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Statistics: 1-Completely Randomized Design
Statistics: 1-Completely Randomized Design
COURSE: AGR-410
SUBMITTED BY: SYED HASSAAN RAZA
SUBMITTED TO: SIR MUJEEB AKRAM
Introduction:
The Completely Randomized Design (CRD) is the most simplest of all
the design based on randomization and replication. In CRD, all
treatments are randomly allocated among all experimental subjects.
This allows every experimental unit; i.e.; plot, animal, soil sample etc.,
to have an equal probability of receiving a treatment.
Advantages of CRD:
1. CRD has several advantages it is easy to layout the design.
2. There is complete flexibility in the number of treatments and
number of replication which may vary
3. from treatment to treatment.
4. The no. of replication need not to be same for each treatment.
5. The CRD provides maximum d. f. for the experiment of
experimental error.
Disadvantage of CRD:
1. CRD can be applied only to homogenous experiments.
2. The principle of ‘Local-control’ is not used in CRD.
The main objection against the CRD is that the principle of local control
has not been used in this design. So that the experimental error is
inflated by the presents of the entire variation among experimental
units.
Importance of CRD:
1. CRD is used when the experimental material is homogeneous.
2. CRD is often inefficient.
3. CRD is more useful when the experiments are conducted inside
the lab.
Conclusion:
A completely randomized design relies on randomization to control for
the effect of extraneous variables. CRDs are for the studying the effect
on the primary factor without the need to take other nuisance variables
into account.
Numerical:
Solution:
2-RANDOMIZED COMPLETE BLOCK
DESIGN
Definition:
A Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) is defined by an
experiment whose treatment combinations are assigned randomly to
the experimental units within a block.
Introduction:
Randomized complete block designs differ from the completely
randomized designs in that the experimental units are grouped into
blocks according to known or suspected variation which is isolated by
the blocks. Variation such as fertility, sand, and wind gradients, or age
and litter of animals can be isolated by appropriate blocking.
Advantages of RCBD:
1. Complete flexibility. Can have any number of treatments and
blocks.
2. Provides more accurate results than the completely randomized
design due to grouping.
3. Relatively easy statistical analysis even with missing data.
4. Allows calculation of unbiased error for specific treatments.
5. Generally more precise than the CRD.
6. No restriction on the number of treatments or replicates.
7. Some treatments may be replicated more times than others.
8. Missing plots are easily estimated.
9. Whole treatments or entire replicates may be deleted from the
analysis.
Disadvantages of RCBD:
1. Not suitable for large numbers of treatments because blocks
become too large.
2. Not suitable when complete block contains considerable
variability.
3. Interactions between block and treatment effects increase error.
Importance of RCBD:
1. Probably the most used and useful of the experimental designs.
2. Takes advantage of grouping similar experimental units into
blocks or replicates.
3. The blocks of experimental units should be as uniform as possible.
Conclusion:
The randomized complete block design (RCBD) is perhaps the most
commonly encountered design that can be analyzed as a two-way AOV.
In this design, a set of experimental units is grouped (blocked) in a way
that minimizes the variability among the units within groups (blocks).
The objective is to keep the experimental error within each block as
well as possible. Each block contains a complete set of treatments,
therefore differences among Blocks are not due to treatments, and this
variability can be estimated as a separate source of variation.
NUMERICAL:
1. A Randomized block design was conducted to compare the mean
responses for three treatments A, B and C in four blocks. The data
are shown in table.
TREATMENTS BLOCK
1 2 3 4
A 3 6 1 2
B 5 7 4 6
C 2 3 2 2
SOLUTION:
3-LATIN SQUARE DESIGN
Definition:
In experimental design, a Latin square is an n × n array filled with n
different symbols, each occurring exactly once in each row and exactly
once in each column.
Introduction:
A Latin square is an ancient puzzle where you try to figure out how
many ways Latin letters can be arranged in a set number of rows and
columns (a matrix); each symbol appears only once in each row and
column. It’s called a Latin square because it was developed based on
Leonard Euler’s works, which used Latin symbols. However, any letters
can be used.
Conclusion:
One main conclusion of the study is that the Latin square analysis of
variance may seriously overestimate the error of treatment
comparisons and under- estimate the component of variation
associated with treatment main effects than the randomized block
design.
Numericals:
Solution:
Introduction:
A split-block design has the structure in which two whole plots, or
strips, are orthogonal. The randomization procedure consists of two
steps: first, randomly allocate one of the two factors, say factor A, to
the row strips, then randomly allocate the other factor, factor B, to the
column strips.
Advantages of split plot design:
1. Useful when all the factors are not equal importance, i.e., some of
them required larger plots and others require smaller plots.
2. When some of the factor have small amount of material, they can
used as sub plots or ultimate plots in this design.
Conclusion:
In a split plot design, two error terms need to be considered (short
term and long term) separately, and two R² values need to be
computed (short term and long term). The analysis may look
more complex, but that makes the interpretation of the DOE
results a lot more realistic. Split-plot designs are frequently
needed in practice because of practical limitations and issues
related to cost.
Numericals:
5-VITAL STATISTICS
Definition:
Vital statistics are conventionally numerical records of marriage, birth,
sickness and death by which the health and growth of community may
be studied.
OR
Introduction:
Vital statistics are the statistical outputs of a civil registration system.
The information contained in the individual civil registration records is
compiled to generate vital statistics for the population.
Conclusion:
With the main objective of determining the number of births, deaths,
marriages and divorces that occur within the nation, vital statistics
deals in these areas as well as the characteristics associated with these
demographic phenomena. Vital statistics, truly the figures of life and
deaths, embraces an irrefutable position of importance within a data
resource of a country. In the simplest forms, the determination of
births and deaths is one of the highest data accumulation preferences
for any government.
Numerical:
1. The following table gives the male and female population of
four towns of a country. Find sex ratios by towns.
POPULATION (000)
Towns
Males Females
A 5762 5300
B 24860 22432
C 9999 9030
D 2284 2048
SOLUTIONS:
SOLUTION:
Age group Population Deaths
0-10 4500 135
5-55 10000 40
15-40 12500 75
Above 40 3000 140
Total 30000=P 390=D
6-INDEX NUMBER
Definition:
Index number in statistics is the measurement of change in a variable or
variables across a determined period. It will show general relative
change and not a directly measurable figure. An index number is
expressed in percentage form.
Introduction:
An index number measures the relative change in price, quantity, value,
or some other item of interest from one time period to another. A
simple index number measures the relative change in one or more than
one variable.
Conclusion:
Thus index numbers are used to measures all types of quantitative
changes in the agricultural, industrial, and commercial fields, as also in
such economic magnitudes as income, employment, exports, imports,
prices, etc.
Numericals:
1. From the following data compute index numbers for the year
1930-1938 taking 1932 as base.
Years 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938
Price 15 14 20 21 24 23 25 18 27
SOLUTION:
YEAR PRICE PRICE INDEX NUMBER
Taking 1932 as base
1930 15 15/20*100=75
1931 14 14/20*100=70
1932 20 100
1933 21 21/20*100=105
1934 24 24/20*100=120
1935 23 23/20*100=115
1936 25 25/20*100=125
1937 18 18/20*100=90
1938 27 27/20*100=135
2. Find the price relatives for each year the following average retail
prices of wheat, using 1957 as a base year.
SOLUTION: