Text 1

The pursuit of true happiness can lead people to lifestyles that will not only be satisfying but will be better for the
environment, according to an overview of psychological research. “For decades, consumerism has been on a collision
course with the environment. That is, consumer appetites drain the planet of natural resources and accelerate global
warming. One view is that we need to change consumption in order to save the planet,” said Miriam Tatzel. “But what
if we approached it from the other way around? What if what is good for the consumer meets what is good for the
environment?”
Positive psychology, or the study of happiness, well-being, and quality of life, provides the answers to what
really brings happiness to consumers, Tatzel said. Several studies have determined that people’s basic psychological
needs include competence, autonomy, positive relationships, self-acceptance, and personal growth. Research has shown
that rather than fulfilling these needs, the pursuit of money and possessions takes time away from more personally
fulfilling activities and social relationships.
Tatzel’s research illustrated how many consumer traits have direct links to the environment for both good and
bad. Materialism is not only bad for the environment; it is bad for consumers’ well being. “People’s wants escalate as
they tire of what they have and they want something else, which in turn leads to more consumption and more waste in
landfills, more energy consumed and more carbon emitted into the atmosphere,” she said. “The larger the gap between
what one wants and what one has, the greater the dissatisfaction. Less materialism equals more happiness.”
Tatzel noted that another path to well being is thrift, which means conserving resources as well as money.
Careful people are happier with life in general, according to a 2014 study. That may be because avoiding the negative
consequences of spending too much and going into debt is one way to avoid unhappiness, she said.
People enjoy doing things more than having things. Other studies find that people realize more lasting happiness
by changing their activities than by changing their material circumstances. “Experiences existing in memory are
incomparable, often shared with others and do not have to be resource intensive,” said Tatzel.
Other research has found that people are more likely to be happy when they promote personal talents and
relationships more than money and fame. They will also be likely to be happy when they have an independent sense of
self that results in not caring much what others think of their possessions. Tatzel said when it comes to having money;
studies have shown a high income may buy life satisfaction, but not happiness. Research has found that people’s
emotional happiness is affected differently by having money than people’s life evaluation, which refers to thoughts
about their life. Life evaluation steadily rises with income. Emotional happiness also rises with income. However,
research has found that there is no further progress beyond an annual income of about $75,000.
“A society with some people being idolized for being fabulously rich sets a standard of success that is
unattainable and leads us to try to approach it by working more and spending more,” Tatzel said. “Cooling the
consumption-driven economy, working less, and consuming less are better for the environment and better for humans,
too.”

01. In organizing the ideas in the passage, the author starts by ....
(A) offering a fact of the impact lifestyles on environment, followed with other evidence of non-destructing
conducts
(B) arguing for the importance of having appropriate lifestyles, describing research procedures, and then-
presenting results
(C) showing human lifestyles in search of happiness as conducts seriously causing harm to environments,
exemplified with evidence
(D) describing impacts of being eco-friendly resulting from keeping proper lifestyles and then descriptions of ways
to get happiness
(E) showing the link between consumerism and environment, and then arguing for true happiness good for humans
and environment
02. Ideas in the third paragraph may be best summarized as ....

(A) the level of consumerism may positively or negatively influence the flora and the fauna
(B) materialistic persons are unhappy and tend to harm environments merely to meet their needs
(C) humans become unhappy due to the existing gap between their needs and their need fulfillment.
(D) the more we feel the needs, the harder we try to fulfill them, and the worse we impact on nature
(E) happy people are those who can fulfill their needs so that they do not put more burden on nature

03. The paragraph following the passage most likely deals with ....
 (A) conclusions of the research results
(B) implications of the research findings
(C) recommendations for the future follow-up
(D) further discussions on the findings
(E) limitations of the research study

04. Based on the passage, if we satisfy our thirst of lifestyle needs by being consumptive, ....

(A) our happiness may harm both others and environments

(B) we will become completely happy with our achievement
(C) we may be happy at the cost of ourselves and environments
(D) we deserve to feeling happy for we earn it through hard work
(E) the happiness we have is not true as there are other ways to get

05. In the last part of paragraph 7, Tatzel holds the belief that ....

(A) human activities based on the economic desire will tend to damage environment
(B) we tend to destruct nature and ourselves due to economically-oriented desires
(C) success in terms of economic bases forces humans to destroy personal values
(D) the factors causing the damage of environments lie on the economic desires
(E) it is possible to save environments if economic standards are increased

06. Which reflects the authors’ attitude towards the topic related with Tatzel’s ideas presented in the passage?

(A) Serious
(B) Neutral
(C) Critical
(D) Formal
(E) Anxious

Text 2

Eating one avocado a day as part of a heart healthy, cholesterol-lowering moderate-fat diet can help improve
bad cholesterol levels in overweight and obese individuals, according to new research published in the Journal of the
American Heart Association.
Researchers evaluated the effect avocados had on traditional and novel cardiovascular risk factors. They
replaced saturated fatty acids from an average American diet with unsaturated fatty acids from avocados. Forty-five
healthy, overweight or obese patients between the ages of 21 and 70 were put on three different cholesterol-lowering
diets. Participants consumed an average American diet consisting of 34 percent of calories from fat, 51 percent
carbohydrates, and 16 percent protein for two weeks before they started one of the following three cholesterol lowering
diets: lower fat diet without avocado, moderate-fat diet without avocado, end moderate-fat diet with one avocado per
day. The lower fat diet provided 24 percent of calories as fat (11 percent from MUFAs). Meanwhile, the last two
moderate fat diets both provided 34 percent of calories as fat (17 percent of calories from monounsaturated fatty
acids/MUFAs). Each participant consumed each of the three test diets for five weeks. Participants were randomly
sequenced through each of the three diets.
Researchers found that, compared to the baseline average American diet, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) − the
so called ‘bad cholesterol’ − was 13.5 mg/dL lower after consuming the moderate fat diet that included an avocado.
LDL was also lower on the moderate fat diet without the avocado (8.3 mg/dL lower) and the lower fat diet (7.4 mg/dL
lower), although the results were not as striking as the avocado diet. In addition, several additional blood measurements
were also more favorable after the avocado diet versus the other two cholesterol-lowering diets as well.
These measurements are all considered to be cardio-metabolic risk factors in ways that are independent of the
heart-healthy fatty acid effects, said a distinguished professor at Pennsylvania State University. “This was a controlled
feeding study, but not the real-world. So, it is a proof-of-concept investigation. We need to focus op getting people to
eat a heart-healthy diet that includes avocados and other nutrient-rich food sources of better fats.”
“In the United States avocados are not a mainstream food yet. They can be expensive, especially at certain
times of the year. Also, most people do not really know how to incorporate them in their diet except for making
guacamole. Guacamole is typically eaten with corn chips, which are high in calories and sodium. Avocados, however,
can also be eaten with salads, vegetables, sandwiches, and lean protein foods like chicken or fish or even whole.”
In addition to MUFAs, avocados also provide other bioactive components that could have contributed to the
findings such as fiber, phytosterols, and other compounds. The Mediterranean diet includes fruits, vegetables, whole
grains, fatty fish, and foods rich in monounsaturated fatty acids—like extra-virgin olive oil and nuts. Like avocados,
some research indicates that these contain not only better fats but also certain micronutrients and bioactive components
that may play an important role in reducing risk of heart disease.

07. In relation to paragraph 2, what does paragraph 3 inform?

(A) Procedures in carrying out the research

(B) Results of the treatment described in paragraph 2
(C) Cholesterol contents that are discussed in paragraph 2
(D) Conditions of the respondents when applying the diets
(E) Relationships between the diets and cholesterol contents

08. Which paragraphs of the passage; most effectively illustrate the power of avocados to deal with heart disease?

(A) 2 and 6
(B) 3 and 6
(C) 3 and 5
(D) 4 and 5
(E) 5 and 6

09. The author of the passage implies that ....

(A) heart disease happens due to lack of consuming avocados

(B) avocados are closely linked to the high rate of heart disease
(C) eating avocados than other fruits is a better cure for heart disease
(D) rather than the amount, the appropriate diet of avocados cures heart disease
(E) consuming avocados likely lowers LDL levels among overweight persons

10. About avocados described in the passage, the author has the same belief as the researchers’ that ....

(A) research needs to reveal accurately their contents

(B) combined diets involving avocados need further studies
(C) the current research on avocados has conclusive findings
(D) people will take the diet regardless the price of avocados
(E) the fruit nutrients are equal to those of the Mediterranean diet

11. Another simple way to restate ideas in the last paragraph of the passage is ....

(A) avocados and the Mediterranean diet are more effective when they are consumed together with other fruits
(B) elements in avocados, similar to those in the Mediterranean diet, can lower the threat of heart disease
(C) avocados, rich in useful nutrients like the Mediterranean diet, are used to treat people with heart disease
(D) patients’ heart disease can effectively be treated by having either the Mediterranean diet or avocado feeding
(E) micronutrients in avocados and bioactive contents in the Mediterranean diet alike heal heart disease effectively

12. Based on the passage, the relationship between the Mediterranean diet and heart disease is like that between ....

(A) distressed patient and male doctor

 (B) air conditioner and hot weather
(C) severe hunger and big meal
(D) bush fire and black smoke
(E) fossil fuel and sports car

Text 3

Over this decade, employment in jobs requiring education beyond a high school diploma will grow more
rapidly than employment in jobs that do not; of the 30 fastest growing occupations, more than half require
postsecondary education. With the average earnings of college graduates at a level that is twice as high as that of
workers with only a high school diploma, higher education is now the clearest ___13___ into the middle class.
In higher education, the U.S. has been outpaced internationally. While the United States ranks ninth in the
world in the proportion of young adults enrolled in college, we’ve fallen to 16th in the world in our share of certificates
and degrees awarded to adults ages 25-34 — lagging behind Korea, Canada, Japan and other nations. We also suffer
from a college attainment gap, as high school graduates from the wealthiest families in our nation are almost certain to
continue on to higher education, while just over half of our high school graduates in the poorest quarter of families
attend college. And while more than half of college students graduate within six years, the ___14___ for low-income
students is around 25 percent.
Acknowledging these factors early in his Administration, President Obama challenged every American to
commit to at least one year of higher education or post-secondary training. ___15___ that America would once again
have the highest proportion of college graduates in the world by 2020.

13. The option that best completes is ….

(A) effort
(B) position
(C) advantage
(D) pathway
(E) beginning

14. The option that best completes is ….

(A) academic capacity

(B) completion rate
(C) logical understanding
(D) learning achievement
(E) intellectual development
15. The option that best completes is ….

(A) Americans will deserve higher education for their future

(B) The President has set up a new educational goal for the country
(C) American students are suggested to take entrepreneurial skills
(D) The government recommends Americans for college education
(E) Middle class Americans are invited to provide financial aids

Text 4

Bungee jumping might seem frightening. But it is a very safe ___16___ if you go to a well-established bungee
jump company. People who work for bungee operators usually have a great deal of training and experience. They use
very strong and carefully made rubber ropes. They choose a rope based on the jumper’s body weight. This is so they can
manage how much the rope stretches ___17___ the person falls. The rope that is attached through a harness device tied
around the jumper’s ankles. Often, operators use a body harness as well. This is so that you have twice the protection in
case one harness breaks. Good bungee operators make sure the ___18___ is in excellent condition. They should also do
several checks to make sure all ropes, harnesses, and ties are correctly attached. It is important to remember that this
sport is not safe for everyone. People who have high blood pressure or a heart condition ___19___ try jumping. People
with back or knee injuries or who suffer from epilepsy should also avoid this sport. And remember, ___20___ you do
not feel like experiencing it yourself, you can always watch other people jump.

16. (A) actor

(B) action
(C) activator
(D) activity
(E) activation

17. (A) after

(B) unless
(C) so that
(D) before
(E) when
18. (A) thing
(B) equipment
(C) machine
(D) tool
(E) utensil

19. (A) don’t have to

(B) would rather not
(C) should not
(D) cannot
(E) might not
20. (A) if
(B) unless
(C) after
(D) despite
(E) Whether

Text 5

Some people express their personal philosophies by tattooing themselves with phrases like “Live Hard” or “Love
Thy Neighbor.” Others consider tattoos a way of displaying their taste in art. They might tattoo a William Blake’s
etching or a Georgia O’Keeffe’s flower on some part of their bodies. But in different cultures and eras, tattoos have also
___21___ religious purposes. Mexico’s Mayan people expressed their religious beliefs by tattooing themselves with
___22___ of jaguars, snakes, turtles, and toads. Some Native American tribes used tattooing for ___23___ purposes,
believing that tattoos would ward off illness. The Cree, for instance, would tattoo a cross on each cheek to protect
against toothaches, and members of the Ojibwa tribe tattooed small circles on their temples to prevent headaches.
Throughout history tattooing has been widely used as a means of identification. Before 787 AD, early Christians used
tattoos to identify members of their faith. ___24___, members of the military or fraternities may have themselves
tattooed to ___25___ show their commitment. Some cultures have tattooed prisoners, the most sinister example being
the Nazis, who tattooed numbers on the arms of concentration camp victims during World War II.

21. (A) provided

(B) offered
(C) revealed
(D) served
(E) covered

22. (A) images

(B) models
(C) portraits
(D) epitomes
(E) depictions
23. (A) medicine
(B) medical
(C) medicated
(D) medication
(E) medicinal
24. (A) Nevertheless
(B) Similarly
(C) In summary
(D) Therefore
(E) However

25. (A) published

(B) public
(C) publish
(D) publicity
(E) publicly

Text 6

There are two common misinterpretations associated with the process of natural selection. The first involves the
phrase survival of the fittest. Individual survival is certainly important because those that do not survive will not
reproduce. But the more important factor is the number of __26__ an organism leaves. An organism that survived for
many years but has not reproduced has not contributed any of its genes to the next generation and so has been selected
against. The key, __27__, is not survival alone but survival and reproduction of the more fit organisms. Second, the
phrase struggle for life does not necessarily refer to open conflict and fighting. It is usually much more subtle than that.
When a resource such as nesting material or food is in short supply, some individuals survive and reproduce more
effectively than others. For example, many birds require holes in trees as nesting places. If these are in short supply,
some birds will be fortunate and find a good nesting site, others will occupy less suitable holes, and some may not find
any. There may or may not be fighting for __28__ of a site. If a site is already occupied, a bird may not necessarily try
to __29__ its occupant but just continue to search for another site. Those that successfully occupy good nesting sites
will be more __30__ in raising young than will those that must occupy poor sites or that do not find any.

26. (A) dependents

(B) branches
(C) newborns
(D) descendants
(E) children

27. (A) however

(B) otherwise
(C) therefore
(D) moreover
(E) furthermore

28. (A) possess

(B) possessive
(C) possessing
(D) possession
(E) possessively
29. (A) dispatch
 (B) dislodge
(C) dismay
(D) disorientate
(E) dislocate

30. (A) success

(B) succeed
(C) succeeded
(D) successful
(E) successfully

Text 7

Wood plays a part in more activities of the modern economy than does any other commodity. There is ___31___ no
industry that does not use wood or wood products somewhere in its manufacturing and marketing processes. Think
about the ___32___ of junk mail, newspapers, photocopies and other paper products that each of us handles, stores, and
disposes of in a single day. Total annual world wood consumption is about 28.7 billion metric tons or about 28.7 billion
m3. This is more than steel and plastic consumption together. International trade in wood and wood products amounts to
more than $100 billion each year. Developed countries produce less than half of all ___33___ wood but account for
about 80 percent of its consumption. Less-developed countries, mainly in the tropic, produce more than half of all wood
used by industries but use only 20 percent. The largest producers of this kind of wood and paper pulp are the United
States, the former Soviet Union, and Canada. Much of the logging in North America and Europe occurs in ___34___
forests, where cut trees are grown as crop. ___35___, tropical hardwoods in Southeast Asia, Africa, and Latin America
are being cut at an unsustainable rate, mostly from old-growth forests.

31. (A) almost

(B) nearly
(C) hardly
(D) never
(E) virtually

32. (A) accumulation

(B) number
(C) total
(D) amount
(E) figure

33. (A) industrial

(B) industrially
(C) industrious
(D) industrialized
(E) industry

34. (A) managed

(B) managing
(C) management
(D) managerial
(E) manageable

35. (A) For example

 (B) Similarly
(C) In addition
(D) In contrast
(E) Therefore

Text 8

Thanks to Ataturk, the founder of the Republic, who believed in the necessity of complete equality between women
and men, all the political rights considered to be the foundation of citizenship rights were recognized for women in
Turkey in a very short period of time. Women in Turkey ___36___ the right to vote and be elected in municipal
elections in 1930 and in parliamentary elections in 1934. Prior to that date, the number of countries where women had
the right to vote and be elected as members of parliament was 28 and the number of countries where women actually
were elected as members of parliament was 17. ___37___ women obtained the right to vote in 1944 in France, in 1945
in Italy and in 1948 in Belgium, it appears that Turkey was ___38___ compared with many countries. A total of 18
women became members of parliament in 1935, which was the year when women members were represented at the
highest ratio in the parliament with 4.6 percent. ___39___, as of 1946, when the multi-party system was adopted, a
decrease in the number of women deputies was observed. Although the number of women taking an active role in
politics has increased in recent years, the number of women is still ___40___ less than men. The last general election,
which took place on 18 April 1999, brought 550 deputies elected into the Turkish parliament, 22 of which were women
(4 percent).

36. (A) utilized

(B) performed
(C) evaded
(D) obtained
(E) expressed

37. (A) If
(B) Despite
(C) While
(D) Although
(E) Since

38. (A) in advance

(B) way ahead
(C) tardily
(D) prior to
(E) beforehand

39. (A) While

(B) When
(C) Then
(D) As soon as
(E) Before

40. (A) considered

(B) consideration
(C) considering
(D) considerable
(E) considerably