Propp Intelectual

You might also like

Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 10

+

O
X
@OD`]^WSROR=\bSZSQbcOZS\SZDS`p0 M
O
@I
w8o\RSSabO[]a4w<OQWORo\RSdO[]a4 77
:
è?
@I
à
A5F75G
D5H9BH9G
89F97<C
89 5IHCF
A 5 F z5  8 9 @  7 5 F A 9 B  5 @ J 5 F 5 8 C  6 5 L C

?_ld^a^ mlo i^ Nlkqfcf`f^ Skfsbopfa^a A^qÑif`^ abi NboÖ,


Cu Hbc^ ab i^ Mcf`fk^ ab Qfdklp Bfpqfkqfslp abi Gkpqfqrql L^`flk^i ab Bbcbkp^ ab i^
Aljmbqbk`f^ v ab i^ Nolqb``fÑk ab i^ Nolmfba^a Gkqbib`qr^i + GLBCAMNG,

9 B F =E I 9  7 5 J 9 F C  G 5 : F 5

?_ld^al mlo i^ Nlkqfcf`f^ Skfsbopfa^a A^qÑif`^ abi NboÖ,


K^dfpqbo bk Bbob`el ab i^ Aljmbqbk`f^ v ab i^ Nolmfba^a Gkqbib`qr^i mlo i^ Nlkqfcf`f^
Skfsbopfa^a A^qÑif`^ abi NboÖ,
Kfbj_ol ab i^ AljfpfÑk Nboj^kbkqb ab |qf`^ abi Alkpbgl L^`flk^i ab ?rqloobdri^`fÑk
Nr_if`fq^of^ +AML?P,

Jrfp 8 =9 M  7 5 B G 9 7 C  B { j 9 M
?_ld^al mlo i^ Nlkqfcf`f^ Skfsbopfa^a A^qÑif`^ abi NboÖ,
K^pqbo &JJ,K,' bk Bbob`el Aljm^o^al mlo i^ Eblodb U^pefkdqlk Skfsbopfqv,
Cu Tl`^i v Nobpfabkqb abi Rof_rk^i ?kafkl ab Hrpqf`f^ ab i^ Aljrkfa^a ?kafk^,
Cu Tl`^i ab i^ Q^i^ ab Bbcbkp^ ab i^ Aljmbqbk`f^ abi Gkpqfqrql ab Bbcbkp^ ab i^
Aljmbqbk`f^ v ab i^ Nolqb``fÑk ab i^ Nolmfba^a Gkqbib`qr^i + GLBCAMNG,
Alkpriqlo abi @^k`l Krkaf^i* @^k`l Gkqbo^jbof`^kl ab Bbp^ooliil v SQ?GB,
Drk`flk^ofl ab i^ Alkcbobk`f^ ab i^ L^`flkbp Skfa^p pl_ob Aljbo`fl v Bbp^ooliil
&SLAR?B'* Mod^kfw^`fÑk Krkaf^i ab i^ Nolmfba^a Gkqbib`qr^i &MKNG' v i^ Qb`obq^oÇ^
Ebkbo^i ab i^ Aljrkfa^a ?kafk^,

Jrfp 5 @ C B G C  ; 5 F 7 z5  A I j C M # B y > 5 F

?_ld^al mlo i^ Skfsbopfa^a ab Jfj^,


Cu Hbcb ab i^ Mcf`fk^ ab K^o`^p v N^qbkqbp abi Gkpqfqrql L^`flk^i ab Bbcbkp^ ab i^ :
1
Aljmbqbk`f^ v ab i^ Nolqb``fÑk ab i^ Nolmfba^a Gkqbib`qr^i + GLBCAMNG, e+
S
BK
Cu Nobpfabkqb ab i^ Q^i^ Cpmb`f^ifw^a^ bk Nolmfba^a Gkqbib`qr^i abi Rof_rk^i abi
Gkpqfqrql ab Bbcbkp^ ab i^ Aljmbqbk`f^ v ab i^ Nolqb``fÑk ab i^ Nolmfba^a Gkqbib`qr^i + &+
GLBCAMNG, w
Cu Tf`bjfkfpqol ab Aljbo`fl Cuqboflo, O
:
Rrsl ^ pr `^odl i^ kbdl`f^`fÑk ab Nolmfba^a Gkqbib`qr^i bk bi Ro^q^al ab Jf_ob M
BK
Aljbo`fl +RJA+ abi NboÖ `lk Cpq^alp Skfalp* ^pÇ `ljl bk kbdl`f^`flkbp ab i^ O+
Aljrkfa^a ?kafk^ v bi ?JA?, l
..
GR

AM

Cpq^ pb``fÑk bpqrsl ^ `^odl ab B^kfbi^ Qrml A^iaboÑk* ^irjk^ ab rkaÅ`fjl `f`il ab i^ D^`riq^a ab Bbob`el 1
ab i^ Skfsbopfa^a ab Jfj^ v Bfob`qlo^ abi AljfqÅ Cafqlof^i ab i^ Pbsfpq^ ? B T M A ? R S Q9 v* ?ibpp^kao^ TÄpnrbw
ósfi^* ^irjk^ ab klsbkl `f`il ab i^ D^`riq^a ab Bbob`el ab i^ Skfsbopfa^a ab Jfj^ v Bfob`qlo^ ab i^ AljfpfÑk ab
O
Csbkqlp ab i^ Pbsfpq^ ? B T M A ? R S Q,

J^ N o l m f b a ^ a Gkqbib`qr^i bk bi N b o Ö 8 çBÑkab bpq^jlp= çF^`f^ a Ñk a b s ^ j l p = 143


Ckbpq^l`^pfÑk* ? B T M A ? R S Q qrsli^lmloqrkfa^aabbkqobsfpq^o^`r^qolabpq^`^alp^_ld^alpbpmb`f^ifw^alpbkNolmfba^aGkù
qbib`qr^i,Cpqlpklq^_ibpbpmb`f^ifpq^pa^kobpmrbpq^^^idrk^pfkqboold^kqbpcrka^jbkq^ibpbkobi^`fÑk^i m^klo^j^^`qr^i*biabp^ooliilv
abp^cÇlpabbpq^Äob^abiabob`elbkbiNboÖ,Ckbpbpbkqfal*i^mobpbkqbKbp^Pbalka^qfbkb`ljlcfk^ifa^a^k^ifw^o`fboqlpmrkqlp`i^sbpm^o^
ildo^ork^`loob`q^`ljmobpfÑkbkobi^`fÑk^iolicrka^jbkq^inrbgrbd^i^Nolmfba^aGkqbib`qr^ibkbiabp^ooliilabkrbpqolm^Çp,

y ûû ûûjj{{ë  +++++++++ +++ +ëû


û
,,,,,,,, , ,,,,,,,,, +++++++++++ û+++y

Mk qefpl``^pflk* ? B T M A ? R S Q  e^aqeblmmloqrkfqvql fkqbosfbtclromoljfkbkqi^tvboppmb`f^ifwfkd fk Gkqbiib`qr^i Nolmboqv,


Rebpbobj^oh^_ibpmb`f^ifpqp^kptbopljbcrka^jbkq^inrbpqflkpfkobi^qflkqlqeb`roobkqp`bk^ofl*qebabsbilmjbkq^ka`e^iibkdbplcqefp
cfbialci^tfk NboÖ,Gkqefppbkpb*qefpPlrkaR^_ib^fjpql^k^ivwb`boq^fk hbvmlfkqpql^`efbsb^`loob`qrkabopq^kafkdfkobi^qflkqlqeb
crka^jbkq^iolibqe^qGkqbiib`qr^iNolmboqvmi^vpfkqebabsbilmjbkqlclro`lrkqov,

/, çOrÅ lmfk^ pl_ob i^p mliÇqf`^p fjmib+ bpqo^qbdf^v^``flkbpnrbklpmrbabk`lkar`fo


P bsfpq^  b a fq^ a ^  mlo ^ ir j k l p ab i^ D ^ ` r iq^ a  ab B b ob ` e l  ab i^ S k fs b op fa ^ a  ab Jfj^

jbkq^a^p mlobi Cpq^albk obi^`fÑk ^ i^ ^bpbl_gbqfsl,


fksbpqfd^`fÑk* abp^ooliil b fkkls^`fÑk=
çSpqba`obbnrbbufpqbkprcf`fbkqbpmliÇqfù Csfabkqbj bkqb*biqbj ^klbpcÄ`fi,Qbkb`bpfq^*
`^p^`qfs^pabcljbkql^i^fksbpqfd^`fÑk m^o^`ljbkw^o*^rj bkq^oilpkfsbibpab^``bpl
v abp^ooliil* ^pÇ`ljl ab bpqÇjril ^ i^ v`^ifa^a ab i^ bar`^`fÑk prmboflo,Rla^ fkklù
`ob^qfsfa^av`riqro^= s^`fÑkpbe^`b^m^oqfoabilbufpqbkqb*bkqlk`bp
bpb m fpl a b`lkl`fj fbkqlbpcrka^j bkq^i*bpù
K^oÇ^abiA^ojbk?is^o^al@^vl&KA?'8Rla^p mb`f^ij bkqbbk `r^kql^qb`klildÇ^, Jrbdl*pb
i^p jbafa^p qbkafbkqbp ^ fk`bkqfs^o i^ fkkls^ù obnrfbobnrbbufpq^rk^^ab`r^a^molqb``fÑkab
`fÑk abcfkfqfs^j bkqb plk mlpfqfs^p, F^v m^Çpbp i^molmfba^afkqbib`qr^i,Bbil`lkqo^ofle^vrk
`lj lAefib*mlobgbjmil*nrbklpiibs^kjr`elp bkloj babpfk`bkqfsl,L^afbs^^fksboqfoqfbj ml
^Élpabsbkq^g^,Ckqlk`bp*abcfkfqfs^j bkqb*qb ù v-lafkbolbkmolvb`qlpabfksbpqfd^`fÑk`fbkqÇù
kbjlpnrbfjmibjbkq^ork^mliÇqf`^+qbkafbkqb cf`^*`ob^qfslpl`riqro^ibp*pf i^ fkkls^`fÑk nrb
^ fk`bkqfs^oi^ fkkls^`fÑk+_^pq^kqb^dobpfs^, obpriqbabbiils^^pbomfo^qb^a^^iaÇ^pfdrfbkqb
nrb p^ib ^i jbo`^al, W* cfk^ij bkqb* pb kb`bpfq^
?`qr^ij bkqb* pb e^ klq^al rk ^rj bkqlbk i^p `ob^o `lkaf`flkbp c^slo^_ibp ^ i^ fkkls^`fÑk*
`ob^`flkbp b fkkls^`flkbp ^ kfsbi ab rkfsboù bifj fk^kal _^oobo^p v `lpqlp ab qo^kp^``fÑk v
pfa^abp* e^pq^ e^`b ^idrklp ^Élp kl pbsbÇ^k* afcrkafbkalfkcloj^`fÑk,CpqbÖiqfjl^pmb`qlbp
mlobgbjmil*plif`fqrabpab m^qbkqbp mlom^oqb `i^sbvpfkbj_^odlpbmfboababsfpq^^jbkral,
abbpq^p, Ck ilp Öiqfjlp^Élpbpqle^ falfk`obù
j bkq^alklq^_ibjbkqb*il`r^ibprkfkaf`flab JrfpBfbwA^kpb`lLÖÉbw&JBL'8 J^ obpmrbpq^
nrbi^prkfsbopfa^abpbpqÄkfkkls^kalvbplbp i^_ofkalcloj ri^kalrk^mobdrkq^8çCufpqbrk^
rk^_rbk^pbÉ^i,Qfkbj_^odl*abcfkfqfs^jbkqb* mliÇqf`^=Cpq^bprk^folkÇ^nrbkle^`bjÄpnrb
biCpq^alqfbkbnrbe^`bojÄpqla^sÇ^,Cicrqrol mlkboabobifbsbnrbi^j bkq^_ibj bkqbkrbpqol
bpqÄ bk i^ fkkls^`fÑk v abmbkab ab bpl m^o^ m^Çp ^alib`b ab rk^ mliÇqf`^ `i^o^* abcfkfqfs^ v
nrb bi NboÖ p^id^ ^abi^kqbv kl pb^ rk pfjmib `lkpfpqbkqbbk obi^`fÑk `lk i^ fksbpqfd^`fÑk*bi
bumloq^aloab`lj j lafqfbp vnrbpb^^idljÄp, abp^ooliilvi^ fkkls^`fÑk,

Ckofnrb A^sbol Q^co^ &CAQ'8 ö iqfj ^j bkqb pb Bbpab nrb bo^ bpqraf^kqb rkfsbopfq^ofl bk ilp
? B T M A ? R S Q  /12

e^ ^s^kw^albk bkqbkaboi^ fj mloq^k`f^ ab i^ 5.pv*mloilq^kql*mlo`^pf3.^Élp*ebbp`r`e^ù


fkkls^`fÑk*q^kqlqb`kliÑdf`^ `lj l`riqro^i*v al ab`i^o^`flkbp mobpfabk`f^ibp* jfkfpqbof^ibp
ab i^ kb`bpfa^a ab^rj bkq^o krbpqolp kfsbibp* j fkfpqolp l ab ^iqlp crk `flk ^ol p abi Cpq^al
nrb^`qr^ij bkqbplk jrv_^glp*bpmb`f^ij bkù bk ilp nrb pb e^ abpq^`^al i^ fj mloq^k`f^ ab
qb bk il nrb ql`^ ^ i^ qb`klildÇ^, Nbol pfdrb i^ `fbk`f^ v qb`klildÇ^ `lj l rk fkpqorj bkql
e^_fbkal do^kabp abcf`fbk`f^p bk `r^kql ^ i^ m^o^biabp^ooliilb`lkÑjf`l,Jljfpjlmrbal

144 K^oÇ^abiA^ojbk?is^o^al@^vl -CkofnrbA^sbolQ^co^-JrfpBfbwA^kpb`lLÖÉbw-Jrfp?ilkplE^o`Ç^KrÉlw+LÄg^o


:
M
Bbilp /15m^Çpbpl_gbqlabi fkclojb*bi NboÖpb
]
ab`foabilpiÇabobpbjmobp^of^ibpv^`^aÅjf`lp* l
nrfbkbp*m^i^_o^pjÄpljbklp*e^k mrbpqlab bk`rbkqo^i^mlpf`fÑk //7bkbiNfi^o/0nrbbpbi l
E;
obifbsb i^ ^rpbk`f^ ab rk^ mliÇqf`^ ab Cpq^al afob`q^j bkqb^pl`f^al`lki^fkkls^`fÑkbinrb %%
bk bpq^p j^qbof^p9 i^p jfpj^p nrb* mlo `fboql* mob`fp^j bkqbmlkbÅkc^pfpbk i^pmlpf_fifa^abp :
bk
pb bk`rbkqo^k bpqob`e^j bkqb ifd^a^p `lk i^p ab abp^ooliil b`lkÑj f`l `lk s^ilo ^dobd^al, E;
mliÇqf`^pbar`^qfs^p, Ciil*klbpm^o^pbkqfopblodriilplp,Wpfpbbprk
ml`ljÄp`roflplv^k^ifw^mlojbklofw^a^jbk+
?mbp^oabobfqbo^a^pab`i^o^`flkbp*il`fboqlbp qb`^a^rklabilp`lj mlkbkqbpabaf`elNfi^o*
nrbpbe^ eb`elml`llk^a^bki^ j^qbof^,Cpù pb^asfboqbnrbbpq^jlpbk i^ mlpf`fÑk POQ  bk
crbowlpabp^oqf`ri^alp^kfsbiabipb`qlomÖ_if`l il nrb obpmb`q^ ^ i^ mobpbk`f^ ab fkdbkfbolpv
bfkf`f^qfs^p^fpi^a^p^kfsbiabipb`qlomofs^alv `fbkqÇcf`lp9 /.3 bk i^ `^ifa^a ab krbpqo^p fkpqfù
^`^aÅj f`l kl mrbabk `lkpfabo^opb`lj l rk^ qr`flkbpabfksbpqfd^`fÑk9 /.5bk il^qfkbkqb^
mliÇqf`^abCpq^al, J^`fbk`f^vi^qb`klildÇ^bp i^obi^`fÑkab`li^_lo^`fÑkbkqobi^rkfsbopfa^a
i^ efpqlof^ ab i^pab`i^o^`flkbpb fksl`^`flkbp* vi^ bjmobp^bk fksbpqfd^`fÑkvabp^ooliil9 //1
j^pklabi^pab`fpflkbpvob^ifa^abp, bki^`^m^`fa^aabfkkls^`fÑk9//4bki^p^anrfù
pf`flkbpabi Cpq^al bk molar`qlpqb`kliÑdf`lp
Nlobgbj mil* klpbe^`lkqfkr^al`lk ilafpbù abmofjbo^dbkbo^`fÑk9v/01bkbid^pqlabi^p
É^albkbi?`rboalL^`flk^i^almq^albk0..0 bjmobp^p bk fksbpqfd^`fÑk v abp^ooliil, ? biil
v nrb bpq^_ib`fÑ `lj l TfdÅpfj ^ NliÇqf`^ ab ab_bj lp^dobd^oilpobpriq^alpablqolpmfi^obp
Cpq^albi`lj molj fplm^o^cloq^ib`boi^`^m^`fù ^pl`f^alp`lki^`fbk`f^vqb`klildÇ^*`lj lplk
a^aabim^Çpm^o^d b k b o^ ovrqfifw^o`lkl`fj fbkù bi mrbpql /.3 bk i^ molqb``fÑk ^ i^ Nolmfba^a
qlp `fbkqÇcf`lp vqb`kliÑdf`lp m^o^ abp^oolii^o Gkqbib`qr^i9 /03 bk i^ bkpbÉ^kw^ ab j ^qbj Äù
ilpob`roplperj ^klpvm^o^jbglo^oi^dbpqfÑk qf`^p v `fbk`f^p9 /02 bk i^ `^ifa^a abi pfpqbj^
ab ilp ob`roplp k^qro^ibp v i^ `lj mbqfqfsfa^a bar`^qfsl9v /07bk i^ `^ifa^a ab i^ bkpbÉ^kw^
abi^pbjmobp^p, Ciilfk`irvbbi fk`obj bkqlab mofj^of^*i^nrbp^_bjlpbpi^ nrbd^o^kqfw^bi
^`qfsfa^abp v i^ ^pfdk^`fÑk ab ob`roplpcfk^kù crqrolabrk m^Çp,Ck obprjbk*a^qlpl_gbqfslp
`fbolpv i^ ^alm`fÑk ab _bkbcf`flpqof_rq^oflp, nrbbumobp^kbi^_plirqlabpfkqboÅpabiCpq^al*
R^j ml`lpb`lkqfkrÑmolj lsfbkalv`lkplifù bipb`qlomofs^alvi^prkfsbopfa^abp&p^islelkù
a^kal ilp `bkqolp ab fkkls^`fÑk qb`kliÑdf`^ olp^pbu`bm`flkbp' mlo_ofka^os^ilo^dobd^al
&AGRCp' nrb dbkbo^olk q^k _rbklp obpriq^alp ^ilpmolar`qlp,
m^o^ ilppb`qlobpbk ilpnrbpbfkslir`o^olk,Ci
AlkpbglL^`flk^iabAlj mbqfqfsfa^ae^prcofal Jl fkaf`^al ^kqbofloj bkqb kl e^`b lqo^ `lp^
rk^ `lj mibq^ m^o^ifw^`fÑk v pb abp`lkl`b bi nrb mlkbo ab obifbsb rk crqrol prj ^j bkqb

N P M N GC B ? B  GL R C J C A R S ? J
fj m^`ql abi Ni^k L ^`flk^i ab Afbk`f^ v Rb`ù `lj mif`^al m^o^ bi NboÖ mrbpql nrb* bk rk^
klildÇ^ b Gkkls^`fÑk 0..4+0.0/, Bbi jfpjl pl`fba^a `^a^ sbw jÄp `lj mbqfqfs^ bk i^ nrb
jlal* i^ qbj Äqf`^ ab i^ obi^`fÑk rkfsbopfa^a pb obnrfbob ab qo^_^g^alobp `^ifcf`^alp* i^ ^rù
bj mobp^ bk j ^qbof^ qb `k l iÑ d f`^  bpq^ crbo^ pbk`f^ ab bar`^`fÑk qb`kliÑdf`^ b* fk`irpl* ab
abi `lkl`fj fbkqlb fkqboÅp abi pb`qlo mofs^al _^pb*s^ ^ dbkbo^o rk `^a^ sbw jÄp krjbolpl
ab_fal ^ nrb* bkqob lqo^p o^wlkbp* bi NboÖ e^ `lkqfkdbkqbab`fra^a^klpnrbklmlaoÄbpq^o
lmq^almlorkj labilbumloq^alo`i^o^j bkqb ^i^^iqro^abrk`ob`fbkqbabj ^ka^i^_lo^inrb
mofj^oflve^j ^odfk^ali^pbumloq^`flkbp`lk pb ab_b `^o^`qbofw^o mlo prp `i^o^p ^mqfqrabp
s^ilo ^dobd^al, Cpq^p Öiqfj ^p obnrfbobk abi qb`kliÑdf`^p, Ck `lkpb`rbk`f^* ^rj bkq^oÄk
`lj ml kbkqbqb`kliÑdf`l, i^p q^p^p ab abpbj m ibl v biil dbkbo^oÄ jÄp
`ofjbk v sflibk`f^, Norb_^ ab biil bp krbpqol
? B T M A ? R S Q  /12

Jlp k Ö j b ol p  kl b k d ^ É ^ k , N^o^ `l k cfoj ^ o k^a^ elkolpl mrbpql PQQ  bk i^ ^cb`q^`fÑk abi
il pbÉ ^i^al ^k qb ofl oj b k qb  _^pq^ obsfp^o ilp `ofjbk v i^ sflibk`f^ bk ilp kbdl`flpv /07 bk
obpriq^alp ab i^ Öiqfj ^ baf`fÑk abi Çkaf`b ab `ofjbklod^kfw^al,
A lj mbqfqfsfa^aEil_^i&0./5+0./6'bi^_lo^al
mlobiDlolC`lkÑj f`lK rkaf^i &U loia C`lkl+ Alj l pb mrbab ^mob`f^o* bi m^klo^j ^ bp a b ù
jf` Dlorj', pli^alo v* pfk ara^* pb obnrfbob ab rk^ cfojb

J^ N o l m f b a ^ a  G k q b i b ` q r ^ i  bk bi N b o Ö 8  ç B Ñ k a b  b p q ^ j l p =  ç F ^ ` f ^  a Ñk a b  s ^ j l p =  145


ab`fpfÑk mlo m^oqb ab qlalp ilp ^`qlobp ab i^ L^`flk^i, Cpmbobjlp nrb bpq^ fkf`f^qfs^ e^d^
pl`fba^a m^o^ obsboqfobpq^ pfqr^`fÑk v^s^kw^o abpmbd^oi^`lk`fbk`f^abi m^Çp,
`r^ifq^qfs^v`r^kqfq^qfs^j bkqbbk i^ pbka^abi
moldobpl, Ci NboÖ e^ sfsfal rk^ c^kq^pÇ^ bk il Bbi j fpj l j lal* bpmbobj lp nrb bpq^p fk fù
^qfkbkqb^iabp^ooliilb`lkÑj f`lv*m^o^co^pb^kù `f^qfs^ kl pb nr bab bk mibkl `^j fkl* `lj l
al ^ rkl ab ilp jÄp abpq^`^alp bpmb`f^ifpq^p lqo^p,N^o^nrbbiilklpr`ba^*kb`bpfq^jlppbo
bk j^qbof^ ab `lj mbqfqfsfa^a* Kf`e^bi Nloqbo8 `lkp`fbkqbp* `lj l pl`fba^a v Cpq^al* ab nrb
Cpqb `ob`fj fbkql bp rk^ firpfÑk v kl bp ob^i, il Ökf`l nrb `lkpqorvb bi crqrol ab ilp m^Çpbp
F^v rk b pq^k`^j fbkql ab i^p bumloq^`flkbp bpgrpq^j bkqb i^ ^mrbpq^ mlo i^ molj l`fÑk ab
ab _fbkbp j ^krc^`qro^alp v ab pbosf`flp, Ci i^ fkkls^`fÑk v bi abp^ooliil qb`kliÑdf`l, çW*
NboÖ klqfbkbrk^ mliÇqf`^* kf rk^bpqo^qbdf^ab ab nrb abmbkab nrb bpql crk`flkb= Nrbp* pb
i^odlmi^wlbkqbj ^pab`lj mbqfqfsfa^a,Nloil kb`bpfq^ rk `^j _fl `riqro^i v rk^ sboa^abo^
q^kql*bprk^b`lklj Ç^nrbklqfbkbrkorj_l obcloj^bar`^qfs^*abkqolabrkbp`bk^oflibd^i
abcfkfal , ?biil pb ab_b ^dobd^o ilnrb fkaf`Ñ vpl`f^i*bkbinrbpbobpmbqbkilp`lkqo^qlpvilp
^`boq^a^j bkqbDo^k`fpDrhrv^j ^8 Llpbmrbab abob`elpabNolmfba^a Gkqbib`qr^i,
P bsfpq^ b a fq^ a ^  mlo ^ ir j k l p ab i^ D^ ` r iq^ a  ab B b ob ` e l  ab i^ S k fs b opfa ^ a  ab Jfj ^

qbkbork^b`lklj Ç^abi NofjboK rkal`lk rk


Cpq^alabiRbo`boKrkal , ?pfjfpjl*m^o^nrbfkf`f^qfs^p`lj li^abp`ofq^
^kqbofloj bkqb*mrba^kqbkbopbkqfalvcrk`flù
Jrfp ?ilkpl E^o`Ç^ KrÉlw+LÄf^o &JEK'8 Ci kbk bk bi m^Çp* pb obnrfbob ab`fpfÑk mliÇqf`^* ^i
Cpq^al Nbor^kl e^ qbkfal ^s^k`bp fkqbobp^kù jÄp^iql kfsbi*vabqla^pi^pbkqfa^abpCpq^al9
qbpbkbpq^ j^qbof^* mbolob`fÅkbk ilp Öiqfjlp ^abjÄpabrk^^pfdk^`fÑkabmobprmrbpql^abù
^Élp,Qfk bj _^odl* e^vnrb obp^iq^onrbbpqlp `r^al9 v* bi fkslir`o^j fbkql ^`qfsl abi pb`qlo
m^plp ^Ök pfdrbk pfbkal j rv qf_flp9 mlo il mofs^alvabi^^`^abjf^,
q^kql* pbdrfj lp ^oo^pqo^kal rk^ _ob`e^ pfdù
kfcf`^qfs^* nrb pb sb obcibg^a^ bk rk^ pbofb ab Nlolqoli^al*bkilobi^qfsl^ibpqÇj ril^i^`ob^ù
fkaf`^alobp* `lj l bp mlo bgbj mil bi Pbmloqb qfsfa^a v `riqro^* ab_l pbÉ^i^o nrb ^Ök bk bi
abA lj mbqfqfsfa^aEil_^iabi DlolC`lkÑj f`l NboÖkle^vrk^sfpfÑk`i^o^e^`f^aÑkabfjmriù
K r ka f^i* a l k a b  bi NboÖ pb b k `r b k qo^  bk bi p^omlpf_ibp bpcrbowlp ^i obpmb`ql, Ll bpq^jlp
mrbpql 50ab rk rkfsboplab /15 m^Çpbp, mbkp^kalkfmi^kfcf`^kalbicrqrol*bkilpqbj^p
obibs^kqbp m^o^ bi m^Çp, Qfk bj _^odl* sbj lp
Qfk bj _^odl* bp ab abpq^`^o rk^ _rbk^ fkfù `lj l krbpqolp sb`fklp bk i^ PbdfÑk* bj mobkù
`f^qfs^ `lkqbkfa^ bk bi Bb`obql Qrmobj l L á abk molvb`qlpk^`flk^ibpnrb^icfk^iqboj fk^k
./3+0./4+NAK*bk bi nrbpb^mol_Ñi^ ii^j^a^ pfbkaleboo^jfbkq^pm^o^pbojÄp`lj mbqfqfslp
NliÇqf`^ L^`flk^i m^o^ bi Bbp^ooliil ab i^ Afbkù v  ildo^o d^k^o bpm^`flp bk bi bp`bk^ofl ab i^
`f^*Rb`klildÇ^ b Gkkls^`fÑkRb`kliÑdf`^ +ARG* `lj mbqbk`f^dil_^i,CkAlilj_f^*mlobgbjmil*
`rv^^mif`^`fÑkpb`lkpqfqrvbab`rj mifj fbkql pb e^ ildo^al dbkbo^o rk^ `loofbkqb bk afpqfkù
l_ifd^qlofl mloqla^p i^p bkqfa^abp abi Cpq^al qlppb`qlobp*fk`irvbkalprAlkdobplL^`flk^i*
bk qlalp ilp kfsbibp ab dl_fbokl* ^`loab `lk pl_obbi`lk`bmqlabi^abklj fk^a^ Gkarpqof^
prp`lj mbqbk`f^p, L^o^kg^ *`lkjfo^p^fjmrip^oi^fkarpqof^`ob^ù
qfs^ l b`lklj Ç^ `ob^qfs^ abi m^Çp* i^ `r^i bpqÄ
@^gl bpqb j^o`l* nr ba Ñ bpq^_ib`fal nrb i^p prpqbkq^a^ bk bi `^j ml ^oqÇpqf`l v `riqro^i*
bkqfa^abp nrb`lkcloj ^k bi Qfpqbj^ L^`flk^i `rv^molqb``fÑkqbojfk^pfbkalabi^Nolmfba^a
abAfbk`f^*Rb`klildÇ^bGkkls^`fÑkRb`kliÑdf`^ Gkarpqof^i v bi Bbob`el ab ?rqlo, Ci Alkdobpl
+ QGL ?A WR qfbkbk ^ pr `^odl i^ fj mibj bkq^ù `l il j _ f^k l  e^ ^m ol _^al e^`b rklp jbpbp*
? B T M A ? R S Q  /12

`fÑk vbgb`r`fÑk ab af`e^ NliÇqf`^ L^`flk^i, J^ rk^ ibvnrb`lkp^do^ i^ molqb``fÑkbpmb`f^iab
Nobpfabk`f^ abi Alkpbgl ab Kfkfpqolp* ^ qo^sÅp bpq^ b`lklj Ç^^i abcfkfoq^kqlprl_gbql*`lj l
abi Alkpbgl L^`flk^i ab Afbk`f^*Rb`klildÇ^ b ilp afsboplp pb`qlobp nrb `lj mlkbk bpq^ Gkù
Gkkls^`fÑkRb`kliÑdf`^ + AMLAWRCA* nrbaÑ ^ arpqof^*q^ibp`lj li^pbafqlof^ibp*clkldoÄcf`lp*
`^odlabipbdrfjfbkql*j lkfqloblvbs^ir^`fÑk ^oqbpsfpr^ibp*qrofpjl* mr_if`fa^a* `lkqbkfalp
abi^fj mibj bkq^`fÑkvbgb`r`fÑkabi^ NliÇqf`^ jriqfjbaf^* plcqt^ob ab `lkqbkfalp* ^dbk`f^p

146 K^oÇ^abiA^ojbk?is^o^al@^vl -CkofnrbA^sbolQ^co^-JrfpBfbwA^kpb`lLÖÉbw-Jrfp?ilkplE^o`Ç^ KrÉlw+LÄg^o


:
O
ab klqf`f^p* pbosf`flp ab fkcloj^`fÑk* jla^p* fk`obj bkqÄkalpb aÇ^ ^ aÇ^, Jl jfpjl pr`bab M
bkqoblqolp, Jlfkqbobp^kqbbpnrbpbbjmfbw^^ `lk i^p fksbk`flkbp* kl plj lp bumloq^alobp M
@I
a^ofjmripl^pb`qlobpb`lkÑj f`lpnrbpbe^k kfab j^o`^p kf abfksbk`flkbpvbplqfbkbnrb &&
`lksboqfal bk j rv obibs^kqbp bk bi j bo`^al `^j _f^obk^idÖk j ljbkql, :
i-W
SG
dil_^i, Ci NboÖ klmrbabpbdrfoalojfal,
p
CAQ8 J^ Nolmfba^a Gkqbib`qr^i* ^rknrb kl bp
0, Qfabmbkafbo^abrpqbamoljlsbovmolmlù bi Ökf`l c^`qlo* bp crka^j bkq^i m^o^ nrb rk^
kbork^mliÇqf`^abNolmfba^aGkqbib`qr^i pl`fba^aqbkd^kfsbibpÑmqfj lplabpb^_ibpab
bkbim^Çp8çAÑjli^^oqf`ri^oÇ^=çCppli^ù fkkls^`fÑk* q^kql bk il qb`kliÑdf`l `lj l bk
jbkqbcrk`fÑkabiGLBCAMNG=çArÄibpbi il `riqro^i, Qfk Nolmfba^a Gkqbib`qr^i l`roob il
oliabi^pbjmobp^pmofs^a^pbk obi^`fÑk nrb pb `lkl`b `lj l mol_ibj ^ ab _fbkbp mÖù
^i^fjmibjbkq^`fÑkv-l^mif`^`fÑkabi^p _if`lp *nrb_Äpf`^j bkqbpfdkfcf`^nrb+ab_fal
mliÇqf`^p ab fksbpqfd^`fÑk* abp^ooliil b ^nrbfkcloj^`fÑkabofs^a^abi^fkkls^`fÑkpb
fkkls^`fÑk= mrbab`lmf^o^ r k `lpqlmoÄ`qf`^j bkqb`bol+bi
fkkls^aloklqfbkb`lj lob`rmbo^opr `lpqlab
KA?8Rfbkb nrb e^_bo rk^ mliÇqf`^ bk j^qbof^ fkkls^`fÑk *ilnrbbsfabkqbj bkqbibdbkbo^rk
abNolmfba^aGkqbib`qr^i*bkqfbkalnrbbiGLBC+ bkloj babpfk`bkqfsl, J^Nolmfba^a Gkqbib`qr^i
AMNG bpqÄ qo^_^g^kalbk bii^,W^ p^`Ñ rk^ mliÇù _rp`^ obplisbobpb mol_ibj^ b`lkÑj f`l ^ qo^ù
qf`^ bk j^qbof^ Nolqb``fÑk abi Alkprj falovbi sÅp ab rk^ obdri^`fÑk ibd^i `lkpfpqbkqb bk i^
pfdrfbkqbm^pls^pbork^mliÇqf`^bkj^qbof^ab molef_f`fÑkab`lmf^opfk mbojfplabi`ob^alo,
Nolmfba^aGkqbib`qr^i,Qfklile^`bbiGLBCAMNG*
ilqbkaoÄnrbe^`bobipb`qlomofs^al*q^j_fÅki^ J^molqb``fÑkabi^Nolmfba^aGkqbib`qr^i*`lj l
?pl`f^`fÑkabNolmfba^aGkqbib`qr^i+bidobjfl qla^ obdri^`fÑk* qfbkb alp kfsbibp, Sk mofjbo
ab^_ld^alpnrfbkbpsbkqbj^pab Nolmfba^a kfsbi bp bi kloj ^qfsl, ?iiÇ bpq^j lp _fbk, M _ ù
Gkqbib`qr^i+v^e^`lksbop^al`lkbiGLBCAMNG sf^j bkqb*qla^ obdri^`fÑk bp mbocb`qf_ib* mbol
m^o^`ob^obfj mibjbkq^obpq^mliÇqf`^,Bb^`rboù krbpqo^pibvbpbpqÄk jÄpl jbklpbk iÇkb^`lk
al^biil*v^bufpqbrkqo^_^glnrbsfbkbpfbkal bi bpqÄka^o ab ilp m^Çpbp jÄp ^s^kw^alp &pfk
ob^ifw^albkbpq^j^qbof^, mbogrf`fl ab nrb af`el bpqÄka^o obnrfbob j lù
abokfw^opbvcibuf_fifw^opb',Cilqolkfsbibpbiabi
Ci pb`qlo mofs^al* abcfkfqfs^j bkqb* qfbkb nrb `rj mifj fbkqlvabi^^mif`^`fÑkabi^pkloj^p,
^mlv^o b fk `bk qfs^o i^ fkkls^`fÑk, Alj l e^ ?iiÇ bp alkab qbk bj l p bi mol_ibj ^8 Lrbpqol
pr`bafal `lk i^prkfsbopfa^abp*q^j _fÅk pb e^ pfpqbj^ kl e^`b `rj mifo i^p kloj^p bcf`fbkqbù
sfpqlrk fk`obj bkqlbkplif`fqrabpabm^qbkqbp jbkqb,W`r^kali^pklpbe^`bk `rjmifo* mrbp
ab bj mobp^p k^`flk^ibp* mbol ^Ök c^iq^ _^pù klpb`rjmibk,Wi^pkloj^pnrbklpb`rjmibk*
q^kqb fksbopfÑk, J^p bjmobp^p mofs^a^p qfbkbk bp`lj lpfklbufpqfbpbk,J^j bkq^_ibj bkqbbpl
nrb fksboqfo bk fkkls^`fÑk v kl pli^j bkqb bk bpilnrbl`roob*bkdo^km^oqb*`lki^Nolmfba^a
fj mloq^o qb`klildÇ^* `lj l il nrb e^ sbkfal Gkqbib`qr^ibkbi NboÖ,Lloj^p_rbk^pbkbi m^ù
pr`bafbkal bk ilp Öiqfjlp ^Élp, N^o^ biil* pb mbi*nrbklpbobpmbq^kbk i^ moÄ`qf`^,
kb`bpfq^ rk `^j _flab j bkq^ifa^a bk j^qbof^
ab Nolmfba^a Gkqbib`qr^i, Rla^sÇ^ kl pb qlj ^ ?elo^*bk `r^kql^i `rj mifj fbkqlab i^ ibv*i^ù
`lk`fbk`f^ ab il nrbpfdkfcf`^ i^ molqb``fÑk ab j bkq^_ibj bkqbqbkbj lp rk mol_ibj ^ nrbs^
i^jfpj^*klpbiba^i^fjmloq^k`f^nrbab_boÇ^, jÄpjr`eljÄp^iiÄabi^Nolmfba^aGkqbib`qr^i,
Ll pbbkqfbkab nrb i^p j^o`^p* i^p m^qbkqbp b Lrbpqol pfpqbj^ ab ^aj fkfpqo^`fÑk abgrpqf`f^*
fksbk`flkbpqfbkbk rks^ilovmrbabkqbkbork bkdbkbo^i*klcrk`flk^,Nlobplbpnrbqbkbjlp
s^ilojrvdo^kabv^sb`bp i^pbjmobp^p klpb q^kq^fkcloj^ifa^a*sflibk`f^*abifk`rbk`f^*bq`,
a^k`rbkq^abbpbs^ilo, Llbpi^fab^bkqo^o^elo^^^k^ifw^oi^pjÖiqfmibp
^ofpq^pabbpbmol_ibj^*mbolmlabjlpj bk`flù *
Ckqlk`bp* pb qfbkb nrb qlj ^o `lk`fbk`f^ abi k^oalp P 'i^c^iq^ab`lkl`fj fbkqlpbpmb`f^ifw^ù
0
s^ilonrbfjmif`^biqbkbork^j^o`^vlqlod^oib alpvQ 'i^bu`bpfs^abj lo^bki^qo^j fq^`fÑkab
O
rk dllat fiiprcf`fbkqb m^o^ nrb bpb s^ilos^v^ bumbafbkqbp,

J^ N o l m f b a ^ a  G k q b i b ` q r ^ i  bk bi N b o Ö 8  ç B Ñ k a b  b p q ^ j l p =  ç F ^ ` f ^  a Ñ k a b  s ^ j l p =  147


Ck`r^kql^i oliabi GLBCAMNG*ob`loabj lpnrb mlo bgbjmil* bk Alob^, Ci oli abi bpq^al kl bp
i^ Nolmfba^a Gkqbib`qr^ivlqolpqbj^pab`lj ù mi^kfcf`^o*cfk^k`f^okfpr_pfaf^o*p^islbkbi`^pl
mbqbk`f^vjbo`^alpbmrpfbolk_^glpr`rfa^al ab `fo`rkpq^k`f^p j rv mrkqr^ibp* pfkl ab pbo
mob`fp^j bkqb `lj l rk^ cloj^ ab ^j loqfdr^o rkc^`fifq^alo*afcrkafbkalfkcloj^`fÑkvbifj fù
l ^qbkr^o bi mol_ibj ^ ab krbpqo^ abcf`fbkqb k^kal l_pqÄ`rilp ibd^ibp, Cpqlcrk`flk^ q^kql
^aj fkfpqo^`fÑk abgrpqf`f^, J^ fab^ bo^ nrb* bk m^o^ i^p fkarpqof^pqb`kliÑdf`^p `lj l m^o^ i^p
` f b o q l p ^ p m b ` q l p b p q o ^ q Å d f ` l p  m ^ o ^ b i a b p ^ o o l i i l *  fk a r p q o f^ p ` r iq r o ^ ib p ,

GLBCAMNG mrafbo^ ^ajfkfpqo^ogrpqf`f^ ab rk^


j ^kbo^bpmb`f^ifw^a^voÄmfa^*ildo^kal^pÇrk J^ `i^sb bp fabkqfcf`^o ^nrbii^p pfqr^`flkbp bk
kfsbi^`bmq^_ibab`rj mifj fbkqlabi^pibvbp,W nrbi^obdri^`fÑkfkkb`bp^of^bpqÄl_pq^`rifw^kù
pf_fbkbkilabi^bpmb`f^ifw^`fÑk*`lkprp^iqlp* albiabp^ooliilvi^fksbopfÑk*^pÇ`lj li^plmloù
_^glpv_bj libp*pbe^`lkpbdrfalbil_gbqfsl* qrkfa^abpnrbklbpqÄkpfbkalprcf`fbkqbjbkqb
bk`r^kql^ i^o^mfabw*bk`^j _fl*biobpriq^al afcrkafa^p, N^o^ biil e^`b c^iq^ rk ^oqf`ri^alo*
abg^j r`elnrbabpb^o,Jlpkfsbibpababjlo^ nrb ^`qr^ij bkqb kl bufpqb,Rbkbjlp afpqfkq^p
v^qo^plbki^obplir`fÑkabqbj ^pnrbj ^kbg^ ^rqlofa^abpv^`qlobpgrd^kalolibppbm^o^alp
P bsfpq^ b a fq^ a ^  mlo ^ ir j k l p ab i^ D^ `r iq^a  ab B b ob `e l  ab i^ S k fs b op fa ^ a  ab Jfj^

GL B CA M NG* b pm b `f^ ij b k qb  qbj ^p ` l k qb k ` fl ù &bi GLBCAMNG* bi Alk`vqb`* i^p Skfsbopfa^abp*
plp* plk pfj fi^obp ^ ilp abi mlabo graf`f^i, W i^p bjmobp^p mofs^a^p* jfkfpqboflp `lj l bi ab
^mif`^oi^ ibvq^oa Ç^j bk qbbpilj fpj lnrbkl Ariqro^ l bi ab Nolar``fÑk* bkqob lqolp' mbol
^mif`^oi^,CiilabpsfoqÖ^ rk^abi^pmofk`fm^ibp `^a^rkljfo^prm^oqbÖkf`^jbkqb,Qbkb`bpfq^
o^wlkbpnrbgrpqfcf`^k i^bufpqbk`f^ j fpj^ ab ^idrfbk`lksfpf_fifa^aabqla^i^mol_ibjÄqf`^*
GL B CA M NG, Cpql a b _ b  plir`flk^opb r od b k qb ù nrbmrba^`lloafk^oqlalpilpbpcrbowlpvplirù
j bkqb, Cp rk qbj ^ nrba b _ b bkcobkq^opb`lk `flkbp,Llpbqo^q^ab`ob^ojÄp_rol`o^`f^*pfkl
j r`e^ bkbodÇ^ vab`fpfÑk, abe^`bonrbi^pafpqfkq^pfkpq^k`f^p`lksbopbk
v^`qÖbk`lkgrkq^j bkqb,
?elo^ _fbk*i^ molqb``fÑkab i^ Nolmfba^a Gkqbù
ib`qr^ibpkb`bp^of^m^o^clj bkq^oi^fkkls^`fÑk* JBL8R^i `lj l ilpbÉ^ibbi Qbj fk^ofl |ufqlpv
mbol kl bp prcf`fbkqb, Cp fj mloq^k qb nrb pb obqlpbk bi `^j mlabi^ Nolmfba^a Gkqbib`qr^i *
abk rk^ pbofbab`lkaf`flkbp, Qb kb`bpfq^* mlo lod ^kfw^al mlo GL B CA M NG bk Q b qfb j _ ob  ab
bgbjmil*nrbe^v^m^oqbpfkqbobp^a^pbkfksboqfo 0./4*bi NboÖpbe^^ifkb^al`lk i^pqbkabk`f^p
vcfk^k`f^o ilp molvb`qlp, N^o^ biil pb obnrfbob fkqbok^`flk^ibp bk j^qbof^ ab Nolmfba^a Gkqbù
nrbilpmlqbk`f^ibpfksbopflkfpq^pqbkd^k^``bpl ib`qr^i bk prp sboqfbkqbp ab pfdklp afpqfkqfslp*
^ fkcloj ^`fÑk pl_ob molvb`qlp fkkls^alobp v fksbk`flkbp v abob`elp ab ^rqlo, Bbi jfpjl
nrb ilp fkkls^alobpqbkd^k ^``bpl ^ fkcloj ^ù j lal pb e^ fk slir`o^al ^`qfs^j bk qb bk ilp
`fÑkpl_obmlqbk`f^ibpfksbopflkfpq^p,Cpqlab_b clolp alkabpbab_^qbk afsboplp^pmb`qlpsfk ù
ab molj lsbopb ab qla^p i^p cloj^p v Äkdrilp `ri^alp`lki^Nolmfba^aGkqbib`qr^i,Jlmolmfl
mlpf_ibp, R o^ a f`fl k ^ ij b k qb  bi Cpq^al kl e^ pb e^ eb`el bk bi j^o`l ab afsboplp qo^q^alp
p^_fal `Ñj l e^`boil v ilp m^oqf`ri^obp kl e^k fkqbok^`flk^ibpbkilpnrbi^Nolmfba^aGkqbib`ù
qbkfalprcf`fbkqbfkcloj^`fÑk,Wl`lkcÇlbknrb qr^il`rm^rkird^omobmlkabo^kqb,CiGLBCAMNG
i^b`lklj Ç^`li^_lo^qfs^^vrabj r`elbkbpqb j bob`b pbo cbif`fq^al mlo i^ i^_lo abpmibd^a^
Öiqfj l ^pmb`ql, J^ j bglo cloj ^ ab clj bkq^o mrbpqlnrbpbvbodrb`lj lrkobcbobkqb^kfsbi
fkkls^`fÑk bp ^ qo^sÅp ab i^ sfk`ri^`fÑk bkqob i^qfkl^jbof`^kl*klplilbkqÅojfklpabi^`bibù
ilpfkkls^alobp&fk`irvbkalfkpqfqr`flkbp`ljl ofa^a bk prp^pmb`qlpobdÇpqo^ibp*pfklq^j _fÅk
Skfsbopfa^abpb fk`r_^alo^pab kbdl`flp' vi^ bk il^qfkbkqb^ i^plifabwabprpobplir`flkbp,
bj mobp^ mofs^a^, K r`elp `obbk nrb i^ i^_lo
? B T M A ? R S Q  /12

abi bpq^al m^o^ molj lsbo i^ fkkls^`fÑk `lkù Cjmbol* mloj ^ka^qlibd^i*^i GLBCAMNG ib`lù
pfpqb bk molmlo`flk^oclkalpvpr_pfaflp* mbol oobpmlkabbim^mbiabob`bmqloabilpobpriq^alp
bpl kl bp `loob`ql, Ck qlal `^pl* kl bp il jÄp ab i^ fksbpqfd^`fÑk bk `fbk`f^vqb`klildÇ^8 i^p
fj mloq^kqb, J^ fkkls^`fÑk pb molar`b ^ m^oqfo m^qbkqbpmolmf^j bkqbaf`e^p*^pÇ`lj lilpj lù
abi fkslir`o^j fbkql ab i^p bjmobp^p mofs^a^p abilpabrqfifa^a,Jlfab^ibpnrbpbfk`obj bkqb
bk i^p lmloqrkfa^abp ab kbdl`fl, ?pÇ l`roofÑ* bikÖj bolabobdfpqolpab_fal^nrbbiafk^jfpù

15. K^oÇ^abiA^ojbk?is^o^al@^vl -CkofnrbA^sbolQ^co^-JrfpBfbwA^kpb`l LÖÉbw-Jrfp?ilkplE^o`Ç^ KrÉlw+LÄg^o


jlabi^pfksbk`flkbpdr^oa^bpqob`e^obi^`fÑk JEK8Ckbi NboÖ^alib`bj lpabmliÇqf`^pmÖ_ifù
:/
^i^sbwnrbbumobp^bifkqboÅpmlorkj labilab `^p*mlonrbm^o^e^`boi^pklplilpbobnrfbobab l f
abp^ooliilb`lkÑj f`lprpqbkq^albkmolar`qlp _rbk^slirkq^a*e^vnrbqbkboi^`^m^`fa^aab b  (
m o l v b ` q ^ o e ^ ` f ^ b ic r q r o l * q b k b o i^ s f p f Ñ k  a b i  m ^ Çp 
M+ f
` l k  s ^ il o  ^ d o b d ^ a l , C k  l qo ^ p  m ^ i^ _ o ^ p * b p r k ^ 
M  9
prboqbabqboj Ñj bqolnrbbsfabk`f^bi fkqboÅp nrb nrbobj lp v `lk biil bjmbw^o ^ `lkpqorfo, JL
l,p
ab ilp fksbopflkfpq^p k^`flk^ibp b fkqbok^`flù K fbkqo^p biil kl pr`ba^* ql a l  bpcrbowl pboÄ A5F75G
k^ibp mlo abp^oolii^o ^`qfsfa^abp b`lkÑj f`^p pb`qlof^il^fpi^alv^icfk^i klpnrba^obj lpbk D5H9BH9G
89F97<C
895IHCF
^pl`f^a^p`lki^qb`klildÇ^, j bafl `^j fkl l kl ^i`^kw^jlp ilp l_gbqfslp,
Kf pbkp^`fÑk bp nrb bk j^qbof^ ab Nolmfba^a
Bb_b nr ba^o `i^ol nrb bi GLBCAMNG kl bp bi Gkqbib`qr^i e^ pr`bafal v bpqÄ pr`bafbkal il
dbpqlo qb`k liÑ d f`l * mbol pf bi bk `^od ^a l  ab abp`ofql*^ mbp^oabqbkbork^ fkpqfqr`fÑk`lj l
molqbdbo af`e^p `ob^`flkbp fkqbib`qr^ibp, Ck bi GLBCAMNG*nrbbpiÇabobkbi pb`qlomÖ_if`lv
bpbpbkqfal*v`lj l`oblnrbpbbpqÄ e^`fbkal* nrb `rbkq^ `lk _rbklpcrk`flk^oflp* kl bpq^ù
ab_boÇ^ molj lsbonrb i^qbj Äqf`^ ab`fbk`f^v jlpp^_fbkalmloaÑkabqo^kpfq^o,
rl
qb`klildÇ^pb^afofdfa^^ijÄp^iqlkfsbimlpf_ib, BK
|H
Nlobgbjmil*i^Nobpfabk`f^abi^ PbmÖ_if`^li^ Ck jf lmfkfÑk*e^_i^oabmliÇqf`^pabNolmfba^a :
Nobpfabk`f^abiAlkpbglabKfkfpqolpmrbpqlnrb Gkqbib`qr^ifjmif`^bkcl`^obpcrbowlpab`^oÄ`qbo M
qo^kpsbop^i*kb`bp^of^jbkqb,Cpab`fo*Nolmfba^a r
bprk^qbj Äqf`^qo^kpsbop^ivnrbpb^pl`f^`lk :
pb`qlobpq^ibp`lj lmolar``fÑk*bar`^`fÑk*`riù Gkqbib`qr^iklbpplilrkqbj^abGLBCAMNG,N^o^ w
BE
qro^* ^dof`riqro^*vb`lklj Ç^*vcfk^kw^p* bkqob mlkborkmrkqlabm^oqfa^bki^`lkpqor``fÑkab BK
&&
lqolp,Ck bpqb`^pl*ab_fal^nrbcfk^ij bkqbbi mliÇqf`^pmÖ_if`^pbkbpq^j^qbof^*e^_oÇ^nrbbkù M

1
GLBCAMNGbpbiob`bmqlov abmlpfq^oflabi^`fbkù d^ow^o^idrklpqbj^pk^`flk^ibpabfjmloq^k`f^ :
`f^vqb`klildÇ^*mrbpj rv_fbkmlaoÇ^^oqf`ri^o grpq^j bkqb`lki^Nolmfba^aGkqbib`qr^i*`lj lbi
i^ NliÇqf`^abCpq^al, ab i^ kb`bp^of^qo^kpcloj^`fÑk molar`qfs^9 nrb
fjmif`^ mlqbk`f^o `^m^`fa^abp ab i^ pl`fba^a
Nbol i^ ob^ifa^a abi NboÖ bpnrb rk mlo`bkq^gb ab rk m^Çp m^o^ mlabo fkkls^o* ^dobd^os^ilo* v
jrv^iqlabi^pfksbk`flkbpplkbuqo^kgbo^pvpb afsbopfcf`^oi^b`lkljÇ^*`ob^kali^p`lkaf`flkbp
sfk`ri^k`lki^fkarpqof^c^oj^`Årqf`^,Jlpobpriù m^o^ nrb bi `lkl`fj fbkql pb^ rk fkpqorjbkql
q^alpplk jbglobpbkil^qfkbkqb^ilpjlabilp ababp^ooliil, J^ lofbkq^`fÑk*mloq^kql*ab_fbo^
abrqfifa^avbiilmlkbabj^kfcfbpqlil^ibg^a^ bpq^obki^^mrbpq^bki^jbglo^abi^molar`qfsfù
nrbpbe^v^i^`fbk`f^vi^qb`klildÇ^`lj lrk^ a^ak^`flk^ivi^`ljmbqfqfsfa^a*bpq^_ib`fbkal
lm`fÑk ob^i m^o^biabp^ooliilfkarpqof^ivkrbpù `i^o^p mliÇqf`^p m^o^bi fjmriplv moljl`fÑk ab
qo^ `lj mbqfqfsfa^a, Sk^ sbw jÄp* biil o^qfcf`^ i^molar``fÑk*pl_obi^_^pbab^dobd^os^ilobk
krbpqo^sl`^`fÑkababp^ooliilprpqbkq^a^bki^p crk`fÑkabrk^plcfpqf`^`fÑkabmolar`qlp*^mlù :
1
v^albki^fksbpqfd^`fÑk*abp^ooliilbfkkls^`fÑk9 Gë
fkarpqof^pbuqo^`qfs^pv rk^^dof`riqro^mofj^of^ S
BK
mloab`foilab^idrk^j^kbo^,Cklqo^pm^i^_o^p* `lkpfabo^kal nrb bi j rkal v ilp obpmb`qfslp m=
BK
bifab^i^mrkq^^bumloq^oglv^pabmi^q^bkird^o jbo`^alp ^j mif^alp bk ilp `r^ibp `lj mfqb bi e+
w
ab ifkdlqbp9^c^_of`^o`^_ibpab`l_obbk ird^o NboÖ*qfbkbkrk^j^vlov`ob`fbkqbabj ^ka^bk
O
ab`l_obbk_orql9^bumloq^o`lkcfqro^pbkird^o qb`klildÇ^v`lkl`fjfbkql, :
O
abcorq^p^imloj^vlo,Orfbolabg^opbkq^alnrb BK

G&
klbpqlvabg^kalab ob`lkl`boi^ fjmloq^k`f^ Ckq^i pbkqfal* i^p mliÇqf`^p mÖ_if`^pab Nolmfbù M
&&
ab bpq^p^`qfsfa^abp,R^k plil nrb jbdrpq^oÇ^ a^a Gkqbib`qr^i nrbpbnrbabk bkbi GLBCAMNG ./
nrbbi`lk`bmqlabs^ilo^dobd^albpqrsfbo^bk v nrb kl pb^k `^m^`bp ab pbo ^oqf`ri^a^p `lk
krbpqol?BLv*mloilpa^qlpnrbebjlpmrbpql bpqo^qbdf^p k^`flk^ibp ^j mif^p* pb nrba^oÄk
oq
abobifbsbbki^mobdrkq^^kqboflo*m^ob`boÇ^nrb pfj mibj bkqb bk m^mbibp l if_olp _i^k`lp* `lk
bp rk^ s^of^_ib ab ml`l fkqboÅp v kb`bpfa^a mrolpaf^dkÑpqf`lp*bi^_lo^alpmlocrk`flk^oflp
m^o^ bi pb`qlo mofs^al, Ck bcb`ql* pf bi j labil v `lkpriqlobp ab lod^kfpj lp fkqbok^`flk^ibp* +
b`lkÑj f`lbpmofjbolbumloq^alo*i^`fbk`f^*i^ jÄp fkqbobp^alp bk `rj mifo `lk ^dbka^p ab
0
qb`klildÇ^v i^fkkls^`fÑkklbpabfkqboÅpm^o^ `llmbo^`fÑk* nrb `lk bi ob^i bkqbkafj fbkql v
O
bi pb`qlomofs^al, kb`bpfa^abpabi m^Çp,

J^ N o l m f b a ^ a  G k q b i b ` q r ^ i  bk bi N b o Ö 8  ç B Ñ k a b  b p q ^ j l p =  ç F ^ ` f ^  a Ñk a b  s ^ j l p =  15/


Ck bpqb mi^kqb^jfbkql* bi pb`qlo mofs^al* v bk Bfpqfkqfslp v Lrbs^p Rb`klildÇ^p* obpmb`qfs^ù
m^oqf`ri^oi^p bjmobp^p `rj mibk rk oli crka^ù jbkqb* mrba^k abp^oolii^oprp^`qfsfa^abp`lk
jbkq^i9 v pr m^oqf`fm^`fÑk* `lkqof_rfoÄ pfdkfcfù `bibofa^a*^pÇ`lj lnrbbipb`qlomofs^alqbkd^
`^qfs^j bkqb* ^ qo^sÅp ab i^p mliÇqf`^p mÖ_if`^p* obdi^p jÄp`i^o^pbkbpq^p j^qbof^p,
^ i^ plpqbkf_fifa^a abi `ob`fj fbkql b`lkÑj f`l
vabp^ooliilabkrbpqol m^Çp, JEK8Ci Bb`obqlJbdfpi^qfsl/1.7e^l_bab`fal
^ r k ^  a b ` fp fÑ k  a b i ^ ` q r ^ i E l _ fb o k l  a b  _ r p ` ^ o 
1, Ckobi^`fÑk^ilp`^j_flpob^ifw^alp^iBbù jb`^kfpjlpvplir`flkbp m^o^ pfjmifcf`^o molù
`obqlJbdfpi^qfsl/.53*jbaf^kqbBb`obql `bafj fbkqlp^i fkqbofloabi^m^o^qlbpq^q^i,Cpq^
Jbdfpi^qfsl /1.78çArÄi bp pr lmfkfÑk ^i kloj^ ibd^i `lkpqfqrvb rk^ ab i^p `rlq^p nrb
obpmb`ql=çPbpriq^_^kkb`bp^oflp= ibql`l^mloq^o^i GLBCAMNG,Qf _fbk pbqo^q^ ab
rk^ kloj^ nrb bpqÄ lofbkq^a^ ^ `lkpbdrfo obù
KA?8 Ci Bb`obql Jbdfpi^qfsl /.53 crb molj riù priq^alpfjmloq^kqbp*`lj lbpi^pfjmifcf`^`fÑk9
d^albk bi ^Él 0..7v e^ sbkfalcrk`flk^kal p^_bj lp _^pq^kqb _fbk nrb m^o^ pfj mifcf`^o
_^pq^kqb_fbkbkilpÖiqfjlpl`el^Élp,Ll`obl mol`bplpklplil_^pq^k i^pibvbp,
P bsfpq^  b a fq^ a ^  mlo ^ ir j k l p ab i^ D^ ` r iq^ a  ab B b ob ` e l  ab i^ S k fs b op fa ^ a  ab Jfj^

bpqof`q^j bkqb kb`bp^of^ q^kq^ obdi^j bkq^`fÑk


`lj lbufpqb^elo^, 2, ?`qr^ijbkqb*pbsfbkbkbdl`f^kali^jlù
afcf`^`fÑkabi^Bb`fpfÑk264abi^Aljrù
J^ Bb`fpfÑk 264* nrb bp i^ kloj^ mofk`fm^i bk kfa^a?kafk^,?iobpmb`ql*çAlkpfabo^nrb
j^qbof^ ab Nolmfba^a Gkqbib`qr^i* bp _^pq^kqb bpqfbjmlabrk`^j_fl=çOrÅm^rq^ppb
`ljmibq^ vbi Bb`obql Jbdfpi^qfsl /.53 +il nrb ab_bkqbkbobk`lkpfabo^`fÑkm^o^kl`lkù
bo^ ^kqbpbi Bb`obql Jbdfpi^qfsl601+`lkpqfqrvb sboqfobpq^kbdl`f^`fÑkbkrkqbj^mliÇqf`l9
rk `lj mibj bkql bk ^nrbiil nrb kl `r_ob i^ v*mlobi`lkqo^ofl*bk^idljÄpqÅ`kf`l=
Bb`fpfÑk264, Bb^`rboal^ biil*jbm^ob`bnrb
klbp`lksbkfbkqbobdi^jbkq^oq^kqlrk^kloj^ KA?8 Ccb`qfs^jbkqb pbbpqÄ qo^_^g^kal bk rk^
q^k`ljmibq^`ljli^Bb`fpfÑk264,Ckqlal`^pl* j lafcf`^`fÑk ab i^ Bb`fpfÑk 264* `^a^ `fboql
j r`elp ab bpqlp ^pmb`qlp mrafbolk e^_bopb qfbjmlpbjlafcf`^ki^pab`fpflkbpbkj^qbof^ab
obdi^j bkq^alj baf^kqbrk^afob`qfs^abi^Alù Nolmfba^aGkqbib`qr^i*klbp^idlkrbsl,Ckbcb`ù
jfpfÑkabQfdklpBfpqfkqfslpvklkb`bp^of^jbkqb ql*`oblnrbbi^prkqlbpnrbklpbsrbis^bkrk
lmq^omlojlafcf`^obi Bb`obqlJbdfpi^qfsl /.53, qbj^ mliÇqf`lab kbdl`f^`fÑk bkqob m^Çpbp* pfkl
Qfkmbogrf`flabbiil*pÇpbp^ira^i^pfjmifcf`^`fÑk j^p _fbk bk rk^ jlabokfw^`fÑk ab i^ Bb`fpfÑk
abjr`elpqoÄjfqbpnrb_fbkbpqÄkbk`loobi^ql 264*_rp`^kali^`lebpfÑkli^^mif`^`fÑk`ljÖk
`lki^pÖiqfj^pjlafcf`^`flkbpa^a^pbkj^qbof^ abi^pkloj^pbkilp`r^qolm^Çpbp,Cki^jbafa^
abpfjmifcf`^`fÑk^ajfkfpqo^qfs^, nrb* pf _fbk qbkbj lp rk^ Bb`fpfÑk `ljÖk* i^
fkqbomobq^`fÑk nrb pb e^`b ab bpq^ kl bp fdr^i
Ll bp k bd^qfsl bi `^j _fl* mbol kl `obl nrb bkqlalp ilp m^Çpbp* jÄp^iiÄ ab i^ bufpqbk`f^ ab
e^v^ pfal ^_plirq^j bkqb kb`bp^of^ q^kq^ obù i^p Gkqbomobq^`flkbp Nobgraf`f^ibp abi Rof_rk^i
di^j bkq^`fÑk, ?kafklabHrpqf`f^abi^Aljrkfa^a?kafk^,

CAQ8 Ll pb qo^q^* bk pr j ^vloÇ^* ab `^j _flp Qfbjmobqla^ kloj^bpmbocb`qf_ib*mbol jbm^ù
prpq^kqfslp pfkl mol`bp^ibp, Aobl nrb pboÄk ob`bnrb bk bpqb jlj bkql i^ Bb`fpfÑk264bpqÄ
`^j_flp Öqfibpbk i^ j bafa^nrb^vrabk^ nrb crk`flk^kal_^pq^kqb_fbkvklpboÇ^kb`bp^oflrk
bi GLBCAMNG mrba^ ^`loq^o prp qfbj mlp bk i^ `^j_fll*bkqlal`^pl*rk^jlafcf`^`fÑko^af`^i,
obplir`fÑkab`^plp,Aljlv^afgb*^`qr^ij bkqb
? B T M A ? R S Q  /12

bpb bpbi j^vlo mol_ibj^ vbi j^vlo obql nrb CAQ8Qf _fbk i^ ibdfpi^`fÑk nrbqbkbj lp^`qr^iù
qfbkbbi GLBCAMNG, j bkqb klbpj^i^*`oblnrbpÇbpqfbj mlabrk
`^j_fl* a^al nrb elv sfsfj lp bk rk jrkal
JBL8Qfkara^,Co^kkb`bp^oflp^grpqbpbkqbj ^ `lj m ibq^j bk qb afpqfkql ^i ab e^`b QO ^Élp*
mol`bafj bkq^ibp, Qb qo^q^ ab _ofka^o fkpqorù `r^kalklbufpqÇ^ki^pobabppl`f^ibp*Ufhfmbaf^
jbkqlp m^o^ nrb bi i^p Bfob``flkbp ab Qfdklp kfWlrRr_b*mlojbk`flk^opÑil1bgbjmilpobi^+

150 K^oÇ^abiA^ojbk?is^o^al@^vl -CkofnrbA^sbolQ^co^-JrfpBfbwA^kpb`lLÖÉbw-Jrfp?ilkplE^o`Ç^ KrÉlw+LÄg^o


alk ^alp`lk i^ Nolmfba^a Gkqbib`qr^i, Cp`i^sb mol`babk`f^*^pÇ`lj l`i^ofcf`^`flkbppl_obi^p Ü g
:(
nrbi^ibvpb^a^mqb^ ilpkrbslpqfbjmlp*mloù ^``flkbpab`^k`bi^`fÑk,
nrbi^pmlpf_fifa^abpabfkkls^`fÑk*^pÇ`lj li^ í  H
b p q o r ` q r o ^  a b f k ` b k q f s l p b ` l k Ñ j f ` l p n r b b u fp q b  C k  j ^ q b o f ^  a b  m ^ q b k q b p a b _ b q o ^ _ ^ g ^ o p b b i q b j ^ 
O+ /
M  H
elvaÇ^ bpj rvafpqfkq^ ^ i^nrbbufpqÇ^ `r^kal ab i^ buqbkpfÑk ab i^ moflofa^a ^kqb i^ fjmlpfù JJ .
l , 8
pb ibdfpiÑ i^ Öiqfj^ sbw, F^v ^pmb`qlp nrb kl _fifa^a bk bi mi^wl fk f`f^ij bkqb bpq^_ib`fal,
A5F75G
pbobdri^olk mlonrbklbufpqÇ^k*e^vlqolpnrb Gdr^ij bkqbilpobnrfpfqlpmlpfqfslpabm^qbkq^+ D5H9BH9G
89F97<C
`i^o^j bkqb kb`bpfq^kcibuf_fifw^opb*bq`, 895IHCF
_fifa^a fk`lomlo^kal bi ab rqfifa^a bpmb`Çcf`^,
Gdr^ij bkqb ^abi^kq^o ^grpqbp bk il ^qfkbkqb ^
?elo^_fbk*klbpqlvpbdrolpfi^jlafcf`^`fÑknrb i^ abp`ofm`fÑk ^pÇ`lj l`ofqboflp m^o^ pr afsriù
pb bpqÄ kbdl`f^kal^mrkq^ ^ bpbl_gbqfsl kb`bù d^`fÑkvjlafcf`^`fÑk,
p^of^jbkqb* bpmbol nrb pÇ, Jl ab qÅ`kf`lsboprp
mliÇqf`l bp rk qbj^ qfbkb nrbsbo jr`el`lk i^ Ck il ^qfkbkqb ^ i^ pbdrka^ m^oqb ab pr mobù
slirkq^a ab i^p^rqlofa^abpv`lk bi fkqboÅpnrb drkq^* i^ obpmrbpq^ bp pfj mib, Bb_b pbo rk^
ll
^`qÖ^k,Aljl m^rq^ m^o^kl`lkcrkafork^`lp^ kbdl`f^`fÑk nrb iibsbk ^abi^kqb ilp bumboqlp .6
N
`lk i^lqo^*`oblnrbilcrka^jbkq^i bpqbkbobk dr_bok^j bkq^ibp, J^ kbdl`f^`fÑk mliÇqf`^ bp :
w
`rbkq^ i^ o^`flk^ifa^a vgrpqfcf`^`fÑk b`lkÑjf`^ ^idlnrbab_bpboabp`^oq^a^, M
ab i^ obdri^`fÑk, Ll lisfa^opb nrb i^ Nolmfba^a r
:
Gkqbib`qr^ikl_rp`^`ob^omofsfibdflp*pfklbifjfk^o JEK8J^ Bb`fpfÑk264`rj mibbpqb^Él /5^Élp w
.1
lkbrqo^ifw^oi^c^iq^abfk`bkqfslpk^qro^ibpm^o^i^ absfa^v`lj llqo^pBb`fpflkbpbkbpq^j^qbof^* .6
&&
fkkls^`fÑk*v nrbbplpfk`bkqfslpcrk`flk^kjrv pb`lkpqfqrvbbkrk^abi^pkloj^p`ljrkfq^of^p M
e+
afpqfkqlabmbkafbkalab`^a^pfqr^`fÑk, ^kafk^pnrbe^kmbojfqfala^oib`lkqfkrfa^a^i 1
:
pfpqbj^^kafklabfkqbdo^`fÑkv^prfkpqfqr`fl+
JBL8 Ck ilnrb obpmb`q^ ^ i^ lmloqrkfa^a mrbp k^ifa^a* mbpb^ i^pafcbobk`f^p fabliÑdf`^pvab
`oblnrb bpbi j lj bkqlab^s^kw^obk rk^ obù olj mfj fbkqlbk i^ sfpfÑkpl_ob i^ fkpbo`fÑk ab
sfpfÑkabi^ Bb`fpfÑk264, F^kqo^kp`roofal jÄp ilpm^Çpbp^kafklp^i`lj bo`fldil_^i,
ab /3^Élpabpabnrbpb^almqÑaf`elPÅdfjbk
Alj Ök v bi bkqlokl fkqbok^`flk^i bk j^qbof^ Bb_bj lp ob`loa^o nrb* aro^kqb bi qfbj ml ab
ab molmfba^a fkqbib`qr^i e^ s^of^alprpq^kqfs^ù sfa^abi^ Bb`fpfÑk*rklabilpm^Çpbp^kafklppb
jbkqb,Alkj^vloljbklofkqbkpfa^a*ilpN^Çpbp obqfoÑabi^Aljrkfa^a?kafk^9alpm^Çpbpabilp
Kfbj_olpabi^Aljrkfa^a?kafk^e^kprp`ofql `r^qol nrb nrba^olk* e^k kbdl`f^al ?`rboalp
afsboplpqo^q^alp_fi^qbo^ibpab`ljbo`flnrbprù abJf_obAljbo`fl`lkilpm^Çpbpvb`lkljÇ^pjÄp
mlkbkrk`lkgrkqlabl_ifd^`flkbpbki^j^qbof^* fjmloq^kqbpvobmobpbkq^qfs^pabilo_b*il`r^ie^
^abj Äp ab nrb bi Rof_rk^i ?kafkl ab Hrpqf`f^ fjmif`^kalqbkbonrb^ab`r^oprpbpqÄka^obp&molù
dbkbo^alafsbop^pfkqbomobq^`flkbpmobgraf`f^ibp mflp'bkj^qbof^abNolmfba^a Gkqbib`qr^i^lqolp S
bki^pnrbpbe^k^`i^o^alafsboplpmrkqlp, kfsbibpnrbklilqfbkbkprpabjÄppl`flp^kafklp9
rklabilppl`flp^mol_Ñprmolmfl`Ñafdlabklù
Cpq^p `fo`rkpq^k`f^p e^`bk fj mbo^qfsl nrb pb jfk^al8 AÑafdlModÄkf`labi^C`lkljÇ^Ql`f^i
M
^s^k`bbkrk^obcloj^abkloj^^kafk^,Llpb abilpAlkl`fjfbkqlp*Aob^qfsfa^abGkkls^`fÑk * :
l
qo^q^ ab obfksbkq^o i^ mÑislo^, Jlp bpqÄka^obp bi `r^i pboÇ^ `lkqo^ofl^i loabk^jfbkql prmo^k^+
..
abiAlksbkflabi^SkfÑkabN^oÇpvabiA^mÇqril `flk^isfdbkqb9v*cfk^ijbkqbkrbslpvjlaboklp M
..
pl_ob ilp?pmb`qlpab ilp Bbob`elpab Nolmfbù bpm^`flp ab fkqbdo^`fÑk v `llmbo^`fÑk sfbkbk ./
a^a Gkqbib`qr^i obi^`flk^alp `lk bi Aljbo`fl pfbkal fjmrip^alp mloalpab ilp`r^qolppl`flp
&?BNGA' abi ^`rboal ab i^ MKA* plk _^pq^kqb ^kafklp* `lk lqolp m^Çpbp ab i^ PbdfÑk* v mlo il
R
`i^olp,NbolpÇpbe^`bkb`bp^ofl^abi^kq^o^grpù q^kqlpbsfbkbk^fobpab^ojlkfw^`fÑkkloj^qfs^ `l
qbpmrkqr^ibpnrb`lkplifabk i^grofpmorabk`f^
^kafk^ bk j^qbof^ ab j^o`^ klqlof^* j^o`^ ab
qbuqro^* klj _ob`ljbo`f^i*^dlq^j fbkqlfkqboù
v`lksbodbk`f^ab_rbk^pmoÄ`qf`^pbkj^qbof^ab
Nolmfba^aGkqbib`qr^i, '
k^`flk^i*bkqoblqolp,?grpqbpbk biqbj ^ab i^p Ckprj^*i^Bb`fpfÑk264obnrfbobkb`bp^of^jbkù
O
abklj fk^`flkbp ab lofdbk b fkaf`^`flkbp ab qbabrk^obsfpfÑkv^ab`r^`fÑk^bpqlpqfbjmlp,

J^ N o l m f b a ^ a  G k q b i b ` q r ^ i  bk bi N b o Ö 8  ç B Ñ k a b  b p q ^ j l p =  ç F ^ ` f ^  a Ñk a b  s ^ j l p =  151


W^pÇile^kbkqbkafalilpm^Çpbp^kafklp*mlonrb q^alppfosbkm^o^nrbbiNboÖpb^ab`Öb^ilpkfù
v^ pbfkf`fÑbi mol`bplabkbdl`f^`fÑk m^o^biil, sbibpvbpqÄka^obpfkqbok^`flk^ibpabmolqb``fÑk
Ci do^k mol_ibj^ nrbbufpqbbpnrb m^o^ jlafù abi^ Nolmfba^a Gkqbib`qr^i,CplbpqÄ j rv_fbk*
cf`^oi^ Bb`fpfÑk?kafk^pbobnrfbobabi^`rboal mbolpboÇ^fj mloq^kqbqo^q^oabfk`irfoqbj^pab
ab ilp`r^qolppl`flpvp^_bjlp nrb biil kls^ krbpqolm^oqf`ri^ofkqboÅp*`lj lmlobgbj mili^p
^ pr`babo* v^ e^vafsbodbk`f^p molcrka^p bk bi abklj fk^`flkbpablofdbklilp`lkl`fjfbkqlp
bkqbkafj fbkqlabjr`elp^pmb`qlpsfk`ri^alp qo^af`flk^ibp,
^i^Nolmfba^aGkqbib`qr^i,Dobkqb^biil*vpfbkal
jrvob^ifpq^*plilnrba^oÇ^kqobpmlpf_ibpplir`flù JBL8Lfkdrklabfjmloq^k`f^*p^isli^^aebpfÑk
kbp8nrbi^Bb`fpfÑk264klpbjlafcfnrb9nrbpb abi NboÖ ^i Nolql`lil `lk`bokfbkqb ^i ?oobdil
jlafcfnrbbk^pmb`qlpabloabkmol`bafjbkq^i abK^aofa obi^qfsl^i Pbdfpqol Gkqbok^`flk^i ab
vkl prpq^kqfsl9l* nrb pbabgb bk if_boq^a ^ ilp K^o`^p,Orbbp rkqbj ^ abprvl`lj mif`^alv
m^Çpbpm^o^qbkboprpmolmf^pkloj^pbkj^qbof^ pl_obbinrbpbe^dbkbo^alrk^`lkcolkq^`fÑk
ab Nolmfba^a Gkqbib`qr^i, Bbpb^jlp nrb mofjb pfk mob`babkqbp,A^_bpbÉ^i^onrbbiil klplil
i^`loaro^vi^jbgloslirkq^aabilpm^Çpbpm^o^ absbofcf`^bkbi NboÖ*pfklbkjr`elpm^Çpbpab
P bsfpq^ b a fq^ a ^  mlo ^ ir j k l p ab i^ D^ `r iq^a  ab B b ob `e l  ab i^ S k fs b opfa ^ a  ab Jfj ^

mlaboqbkbo* molkql* rk^ krbs^ vjlabok^ Bbù ^jÅof`^ i^qfk^, Cprkqbj ^ ab fj mloq^k`f^ nrb
`fpfÑk?kafk^, ab_bpbo^k^ifw^al`lk mlkabo^`fÑk,

3, Dfk^ijbkqb*`lkpfabo^nrb^i^irwabilp JEK8Ci NboÖ`rbkq^`lk rk j^o`libd^i faÑkbl


`ljmoljfplp^prjfalpmlobiNboÖbkbi m^o^obpdr^oa^oilpabob`elpabNolmfba^aGkqbù
j^o`lab i^ `bib_o^`fÑkab^`rboalpab ib`qr^i ab`ob^alobp*fkkls^alobpvabqfqri^obp
moljl`fÑk`ljbo`f^i*çbufpqb^idÖkqbj^ ab abob`elp bk dbkbo^i, Qlj lp m^oqb ab `^pf
mbkafbkqbbki^^dbka^mbor^k^abNolù qlalp ilp fkpqorj bkqlp fkqbok^`flk^ibp pl_ob
mfba^aGkqbib`qr^i= i^ j^qbof^* nrb plk kb`bp^oflp m^o^ fjmrip^o
^ab`r^a^j bkqbmliÇqf`^pmÖ_if`^pnrbmbojfq^k
KA?8 J^ kloj ^qfs^ ab Nolmfba^a Gkqbib`qr^i ^oqf`ri^omolmrbpq^pm^o^fkslir`o^o^jÄpbjmobù
bpqÄ_^pq^kqb^`loab^ilp^`rboalpabif_ob`lù p^pmbor^k^pnrbpbabp^ooliibk _^gl fkf`f^qfs^p
jbo`fl,Ckbi^Él0..7^o^Çwabi^prp`ofm`fÑkabi bjmobp^of^ibp_^p^a^pbki^`riqro^abi^Nolmfbù
^`rboal`ljbo`f^i`lkCCSSpbef`fbolkjr`e^p a^aGkqbib`qr^i9bpab`fo*i^Nolmfba^aGkqbib`qr^i
jlafcf`^`flkbp m^o^ ^ab`r^opb ^i ^`rboal, Ck `lj leboo^jfbkq^ m^o^fjmrip^oabp^ooliil,
`lkpb`rbk`f^ abbiil* ilp mlpqboflobp^`rboalp
nrbcrbolk^almq^alp^kfsbiabAljrkfa^aCrù Ci mol_ibj ^ nrb qbkbj lp bp nrb kl ebjlp
olmb^vlqolpm^Çpbp*klfjmif`^olki^kb`bpfa^a eb`eli^q^ob^abildo^obpq^pmliÇqf`^pmÖ_if`^p*
abj^vlobp`^j _flpbk i^ ibdfpi^`fÑk^`qr^ibk e^pq^^elo^9vili^j bkq^_ibbpilnrbe^pr`bù
j^qbof^abNolmfba^aGkqbib`qr^i, afalbkilpÖiqfjlp^Élp*`r^kali^^dbka^abi
GLBCAMNG e^ bpq^al qlq^ij bkqb ^ibg^a^ ab i^
Qfkbj _^odl*^Öknrba^k j bafa^pmlofjmib+ Nolmfba^a Gkqbib`qr^i* mrbp i^ moflofa^a pb e^
jbkq^o*`lj lmlobgbj mili^sfk`ri^`fÑkbkqob a^al^lqo^pcrk`flkbpnrbqfbkbi^fkpqfqr`fÑk,
i^p _^pbp ab a^qlp ab fksbk`flkbp v obdfpqolp ?pÇ*`r^kali^ Nobpfabk`f^abaf`e^fkpqfqr`fÑk
p^kfq^oflp*bi`r^ibprkqbj ^nrbe^pq^i^cb`e^ ab_Ç^ jlpqo^o^idl bk bpqb `^j ml* pb e^ mobù
klpbe^fj mibj bkq^al,Lll_pq^kqb^biil*bk qbkafalob`roofoabj ^kbo^bnrfsl`^a^vifdbo^
dbkbo^i* `lkpfabol nrb ^i j bklp abpab rk^ ^ i^ ^aebpfÑk ^ qo^q^alp fkqbok^`flk^ibp nrb
mbopmb`qfs^ ibdfpi^qfs^bpq^j lp_^pq^kqb^`loù klpfosbk m^o^a^oibpbkqfalvsf^_fifa^a^ rk^
ab`lk ilp`lj molj fplp^prj falpbk j^qbof^ ^dbka^ ab ^ab`r^a^p mliÇqf`^p mÖ_if`^p nrb
? B T M A ? R S Q  /12

ab Nolmfba^a Gkqbib`qr^i bk ilp qo^q^alp ab kb`bpfq^ bi NboÖ, Cp qfbj ml nrb bi GLBCAMNG
if_ob`ljbo`fl, mlkd^ ^ i^ Nolmfba^a Gkqbib`qr ^i bk mofj bo
ird^o ab moflofa^abp v pb bj m fb`b  ^ ifabo^o
CAQ8 Ll `lklw`l bi abq^iib ab il nrb pb bpqÄ molmrbpq^p b fkf`f^qfs^p k^`flk^ibp, Cpb bp bi
kbdl`f^kal^`qr^ij bkqb*mbol*bk dbkbo^i* ilp sb oa ^a b ol  qbj ^ m b k a fb k qb  ab i^ Nolmfba^a
`^mÇqrilpabNolmfba^aGkqbib`qr^iabbpqlpqo^ù Gkqbib`qr^i bk bi NboÖ,

152 K^oÇ^abiA^ojbk?is^o^al@^vl -CkofnrbA^sbolQ^co^-JrÇpBfbwA^kpb`lLÖÉbw-Jrfp?ilkplE^o`Ç^KrÉlw+LÄg^o

You might also like