EXPERIMENT # 8

Modulus of Elasticity

Objective:

To find the modulus of rigidity of steel shaft of different diameters

Apparatus:

 Dial gauge.
 Holder for dial gauge.
 Weight holder.
 Slotted weight.
 Support rod.
 Materials for the measurement of rigidity. (Steel shaft).
 Holding chucks

Young’s modulus
apparatus

Theory:

Shear stress:

Shear stress is a stress state where the stress is parallel to the surface of the material, as
opposed to normal stress when the stress is perpendicular to the surface.

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The formula to calculate average shear stress is force per unit area.

Where,

Shearing stress = Shearing force/ Area under shear

F
𝜏=
A

τ = the shear stress;

F = the force applied;

A = the cross-sectional area of material with area parallel to the applied force vector.

Units of shear stress:

N
Newton per square meter ( ) = Pascal (Pa) or pounds per square inch (Psi).
m2

Shear strain:

Shear strain is defined as the tangent of that angle, and is equal to the length of deformation
at its maximum divided by the perpendicular length in the plane of force application which
sometimes makes it easier to calculate.

Strain is defined as "deformation of a solid due to stress" and can be expressed as

dl
𝜀=
lo

Where

dl= change of length

lo = initial length

Modulus of rigidity:

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Shear Modulus or Modulus of Rigidity is the coefficient of elasticity for a shearing or torsion
force.

Modulus of Rigidity - G - (or Shear Modulus) is the coefficient of elasticity for a shearing
force. It is defined as "the ratio of shear stress to the displacement per unit sample length
(shear strain)".

Mathematically,

Shear Stress
G=
S hear Strain

Units of G:

N
Newton per square meter ( ) = Pascal (Pa) or pounds per square inch (psi).
m2

Polar moment of inertia:

Polar moment of inertia is a measure of a circular beam's ability to resist torsion. It is

required to calculate the twist of a beam subjected to a torque. It is analogous to the area
moment of inertia, which characterizes a beam's ability to resist bending and is required to
calculate displacement.

Hollow cylinder, 𝐼𝑧 =𝜋(𝐷4 − 𝑑4) /32

Moment of inertia, 𝐽𝑧 = 𝐼𝑍𝜌𝑙 = 𝜋𝜌𝑙(𝐷4 − 𝑑4)/32

Solid cylinder, 𝐼𝑧 =𝜋𝐷4/32

Moment of inertia, 𝐽𝑧 = 𝐼𝑍𝜌𝑙 =𝜋𝜌𝑙𝐷4/32

Procedure:

 The clamping length (L) was set.

 The width and height of the test specimen was measured by using a vernier caliper
and the values were recorded.
 The test specimen was placed on the bearers.
 Both of the ends won’t be tighten since both ends are simple support.
 The load (F) hanger was mounted on the center of the test specimen.

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  The dial gauge was moved to the center of the test specimen. The height of the gauge
was adjusted so that the needle touched the test specimen. The initial reading of gauge
was recorded.
 The load was loaded onto the weight hanger and the dial gauge reading was recorded.
 The experiment was repeated for another two times in order to obtain an average
deflection value.
 All the loads were removed after the results were taken.
 The graph of force versus deflection was plotted.
 The experimental value of modulus of rigidity was calculated.
 The experiment was repeated by using different diameters of steel shafts.

Observations and Calculation:

J = Polar moment of inertia ( 𝜋𝑑4/32 ) =

L= Length of each rod ( )

W = Load applied ( )

T = Torque (w×Distance) =

S = Position where dial gauge place ( )

Angle of Modulus of
Polar
Dial Gauge Twist Rigidity
Diameter of moment of
Sr. Reading Y T.L
steel shaft inertia ∅= 𝐺=
Y(mm) S J ×∅
(J)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

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Calculations:

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Conclusion: