WOLLO UNIVERSITY

KOMBOLCHA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING

ASSIGNMENT II : SAU13 AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRICAL AND

ELECTRONICS

NAME ID NO EMAIL
MIKIAS TEFERA MUCHE WOUR/0575/09 mikiast90@gmail.com

SUBMITED TO: DR.KANIMOZHI

SUBMITED DAY:20/05/2021`

KOMBOLCHA ,ETHIOPIA

1|Page
Part 1 MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Anti-lock brakes are at their most effective when you

a. Using the handbrake to reduce the stopping distance

b. Apply constant and firm pressure to the foot brake until you have stopped

c. Brake normally, but grip the steering wheel tightly

d. Continuously pump the foot brake to prevent skidding

2. The traction control system (TCS) in automobile controls the

a. Vibrations on the steering wheel

b. Engine power during acceleration

c. Torque that is transmitted by the tyres to the road surface

d. Stopping distance in case of emergency

3. Which type of navigation measure the state vector without regard to the path

travelled by the vehicle in the past

a. Dead reckoning

b. Positioning

c. Direct reckoning

d. AHRS

4. The most commonly used supplementary restraint system (SRS) component

Is airbag

5. The breaking valves are actuated and turned on and off through modulator

2|Page
Part-B Short answers

6. List out the importance of GPS

GPS stands for Global Positioning System.GPS units receive signals from United States
Government satellites that they use to determine location. Depending on the unit, a GPS can
pinpoint your position in up to three dimensions—latitude, longitudeand altitude. The
remarkable thing about GPS is that the satellite navigational information is available to anyone,
anywhere, free of charge. Of course, you need to buy a GPS receiver to use the data, but it’s a
prettysmall investment when you realize how much information you can get. Let’s talks about
the typed of GPS units available.

ONE - A battery operated, hand-held GPS is ideal for small boats, because it doesn’t need to
bemounted and won’t take up valuable console space.

TWO-Mountable or portable GPS receivers have larger display screens, bigger buttons and
morefeatures than hand-held units. Most GPS in this category operate on batteries or external 12-
volt power. They come with brackets to hold the GPS in place while you’re underway and can be
removed forsafekeeping when you’re done cruising.

THREE - Fixed-mount GPS receivers offer the largest displays and the most features. They’re
meant tobe installed permanently.

FOUR -A stand-alone GPS is often referred to as a chart plotter. Many fixed-mount GPS units
combinesatellite navigation with fish finding functions. Most GPS units come with basic maps
pre-installed. To expand your GPS’s knowledge base or accessdetailed regional data you can
purchase and download maps from CD-ROMS or data cards. GPS offers almost endless
possibilities for high-tech boaters. In fact, the technology to network a GPSwith radar, sonar,
VHF marine radio and a boat’s autopilot system is already available.

GPS is awonderful tool. However, like any piece of equipment a GPS unit isn’t perfect—so my
advice is to learnhow to navigate with a compass and chart, just in case. It’ll give you more
confidence to explore andmake the most of your time on the water.

3|Page
The following sections provide a quick summary of how GPS is used in some industries.

Aviation

Almost all modern aircraft are fitted with multiple GPS receivers. This provides pilots (and
sometimespassengers) with a real-time aircraft position and map of each flight’s progress. GPS
also allows airlineoperators to pre-select the safest, fastest and most fuel-efficient routes to each
destination, and ensurethat each route is followed as closely as possible when the flight is
underway.

Marine

When high accuracy GPS is fitted to boats and ships, it allows captains to navigate through
unfamiliarharbors, shipping channels and waterways without running aground or hitting known
obstacles.GPS isalso used to position and map dredging operations in rivers, wharfs and
sandbars, so other boats knowprecisely where it is deep enough for them to operate.

Farming

Farmers rely on repeat planting season after season to maximize their crop productions. By
putting GPSreceivers on tractors and other agricultural equipment, farmers can map their
plantations and ensurethat they return to exactly the same areas when sewing their seeds in
future. This strategy also allowsfarmers to continue working in low visibility conditions such as
fog and darkness, as each piece ofmachinery is guided by its GPS position instead of visual
references. High accuracy GPS is also used tomap soil sample locations, allowing farmers to see
where the soil is most fertile across individual fieldsor even entire farms!

Scientists

use GPS technology to conduct a wide range of experiments and research, ranging from biology
tophysics to earth sciences. Traditionally, when scientists wanted to understand where and how
faranimals roam, they had to tag animals with metal or plastic bands and then follow them to
variouslocations to monitor their movement. Today, scientists can fit animals with GPS collars
or tags thatautomatically log the animal’s movement and transmit the information via satellite

4|Page
back to theresearchers. This provides them with more detailed information about the animal’s
movements withouthaving to relocate specific animals.

Surveying

Surveyors are responsible for mapping and measuring features on the earth’s surface and under
waterwith high accuracy. This includes things like determining land boundaries, monitoring
changes in theshape of structures or mapping the sea floor. Surveyors have historically required
line-of-sight betweentheir instruments in order to undertake such work, but the availability of
high accuracy .

7. Write the significance of navigation system ?

An organized and transparent navigation system acts as a road map to direct visitors to various
pages and information on your site. It is fundamental in encouraging visitors to stay, peruse your
content and have a positive user experience, which subsequently leads to more sales and brand
loyalty for your business. Importance of Website Navigation The importance of website
navigation is critical when it comes to distinguishing your brand. An organized and transparent
navigation system acts as a road map to direct visitors to various pages and information on your
site. It is fundamental in encouraging visitors to stay, peruse your content and have a positive
user experience, which subsequently leads to more sales and brand loyalty for your busines.

8. Differentiate among active and passive safety system

Passive Safety

A passive safety feature is a system that does not do any work until it is called to action. These
featuresbecome active during an accident, and work to minimize damage and reduce the risk of
injury during thetime of impact. These systems are seat belts, air bags, and the construction of
the vehicle. These devicesautomatically deploy when the car gets into a crash. Active Safety
Systems.

An active safety system works to prevent an accident. These systems always stay active while
you drive, and continuously work to keep you from getting into an accident. Most active safety

5|Page
features areelectronic and controlled by a computer. They include traction control, electronic
stability control, andbraking systems. These also include advanced driver assist systems that use
sensors such as forwardcollision warning and lane departure warning, along with adaptive cruise
control. An active safety system is one that provides a warning to the driver when they are at risk
of an accidentor damage to the vehicle. This warning can be in the form of a buzzer, a vibration
in the seat or steeringwheel or a bright flashing light. The driver doesn’t need to do anything to
receive the alert. Passive safety systems provide crucial information to the vehicle operator, but
they don’t call attentionto themselves. For a passive safety solution to be of benefit, the operator
needs to remember it.

9. What is the use of Airbag system?

The purpose of an airbag is to reduce injury by either cushioning the occupants contact with the
interiorof the vehicle or preventing contact completely. An airbag is a large nylon bag which
inflates anddeflates very rapidly in the event of a severe crash. Reduce injury by either
cushioning the occupantscontact with the interior of the vehicle or preventing contact
completely.

 An airbag is a large nylon bag which inflates and deflates very rapidly in the event of a
severecrash.

 The driver’s airbag is housed in the centre pad of the steering wheel, and the passenger’s
airbag, where fitted, in the upper left of the dash.

 Other airbags could also be found in the lower dash, seats, seatbelts, roof pillars and roof

structures.

 Some motorcycles also have frontal air

6|Page
10. Why it is necessary of security and warning system in automobile.

Because you likely rely so much on your vehicle, it is important that you take steps to improve
your car’s security. Think for a moment just how much more of a hassle it would be to do all of
the things that you now take for granted. If someone were to steal your car, you would not be
able to go anywhere without calling for a ride. It would slow down your life and quickly become
frustrating. Even though you might have insurance and be covered, it will still be a massive
hassle. Even if someone were to break into your car and not steal it, you still have to go through
the process of getting the vehicle repaired. Overall, it’s a hassle that no one should have to deal
with. By having the right tools to secure your car, that will be possible. While most of the
vehicles on the road today feature basic car alarms and car anti- theft devices from the
manufacturer, they are rarely enough. It is important to consider getting a car tracker that can
supplement your overall car security. When you have added protections, it will help to keep your
vehicle safer. It can provide you with more peace of mind, as you will not have to worry so much
about what might happen to your vehicle. You know you have the technology to keep it safer and
to track it down in the event someone does steal it.Car Security Systems on the Market – What to
Look For There are several basic “types” of car security systems available today. These systems
all have their pros and cons, which we will look at a little closer below. You might find that you
do not need to have just one of these systems. Instead, you may want to consider some of the
benefits that can come from having these types of systems working together. A car alarm and a
car tracker tend to work well together, for example Car alarms

7|Page
Part-C ESSAY QUESTIONS

11. Explain the construction and working principle of ABS

Anti-lock Braking system is a closed loop control device that prevents wheel lock-up during
brakingand as a result vehicle stability and steering is maintained. This system uses the principle
of cadencebraking and threshold braking..

ANTI-LOCK BRAKING SYSTEM (ABS) AND ITS WORKING

ABS works by releasing and then reapplying or 'pumping' the brakes to a motorcycle wheel or
carwheels in heavy braking situations. Sensors on each wheel are used to detect 'locking' or when
a wheelstops moving and starts to skid. ... Wheel sensors detect skidding or 'locking' ABS pumps
the brakes.The purpose of Anti-lock Braking system (ABS) is to control the rate at which
individual wheelsaccelerate and de-accelerate through the regulation of the line pressure applied
to each foundationbrake. The control signals, generated by the controller and applied to the brake
pressure modulatingunit, are derived from the analysis of the outputs taken from wheel speed
sensors. Thus, when active, the Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) makes optimum use of the
available friction between the tyresand the road surface

COMPONENTS OF ANTI-LOCK BREAKING SYSTEM (ABS)

There are four main components of the ABS:

 SPEED SENSOR

 VALVES

 PUMP

 CONTROLLER

SPEED SENSOR

The purpose of the speed sensor is to monitor speed of each wheel and then to determine the

acceleration and de-acceleration of the wheels. It consist of exciter(a ring with notched teeth)and
a wire

8|Page
coil/magnet assembly which generates the pulses of electricity as teeth of exciter pass in front of
it.

VALVES

The function of the valves is to regulate the air pressure to brakes during Anti-Lock Braking

System (ABS) action.They are placed in the brake line of the each brake controlled by the ABS.

In most of the cases ,the valve has three positions:

In position one, the valve is open and the pressure from the master cylinder is passed through

the brake.

In position two, the valve blocks the line resulting in isolating the brake from master cylinder.In
position three, the valve releases some of the pressure from brakes. PUMP

The purpose of the pump is to regulate or restore the pressure back to the brakes that has been

released by the valves.

CONTROLLER

The controller of the Anti-Lock Braking System (ABS) consists of Electronic Control
Unit(ECU)

which processes all the ABS information and signal functions. The ECU gets the information
from all the

wheels and then control or limit the brake force to the each wheel.

BRAKE TYPES

Anti-lock breaking system or ABS has different types of brakes based on number of channels
used.

9|Page
1 FOUR-CHANNEL

This scheme is employed in most of the modern cars like Ferrari’s California T. In this scheme
all thefour wheels have there own individual speed sensors and valves. This gives best result as
all the fourwheels can be controlled individually which ensures the maximum braking force.

2 THREE CHANNEL

Three channel comes with two combination, one is three channel with four sensors and the
otherone with three channel and three sensors.In three channel and four sensor scheme, along
with the four sensors on the each wheel there is aseparate valve for each of the front wheels anda
common valve for the rear wheels. The three channel and three sensor scheme is mostly
employed in pickup trucks. There areindividual sensors and valves for both the front wheels with
a common valve and sensor for both of therear wheel.

3 TWO CHANNEL

This system works with four sensors and two valves. It uses a speed sensors at each wheel, with
onecontrol valve for both of the front wheels and the other one for the rear wheels.

4 ONE CHANNEL

This system is found on pickup trucks which uses rear wheel ABS. It has one valve and one
sensor forboth of the rear wheels. This system is not very effective because as there is a
possibility that one of therear wheel will lock, reducing the effectiveness of brakes.

WORKING OF ABS OR ANTI-LOCK BRAKING SYSTEM

 When the brakes are applied ,fluid is forced from the master cylinder to the HCU inlet
ports withthe help of open solenoid valves that are contained in the HCU, then through
the outlet ports ofHCU to the each wheel.
 The rear part of the master cylinder feeds the front brakes and vice-versa.
 After the fluid in inserted in each wheel, the wheel starts locking-up.
 When the control module senses that wheel is going to lock up, it closes the normally
opensolenoid valves for that wheel.

10 | P a g e
  The anti-lock break control module then looks at anti-lock break sensor signal from the
affectedwheel.
 Once the affected wheel comes back up to the speed, then the control module returns the
 solenoid valve to there normal condition,

11 | P a g e