NIIP 2K12 Kub/Kvadrat Self Propelled Air Defence System / SA-6 Gainful НИИП Cамоходный Зенитный Ракетный Комплекс 2К12 Куб/ Квадрат

7/29/2020 2K12 Kub/Kvadrat Self Propelled Air Defence System / SA-6 Gainful / Cамоходный Зенитный Ракетный Комплекс 2К12
екс 2К12 Куб/Квадрат
Last Updated: Mon Jan 27 11:18:09 UTC 2014
NIIP 2K12 Kub/Kvadrat

Self Propelled Air Defence System / SA-6 Gainful
НИИП Cамоходный Зенитный Ракетный Комплекс 2К12 Куб/
Квадрат
Technical Report APA-TR-2009-0701
by Dr Carlo Kopp, AFAIAA, SMIEEE, PEng

July 2009
Updated April, 2012
Text, Line Art © 2009 - 2012 Carlo Kopp
www.ausairpower.net/APA-2K12-Kvadrat.html 1/23
7/29/2020 2K12 Kub/Kvadrat Self Propelled Air Defence System / SA-6 Gainful / Cамоходный Зенитный Ракетный Комплекс 2К12 Куб/Квадрат
3M9ME Gainful SAM launch from TEL (Image © Miroslav Gyűrösi).
Background
1S91 Straight Flush Engagement Radar
Vympel 3M9 / 9M9 Surface to Air Missile
Production and Exports
2K12 Technical Data
2K12 Launch Footage
2K12 Battery Components
2P25 Transporter Erector Launcher
2T7/2T7M Transporter/Transloader
9T32M1 Self-Propelled Crane
NIIP 1S91 Straight Flush Engagement Radar
P-40/1S12 Long Track Acquisition Radar
P-15 / P-15M / P-19 Flat Face / Squat Eye Acquisition Radar
LEMZ PRV-16/1RL132 Naklon / Thin Skin Heightfinding Radar
Operational Deployment
References/Sources
Background
The 2K12 Kub Surface to Air Missile system was developed for PVO-SV (Soviet Army Air
Defence) and other Warpac Armies to perform a role analogous to that of the S-125 / SA-3
Goa in the service of the PVO. As such it was to supplement the larger and longer ranging
2K11 Krug / SA-4 Ganef with low altitude coverage. Design objectives were similar but more
ambitious than those for the S-125 / SA-3 Goa: destruction of aircraft at speeds between 420
m/s to 600 m/s (820 KTAS to 1,200 KTAS), at altitudes between 100 to 200 m (~300 to 600 ft
AGL) and 5 to 7 km (16,4 kft to 23 kft), at ranges of up to 20 km (~11 NMI), with a single
shot Pk of 0.7.
Development was authorised in 1958, with the system design assigned to what is now the
Tikhomirov NIIP, and the missile design to what is now Vympel. The design was to be self
propelled and highly mobile, like the 2K11 Krug / SA-4 Ganef, but using a lightweight tracked
chassis similar to that used by the ZSU-23/4P Shilka SPAAG.
The ambitious specifications and the use of immature technology, such as the Continuous
Wave (CW) semi-active homing missile seeker, and solid propellant ramjet sustainer
powerplant, resulted in a troublesome and protracted development process. Problems with the
seeker and the powerplant resulted in numerous test failures, with the design only achieving
IOC in 1967-1968, a decade after the launch of the project. Production continued until 1983,
when the 9K37 Buk / SA-11 Gadfly replaced it in production.
The design concept was for a single self-propelled 1S91 engagement radar system, with an
integrated acquisition radar, controlling a group of four 2P25 series Transporter Erector
Launcher (TEL) vehicles, each with three 3M9 series missile rounds. This battery structure
would be supported by several 2T7 transloader/transporters, carried on the ZiL-157 truck.
The 1S91 engagement radar system used two stacked turrets, the lower of which mounted the
acquisition radar, and the upper the fine tracking and CW illuminator radar. This allowed the
system to acquire targets and perform coarse tracking with the acquistion radar, and then
perform fine tracking and illumination with the second radar. This provided much greater
autonomy compared to the 2K11 Krug / SA-4 Ganef which like the PVO systems, required a
separate acquistion radar and datalinks to cue the engagement radar.
A number of variants were developed over the production life of the system.
The first of these was the 2K12M Kub M1, which included a greater engagement envelope, a
missile seeker with better ability to defeat seduction countermeasures, the capability to
interrupt radar emissions in order to evade AGM-45 Shrike ARMs, and support for an ARM
decoy. It was initially deployed in 1973.
In 1976, the 2K12M3 Kub M3 was introduced, with further incremental improvements against
the M1 variant, especially in missile speed and a cited capability to defeat an 8G target.
The 2K12M4 Kub M4 was a variant which was for all intents and purposes a compatible hybrid with the 9M38 Buk
/ SA-11 Gadfly. Depicted a 9A38 TEL with 9S35 Fire Dome track/illuminate radar and 3M9M3 rounds (RuMoD
image).
The final 2K12M4 Kub M4 variant was a hybridised 1978 design, with the 1S91M3 radar
system being capable of controlling the 2P25M3 and SA-11 9A38 TELs and guiding the 3M9
and SA-11 9M38 missiles. The 9A38 TEL variant was also capable of carrying the 3M9 missile
and providing terminal tracking and illumination using the 9S35 Fire Dome radar on the TEL.
Export variants, usually marketed under the name 2K12E Kvadrat, appeared in the Middle East
following the War of Attrition. The combat debut of the 2K12 / SA-6 was during the Yom Kippur
war of 1973. The superior low altitude performance of the weapon, and its new CW semi-
active missile seeker resulted in a much higher success rate compared to the earlier S-75 /
SA-2 Guideline and S-125 / SA-3 Goa systems. While exact losses continue to be disputed,
around 40 aircraft are usually cited as lost to SAM shots, and the 2K12 / SA-6 proved most
effective of the three weapons.
The 2K12 Kub/Kvadrat / SA-6 Gainful is a fully mobile system, capable of shooting and
scooting in 5 minutes. The system was however often deployed from fixed revetments during
Middle Eastern conflicts.
The system never repeated its initial success in subsequent conflicts, in part because examples
were captured and analysed during the 1970s and 1980s. The US widely deployed the ALQ-
162 Compass Sail CW jammer specifically to defeat this system. Conflicts in which the weapon
was known to have been used include the Angolan intervention by Cuba, the Chad conflict, the
1982 Israeli invasion of Southern Lebanon, the Desert Storm and subsequent
Northern/Southern Watch operations, and the 1999 Allied Force campaign.
1S91 Straight Flush Engagement Radar
The 1S91 fully mobile engagement radar system comprises two independently steerable radar
systems. The lower 1S11 with a paraboloid section antenna and stacked feeds is used to
acquire and track multiple targets in azimuth and elevation. The upper 1S31 is used for
precision target tracking and illumination of targets for semi-active missile homing guidance.
A more detailed discussion can be found under Engagement and Fire Control Radars.
Above, below, 3M9ME-UR (Uchebno-Razreznaya) cutaway training round. Note the ramjet inlet structures and the
compressed air lines. Refer cutaway index below (images © Miroslav Gyűrösi).
3M9M Gainful Cutaway (via Vestnik-PVO)

1 1SB4M CW monopulse semi-active homing seeker with Doppler closure rate capability
2 3E27 CW radio two channel proximity fuse (30 m nominal radius)
3 3N12 57 kg blast-fragmention warhead
4 1SB6M Autopilot
5 Ramjet intake ducts
6 9D16K sustainer solid gas generator charge (67 kg LK-6TM reducing propellant)
7 Frangible seals
8 Boost stage solid propellant charge (172 kg VIK-2 propellant)
9 Exhaust nozzle
10 Cruciform tailfins
11 Cruciform wing
Vympel 3M9 / 9M9 Surface to Air Missile
While the long range ramjet 2K11 Krug / SA-4 Ganef has direct Western equivalents in the
contemporary ramjet Bendix RIM-8 Talos, Bristol Bloodhound and Armstrong Whitworth Sea
Slug, no such equivalent exists for the 2K12 Kub / SA-6 Gainful system. In terms of airframe
and propulsion configuration, the nearest equivalents are the 3M80 Moskit / Sunburn and Kh-
31 Krypton supersonic anti-ship missile.
The 3M9 missile design introduced the first solid propellant ramjet engine in a Soviet missile,
resulting in a missile with superior range performance to its conventional solid rocket
competitors, as the missile did not need to carry the mass of the full oxidiser component of the
propellant.
Above, below, 3M9ME Gainful - Agat 1SB4ME monopulse CW SARH seeker. Note the polarisation screen over the
reflector and the unique feed arrangement with matching stubs. This antenna arrangement is retained by later
3M37/38/317 / SA-11/17 Gadlfy/Grizzly series missile seekers (images © Miroslav Gyűrösi).
The nose of the missile houses the Agat designed 1SB4M CW semi-active homing coherent
dual plane monopulse seeker, which employs a parabolic section reflector antenna which
produces monopulse sum and pitch/yaw difference signals. The seeker also uses the difference
in Doppler between the illuminator carrier frequency and backscatter from the target to
estimate the closure rate between the missile and target. An adaptive tunable narrowband
filter is claimed to be used to reject clutter. The seeker is analogue and in addition to
producing pitch/yaw commands for the autopilot, it activates the proximity fuse.
Trial shots performed by the UK on a test range, using a 2K12 Kub / SA-6 system captured in
Africa, were reported to have resulted in remarkably high accuracy against drone targets.
Early variants of the 1SB4 seeker would acquire the target while the missile was on the rail,
but the later 2K12M3/3M9M3 seeker could acquire the target post launch, permitting the
missile to be launched before CW illumination is initiated. A variant of the P-nav control law is
employed.
Due to the absence of seeker cooling, the missile seeker can be powered up on the launch rail
for 5 to 10 minutes before it overheats and must be powered down to cool off. Training
emulator rounds have characteristic cooling fins on the seeker section for this reason.
The 3E27 CW two channel radio proximity fuse will nominally trigger at a 30 m distance from
the target, using antennas on the sides of the fuselage.
The 3N12 57 kg blast-fragmention warhead is mounted behind the fuse.
The 3N12 series fragmentation warhead. Note the preformed casing (image © Miroslav Gyűrösi).
The 1SB6M autopilot uses a gyro and accelerometer package, and generates steering
commands for actuators which move the cruciform wings. Electrical power is produced by a
turbine driven generator, fed from a tank of compressed air.
Two umbilicals connect the missile to the launch rail, these are used to initialise the missile and
power the seeker prelaunch, and monitor missile status and condition.
The centre and aft sections of the missile fuselage are mostly occupied with the solid
propellant charges for the propulsion system.
The aft fuselage contains the annular solid propellant first stage booster, with a launch mass of
~172 kg and a length of 1.7 metres, using VIK-2 propellant. The igniter initiates a burn along
the central 5.4 cm dia. cavity. The engine has burn duration of about 3 to 6 seconds and
accelerates the missile from 0 to ~ Mach 1.5. Once the booster has burned out, it becomes the
combustion chamber / nozzle for the solid propellant rocket ramjet. Four symmetrically placed
air inlets feed into this chamber. Frangible fibreglass covers are used to prevent air ingestion
prior to sustainer ignition.
The centre fuselage contains the gas generator fuel charge for the solid propellant ramjet
operation. The 9D16K sustainer solid gas generator charge comprising 67 kg of LK-6TM
reducing propellant is ignited and the hot gas discharge vents into the combustion chamber,
where it is mixed with air to burn and generate sustainer thrust. Burn duration is ~20 seconds,
during which the missile accelerates to a peak velocity of ~2.8 Mach. Russian sources claim
that the sustainer cannot be throttled and as a result this limits choices in missile trajectories.
The cruciform tails mount the missile transponder antennas, and include additional trailing
edge controls. All controls are pneumatically actuated.
Production and Exports
Around 500 2K12 Kub/Kvadrat / SA-6 Gainful systems and tens of thousands of 3M9/9M9
missile rounds were manufactured between 1967 and 1983. Numerically this was a modest
number, compared to the S-75 / SA-2 Guideline system, reflecting the more specialised role of
this weapon, and its higher cost and complexity, both in the engagement radar and missile
round design.
Russian sources cite exports to nations including Algeria, Angola, Bulgaria, Cuba,
Czechoslovakia, Egypt, Ethiopia, Guinea, Hungary, India, Kuwait, Libya, Mozambique, Poland,
Romania, Yemen , Syria, Tanzania, Vietnam, Somalia, Yugoslavia and some others.
A number of electronics and mobility upgrades have been developed, a more detailed
discussion can be found under Legacy Air Defence System Upgrades.
2K12 Technical Data
Куб/Kub Куб-М1/Kub M1 Куб-М3/Kub M3 3уб-М4/Kub M4

Зона поражения, км
Engagement Envelope [km]
- по дальности
6-8...22 4...23 4...25 4...24**
- in range
- по высоте
0,1...7(12*) 0,08...8(12*) 0,02...8(12*) 0,03...14*
- in altitude
- по параметру до 15 до 15 до 18 до 18
Вероятность поражения
Kill Probability [-]
- истребителя одной ЗУР
0,7 0,8...0,95 0,8...0,95 0,8...0,9
- fighter using a single SAM
- вертолета
- - - 0,3...0,6
- helicopter
- крылатой ракеты
- - - 0,25...0,5
- cruise missile
Макс цель поражаемых целей, м/с
600 600 600 600**
Max speed of destroyed target [m/s]
Время реакции, с
26...28 22...24 22...24 24**
Reaction time [sec]
Скорость полета ЗУР, м/с
600 600 700 700**
SAM velocity [m/s]
Масса ракеты, кг
630 630 630 630**
Missile mass [kg]
Масса боевой части, кг
57 57 57 57**
Warhead mass [kg[
Канальность по цели
1 1 1 2
Engagement concurrency
Канальность по ЗУР
2...3 2...3 2...3 до 3
SAM concurrency
Время развертывания (свертывания), мин 5 5 5 5
Stow/deploy time [min]
Число ЗУР на боевой машине
3 3 3 3
SAMs per TEL
Год принятия на вооружение
1967 1973 1976 1978
Year of IOC
Source: Vestnik-PVO
2K12 Launch Footage
SAM System Mobility - Air Defence System Vehicles [Click for more ...]
SAM System Integration - Air Defence Command Posts [Click for more ...]
SAM System Passive Targeting - Emitter Locating Systems [Click for more ...]
SAM System Counter VLO Capabilities [Click for more ...]
SAM System Multimedia - Rosoboronexport Footage [Click for more ...]

System Qty Function/Composition Vehicle
NIIP 1S91 Straight Flush 1 Self Propelled Engagement Radar GM-578
2P25 4 Transporter Erector Launcher GM-578
2T7/2T7M 2 Transporter/Transloader ZIL-131
9T227 2 Towed 6 Round Semi-Trailer Transporter ZiL-157
9T31 1 Mobile Crane for Missile Loading ZiL-131
BTR-60PB 1 Site Survey Vehicle BTR-60
P-40/1S12 Long Track 1 Self Propelled Acquisition Radar AT
9S417 1 Radio relay van ZiL-157
2V8M1E 1 Missile Repair/Test Station ZiL-131
MS1760/1761 2 Missile Preparation/Assembly Station ZiL-131
9G22M1-9 1 Compressed Air Tanker ZiL-131
UKS-400 1 Mobile Air Compressor ZiL-157
2V7M2 1 1S91/2P25 Repair/Test Station Ural-375
Repair Station 1 P-15, P-18, P-19, P-40 Repair/Test Station ZiL-131
Repair Station 1 GM567/568, AT, BTR-60P Repair/Test Station Ural-375
Vympel 3M9ME 48 Missile Warstock Deployed 9T22
2K12 Optional Battery Components

P-15M Squat Eye 1 UHF-Band Low Level Acquisition Radar Ural-375
P-15/19 Flat Face 1 UHF-Band Acquisition Radar Ural-375
1L22 Parol 4 / 75E6 Parol 3 1 IFF Interrogator KrAZ-255
PRV-16 Thin Skin 1 Heightfinding Radar SP
2P25 Transporter Erector Launcher
Czech Army 2P25 TEL with elevated missiles (Czech Army).
2T7/2T7M Transporter/Transloader
2T7M Gainful transloader of the Slovakian Army (Image © Miroslav Gyűrösi).
2P25 TEL and 2T7M transloader of the Czech Army (Czech Army image).
9T32M1 Self-Propelled Crane
The 9T32M1 self-propelled crane is a late model of the standard loading crane used with 2K12 / SA-6 Gainful and
9K37M1 / SA-11 Gadfly batteries. The Ural-375 chassis is used. (Russian internet).
NIIP 1S91 Straight Flush Engagement Radar
1S91M2 Straight Flush of the Slovakian Army (Image © Miroslav Gyűrösi).
P-40/1S12 Long Track Acquisition Radar
The P-40/1S12 Long Track S-band acquisition radar is often cited as the mobile acquisition component in
Kub/Kvadrat SAM batteries, although its primary purpose was supporting the SA-4 Ganef system. It uses a
modified tank chassis to provide high cross country mobility. The antenna stows flat on the roof of the vehicle.
Eight stacked beams are used for heightfinding.
P-15 / P-15M / P-19 Flat Face / Squat Eye Acquisition Radar
Late model P-19 Flat Face D acquisition radar. The Flat Face and Squat Eye were frequently used as acquisition
radars for groups of 2K12 / SA-6 batteries, especially in the Middle East.
PR-14A , P-15 Flat Face and P-15M Squat Eye. Note the antenna mast tether on the P-15M (Soviet MoD).
LEMZ PRV-16/1RL132 Naklon / Thin Skin Heightfinding Radar
PRV-16 self-propelled 6 GHz band nodding heightfinder (Elsys, Vestnik PVO images).
Operational Deployment
The 2K12E Kvadrat export variant was first deployed to the Middle East during 1971. The system played an
important role in 1973, and has been a feature of conflicts in that region ever since. Left background, S-125 / SA-
3 Goa on 5P71 launcher, and S-75 / SA-2 Guideline on SM-90 launcher (US DoD).
2P25ME Kvadrat TEL captured during OIF (US DoD).
Destroyed 2T7ME Kvadrat transloader (US DoD).
References/Sources
1. Said Aminov, Vestnik PVO, URL: http://pvo.guns.ru

2. Peter Skarus, Peter's ADA - Theorie und Grundlagen der Fla, URL: http://peters-ada.de/
3. Ralf Wagner, Fla-Rakete 3M9, Flak-11 Die Truppen-luftabwehr (TLA) der 11. MSD, URL:
http://www.flak11.de/2K12-Start.htm
4. H. Kaiser, Raketen- und Waffentechnischer Dienst im Kdo. MB III, URL: http://www.rwd-
mb3.de/pages/3m9_a.htm
5. H. Kaiser, Raketen- und Waffentechnischer Dienst im Kdo. MB III, URL: http://www.rwd-
mb3.de/pages/3m9_b.htm
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7/29/2020 2K12 Kub/Kvadrat Self Propelled Air Defence System / SA-6 Gainful / Cамоходный Зенитный Ракетный Комплекс 2К12

екс 2К12 Куб/Квадрат

Last Updated: Mon Jan 27 11:18:09 UTC 2014

NIIP 2K12 Kub/Kvadrat

by Dr Carlo Kopp, AFAIAA, SMIEEE, PEng

3M9ME Gainful SAM launch from TEL (Image © Miroslav Gyűrösi).

1S91 Straight Flush Engagement Radar

3M9M Gainful Cutaway (via Vestnik-PVO)

Vympel 3M9 / 9M9 Surface to Air Missile

The 3N12 57 kg blast-fragmention warhead is mounted behind the fuse.

Production and Exports

2K12 Technical Data

Куб/Kub Куб-М1/Kub M1 Куб-М3/Kub M3 3уб-М4/Kub M4

2K12 Launch Footage

2K12 Battery Components

2K12 Battery Components

2K12 Optional Battery Components

2P25 Transporter Erector Launcher

Czech Army 2P25 TEL with elevated missiles (Czech Army).

2T7M Gainful transloader of the Slovakian Army (Image © Miroslav Gyűrösi).

9T32M1 Self-Propelled Crane

NIIP 1S91 Straight Flush Engagement Radar

1S91M2 Straight Flush of the Slovakian Army (Image © Miroslav Gyűrösi).

P-40/1S12 Long Track Acquisition Radar

P-15 / P-15M / P-19 Flat Face / Squat Eye Acquisition Radar

LEMZ PRV-16/1RL132 Naklon / Thin Skin Heightfinding Radar

2P25ME Kvadrat TEL captured during OIF (US DoD).

Destroyed 2T7ME Kvadrat transloader (US DoD).

1. Said Aminov, Vestnik PVO, URL: http://pvo.guns.ru

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