adjectives adjective position © attributive adjectives These come immediately before the noun. anold buiing a heavy suitcase © predicative adjectives These come after be, become, seem, look, appear, feel, and can be used without a noun. This vase looks old. 11S heavy lou. © The following adjectives are usually attributive (before a noun): classifying: chief, entire, local, main, national, only, particular, sole, whole etc. This is the main problem. Ihavea particular reason for asking, ‘emphatic: mere, sheer, utter This is utter nonsense! The mere thought of losing depresses me, Other adjectives take on an emphatic meaning when attributive (before a noun): complete, perfect, (otal, pure. This is pure nonsense ‘© Some adjectives are only predicative: afloat, afraid, alight, alike, alive, alone, ashamed, asleep, awake, il, well. Are you awake? Luckily Uiey were both alive. ‘feel ill. You look well. © Others are usually pradicative: glad, pleased, sorry, upset. You should be pleased. don't feel sorry. © something, anyone etc and adverbials somewhere etc can be followed by adjectives. Du you want to know something interesting? I need somewhere quiet, ‘® When looking up adjectives in a dictionary, check whether the meaning you want is attributive or predicative. Helen isa responsible pupil. (attributive sensible, reliable) Who ws responsible for the accident? (predicative - who caused it?) verbs of sensation © appear, feel, look, seem, sinell, sound, taste are followed by adjectives not adverbs. This smells bad. It tastes awful too, gradable and ungradable © Gradable adjectives have degrees of meaning, they can be used with very, too, enough and have ‘comparative and superlative forms. Its very heavy. This one is heavier. Ungradable adjectives are absolute, they do not have comparative or superlative forms and cannot be used with very etc. This tree is dead. This vase is unique. nouns as adjectives ‘© Nouns that refer to substances, places, seasons and parts of a whole can he used as adjectives. ‘Some substance words have adjectives ending -en: woaden, woollen, golden. Check with a dictionary for usage. These are cotton trousers. They are my summer clothes.participle adjectives © We can use participles as adje adripping tep it's dripy ‘a broken promise (promise that has been broken) ‘an accepted idea (an idea that is accepted) ‘¢ We can make compound adjectives by putting an adjective, adverb or noun betore the participle. 2a fast-flowing rivera freshly-made footprint. 2 life-saving operation 2 tree-lined street 2 French-speaking areo a self-employed plumber atight-fitting cress @ mass-produced product ‘© Some -ing adjectives and -ed adjectives which refer to feelings are easily confused. -ing adjectives describe the thing that is having the effect on others. This news article is rather worrying. (it worries me) -ed adjectives describe the person and the way they feel because of the effect. Helen looks worried. (Something has worried her) Other adjectives like this include arnazed / amazing, bored / boring, excited / exciting, exhausted / exhausting, interested / interesting, pleased / pleasing, tired / tiring. adjective + adjective In the following three expressions, the first adjective functions as an adverb to say how wet etc something is. boiling ho, freezing cold, sosking wet compound adjectives Compound adjectives can be formed in the following ways: from adjective + noun. @ cheap-rate phone-call numbers (plural sin never used). a four-year-old child a two-hour meeting 2 fifty euro ticket a three-hour journey . © with a noun + adjective. a tax-free car an airtight box meaning ‘Asmany adjectives have 3 wide range of meaning, and may be used metaphorically, always check ina dictionary. Janet is a heavy smoker. (= she smokes a lot) Iwalked away with heavy heart. (= idiom: (felt sad or depressed) Thisis a heavy responsibility. (= serious) Heavy fighting continucd all day. (= involving many people and weapons) The lecture was abit heavy going. (= hard to understand)1 Underline the best word. a Don’t cat the fish. It smetls bad / badly. b It’s two-hours / nwo-hour train journey from here to Manchester, ¢ [stumbled across an asleep /a sleeping man in the doorway. ‘They ran home through the rain, and when they arrived were sheer / soaking wet. @ As far as Maria was concermed, it was a losing /lost opportunity. f ‘Tom opened the door and found a very large / enormous parcel on the doorstep. 9 h I read that article, but | thought it was mere / complete rubbish! ‘The smell of baking-fresh / freshly baked bread made me feel hungry. i ‘That suitcase looks really heavy / heavily, i What’s the matter with you? You look wonying / worried. 2 Put very in front of the adjective where possible, or leave blank (-). aI pit my foot in the water, and it was = freering! Please don't make that silly noise! It’s annoying! When we first saw the wave we were shocked, because it was... You really should read this book. 1s. Interesting Jeff has been missing for two days, and we're worried. Unfortunately, the ring | found turned out to be worthless, At the end of the race, most of the runners felt exhausted. By the end of the second week, amany of the villagers were starving. Is... .._ unusual for so much rain to fall here tn July. Ive checked the figures again, and [can assure you that they are correct, Mow do you do. i'm pleased to meet you. When I realized what she had said, I was upset. xose ang 3 Make an adjective + noun phrase which fits the explanation. Clothes you anty wear in the winter, winter clothes. Shirls made of silk. - — Balleries used for a lorch. os Sales hield int the spr ‘An overcoat made of leather. .... —S = Equipment used in an office. Fans who are supporters of tootball clubs. en : —— A bowl made of glass. — Holidays we take in the summer... Software which is used on a computer. A bracelet made of silver. Leaves that tall in autumn, oma ze cert re to ance2 Amuasterpiece which nobody cares about aneqeoted masterpieces. b The headlines at the end of a news broadcast, © Very low temperatures. d_ Adoor anyone can go through. © Different feelings about something at the same time. £ Anmarriage which the family of the couple organizes, g Ananthor people think well of, h Anattack that causes serious harm. 1 Acrime without a kuown culprit, J A roof with a hole in it. k The scene at the beginning of a play. 1 A taste for something that you develop after first disliking It. 4. Use the word in capitals to form an adjective + noun phrase which fits the explanation. NEGLECT CLOSE FREEZE, UNLOCK MIX ARRANGE RESPECT DAMAGE UNSOLVE LEAK OPEN ACQUIRE, Complete the sentence with a compound adjective made from a form of the two words in brackets. a Ticinoisinthe . a area of Switzerland. b Tusually buy a alian-speaking loaf from the local baker's. © The dog fell intoa s river and was swept away. d We let our flat toa couple. @ The school believes it should educate children to be : f All we could sce was a bare _ a = «= «= landscape. 9 The building fel to the yround with a fan crash, by I particularly like .. > 2 nuts. i Itwasa _ decision, but we had to make It. j The hills stetched into the distance. The automatic ironing machine is described asa. _. device. 1 The tomb is being examined by archaeologists. (aly, speak) (ake, fresh) (flow, fast) (new, marry) (mind, open) (sweep, wind) (hatter, earth) (Coat, chocolate) (break, heart) (cover, tree) (save, time) (discover, new) @ adjectives6 Choose the best option, A, 8 or C, to complete the sentence. a Fortunately the surgeon was able ta perform a 8 operation. b Two children gave flowers to the president. € ‘The historic centre of the city is a area, This kind of gambling machine is often called a bandit, The narrow streets were lined with... shops. Julia's visit to India was a experience. g rian looked out of the window at the street. bh A spokesperson explained that there was a situation. i Please send mea copy. j sa journey from here to the other side of the Island. k There was an explosion, followed by a thick cloud of smoke. 1 Dogs used for hunting have a sense of smell a A life-saver B life-saving € Mife-saved b Aseven-yrarold — 8 seven-pearsold —C seveneyear-olds © A traffic-freed B teuffic-frely C innfic.pree @ Aone-arm B onewirmed Conesarm’s © Abright-tit B bright-lishting ——_Cuighuty a f Alifechanging ——Blife'schunging CC lfe-changer 9 Aminsoaking —— B rained-soak C rai-soaked fh Arapid-changing —B rapidly changing C rapid-chunge i Alypemiting B typewriter C lypewritten fA three-hours B three-hour thvee-hourly Kk Acarshattering — Bears-shattering ——_Cear-shattered 1 Abigi-cleveloped —B highly-developing highly developed 7 Complete each sentence with an adjective from the list. Use a dictionary to check the meaning. fine great heavy high ght tong low narrow open short small wide a. We didn’t want to cat too much before the theatre, so we just hada light meal. fb Jane isa very easy person to talk to, and is very friendly and ¢ There was... —— shower of rain, and we got soaked through. Bill was very thirsty and ordered a dink. © They didn’t have a lot to say to one another, but spent the me on. talk, f Hisname is Alexancer, or Alex for a 9 If you're looking for gifts, try Uentley’s which sells a selection of local products. fh There's a very line between being surprised and being amazed. Julia and fare friends, and we get on really well, {think it’s tine you stopped watching television and did some work! Ellis scored in the last minute, giving the team a 89-88 victory. ‘The government has promised to do more to help peaple on incomes,ETS Oye td B Complete the text with a compound adjective from the list in each gap. freshly prepared much-reduced home-cooked so-called timesaving—_far-eaching traffieclogged hard-working home-produced ready-made large-scale locally grown Supermarket food ew of us have the luxury of a home=produced lood fresh from our own garden, and increasingly we live in a world where such lood is becoming rare. Although supermarkets can sell fresh fruit and vegetables at b ~ prices, not everyune buys them. Many people cook very little at home, and in some households few meals are ¢ Froven and d meals are e ~ solutions lor ‘ = people, and g ms ‘convenience foods’ sold in supetinarkets ave beginning to replace more aditional snveals i any households. The consequences of such changes are 1 «Food which might have a long journey from the other end of the country has replaced j food, which also means that huge supermarket lorries are added tok. —__. roads. Small larmers, who produce only small quantities of food, also lind that supermarkets prefer production, and ate often forced out of business LEMS Lkd Choose ten participle adjectives from these pages and translate them into your language. Then write an example sentence for each one. Choose ten compound adjectives from these pages and translate them into your language. Then write an example sentence for each one. @ adjectives