Chemistry example: 2.0 moles of ideal gas is compressed isothermally to half of its initial volume.

This
pressure happens at 300K.the work done on the gas is given by:
v2
W on =−∫ P dV
v1

WhereV1 and V2 are initial and final volumes respectively.by using ideal gas equation and integration,
find the volume of work done on gas.

Solution:

We start by relating the initial and final volumes. Since the end volume is half that of the start we can
write V1=V2. This will be important later on.

Now we tackle this integral at which P is being integrated with respect to V hence we tried to find an
expression for P in terms of from the ideal gas equation we know PV =nRT so wemake P subject of the
formula. Dividing through by V gives:

P=nRT /V

Substiting this and our limits into integral gives:

V1
nRT
W on =− ∫ dv The constants can be taken outside of integral.
2V 2 V

V2
1
W on =−nRT ∫ dV Integrate 1/V in this limits
2V 2 V

W on =−nRT ¿ Evaluate the integral between the limits

W on =−nRT [ ¿ ( Vƨ )−¿ (2 Vƨ ) ] Using the laws of logs this simplifies to a single log

Vƨ
W on =−nRT ∈( ) Simplify further
2 Vƨ

W on =−nRT ∈ ( 12 ) Put the members into a final answer

1
W on =−2.0 ×300 ×8.31∈( )
2

¿ 3.456 … ×103 J =3.5 ×10³ J

Example:

A helium atom is moving with velocity v of 20î-15ĵ m/s.what is its sped?

Solution:

Since speed is magnitude of velocity, we take magnitude of velocity vector. This gives:

⃓ 20 îî −15 ĵ⃓ = √202 +152 =√625

¿ 25

The particle speed is 25 m/s.

Example:

Ignoring the hydrogens find the atom connectivity matrix of but-1-ene shown blown:

2 4

Solution:

An atom connectivity matrix describes below the carbons in but-1-ene are bonded with each other. First
note that we have labelled the carbons 1-4. We use matrix element a mn in row m and Colum n to
describe how carbon m and carbon n are bonded hence how need to find in 4×4 matrix.

 The matrix element a12 describes how carbon 1 is bonded to carbon 2 .we have a double bond
between them then hence a12=2. This also means that a12=2 as this element also describes how
carbon 2 is bonded to carbon 1.
 The matrix element a13 describes how carbon 1 is bonded to carbon 3.we have a 23=1 and a32=1.
 The matrix element a21 describes how carbon 1 is bonded too carbon 1 however it does not
make sense for an atom to be bonded to itself .hence we trend to write in atomic number of
atom which for carbon is 6 so a11=6. This is also true for a22=6 and a33=6and a44=6.

So when we find the rest of matrix is same way we have that atom connectivity matrix of but-1-ene is:

6 2 0 0

2 6 1 0

0 1 6 1

0 0 1 6

The force between two particles is modelled to be:

F=12 ε /a ˳ ¿

−d
Given that force is negative derivative of potential i.e. F= U and at r=a˳, U=-Є calculate the
dr
potential between two particles.

Solution:

This is a problem of separating variables so first we set up the problem:

13
−d 12 ϵ a˳ a˳ 7
dr
U=
a
˳[
r ( ) ( ) −
r
]

−d 12 ϵ
U= ˳ [ a ˳13 r−13−a ˳7 r −7 ]
dr a

12 ε
−∫ dU =∫ ˳ [ a ˳13 r−13−a ˳7 r −7 ] dr
a

12 ε
−U = ˳ ∫ [ a ˳ 13 r−13−a ˳ 7 r −7 ] dr
a

12 ε
−U = ˳ ∫ [ a ˳ 13 r−13−a ˳ 7 r −7 ] dr
a

12 ε a ˳ 13 −12 a ˳ 7 −6
−U =
a (
˳ −
12
r +
6
r +C )
U =ε ( a ˳12 r −12−2 a ˳ 6 r −6 ) +C

Now find C by substitution (r=a˳, U= -Є)

−ε =ε ( a ˳12 a ˳−12−2 a ˳ 6 a ˳ 6 ) +C

−ε =ε ( 1−2 )+C

−ε =−ε+ C

0=C

Back into equation we get,U =ε (a ˳12 r−12 −2 a ˳6 r−6 )

Example:

Written in exponential form the radical wave function for a 2p orbital of hydrogen is :
 1
ψ=± r sin θ e−iφ f ( r )
√2
Write this in polar form.

Solution:

A complex number in exponential form:r e−iφ has polar form: r ¿.

Because of the ± and ± sign in this equation we have either:

1
r= r sin ( φ ) f ( r )∧φ=−φ
√2
OR

−1
r= r sin ( φ ) f ( r )∧φ=φ
√2
Hence in polar form we have either:

1
r= r sin ( φ ) f (r )(cos (−φ )+i sin (−φ ) )
√2
OR

−1
r= r sin ( ∅ ) f (r)(cos ( φ ) +i sin ( φ ) )
√2