, b 5 11, b 5 21
b 7 3 2
21 229 1 1 y 5 x2 2 x 2 .
6 2 3
2 1 5 55, a 5 , a 5 2
a 1 2 2 24. The equation of the plane is
2 5 3 1 1 4x 2 5y 1 z 2 9 5 0, which has normal (4, 25, 1).
1 1 2 5 40, c 5 , c 5 2
0.25 1 c 3 3 Converting this plane to parametric form gives
1 1 1 1 x5s
a 5 , a 5 2 , b 5 1, b 5 21, c 5 , c 5 2
2 2 3 3 y5t
Because each equation has each of a , b , and c2, the
2 2 z 5 9 2 4s 1 5t, s, tPR.
possible solutions are all combinations of the So for any point Y(s, t, 9 2 4s 1 5t) on this plane,
positive and negative values for a, b, and c: ( 12, 1, 13) , we >can form the vector
XY 5 (s, t, 9 2 4s 1 5t) 2 (3, 2, 25)
( 12, 1, 2 13) , ( 12, 21, 13) , ( 12, 21, 2 13) , ( 2 12, 1, 13) , 5 (s 2 3, t 2 2, 14 2 4s 1 5t)
( 2 12, 1, 2 13) , ( 2 12, 21, 13) , and ( 12, 21, 2 13) . This vector is perpendicular to the plane when it
23. The general form of such a parabola is is parallel to the normal vector (4, 25, 1). Two
y 5 ax 2 1 bx 1 c. We need to determine a, b, and c. vectors are parallel precisely when their cross
Since (21, 2), (1, 21), and (2, 1) all lie on the product is the zero vector.
parabola, we get the system of equations (s 2 3, t 2 2, 14 2 4s 1 5t) 3 (4, 25, 1)
1 a2b1c52 5 (68 1 26t 2 20s, 59 1 20t 2 17s, 23 2 4t 2 5s)
2 a 1 b 1 c 5 21 5 (0, 0, 0)
3 4a 1 2b 1 c 5 1 So we get the system of equations
1 68 1 26t 2 20s 5 0
Adding the first and second equations gives
2 59 1 20t 2 17s 5 0
1
a1c5 3 23 2 4t 2 5s 5 0
2
Subtracting four times the third equation from the
Subtracting the first from the second equation gives
first equation gives
2b 5 23
42t 2 24 5 0
3
b52 4
2 t5
7
Using the fact that a 1 c 5 12 and b 5 2 32 in the
Substituting this value for t into the second equation
third equation gives
gives
1 5 4a 1 2b 1 c
0 5 59 1 20t 2 17s
5 3a 1 2b 1 (a 1 c)
5 59 1 20a b 2 17s
4
5 3a 1 2a2 b 1
3 1
7
2 2
493
5 17s 5
5 3a 2 7
2
7 29
5 3a s5
2 7
7 Substituting these values for s and t into the equation
a5 for Y gives
6
Y(s, t, 9 2 4s 1 5t) 5 Ya , , 9 2 4a b
So using once more that a 1 c 5 12, we substitute 29 4 29
this value in for a and get 7 7 7
1 5a bb 5 a , , 2 b
1 4 29 4 33
5a1c
2 7 7 7 7
So the point M we wanted is M( 297, 47, 2 337 ).
(3x 2 1)(x 1 1) 3x 2 1 x 11
11x 2 2 14x 1 9
@ JD @ 5 ` a2 , 22, b `
> 7 17
(3x 2 1)(x 2 1 1) 2 2
5 a2 b 1 (22)2 1 a b
2
A(x 2 1 1) 1 (Bx 1 C) 3x 2 1 7 17 2
Å
5
(3x 2 1)(x 2 1 1) 2 2
11x 2 2 14x 1 9 5 (A 1 3B)x 2 1 (3C 2 B)x 177
Å 72
1 (A 2 C) 5
A 2 C 5 9, 3C 2 B 5 214, A 1 3B 5 11 8 9.41
A 1 3(3C 1 14) 5 11, A 1 9C 5 231
@ EF @ 5 0 (25, 24, 23) 0
>
(C 1 9) 1 9C 5 231
10C 5 240, C 5 24 5 "(25)2 1 (24)2 1 (23)2
B 5 3(24) 1 14 5 2, A 5 (24) 1 9 5 5 5 "50
A 5 5, B 5 2, C 5 24 8 7.07
EF 5 (21, 24, 26) 2 (4, 0, 3)
( !50) a b 5 !177
1 177 5
Å 2
5 (25, 24, 23)
2 2
8 33.26 units2
27. 3x 2 2z 1 1 5 0
> 4x 1 3y 1 7 5 0
r 5 (21, 24, 26) 1 t(25, 24, 23), tPR.
(5, 25, 5)
J(21 2 5t, 24 2 4t, 26 2 3t), tPR. 6x 2 8y 1 9z 1 D 5 0
JD 5 (3, 0, 7) 2 (21 2 5t, 24 24t, 26 2 3t) 6x 2 8y 1 9z 2 115 5 0
5 (4 1 5t, 4 1 4t, 13 1 3t)
>
0 5 (4 1 5t, 4 1 4t, 13 1 3t) ? (25, 24, 23) r 2 5 (5, 21, 4) 1 t(2, 0, 9), tPR
5 25(4 1 5t) 2 4(4 1 4t) 2 3(13 1 3t) L1: x 5 4 1 s, y 5 2 1 3s, z 5 6 1 11s
5 275 2 50t L2: x 5 5 1 2t, y 5 21, z 5 4 1 9t
3 y 5 21 5 2 1 3s
t52
2 s 5 21
J(21 2 5t, 24 2 4t, 26 2 3t) x 5 3, y 5 21, z 5 25
(3, 21, 25)
5 Ja21 2 5a2 b, 24 2 4a2 b, 26 2 3a2 bb
3 3 3
2 2 2 b. x2y1z1150
3 2 (21) 1 (25) 1 1 5 0
5 a , 2, 2 b
13 3
2 2 311251150
0 Ax0 1 By0 1 Cz0 1 D 0
JD 5 (3, 0, 7) 2 a , 2, 2 b
> 13 3 d5
2 2 "A 2 1 B 2 1 C 2
a. A(3, 2, 3)
5 a2 , 22, b
7 17
8x 2 8y 1 4z 2 7 5 0
2 2
(3x 2 1)(x 1 1) 3x 2 1 x 11
11x 2 2 14x 1 9
@ JD @ 5 ` a2 , 22, b `
> 7 17
(3x 2 1)(x 2 1 1) 2 2
5 a2 b 1 (22)2 1 a b
2
A(x 2 1 1) 1 (Bx 1 C) 3x 2 1 7 17 2
Å
5
(3x 2 1)(x 2 1 1) 2 2
11x 2 2 14x 1 9 5 (A 1 3B)x 2 1 (3C 2 B)x 177
Å 72
1 (A 2 C) 5
A 2 C 5 9, 3C 2 B 5 214, A 1 3B 5 11 8 9.41
A 1 3(3C 1 14) 5 11, A 1 9C 5 231
@ EF @ 5 0 (25, 24, 23) 0
>
(C 1 9) 1 9C 5 231
10C 5 240, C 5 24 5 "(25)2 1 (24)2 1 (23)2
B 5 3(24) 1 14 5 2, A 5 (24) 1 9 5 5 5 "50
A 5 5, B 5 2, C 5 24 8 7.07
EF 5 (21, 24, 26) 2 (4, 0, 3)
( !50) a b 5 !177
1 177 5
Å 2
5 (25, 24, 23)
2 2
8 33.26 units2
27. 3x 2 2z 1 1 5 0
> 4x 1 3y 1 7 5 0
r 5 (21, 24, 26) 1 t(25, 24, 23), tPR.
(5, 25, 5)
J(21 2 5t, 24 2 4t, 26 2 3t), tPR. 6x 2 8y 1 9z 1 D 5 0
JD 5 (3, 0, 7) 2 (21 2 5t, 24 24t, 26 2 3t) 6x 2 8y 1 9z 2 115 5 0
5 (4 1 5t, 4 1 4t, 13 1 3t)
>
0 5 (4 1 5t, 4 1 4t, 13 1 3t) ? (25, 24, 23) r 2 5 (5, 21, 4) 1 t(2, 0, 9), tPR
5 25(4 1 5t) 2 4(4 1 4t) 2 3(13 1 3t) L1: x 5 4 1 s, y 5 2 1 3s, z 5 6 1 11s
5 275 2 50t L2: x 5 5 1 2t, y 5 21, z 5 4 1 9t
3 y 5 21 5 2 1 3s
t52
2 s 5 21
J(21 2 5t, 24 2 4t, 26 2 3t) x 5 3, y 5 21, z 5 25
(3, 21, 25)
5 Ja21 2 5a2 b, 24 2 4a2 b, 26 2 3a2 bb
3 3 3
2 2 2 b. x2y1z1150
3 2 (21) 1 (25) 1 1 5 0
5 a , 2, 2 b
13 3
2 2 311251150
0 Ax0 1 By0 1 Cz0 1 D 0
JD 5 (3, 0, 7) 2 a , 2, 2 b
> 13 3 d5
2 2 "A 2 1 B 2 1 C 2
a. A(3, 2, 3)
5 a2 , 22, b
7 17
8x 2 8y 1 4z 2 7 5 0
2 2
0 8x0 2 8y0 1 4z0 2 7 0 Equation 2 1 (2 3 equation 1) 5
d5
"(8) 1 (28) 1 (4)
2 2 2 4x 1 y 5 21
0 8(3) 2 8(2) 1 4(3) 2 7 0 Equation 2 1 (8 3 equation 3) 5
5
"(8)2 1 (28)2 1 (4)2 6x 1
31
y 5 225
13 5
5 or 1.08 31
12 2 (4x 1 y 5 21)
b. First, find any point on one of the planes, then use 5
1 a6x 1 y 5 225b
the other plane equation with the distance formula. 31
2x 2 y 1 2z 2 16 5 0 5
2x 2 y 1 2z 1 24 5 0 218.8x 5 218.8
2(8) 2 (0) 1 2(0) 2 16 5 0 x51
A(8, 0, 0) 4(1) 1 y 5 21
0 2x0 2 1y0 1 2z0 1 24 0 y 5 25
d5
"(2)2 1 (21)2 1 (2)2 (1) 2 (25) 1 z 5 10
0 2(8) 2 1(0) 1 2(0) 1 24 0 z54
5
"(2)2 1 (21)2 1 (2)2
(1, 25, 4)
b. The three planes intersect at this point.
40
5 or 13.33 5. a. 1 x 2 y 1 z 5 21
3 2 2x 1 2y 2 z 5 0
3. a. L1: 2x 1 3y 2 z 5 3 3 x 2 5y 1 4z 5 23
L2: 2x 1 y 1 z 5 1
Equation 2 1 (2 3 equation 1 ) 5
L1 1 2L2: 5y 1 z 5 5
4x 1 z 5 22
z 5 t,
4x 1 z 5 22
5y 1 (t) 5 5
t z5t
y512 4x 1 (t) 5 22
5
2x 1 y 1 z 5 1 1 t
x52 2
2x 1 a1 2 b 1 (t) 5 1
t 2 4
5 x 2 y 1 z 5 21
a2 2 b 2 y 1 (t) 5 21
4t 1 t
x5
5 2 4
4t t
x 5 , y 5 1 2 , z 5 t, tPR 3t 1
5 5 y5 1
4 2
b. To determine the point of intersection with the 1 t 3t 1
xz-plane, set the above y parametric equation equal x 5 2 2 , y 5 1 , z 5 t, tPR
2 4 4 2
to 0 and solve for the t. This t corresponds to the
b. The three planes intersect at this line.
6. a. L1: x 1 y 1 z 5 0
4t t
x 5 , y 5 1 2 , z 5 t, tPR L2: x 1 2y 1 2z 5 1
5 5
L3: 2x 2 y 1 mz 5 n
t
0512 L2 1 2L3: 5x 1 0y 1 (2m 1 2)z 5 2n 1 1
5 L1 1 L3: 3x 1 0y 1 (m 1 1)z 5 n
t55 5
4(5) (5) (3x 1 0y 1 (m 1 1)z 5 n)
x5 ,y512 , z 5 (5), tPR 3
5 5 5 5
(4, 0, 5) 5 5x 1 0y 1 (m 1 1)z 5 n
3 3
4. a. 1 x 2 y 1 z 5 10
Then set the two new equations to each other and
2 2x 1 3y 2 2z 5 221
solve for a m and n value that would give equivalent
1 2 1 1
3 x1 y1 z52 equations.
2 5 4 2

5x 1 0y 1 (m 1 1)z 5 n
3 3
5x 1 0y 1 (2m 1 2)z 5 2n 1 1
pp. 557–560
2m 1 2 5 (m 1 1) > >
3 a?b
@a @ @b@
m 5 21
> >
5 a ? b 5 (2, 21, 22) ? (3, 24, 12)
n 5 2n 1 1
3 5 2(3) 2 1(24) 2 2(12)
n 5 23 5 214
0 a 0 5 "22 1 (21)2 1 (22)2
b. L1: x 1 y 1 z 5 0 >
L2: x 1 2y 1 2z 5 1
L3: 2x 2 y 2 z 5 23 53
0 b 0 5 "32 1 (24)2 1 122
>
L1 1 L2: 3x 5 23, x 5 21
(21) 1 y 1 z 5 0 5 13
z5t So u 5 cos21 ( 3 214
3 13 )
(21) 1 y 1 (t) 5 0 8 111.0°
y512t > >
x 5 21, y 5 1 2 t, z 5 t, tPR >

> > >
> >
>
> is 2 14 1
13 3 13 (3, 24, 12) 5 (2
52 56
, , 2 168
169 ).
L1: r 5 (21, 23, 0) 1 s(1, 1, 1), sPR > 169 169
>
>
L2: r 5 (25, 5, 28) 1 t(1, 2, 5), tPR
L1: x 5 21 1 s, y 5 23 1 s, z 5 s
L2: x 5 25 1 t, y 5 5 1 2t, z 5 28 1 5t
> >
UV 5 3 (21 1 s) 2 (25 1 t), (23 1 s)
>
> >
214 14
UV 5 (4 1 s 2 t, 28 1 s 2 2t, s 1 8 2 5t) >
m1 ? UV 5 0
projection is 2 143 3 13 (2, 21, 22) 5 (2 289, 149, 289 ).
5 "(6)2 1 (28)2 1 (2)2 x 2 (t) 1 (23 2 3t) 2 5 5 0 or x 5 8 1 4t.
5 "36 1 64 1 4
x 5 8 1 4t, y 5 t, z 5 23 2 3t, tPR.
5 "104 or 10.20

5x 1 0y 1 (m 1 1)z 5 n
3 3
5x 1 0y 1 (2m 1 2)z 5 2n 1 1
pp. 557–560
2m 1 2 5 (m 1 1) > >
3 a?b
@a @ @b@
m 5 21
> >
5 a ? b 5 (2, 21, 22) ? (3, 24, 12)
n 5 2n 1 1
3 5 2(3) 2 1(24) 2 2(12)
n 5 23 5 214
0 a 0 5 "22 1 (21)2 1 (22)2
b. L1: x 1 y 1 z 5 0 >
L2: x 1 2y 1 2z 5 1
L3: 2x 2 y 2 z 5 23 53
0 b 0 5 "32 1 (24)2 1 122
>
L1 1 L2: 3x 5 23, x 5 21
(21) 1 y 1 z 5 0 5 13
z5t So u 5 cos21 ( 3 214
3 13 )
(21) 1 y 1 (t) 5 0 8 111.0°
y512t > >
x 5 21, y 5 1 2 t, z 5 t, tPR >

> > >
> >
>
> is 2 14 1
13 3 13 (3, 24, 12) 5 (2
52 56
, , 2 168
169 ).
L1: r 5 (21, 23, 0) 1 s(1, 1, 1), sPR > 169 169
>
>
L2: r 5 (25, 5, 28) 1 t(1, 2, 5), tPR
L1: x 5 21 1 s, y 5 23 1 s, z 5 s
L2: x 5 25 1 t, y 5 5 1 2t, z 5 28 1 5t
> >
UV 5 3 (21 1 s) 2 (25 1 t), (23 1 s)
>
> >
214 14
UV 5 (4 1 s 2 t, 28 1 s 2 2t, s 1 8 2 5t) >
m1 ? UV 5 0
projection is 2 143 3 13 (2, 21, 22) 5 (2 289, 149, 289 ).
5 "(6)2 1 (28)2 1 (2)2 x 2 (t) 1 (23 2 3t) 2 5 5 0 or x 5 8 1 4t.
5 "36 1 64 1 4
x 5 8 1 4t, y 5 t, z 5 23 2 3t, tPR.
5 "104 or 10.20

To check that this is correct, we substitute in the 5. The direction vectors for the positive x-axis,
solution to both initial equations y-axis, and z-axis are (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), and (0, 0, 1),
4x 1 2y 1 6z 2 14 5 4(8 1 4t) 1 2(t) respectively.
1 6(23 2 3t) 2 14 0 (4, 22, 23) 0 5 "42 1 (22)2 1 (23)2
5 !29,
50
and 0 (1, 0, 0) 0 5 0 (0, 1, 0) 0
and x 2 y 1 z 2 5
5 0 (0, 0, 1) 0
5 (8 1 4t) 2 (t) 1 (23 2 3t) 2 5
5 0.
Hence the line given by the parametric equation 5 !1
above is the line of intersection for the planes. 5 1.
b. The angle between two planes is the same as the (4, 22, 23) ? (1, 0, 0) 5 4, so the angle the vector
angle between their corresponding normal vectors. makes with the x-axis is cos21 Q 1 !294
R 8 42.0°.
0 (4, 2, 6)0 5 "42 1 22 1 62 (4, 22, 23) ? (0, 1, 0) 5 22, so the angle the vector
5 !56 makes with the y-axis is cos21 Q 1 22
!29 R 5 111.8°.
0 (1, 21, 1) 0 5 "12 1 12 1 12 (4,22,23) ? (0, 0, 1) 5 23, hence the angle the
5 !3 vector makes with the z-axis is cos21 Q 1 23!29 R 8 123.9°.
(4, 2, 6) ? (1, 21, 1) 5 8, so the angle between the > >
6. a. a 3 b 5 (1, 22, 3) 3 (21, 1, 2)
planes is cos21 Q !38!56 R 8 51.9°.
> > 5 (22(2) 2 3(1), 3(21) 2 1(2),
x?y > 1(1) 2 (22)(21))
3. a. We have that cos (60°) 5 0 x> 0 0 y> 0 . Also since x
5 (27, 25, 21)
and y are unit vectors, 0 x 0 5 0 y 0 5 1, and moreover
> > >
> > b. By the> scalar law for> vector multiplication,
1 x?y 1 > >
> >
cos (60°) 5 . So x ? y 5 5 . 2a 3 3b 5 2(3)(a 3 > b)
2 131 2 >
5 6(a 3 b )
b. Scalar multiples can be brought out to the front
> > > > 5 6(27, 25, 21) 5 (242, 230, 26)
of dot products. Hence 2x ? 3y 5 (2)(3)(x ? y ), >
> > c.> The area of a parallelogram determined by a and
and so by part a., 2x ? 3y 5 2 3 3 3 12 5 3. b is equal
c. The dot product is distributive, > > to the magnitude of the cross product of
> > > > a and b.
so (2x 2 y ) ? (x 1 3y ) A 5 area of> parallelogram
> > > > > >
5 0a 3 b0
5 2x ? (x 1 3y ) 2 y ? (x 1 3y ) >
> > > > > > > >
5 0 (27, 25, 21) 0
5 2x ? x 1 2x ? 3y 2 y ? x 2 y ? 3y
> > > > > > > >
5 2x ? x 1 2x ? 3y 2 x ? y 2 3y ? y
> >
Since x and y are unit vectors, x ? x 5 y ? y 5 1,
> > > > 5 "(27)2 1 (25)2 1 (21)2
and so by using the values found in part a. and b., 8 >8.66 square units >
> >
(2x 2 y ) ? (x 1 3y ) 5 2(1) 1 (3) 2 A 12 B 2 3(1) d. (b 3 a ) 5 2 (a 3 b )
> > > >
3 5 2 (27, 25, 21)
5 5 (7, 5, 1)
> > > 2 > > > > > > > >
4. a. 2(i 2 2j 1 3k ) 2 4(2i 1 4j 1 5k ) 2 (i 2 j ) So c ? (b 3 a ) 5 (3, 24, 21) ? (7, 5, 1)
> > > > > > > > 5 3(7) 2 4(5) 2 1(1)
5 2i 2 4j 1 6k 2 8i 2 16j 2 20k 2 i 1 j
> > > 50
5 27i 2 19j 2 14k > >
> > > > > > > > 7. A unit vector perpendicular to both a and b can
b. 22(3i> 2 4j> 2 5k>) ? (2i> 1 3k> ) 1 2i ? (3j 2 2k ) be determined
>
> > from
> > any vector perpendicular to
5 22(3i 2 4j 2 5k ) ? (2i 1 0j 1 3k ) both a and b>. a 3 b is a vector perpendicular to
> > > > > > >
1 2(i 1 0j 1 0k ) ? (0i 1 3j 2 2k ) both a and> b.
>
5 22(3(2) 2 4(0) 2 5(3)) 1 2(1(0) a 3 b 5 (1, 21, 1) 3 (2, 22, 3)
1 0(3) 1 0(22)) 5 (21(3) 2 1(22), 1(2) 2 1(3),
5 22(29) 1 2(0) 1(22) 2 (21)(2))
5 (21, 21, 0)
5 18

0 a 3 b 0 5 0 (21, 21, 0) 0
> >
12. First put the line in its corresponding parametric
5 "(21)2 1 (21)2 1 02 form. (3, 1, 5) is a direction vector and (2, 25, 3) is
5 !2
the origin point, so a parametric equation for the
line is x 5 2 1 3s, y 5 25 1 s, z 5 3 1 5s, sPR.
So !2 1
(21, 21, 0) 5 Q 2 !2 1 1
, 2 !2 , 0 R is an unit vector
> If we substitute these coordinates into the equation
perpendicular to both a and b. Q !2 , 0 R is another.
> 1 1
, !2 of the plane, we may find the s value where the line
8. a. Answers may vary. For example: >
intersects the plane.
A direction vector for the line is AB. 5x 1 y 2 2z 1 2
>
AB 5 (1, 2, 3) 2 (2, 23, 1) 5 5(2 1 3s) 1 (25 1 s) 2 2(3 1 5s) 1 2
5 (21, 5, 2) 5 10 1 15s 1 2 5 1 s 2 6 2 10s 1 2
Since A(2, 23, 1) is a point on the line, 5 1 1 6s
>
r 5 (2, 23, 1) 1 t(21, 5, 2), tPR, is a vector So if 5x 1 y 2 2z 1 2 5 0, then 1 1 6s 5 0 or
equation for a line and the corresponding parametric s 5 2 16. At s 5 2 16, the point on the line is ( 32, 2 316, 136) .
equation is x 5 2 2 t, y 5 23 1 5t, z 5 1 1 2t,
To check that this point is also on the plane, we
tPR.
substitute the x, y, z values into the plane equation
b. If the x-coordinate of a point on the line is 4, then
and check that it equals zero.
2 2 t 5 4, or t 5 22. At t 5 22, the point on the
5x 1 y 2 2z 1 2 5 5a b 1 a2 b 2 2a b 1 2
3 31 13
line is (2, 23, 1) 2 2(21, 5, 2) 5 (4, 213, 23).
Hence C(4, 213, 23) is a point on the line. 2 6 6
9. The direction vector of the first line is (21, 5, 2), 50
while the direction vector for the second line is Hence ( 32, 2 316, 136) is the point of intersection between
(1, 25, 22) 5 2 (21, 5, 2). So the direction vectors the line and the plane.
for the line are collinear. Hence the lines are parallel. 13. a.
The lines coincide if and only if for any point on z
the first line and any point on the second line, the
vector connecting the two points is a multiple of the
direction vector for the lines.
(2, 0, 9) is a point on the first line and (3, 25, 10) is (0, 0, 3)
a point on the second line.
(2, 0, 9) 2 (3, 25, 10) 5 (21, 5, 21) 2 k(21, 5, 2)
for any kPR. Hence the lines are parallel and distinct.
10. The direction vector for the parallel line is (0, 3, 0) y
(0, 1, 1). Since parallel lines have collinear direction x (6, 0, 0)
vectors, (0, 1, 1) can be used as a direction vector
for the line. Since (0, 0, 4) is a point on the line,
>
r 5 (0, 0, 4) 1 t(0, 1, 1), tPR, is a vector equation
for a line and the corresponding parametric equation
is x 5 0, y 5 t, z 5 4 1 t, tPR.
11. The line is parallel to the plane if and only if the
direction vector for the line is perpendicular to the
the plane is (2, 3, c). The direction vector for the Two direction vectors are:
line is (2, 3, 1). The vectors are perpendicular if and (0, 3, 0) 2 (0, 0, 3) 5 (0, 3, 23)
only if the dot product between the two is zero. and
(2, 3, c) ? (2, 3, 1) 5 2(2) 1 3(3) 1 c(1) (6, 0, 0) 2 (0, 0, 3) 5 (6, 0, 23).
5 13 1 c
So if c 5 213, then the dot product of normal
vector and the direction vector is zero. Hence for
c 5 213, the line and plane are parallel.

b. corresponding parametric form is x 5 1 1 2t,
z y 5 22 2 3t, z 5 4 2 4t, tPR.
The intersection of this line and the plane is the
(–3, –2, 2) bisector between P and its image. To find this point
we substitute the parametric equation into the plane
equation and solve for t.
2x 2 3y 2 4z 1 66
(0, 0, 0)
y 5 2(1 1 2t) 2 3(22 2 3t) 2 4(4 2 4t) 1 66
(3, 2, 1)
5 2 1 4t 1 6 1 9t 2 16 1 16t 1 66
5 58 1 29t
x So if 2x 2 3y 2 4z 1 66 5 0, then 58 1 29t 5 0,
or t 5 22.
So the point of intersection is occurs at t 5 22, since
the origin point is P and the intersection occurs at the
midpoint of the line connecting P and its image, the
Two direction vectors are: image point occurs at t 5 2 3 (22) 5 24.
(23, 22, 2) 2 (0, 0, 0) 5 (23, 22, 2) So the image point is at x 5 1 1 2(24) 5 27,
and y 5 22 2 3(24) 5 10, z 5 4 2 4(24) 5 20.
(3, 2, 1) 2 (0, 0, 0) 5 (3, 2, 1). So the image point is (27, 10, 20).
15. Let (a, b, c) be the direction vector for this line.
c. >
z So a line equation is r 5 (1, 0, 2) 1 t(a, b, c), tPR.
Since (1, 0, 2) is not on the other line, we may
(0, 3, 6) choose a, b, and c such that the intersection occurs
at t 5 1. Since the line is supposed to intersect the
given line at a right angle, the direction vectors
should be perpendicular. The direction vectors are
(0, 0, 0) perpendicular if and only if their dot product is zero.
The direction vector for the given line is (1, 1, 2).
(1, 1, –1) y (a, b, c) ? (1, 1, 2) 5 a 1 b 1 2c 5 0, so
x b 5 2a 2 2c.
Also (1, 0, 2) 1 (a, b, c) 5 (1 1 a, b, 2 1 c) is the
By substituting for b,
(1 1 a, b, 2 1 c) 5 (1 1 a, 2a 2 2c, 2 1 c).
So for some s value,
x 5 22 1 s 5 1 1 a
y 5 3 1 s 5 2a 2 2c
z 5 4 1 2s 5 2 1 c
Subtracting the first equation from the second yields
Two direction vectors are: the equation, 5 1 0s 5 22a 2 2c 2 1.
(0, 3, 6) 2 (0, 0, 0) 5 (0, 3, 6) Simplifying this gives 6 5 22a 2 2c or just
and a 1 c 5 23.
(1, 1, 21) 2 (0, 0, 0) 5 (1, 1, 21). Subtracting twice the first equation from the third
14. The plane is the right bisector joining yields the equation, 8 5 22a 1 c.
P(1, 22, 4) and its image. The line connecting the So a 1 c 5 23 and 22a 1 c 5 8, which is two
two points has a direction vector equal to that of the equations with two unknowns. Twice the first plus
the second equations gives 0a 1 3c 5 2 or c 5 23.
the plane is (2, 23, 24). So the line connecting the
two points is (1, 22, 4) 1 t(2, 23, 24), tPR, or in Solving back for a gives 2 113 and since b 5 2a 2 2c,
b 5 73. Since a 1 b 1 2c 5 0, the direction vectors,

(1, 1, 2) and (a, b, c) are perpendicular. A direction c. Since the plane is perpendicular to the z-axis, a
vector for the line is (211, 7, 2). direction vector for the z-axis acts as a normal vector
We need to check that for the plane. Hence (0, 0, 1) is a normal vector for
(1, 0, 2) 1 (a, b, c) 5 ( 28 3 , 3 , 3 ) is a point on the
7 8
the plane. So the plane has the form z 1 D 5 0, for
given line. some constant D. To find D, we know that (3, 21, 3)
x 5 22 1 s 5 2 83, at s 5 2 23. The point on the given is a point on the plane, so
line at s 5 2 23 is Q 28
3 , 3 , 3 R . Hence
7 8 0(3) 1 0(21) 1 (3) 1 D 5 0. So 3 1 D 5 0, or
>
q 5 (1, 0, 2) 1 t(211, 7, 2), tPR, is a line that D 5 23. So the Cartesian equation for the plane is
intersects the given line at a right angle. z 2 3 5 0.
16. a. The Cartesian equation is found by taking d. The Cartesian equation can be found by taking
> the
cross the cross product of the two direction vectors for
> product of the two direction vectors, AB and
AC. the plane. Since (3, 1, 22) and (1, 3, 21) are two
>
AB 5 (22, 0, 0) 2 (1, 2, 3) points on the plane
(3, 1, 22) 2 (1, 3, 21) 5 (2, 22, 21) is a
> 5 (23, 22, 23)
AC 5 (1, 4, 0) 2 (1, 2, 3) 5 (0, 2, 23) direction vector for the plane. Since the plane is
> > parallel to the y-axis, (0, 1, 0) is also a direction
AB 3 AC 5 (22(23) 2 (23)(2),
vector for the plane.
23(0) 2 (23)(23),
(2, 22, 21) 3 (0, 1, 0) 5 (22(0) 2
23(2) 2 (22)(0))
(21)(1), (21)(0)2 (2)(0), 2(1) 2 (22)(0))
5 (12, 29, 26)
5 (1, 0, 2)
So 5 (12, 29, 26) is a normal vector for the
So (1, 0, 2) is a normal vector for the plane, so the
plane, so the plane has the form
plane has the form x 1 0y 1 2z 1 D 5 0, for some
12x 2 9y 2 6z 1 D 5 0, for some constant D. To
constant D. To find D, we know that (3, 1, 22) is a
find D, we know that A(1, 2, 3) is a point on the
point on the plane, so
plane, so 12(1) 2 9(2) 2 6(3) 1 D 5 0. So
(3) 1 0(1) 1 2(22) 1 D 5 0. So 21 1 D 5 0,
224 1 D 5 0, or D 5 24. So the Cartesian
or D 5 1. So the Cartesian equation for the plane is
equation for the plane is 12x 2 9y 2 6z 1 24 5 0.
x 1 2z 1 1 5 0.
b. Substitute into the formula to determine distance
between a point and a plane. So the distance, d, of 18. E
(0, 0, 0) to the plane 12x 2 9y 2 6z 1 24 5 0 is 100 km/h
45°
@ 12 (0) 2 9 (0) 2 6 (0) 1 24 @ F
equal to .
"122 1 (29)2 1 (26)2
24
So d 5 !261 8 1.49.
17. a. (3, 25, 4) is a normal vector for the plane, so 400 km/h 400 km/h
R
the plane has the form 3x 2 5y 1 4z 1 D 5 0, for
some constant D. To find D, we know that
A(21, 2, 5) is a point on the plane, so
3(21) 2 5(2) 1 4(5) 1 D 5 0. So 7 1 D 5 0,
or D 5 27. So the Cartesian equation for the plane 45° D
100 km/h
is 3x 2 5y 1 4z 2 7 5 0.
b. Since the plane is perpendicular to the line
Position Diagram Vector Diagram
connecting (2, 1, 8) and (1, 2, 24), a direction
vector for the line acts as a normal vector for the From the triangle DEF and the cosine law, we have
0 R 0 2 5 4002 1 1002 2 2(400)(100) cos (45°)
>
plane. So (2, 1, 8) 2 (1, 2, 24) 5 (1, 21, 12) is a
normal vector for the plane. So the plane has the 8 336.80 km> h.
form x 2 y 1 12z 1 D 5 0, for some constant D. To find the direction of the vector, the sine law is
To find D, we know that K(4, 1, 2) is a point on the applied.
plane, so (4) 2 (1) 1 12(2) 1 D 5 0. So sin /DEF sin /EDF
0R0
> 5
27 1 D 5 0, or D 5 227. So the Cartesian 100
equation for the plane is x 2 y 1 12z 2 27 5 0. sin 45° sin /EDF
8 .
336.80 100
sin 45° vector for the plane. The direction vector of the line
sin /EDF 8 3 100.
336.80 is (2, 21, 2) and the normal vector for the plane
sin /EDF 8 0.2100. is (1, 2, 1).
Thus /EDF 8 12.1°, so the resultant velocity is 0 (2, 21, 2) 0 5 "22 1 (21)2 1 22
336.80 km> h, N 12.1° W. 5 !9
19. a. The simplest way is to find the parametric 5 3.
equation, then find the corresponding vector equation.
If we substitute x 5 s and y 5 t and solve for z, we 0 (1, 2, 1) 0 5 "12 1 22 1 12
obtain 3s 2 2t 1 z 2 6 5 0 or z 5 6 2 3s 1 2t. 5 !6
This yields the parametric equations x 5 s, y 5 t, (2, 21, 2) ? (1, 2, 1) 5 2(1) 2 1(2) 1 2(1) 5 2
and z 5 6 2 3s 1 2t. So the corresponding vector So the angle between the normal vector and the
>
equation is r 5 (0, 0, 6) 1 s(1, 0, 23) 1 t(0, 1, 2), direction vector is cos21 Q 3 !6
2
R 8 74.21°. So
s, tPR. To check that this is correct, find the u 8 90° 2 74.21° 5 15.79°.
Cartesian equation corresponding to the above To the nearest degree, u 5 16°.
vector equation and see if it is equivalent to the b. The two planes are perpendicular if and only if
Cartesian equation given in the problem. A normal their normal vectors are also perpendicular.
vector to this plane is the cross product of the two A normal vector for the first plane is (2, 23, 1) and
directional
> vectors. a normal vector for the second plane is
n 5 (1, 0, 23) 3 (0, 1, 2) 5 (0(2) 2 (23)(1),
(4, 23, 217). The two vectors are perpendicular if
23(0) 2 1(2), 1(1) 2 0(0)) and only if their dot product is zero.
5 (3, 22, 1) (2, 23, 1) ? (4, 23, 217) 5 2(4) 2 3(23)
So (3, 22, 1) is a normal vector for the plane, so the 1 1(217)
plane has the form 3x 2 2y 1 z 1 D 5 0, for some
5 0.
constant D. To find D, we know that (0, 0, 6) is a point
Hence the normal vectors are perpendicular. Thus
on the plane, so 3(0) 2 2(0) 1 (6) 1 D 5 0.
the planes are perpendicular.
So 6 1 D 5 0, or D 5 26. So the Cartesian equation
c. The two planes are parallel if and only if their
for the plane is 3x 2 2y 1 z 2 6 5 0. Since this is
normal vectors are also parallel. A normal vector for
the same as the initial Cartesian equation, the vector
the first plane is (2, 23, 2) and a normal vector for
equation for the plane is correct.
the second plane is (2, 23, 2). Since both normal
b. z vectors are the same, the planes are parallel. Since
(0, 0, 6) 2(0) 2 3(21) 1 2(0) 2 3 5 0, the point
(0, 21, 0) is on the second plane. Yet since
2(0) 2 3(21) 1 2(0) 2 1 5 2 2 0, (0, 21, 0) is
not on the first plane. Thus the two planes are
parallel but not coincident.
(0, –3, 0) 21.
25 N
y
60°
x (2, 0, 0)
40 N
Position diagram
E 40 N F
120°
25 N
20. a. The angle, u, between the plane and the line R
is the complementary angle of the angle between 60° 120°
the direction vector of the line and the normal D 40 N
Vector diagram

From the triangle DEF and the cosine law, we have b. 0 (8, 9) 0 5 "82 1 92
0 R 0 2 5 402 1 252 2 2(40)(25) cos (120°)
>
5 "145
8 56.79 N.
To find the direction of the vector, the sine law is 0 (10, 25) 0 5 "102 1 (25)2
applied. 5 "125
sin /DEF sin /EDF (8, 9) ? (10, 25) 5 8(10) 1 9(25)
0R0
> 5
100 5 235
sin 120° sin /EDF So the angle between these diagonals is
56.79
8
40
. cos21 A !145
235
!125 B 8 74.9°.
> >
sin 120° c. OB 5 (21, 7) and OD 5 (9, 2)
3 40.
0 (21, 7) 0 5 "(21)2 1 72.
sin /EDF 8
56.79
sin /EDF 8 0.610. 5 "50
0 (9, 2) 0 5 "92 1 22
Thus /EDF 8 37.6°, so the resultant force is
approximately 56.79 N, 37.6° from the 25 N force
towards the 40 N force. The equilibrant force has 5 "85
the same magnitude as the resultant, but it is in (21, 7) ? (9, 2) 5 2 (9) 1 7(2)
the opposite direction. So the equilibrant is 55
approximately 56.79 N, 180° 2 37.6° 5 142.4° So the angle between these diagonals is
from the 25 N force away from the 40 N force. cos21 A !505!85 B 8 85.6°.
22. 25. a. First step is to use the first equation to
a b –b
remove x from the second and third.
1 x2y1z52
2 2x 1 y 1 2z 5 1
–b
3 x 2 y 1 4z 5 5
a
a –b So we have
4 0x 1 0y 1 3z 5 3, 1 1 2
b. 1
b 5 0x 1 0y 1 3z 5 3, 21 3 1 1 3
2
1 Hence 3z 5 3, or z 5 1. Since both equations are
2a b 1
2 2a + b the same, this implies that there are infinitely many
2 2a solutions. Let x 5 t, then by substituting into the
equation 2, we obtain
>
23. a. The unit vector in the same direction of a is 2t 1 y 1 2(1) 5 1, or y 5 21 1 t.
> >
simply a divided by the magnitude of a . Hence the solution to these equations is x 5 t,
0 a 0 5 "62 1 22 1 (23)2 y 5 21 1 t, z 5 1, tPR.
>
5 "49
b. First step is to use the first equation to remove x
from the second and third.
57 1 22x 2 3y 1 z 5 211
>
So the unit vector in the same direction of a is 2 x 1 2y 1 z 5 2
1 >
> a 5 17 (6, 2, 23) 5 ( 67, 27, 2 37 ).
0a0 >
3 2x 2 y 1 3z 5 212
b. The unit vector in the opposite direction of a is So we have
simply the negative of the unit vector found in part 4 0x 1 1y 1 3z 5 27, 1 1 2 3 2
a. So the vector is 2 A 67, 27, 2 37 B 5 A2 67, 2 27, 37 B. 5 0x 2 1y 2 5z 5 13, 1 2 2 3 3
24. a. Since OBCD is a parallelogram, the point > C Now the fourth and fifth equations are used to
occurs at (21, 7) 1 (9, 2) 5 (8, 9). So> OC is one create a sixth equation where the coefficient of
vector> equivalent to a diagonal and BD is the other. y is zero.
OC> 5 (8, 9) 2 (0, 0) 5 (8, 9) 6 0x 1 0y 2 2z 5 6, 4 1 5
BD 5 (9, 2) 2 (1, 7) 5 (10, 25) So 22z 5 6 or z 5 23.

Substituting this into equation 4 yields, To check that this is correct, we substitute in the
y 1 3(23) 5 27 or y 5 2. Finally substitute z and solution to both initial equations
y values into equation 2 to obtain the x value. x 2 y 1 z 2 1 5 (0) 2 (21 1 t) 1 (t) 2 1
x 1 2(2) 1 (23) 5 2 or x 5 1. 50
Hence the solution to these three equations is and
(1, 2, 23). x 1 2y 2 2z 1 2 5 (0) 1 2(21 1 t) 2 2(t) 1 2
c. First step is to notice that the second equation is 5 0.
simply twice the first equation. Hence the line given by the parametric equation
1 2x 2 y 1 z 5 21 above is the line of intersection for the planes.
2 4x 2 2y 1 2z 5 22 b. The normal vector for the first plane is
3 2x 1 y 2 z 5 5 (1, 24, 7), while the normal vector for the second
So the solution to these equations is the same as the plane is (2, 28, 14) 5 2(1, 24, 7). Hence the
solution to just the first and third equations. planes have collinear normal vectors, and so are
Moreover since this is two equations with three parallel.
unknowns, there will be infinitely many solutions. The second equation is equivalent to
4 4x 1 0y 1 0z 5 4, 1 1 3 x 2 4y 1 7z 5 30, since we may divide the equation
Hence 4x 5 4 or x 5 1. Let y 5 t and solve for z by two. Since the constant on the right in the first
using the first equation. equation is 28, while the constant on the right in the
2(1) 2 t 1 z 5 21, so z 5 23 1 t second equivalent equation is 30, these planes are
Hence the solution to these equations is x 5 1, parallel and not coincident. So there is no intersection.
y 5 t, z 5 23 1 t, tPR. c. The normal vector for the first equation is
d. First step is to notice that the second equations (1, 21, 1), while the normal vector for the second
is simply twice the first and the third equation is equation is (2, 1, 1). Since the normal vectors are
simply 24 times the first equation. not scalar multiples of each other, there is a line of
1 x 2 y 2 3z 5 1 intersection between the planes.
2 2x 2 2y 2 6z 5 2 The next step is to use the first and second equations
3 24x 1 4y 1 12z 5 24 to find an equation with a zero for the coefficient of x.
So the solution to these equations is the same as the The second equation minus twice the first equation
solution to just the first equation. So the solution to yields 0x 1 3y 2 z 1 0 5 0.
these equations is a plane. To solve this in parametric Solving for z yields, z 5 3y. If we let y 5 t, then
equation form, simply let y 5 t and z 5 s and find z 5 3(t) 5 3t.
the x value. Substituting these into the first equation yields
x 2 t 2 3s 5 1, or x 5 1 1 t 1 3s x 2 (t) 1 (3t) 2 2 5 0 or x 5 2 2 2t. So the
So the solution to these equations is x 5 1 1 3s 1 t, equation of the line in parametric form is x 5 2 2 2t,
y 5 t, z 5 s, s, tPR. y 5 t, z 5 3t, tPR.
26. a. Since the normal of the first equation To check that this is correct, we substitute in the
is (1, 21, 1) and the normal of the second is solution to both initial equations
(1, 2, 22), which are not scalar multiples of each x 2 y 1 z 2 2 5 (2 2 2t) 2 (t) 1 (3t) 2 2
other, there is a line of intersection between the 50
planes. The next step is to use the first and second and
equations to find an equation with a zero for the 2x 1 y 1 z 2 4 5 2(2 2 2t) 1 (t) 1 (3t) 2 4
coefficient of x. The second equation minus the first 5 0.
equation yields 0x 1 3y 2 3z 1 3 5 0. We may Hence the line given by the parametric equation
divide by three to simplify, so y 2 z 1 1 5 0. If above is the line of intersection for the planes.
we let z 5 t, then y 2 t 1 1 5 0, or y 5 21 1 t. 27. The angle, u, between the plane and the line is
Substituting these into the first equation yields the complementary angle of the angle between the
x 2 (21 1 t) 1 t 2 1 5 0 or x 5 0. So the direction vector of the line and the normal vector
equation of the line in parametric form is x 5 0, for the plane. The direction vector of the line is
y 5 21 1 t, z 5 t, tPR.

(1, 21, 0) and the normal vector for the plane is (21, 3, 1) is a point on the plane. Substitute the
(2, 0, 22). coordinates to determine the value of D.
0 (1, 21, 0) 0 5 "12 1 (21)2 1 02 119111D50
D 5 211
5 "2 The equation of the plane is 2x 1 3y 1 z 2 11 5 0.
0 (2, 0, 22) 0 5 "22 1 02 1 (22)2 5 "8 30. The plane is the right bisector joining
(1, 21, 0) ? (2, 0, 22) 5 1(2) 2 1(0) 1 0(22) 5 2 P(21, 0, 1) and its image. The line connecting the
So the angle between the normal vector and the two points has a direction vector equal to that of the
direction vector is cos21 A !22!8 B 5 60°. So normal vector for the plane. The normal vector for
u 5 90 260° 5 30°. > > the plane is (0, 1, 21). So the line connecting the
a?b two points is (21, 0, 1) 1 t(0, 1, 21), tPR, or in
28. a. We have that cos (60°) 5 > > . Also
0a0 0b0 > corresponding
since a and b are unit vectors, 0 a 0 5 0 b 0 5 1 and
> > >
parametric form is x 5 21, y 5 t, z 5 1 2 t, tPR.
> > > >
a ? a 5 b ? b> 5 1, and moreover cos (60°) 5 12. So The intersection of this line and the plane is the
> bisector between P and its image. To find this point
> > a?b
a?b5 5 12. we plug the parametric equation into the plane
131
The dot >product is distributive,
> so > equation and solve for t.
> > > >
(6a 1 b ) ? (a 2 2b ) 5 6a ? (a 2 2b ) 0x 1 y 2 z 5 0(21) 1 (t) 2 (1 2 t)
> >
>
1 b ? (a 2 2b ) 5 21 1 2t
> > > > So if y 2 z 5 0, then 21 1 2t 5 0, or t 5 12.
5 6a ? a 1 6a ? (22b )
> > > > So the point of intersection is occurs at t 5 12, since
1 b ? a 1 b ? (22b ) the origin point is P and the intersection occurs at
> > > > > >
5 6a ? a> 2> 12a ? b 1 a ? b the midpoint of the line connecting P and its image,
2 2b ? b the image point occurs at t 5 2 3 12 5 1. So the
5 6(1) 2 12a b 1 a b
1 1 image point is at x 5 21, y 5 1, z 5 1 2 (1) 5 0.
2 2 So the image point is (21, 1, 0).
2 2(1) 31. a. Thinking of the motorboat’s velocity vector
3 (without the influence of the current) as starting
52 at the origin and pointing northward toward the
2 > >
x?y opposite side of the river, the motorboat has velocity
b. We have that cos (60°) 5 0 x> 0 0 y> 0 . Also since vector (0, 10) and the river current has velocity
0 x 0 5 3, 0 y 0 5 4, and cos (60°) 5 12,
> > vector (4, 0). So the resultant velocity vector of the
x ? y 5 12 (4)(3) 5 6. Also x ? x 5 0 x 0 2 5 9
> > > > > motorboat is
and y ? y 5 0 y 0 5 16.
> > >2 (0, 10) 1 (4, 0) 5 (4, 10)
To reach the other side of the river, the motorboat
The dot product is distributive, so
> > > > > > > needs to cover a vertical distance of 2 km. So the
(4x 2 y ) ? (2x 1 3y ) 5 4x ? (2x 1 3y )
> > > hypotenuse of the right triangle formed by the
2 y ? (2x 1 3y )
> > > > > > marina, the motorboat’s initial position, and the
5 8x ? x 1 12x ? y 2 2y ? x
> > motorboat’s arrival point on the opposite side of
2 3y ? y
the river is represented by the vector
5 8(9) 1 12(6) 2 2(6)
(4, 10) 5 a , 2b
1 4
2 3(16)
5 5
5 84
29. The origin, (0, 0, 0), and (21, 3, 1) are two (We multiplied by 15 to create a vertical component
points on this line. So (21, 3, 1) is a direction vector of 2 in the motorboat’s resultant velocity vector,
for this line and since the origin is on the line, a the distance needed to cross the river.) Since this
>
possible vector equation is r 5 t(21, 3, 1), tPR. new vector has horizontal component equal to 45,
(21, 3, 1) is a normal vector for the plane. So the this means that the motorboat arrives 45 5 0.8 km
equation of the plane is 2x 1 3y 1 z 1 D 5 0. downstream from the marina.

b. The motorboat is travelling at 10 km> h, and in 12
cos u 5
part a. we found that it will travel along the vector 20
( 45, 2) . The length of this vector is u 5 cos 21 a
12
b
20
` a , 2b ` 5 a b 1 22
4 4 2
Å 5
8 53.1°
5
So the sailboat is travelling in the direction
5 "4.64 N 53.1° E, or equivalently E 36.9° N.
So the motorboat travels a total of !4.64 km to 34. Think of the weight vector for the crane with tail
cross the river which, at 10 km> h, takes at the origin at head at (0, 2400) (we use one unit
"4.64 4 10 8 0.2 hours for every kilogram of mass). We need to express this
5 12 minutes. weight vector as the sum of two vectors: one that is
32. a. Answers may vary. For example: parallel to the inclined plane and pointing down this
A direction vector for this line is >
> incline (call this vector x 5 (a, b)), and one that is
AB 5 (6, 3, 4) 2 (2, 21, 3) perpendicular to the inclined plane and pointing
5 (4, 4, 1) >
toward the plane (call this vector y 5 (c, d)). The
So, since the point B(6, 3, 4) is on this line, the >
angle between x and (0, 2400) is 60° and the angle
vector equation of this line is > > >
> between y and (0, 2400) is 30°. Of course, x and y
r 5 (6, 3, 4) 1 t(4, 4, 1), tPR. are perpendicular. Using the formula for dot product,
The equivalent parametric form is we get
y ? (0, 2400) 5 0 y 0 0 (0, 2400) 0cos 30°
x 5 6 1 4t > >
"3
y 5 3 1 4t
z 5 4 1 t, tPR. 2400d 5 400a b"c 2 1 d 2
b. The line found in part a. will lie in the plane 2
x 2 2y 1 4z 2 16 5 0 if and only if both points 22d 5 "3 ? "c 2 1 d 2
A(2, 21, 3) and B(6, 3, 4) lie in this plane. 4d 2 5 3(c 2 1 d 2 )
We verify this by substituting these points into the d 2 5 3c 2
equation of the plane, and checking for consistency. So, since c is positive and d is negative (thinking of
For A: the inclined plane as moving upward from left to
>
2 2 2(21) 1 4(3) 2 16 5 0 right as we look at it means that y points down and
For B: d
to the right), this last equation means that c 5 2"3
6 2 2(3) 1 4(4) 2 16 5 0 >
Since both points lie on the plane, so does the line So a vector in the same direction as y is (1, 2"3).
>
found in part a. We can find the length of y by computing the scalar
33. The wind velocity vector is represented by (16, 0), projection of (0, 2400) on (1, 2 !3), which equals
and the water current velocity vector is represented (0, 2400) ? (1, 2"3) 400"3
5
by (0, 12). So the resultant of these two vectors is 0 (1, 2"3) 0 2
(16, 0) 1 (0, 12) 5 (16, 12).
5 200"3
That is, 0 y 0 5 200"3. Now we can find the length
Thinking of this vector with tail at the origin and >
head at point (16, 12), this vector forms a right >
of x as well by using the fact that
0 x 0 2 1 0 y 0 2 5 0 (0, 2400) 0 2
triangle with vertices at points (0, 0), (0, 12), and > >
(16, 12). Notice that
0 (16, 12) 0 5 "162 1 122 0 x 0 2 1 (200"3)2 5 4002
>
5 "400 0 x 0 5 "160 000 2 120 000

>
5 20 5 "40 000
This means that the sailboat is moving at a speed 5 200
of 20 km> h once we account for wind and water
velocities. Also the angle, u, this resultant vector
makes with the positive y-axis satisfies

So we get that component of (0, 3, 1) is 0. This means that the
0 x 0 5 200 and 0 y 0 5 200"3. This means that the
> >
direction vectors for L1 and L2 are never parallel,
component of the weight of the mass parallel to the which means that these lines are never parallel for
inclined plane is any k.
9.8 3 0 x 0 5 9.8 3 200
>
b. If L1 and L2 intersect, in particular their
5 1960 N, x-coordinates will be equal at this intersection point.
and the component of the weight of the mass But x 5 2 always in L1 so we get the equation
perpendicular to the inclined plane is 25y1k
9.8 3 0 y 0 5 9.8 3 200"3
> y522k
y22
8 3394.82 N. Also, from L1 we know that z 5 3 , so substituting
35. a. True; all non-parallel pairs of lines intersect this in for z in L2 we get
in exactly one point in R2. However, this is not 2k 5 z 1 14
the case for lines in R3 (skew lines provide a y22
counterexample). 2k 5 1 14
3
b. True; all non-parallel pairs of planes intersect in a
3(2k 2 14) 5 y 2 2
line in R3.
y 5 6k 2 40
c. True; the line x 5 y 5 z has direction vector
So since we already know that y 5 2 2 k, we
(1, 1, 1), which is not perpendicular to the normal
now get
vector (1, 22, 2) to the plane x 2 2y 1 2z 5 k,
2 2 k 5 6k 2 40
k any constant. Since these vectors are not
7k 5 42
perpendicular, the line is not parallel to the plane,
k56
and so they will intersect in exactly one point.
So these two lines intersect when k 5 6. We have
d. False; a direction vector for the line
x z11 already found that x 5 2 at this intersection point,
5 y 2 1 5 2 is (2, 1, 2). A direction vector but now we know that
2
x21 y21 z11 y 5 6k 2 40
for the line 24 5 22 5 22 is (24, 22, 22),
5 6(6) 2 40
or (2, 1, 1) (which is parallel to (24, 22, 22)). 5 24
Since (2, 1, 2) and (2, 1, 1) are obviously not y22
parallel, these two lines are not parallel. z5
3
36. a. A direction vector for 24 2 2
y22 5
L1: x 5 2, 5z 3
3 5 22
is (0, 3, 1), and a direction vector for So the point of intersection of these two lines is
z 1 14 (2, 24, 22), and this occurs when k 5 6.
L2: x 5 y 1 k 5
k
is (1, 1, k). But (0, 3, 1) is not a nonzero scalar
multiple of (1, 1, k) for any k since the first

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CHAPTER 9

Relationships Between Points,

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 9-1

9-2 Chapter 9: Relationships Between Points, Lines, and Planes

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 9-3

9-4 Chapter 9: Relationships Between Points, Lines, and Planes

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 9-5

9-6 Chapter 9: Relationships Between Points, Lines, and Planes

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 9-7

9-8 Chapter 9: Relationships Between Points, Lines, and Planes

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 9-9

9-10 Chapter 9: Relationships Between Points, Lines, and Planes

9-12 Chapter 9: Relationships Between Points, Lines, and Planes

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 9-13

9-14 Chapter 9: Relationships Between Points, Lines, and Planes

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 9-15

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 9-17

9-18 Chapter 9: Relationships Between Points, Lines, and Planes

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 9-19

0 2(0) 2 1(1) 1 6 0 between this point and (22, 3) is about 3.92.

between this point and (22, 3) is 1.4. 12

9-20 Chapter 9: Relationships Between Points, Lines, and Planes

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 9-21

First find a random point on one of the lines. We is 1.65.

z 5 0 1 2s. We construct a vector from P(21, 1, 2) 2 x 1 y 2 z 5 22

(2, 1, 2) ? (22 2 2s, 2s, 2 2 2s) 5 0 2 2y 2 3z 5 24

9-22 Chapter 9: Relationships Between Points, Lines, and Planes

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 9-23

9-24 Chapter 9: Relationships Between Points, Lines, and Planes

(Equation 1 ) 1 (2 3 equation 2 ) 5 8x 5 24 Equation 1 1 equation 2 5 5x 1 z 5 3

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 9-27

9-28 Chapter 9: Relationships Between Points, Lines, and Planes

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 9-29

9-30 Chapter 9: Relationships Between Points, Lines, and Planes

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 9-31

9-34 Chapter 9: Relationships Between Points, Lines, and Planes

and 0 a 0 5 3, so the scalar projection of a on b is

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 9-35

9-36 Chapter 9: Relationships Between Points, Lines, and Planes

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 9-37

9-38 Chapter 9: Relationships Between Points, Lines, and Planes

9-40 Chapter 9: Relationships Between Points, Lines, and Planes

BD 5 (9, 2) 2 (1, 7) 5 (10, 25) So 22z 5 6 or z 5 23.

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 9-41

9-42 Chapter 9: Relationships Between Points, Lines, and Planes

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 9-43

5 "400 0 x 0 5 "160 000 2 120 000

9-44 Chapter 9: Relationships Between Points, Lines, and Planes

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 9-45

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 9-1

9-2 Chapter 9: Relationships Between Points, Lines, and Planes

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 9-3

9-4 Chapter 9: Relationships Between Points, Lines, and Planes

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 9-5

9-6 Chapter 9: Relationships Between Points, Lines, and Planes

9-6 Chapter 9: Relationships Between Points, Lines, and Planes

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 9-7