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Chemistry - Mole Notes
Chemistry - Mole Notes
I. The Mole
A. When substances react they combine or break apart on the atom or molecule
level. To describe what will happen in a reaction, a unit that can compare the number of
atoms of each substance present is needed.
B. It was determined in the lab that the atomic mass in grams of carbon - 12 (12
grams) contained 6.02 x 1023 atoms.
C. 6.02 x 1023 is now known as Avagadro’s Number. The gram equivalent mass
of any atom or the molecular mass (the mass of all the atoms in a molecule) will always
contain Avagadro’s Number of particles.
D. A mole of any substance contains Avagadro’s Number of particles of that
substance.
E. Example - How many grams of iron are in one mole?
55.9 grams (always round to the nearest .1 gram).
Example - How many grams are in one mole of sodium chloride?
23.0 g. + 35.5 g. = 58.5 g.
C. Moles to grams.
Example - How many grams are in .576 moles of zinc nitrate?
D. Moles to particles.
Example - How many atoms are in .111 moles of calcium?
F. Particles to moles.
Example - How many moles are in 5.22 x 1023 molecules of silver
bromide?
5.22 * 1023 molec. x 1 mole/6.02 x 1023 molec. = .876 moles
CH2O
V. Hydrates
A. A substance that has water trapped in its crystal.
B. Usually formed when a compound is formed in a solution and the water is
evaporated away to isolate the substance.
C. Written as MgCl2 * H2O
D. To separate the water the compounds can be strongly heated.
E. Efflorescent hydrates give off water when the vapor pressure is reduced.
F. Hygroscopic hydrates have a low vapor pressure and remove water from the
air increasing their water content. They can be used to keep other substances dry.
G. To calculate hydrated formulas you need to determine the moles of compound
compared to the moles of water. The mass lost due to heating is the mass of the water.
The mass left after heating is the mass of the compound.
H. Example - What is the formula for a hydrated copper II carbonate compound
that masses 1.78 g. before heating and 1.24 g. after heating?
CuCO3 * 3 H2O