UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA

Department of Mechanical Engineering Technology

Faculty of Engineering Technology

COURSE INFORMATION

COURSE TITTLE: ENGINEERING LABORATORY III (BN J 37201)

TOPIC: IMPACT OF A JET

1. OBJECTIVES

The objective of this experiment is to measure the force due to the impact of water jet
on the various targets.

2. LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this experiment, students should be able to measure the force developed
by a jet of water deflected on fixed impact object by comparing it to the force predicted
by the momentum theory.

3. INTRODUCTION

One way of producing mechanical work from fluid under pressure is to use the pressure to
accelerate the fluid to a high velocity in a jet. The jet is directed on to the vanes of a
turbine wheel, which is rotated by the force generated on the vanes due to the
momentum change or impulse which takes place as the jet strikes the vanes. Water
turbines w o r k i n g on this impulse p r i n c i p l e h a v e been constructed with outputs of
the order of 100 000 kW and with efficiency greater than 90%. Impact of jets apparatus
enables fluids which can be applied to hydraulic machinery such as the Pelton wheel
and the impulse turbine. experiments to be carried out on the reaction force produced
on vanes when a jet of water impacts on to the vane. The study of these reaction forces
is an essential step in the subject of mechanics of fluid.

In the type of water turbine referred to as a Pelton wheel, one or more water jets are
tangentially on to vanes or buckets that are fastened to the rim of the turbine disc. The
impact of the water on the vanes generates a torque on the wheel, causing it to rotate and
to develop power. Although the concept is essentially simple, such turbines can generate
considerable output at high efficiency. It may be noted that the Pelton wheel is best
suited to conditions where the available head of water is great, and the flow rate is
comparatively small.

To predict the output of a Pelton wheel, and to determine its optimum rotational speed,
we need to understand how the deflection of the jet generates a force on the buckets, and
how the force is related to the rate of momentum flow in the jet. In this experiment, we
measure the force generated by a jet of water striking a flat plate or a conical and
hemispherical cup, and compare the results with the computed momentum flow rate in
the jet.
 UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
Department of Mechanical Engineering Technology
Faculty of Engineering Technology

4. THEORY

Consider a vane symmetrical about the x-axis as shown in Figure 1. A jet of fluid
flowing at the rate of 𝑚̇ kg/s along the x-axis with the velocity u m/s strikes the
vane and is deflected by it through angle β , so that the fluid leaves the vane with
the velocity u 1 m/s inclined at an angle β to the x-axis. Changes in elevation and
in piezometric pressure in the jet from striking the vane to leaving it are
neglected.

Figure 1: Vertical Jet of Fluid Striking a Symmetrical Vane

Momentum enters the system in the x direction at a rate of::

̇
𝑚̇𝑢𝑜 (𝑘𝑔𝑚/𝑠 2)

Momentum leaves the system in the same direction at the rate of :

𝑚̇𝑢1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 ̇(𝑘𝑔𝑚/𝑠 2 )

The force on the vane in the x direction is equal to the rate of change of momentum
change. Therefore:
𝐹 = 𝑚̇(𝑢𝑜 − 𝑢1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽) (𝑁𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠)

Ideally, jets are of constant velocity so that uo = u1. Therefore:

𝐹 = 𝑚̇(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽) (𝑁𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠)

 UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
Department of Mechanical Engineering Technology
Faculty of Engineering Technology

Theoretical force for each vane can be calculated as shown in Table 1

Table 1 : Theoretical Values for the Different Vane Shapes

5. APPARATUS

Details of the equipment are as below (see Figure 1):

a. Digital Hydraulic Bench

b. 10mm-diameter (78.5 mm2 cross-sectional area) of nozzle
c. Jockey weight
d. Three target plates : Flat, 120 o degree conical plate, hemisphere

Figure 2: Apparatus Set Up

 UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
Department of Mechanical Engineering Technology
Faculty of Engineering Technology

6. PROCEDURE

i. Install the target vane on the weigh beam (start with the flat plate) and
tighten the retaining screw (PLEASE DO NOT LOST OR MISPLACED
THIS THE ONLY ONE RETAINING SCREW).
ii. The cover plate can also be installed together with the target if it is
necessary.
iii. Put the jockey weight on the weigh beam at its y zero position.
iv. Level the beam/lever or set to the balanced position by adjust the
adjusting nut. The balanced position is indicated by the tally.
v. Switch ON the main switch of power supply. Make sure the water valve
is in fully closed condition to avoid the flow rate from strike out of the
system when we switch on the pump.
vi. Switch ON the pump by push the switch button on the digital hydraulic
bench.
vii. Slowly open the valve of water inlet until the water jet strike the target at
low flow rate.
viii. Move the jockey at incremental of 20 mm and adjust the flow rate until
the beam balances again. Record the reading of flow rate.
ix. Repeat step vii. at every 20 mm until we obtain about 5 sets of data.
x. Repeat the experiment using the conical and hemispherical cup (make
sure close the inlet water valve and OFF the pump before you change the
next target).
xi. To end the experiment, slowly close the water inlet valve, switch OFF
the pump as well as the main supply. Make a housekeeping and keep all
the accessories (including the targets, jockey weight and retaining screw)
inside the provided toolbox.
 UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
Department of Mechanical Engineering Technology
Faculty of Engineering Technology

7. RESULTS AND CALCULATIONS

7.1 Formulation

Figure 3: Key Dimensions

Density of water, 𝜌 = 103 kg/m3

Diameter of nozzle = 10 mm
Cross-sectional area of nozzle, A = 78.5 mm2
Mass of jockey weight = 0.6 kg
Distance from centre of vane to pivot of lever = 0.15 m
Height of vane above tip of nozzle, s = 35 mm.
 UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
Department of Mechanical Engineering Technology
Faculty of Engineering Technology

Figure 4 : Finding force on the vane

The jockey weight weighs (0.6 x g) Newtons. When it is moved a distance y metres
from its zero position, the corresponding force F Newtons on the vane is obtained, by
taking moments about pivot, as:

𝐹 𝑥 0.15 = 0.6 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 𝑦

𝐹 = 4𝑔𝑦 (𝑁𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠)

The fluid flow is measured as 𝑚̇(kg/s). Since 𝑚̇=𝜌𝐴𝑢, the exit velocity of the jet from
the nozzle is equal to:

𝑚̇ Equation (1)
𝑢=
𝜌𝐴

𝑚̇
𝑢= = 12.75𝑚̇ (𝑚/𝑠) Equation (2)
103 𝑥 78.5 𝑥 10−6

The velocity 𝑢𝑜 of the jet as it is deflected by the vane is less than the velocity, 𝑢, at exit
from the nozzle because of the deceleration due to gravity and may be calculated from
the expression:

𝑢𝑜2 = 𝑢2 − 2𝑔𝑠

𝑢𝑜2 = 𝑢2 − 2 𝑥 9.81 𝑥 0.035

Or
𝑢𝑜2 = 𝑢2 − 0.6867 Equation (3)
 UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
Department of Mechanical Engineering Technology
Faculty of Engineering Technology

Results and calculations should each be presented in the form of Table 2, Table 3 and
Table 4. Values of flow rate, Q and distance, 𝑦 are recorded from experimental
observations. Values of 𝑢 are calculated from Equation (2), 𝑢𝑜 from Equation (3) and 𝐹
from Table 1.

7.2 Experimental Data and Re s ults

Complete all the following tables.

Table 2 : Data of flat plate target

Table 3 : Data of 120º conical cup target

 UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
Department of Mechanical Engineering Technology
Faculty of Engineering Technology

Table 4 : Data of hemispherical cup target

7.3 Sample of Calculation

 UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
Department of Mechanical Engineering Technology
Faculty of Engineering Technology

7.4 Observation

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 UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
Department of Mechanical Engineering Technology
Faculty of Engineering Technology

7.5 Graphs

Plot graph Force on vane F (N) versus Rate of delivery of momentum

𝑚̇𝑢𝑜 (kg.m/s2 ) graph for each target in the same graph.

8. DISCUSSION

8.1 Calculate the s lope of the graph.

 UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
Department of Mechanical Engineering Technology
Faculty of Engineering Technology

8.2 Discuss the graph and experimental results

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 UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
Department of Mechanical Engineering Technology
Faculty of Engineering Technology

9. CONCLUSION

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10. REFERENCES

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