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AGC For Multi Area
AGC For Multi Area
AGC For Multi Area
regulated in order to match the active power Power system comprises different control
demand. In large interconnected power system parts and these parts are connected to each
networks regulation by using manual methods other through tie lines. Interconnected multi
is not feasible. So automatic equipments for area power system can be shown by using
regulation are installed on each generator. In circles. A simplified four area interconnected
AGC controllers are set to operate for a power system is shown in fig. 2
particular operating condition and keep the
frequency within the specified limits by taking
care of small changes in load demand. If there
is any variation in the load demand on a
generating unit, it results in unbalance
between real power input and output. The
difference between real power input and
output is supplied by the stored kinetic energy
of the rotating parts of the unit.
The kinetic energy of the rotating part is given
by:
Kinetic Energy, K.E. = ω2
Fig, 2 Simplified four area interconnected
Where, I= moment of inertia; ω = angular power system
speed;
If K.E. decreases, angular speed decreases The transient response can be improved by
and hence frequency will decrease with the using PID controller as compared to integral
reduction in speed. Speed governor senses controller.
change in frequency, ∆f and then ∆f is feed
back to change the input of prime mover. The III. AUTOMATIC GENERATION CONTROL
signal ∆f is fed to prime mover in order to MODEL
keep balance between real power input and
output. The first step in the design of a control system
The change of speed with change in load can is mathematical modelling of the power
be given as: system. The most common methods are the
transfer function method and state variable
approach. The state variable approach can be
used for linear as well as non linear systems.
In order to use linear state equations, the
system first must be linearized. The dynamic
models in state- space form is given as:
.
X= AX+ BU, Y=CX
X= [∆f ∆Pt ∆Pg ∆Pref] T ; U=[ ∆PL] T
Y= [ ∆f]
Fig. 1 change of speed with change in load Where X= state vector, U= control vector, Y=
output variables.
Automatic Generation Control model of four In this scheme PID controller and integral
area power system using integrator and PID controller are used and the results of both
controller is given in the fig. 3 and fig. 4. Area controllers are compared, then it is found that
1 and Area 2 of four area power system is PID controller gives better results as compared
given by using integrator and PID controller. to integral controller.
0.01
-0.01
C h a n g e in fr e q u e n c y
-0.02
-0.03
-0.04 P ID
INTEGRAL
-0.05
-0.06
-0.07
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Time in sec
0.02
0.02
0 0
-0.02 -0.02
C h a n g e in fr e q u e n c y
C h a n g e in f r e q u e n c y
-0.04 -0.04
-0.06 -0.06
-0.08
PID -0.08 P ID
INTEGRAL INTEGRAL
-0.1
-0.1
-0.12
-0.12
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
-0.14 Time in sec
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Time in sec
0.02 0.6
0.5
AREA 1
0
AREA 2
0.4
AREA 3
AREA 4
-0.02 0.3
C h a n g e in f r e q u e n c y
0.2
-0.04
MW
0.1
-0.06 0
-0.1
-0.08 PID
-0.2
INTEGRAL
-0.1 -0.3
-0.4
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
-0.12
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 time in sec
Time in sec
0.08
[2] S Sivanagaraju, G. Sreenivasan, “Power
System Operation and Control” Dorling
0.06
AREA 1 Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd., 2010, pp. 255-
AREA 2 278.
0.04 AREA 3
AREA 4
[3] Emre Ozkop, Ismail H. Altas, Adel M.
0.02
Sharaf, (Dec 2010) “Load Frequency Control
0 in Four Area Power Systems Using Fuzzy
M W
Fig. 10: Tie- line power of four areas with PID [5] M Nagendra, M. S. Krishnarayalu, (sep
controller 2012), “PID controller tuning Simulink for
Multi Area Power Systems” International
Journal of Engineering Research &
V. CONCLUSIONS Technology, vol. 1 Issue 7.
In this paper, a PID controller has been [6] J. Talaq and F. AL-Basri, “Adaptive fuzzy
investigated for automatic generation control gain scheduling for load frequency control,”
of multi area power system in order to IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, vol. 14, no. 1,
improve the performance of the system. For pp. 145-150, 1999.
this purpose, PID controller is tuned by using
a new simple tuning method. Performance [7] O. P. Malik, A. Kumar, and G. S. Hope,
comparison of the proposed paper shows that “A load frequency control algorithm based on
PID controller has a shorter settling time as a generalized approach,” IEEE Trans. Power
compared to integral controller. In order to Systems., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 375-382, 1988.
improve transient response of the system fine
tuned PID controller can be used. [8] Praveen Dabur, Naresh Kumar Yadav and
Vijay Kumar Tayal, “Mat lab Design and
Simulation of AGC and AVR for Multi Area
Power System and Demand Side Management
REFERENCES International Journal of Computer and
Electrical Engineering”, Vol. 3, No. 2,
[1] I J Nagrath, D P Kothari,(2002),“Electric
Machinery” Khanna Publishers.vol. 7, pp 34-
67.