PEB 702 Engineering & Society

Semester 1 2021
Assignment Project 1.

Waste Management in Suva Area

Names ID

Navneet N Lal 2017139677

Navnit R Narayan 2017140365

Akash Nath 2016133716

Krishant Kavishek Naidu 2019001254

Dipeek Chand 2016133251

Scope
The project covers wastes such as household, commercial, industrial, agricultural, demolition and
construction. Hence our project is based on squatter settlement waste management, therefore the above
mentioned commercial, industrial, and agricultural waste management are some of the additional points
that we will be talking on as an example in respect to an engineer’s perspective

Key Objectives
The key objectives of the solid waste management are to:

• reduce the amount of waste that each community generates

• make best use of the waste that is generated
• develop and implement economic and social incentive mechanisms to change wasteful behavior
• improve and upgrade existing waste management and disposal systems and
• encourage/ provide waste management practices, which minimize the environmental risk and
harm to human health
• Provide a guideline template for rural or community level solid waste management practices
work.
Executive Summary
Fiji like all other Small Island Developing States in the Pacific region recognizes that waste management
is the single most pressing issue that needs immediate action. It is recognized as a major concern with the
potential to cause negative impacts on our national development activities including public health, the
environment, food security, tourism and trade. Looking at the larger picture, Fiji at the moment does not
have any cohesive waste management strategy. There are legislations under different Government
Departments and Ministries which address solid waste, however, these need to be harmonized to increase
their effectiveness. Some need to be amended to address the changing nature of today’s waste. Waste at
the moment is being either thrown in the open dumpsites, illegally disposed of in the sea or on unused
land, in the streets or being burnt in piles in the backyard. Burning municipal waste is a major health
problem with some toxins in the smoke persisting in the environment and being carcinogenic. At the
moment, the solid waste problem in Fiji is growing in proportion.

The proposed action plans details programs that are to be implemented at national, local and community
levels. It is intended that the Strategy should provide a platform from which future waste management
activities can be developed and the mechanism for coordinating them. As much as possible, the
Government of Fiji will look at resourcing the proposed activities and actions but, in some cases, external
resources will be required and our development partners will be invited to participate on these aspects
of the strategy. The generation and disposal of wastes has direct and indirect linkages to economic
development. Waste materials represent wasted money, in terms of the original cost of the materials, the
costs of disposal, and also the potential value of the material as a recyclable and reusable resource. Poorly
managed wastes can have negative effects on tourism, by detracting from the “Pacific Paradise” image
that Fiji promotes, and by association with health warnings about infectious and vector-borne diseases.
There is the potential for contamination of food supplies, which can have impacts on local markets or
revenue from export crops. And there are numerous health and environmental hazards that arise when
wastes are poorly managed and disposed.
Introduction
Environmentalism ipromotes ijust iand iequitable iaccess ito iresources. iThe inatural ienvironment iis ian
iintegral ipart iof iFiji’s iproducts iand iservices iand ithe iquality iof inature iplays ia isignificant irole iin ithe isuccess

iof iany isocio-economic idevelopment. iAs isuch, ithe igeneration iand idisposal iof iwastes idoes ihave idirect iand

iindirect iimpact ion ithe isocioeconomic idevelopment iof iour ination. iThe iGovernment ihas itaken isteps ito

isupport isustainable iresource imanagement iand iencourage ienvironment iconservation ithrough ithe

iEnvironment iManagement iAct i(EMA) i2005. iThe iAct isets iguidelines iand ipolicies ifor ienvironmental iimpact

iassessments, iwaste imanagement, ipollution icontrol iand ipenalties. iWaste imaterial ipresent iwasted imoney

iin-terms iof ioriginal icost iof imaterials, icost iof imaterials, icost iof idisposal iand ialso ipotential ivalue iof ithe

imaterial ias ia irecyclable iand ireusable iresource. iPoorly imanaged iwastes ican ihave inegative ieffects ion

itourist idestination iimage iand iby iassociation iwith ihealth iwarnings iabout iinfectious iand ivector-borne

idiseases.

Municipal isolid iwaste iis istored iby iresidents iand icommercial iestablishments iin ismall ibins i(generally iof i60-
liter icapacity) iand iplastic ibags ikept ioutside ithe ihouse ion iraised iplatforms ito ikeep ithe iwaste isafe ifrom
idogs, ior isimply ion ithe icurb, iuntil iit iis icollected iby ithe iSuva iCity iCouncil i(SCC). iUnder ithe istreet ilitter ibin

isponsorship iprogram, icompanies iprovide ifunding ifor ipublic ilitter ibins iin iexchange ifor iplacing

iadvertisements ion ithese ibins. iHousehold irefuse icollection iis icarried iout idirectly iby ithe iSCC iusing iits iown

ifleet iof isix icompactors iand itwo icovered itrucks. iWaste icollection iservices iare iprovided iby iSCC ithree itimes

iper iweek iin iall iareas, iexcept ifor ithe icentral icity iarea, iwhere iservices iare iprovided isix itimes iper iweek.

iSuva iCity iis idivided iinto ifour iSWM iwards ithat iare ifurther idivided iinto i10 isectors. iIn ieach isector, ia iprivate

isector icontractor ihas ibeen iappointed ion ia i4-year icontract ifor icollection iand itransportation iof igreen

iwaste, igrass icutting, idrain icleaning, iand istreet isweeping. iGreen iwaste icollection iservices iprovided ito

iresidents ihave ibeen ireduced ito ijust ionce ia imonth iby ithe iSCC ito iencourage icomposting. iResidents iand

ibusinesses imay ialso imake iadditional iarrangements iwith ione iof ifive iprivate icompanies ifor iwaste

icollection iand itransportation. iHowever, iillegal idumping iand iburning iof iwaste iare istill icommon idue ito

iinadequate ienforcement. iThe i2010 iamended iLittering iDecree iallows ithe iDepartment iof iEnvironment

i(DoE) ito iappoint ipublic iofficials, iincluding ipolice iofficers, ihealth iinspectors, iand iland itransport iofficers, ias

i“litter iprevention iofficers,” iwith ithe ipower ito iimpose ion-the-spot ifines iof iF$40 i(around i$21.60) ifor

ilittering.
The iNeed iand iPurpose ifor ia iSolid iWaste iManagement iStrategy i
Our iconsumerist ilifestyle ibased ion iheavy ireliance ion iimported ifood icontinues ito iincrease iresulting iin
iincrease iof ithe iwaste ioutputs icausing iadverse ieffects ion iour ieconomy. iThe igeneration iand idisposal iof

iwastes ihas idirect iand iindirect ilinkages ito ieconomic idevelopment. iWaste irepresent iwasted imoney, iin

iterms iof, iboth ithe ioriginal icost iof ithe imaterials, ithe icosts iof idisposal, iand ialso ithe ipotential ivalue iof ithe

imaterial ias ia ireusable iresource. iPoor isolid iwaste imanagement ihas ia iserious iconstraint ito iour ihealth iand

ienvironment. iWaste iis idumped ianywhere iwhich iis inow iaffecting iour ireefs, ilagoons, iinshore ifisheries iand

itourism. iCurrently iwaste iis ibeing ithrown iwithout iregard ito ithe ienvironment ior iany icohesive ithought ito

ibetter iwaste imanagement. iUnused iland iplots iare ibecoming iillegal idumpsites iand ithe iso-called ilegal

idumpsites iare ioverflowing idue ito ino iwaste iminimization ipractices. iWaste iis ialso ibeing iburnt iin ipiles iat

ihomes iand ithis iis ian iaccepted ipractice iin iFiji. iThere iis ino imanagement isystem ifor iwhite ior ielectrical

igoods, ichemicals ior iany ihazardous iwaste iexcept ia ifew ichemicals ilike iasbestos iwhereby ia iprocedure ifor

ithe idisposal iof iasbestos iis iin iplace. iHowever, ithe ihealth iand ienvironmental iimplications ifrom ithese

ipractices ivary. iThere iis ithe ipotential ifor icontamination iof ifood isupplies, iwhich ican ihave iimpacts ion ilocal

imarkets ior irevenue ifrom iexport icrops. iConversely, ithe ibenefits ifrom igood iwaste imanagement ican

iinclude ireduced iraw imaterial icosts, ienhancement iof ithe itourism iexperience, ireduced ihealth icare icosts.

iEffective imeasures iwill ialso iavoid ithe ineed ifor iexpensive iclean-up ioperations iin ithe ifuture.

Waste iManagement iPractices

Waste imanagement iin iSuva iis ithe iresponsibility iof ithe iSuva iCity iCouncil. iIn iSuva, iabout i68 itons iof iwaste
iis igenerated iper iday; iout iof iwhich imore ithan i80% iare iorganic iwaste i(2017). iIn ia ibid ito iimprove ion iits

iwaste imanagement isystem, ithe iSuva iCity iCouncil ihas iintroduced iinitiatives ito ipromote iwaste

iminimization iand i3R i(reduce, ireuse iand irecycle) iinitiatives. iThe iCity iCouncil isubsidizes ithe icost iof

ipurchasing ihome icompost ibins ito iencourage iresidents ito icompost ifood ipeelings, igrass icutting iand iyard

iclippings iby isubsidizing. iThe icompost imanure iproduced iis ienvironmentally ifriendly iand iused ifor

igardening iand iother ifarming iactivities i(Suva iCity iCouncil, i2017). iA icompost iprocessing icentre iwas ialso

iestablished iby ithe iSuva iCity iCouncil ifor icomposting iof idomestic iwastes iand iwastes ifrom ipublic iplaces.

iThe iproduct ifrom ithe icomposting icentre iis isold ito ithe ipublic ias isoil iconditioner ifor iagricultural ipurposes.

iThe icollection iof igreen iwastes iis idone iby iprivate icontractors iwho ihave ibeen iengaged iby ithe iCouncil. iThe

iAgain, iThe iSuva iCity iCouncil iprovides irecycling ibins iat istrategic ilocations iwithin ithe icity ito ipromote ithe

iseparation iof irecyclable iwastes isuch ias ialuminum icans, ibottles, iwrappers iand ipapers. iThese iwastes iare

ithen irecycled iinto ivaluable iproducts isuch ias ieco ibags iwhich iare isold iat idesignated imarkets iin ithe icity. iAll

ithese iinitiatives iaccording ito ithe iSuva iCity iCouncil iare iexpected ito ienhance ithe icity’s iefforts ito ipromote

icleaner iand igreener.

Informal iSettlements iin iFiji iTo iBe iAssisted iwith iImprovement ito iWaste iManagement iSystem

Finding iaffordable ihousing iopportunities iin iurban icenters iin iFiji ihas iincreased iin irecent iyears ias iinformal
isettlements iare igrowing.

According ito iFiji iBroadcasting iCorporation i(FBC), iRevitalization iof iInformal iSettlements iand iEnvironment
i(RISE) iProgram iCoordinator iIsoa iVakarewa isaid ion iTuesday ithat itheir ifindings iover ithe ipast ithree iyears

iindicated ithat ithe igrowth iof iinformal isettlements ihas iposed ia irisk ito ithe ienvironment.

He isaid ithat ias ipart iof itheir ipilot iproject, ithey ihave iidentified i12 iinformal isettlements iwithin ithe iSuva-
Nausori icorridor iwhere ithey iwill ibe iimproving iwaste imanagement isystem, isanitation, iand ihygiene. iSome
iof ithese iinformal isettlements istill ido inot ihave iproper iwater isupply iand ielectricity.

Vakarewa isaid ithat ithese isettlements iin iurban icenters iand ipart iof ithe icentralized isanitation ifacilities iare
inot iconnected, itherefore, itheir iwaste iis inot itreated iwhich iputs ia ilot iof irisk ito ithe ienvironment

isurrounding ithese iinformal isettlements.

RISE ihas ialso inoted ia i25 ipercent idecrease iin itheir icommunity iengagement isince iMarch ithis iyear idue ito
ithe iCOVID-19 irestrictions iimposed iby ithe iFijian igovernment. iHowever, ithe iteams iare iall igeared iup ito

imake iup ito iimplement ithe icommunity icode idesign iplans iat iidentified isettlements.

The iFijian igovernment isaid iearlier ithat iit iis icommitted ito iaddressing iurbanization iconcerns ithrough
iintegrated iplanning, istrengthening iurban igovernance iand ibalancing irural iand iurban idevelopments.

Common iWastes iIdentified i

I. Plastic iBags i
The igrowing inumber iof iplastic ibags iis ione iof ithe imajor ienvironmental ipollutants iand iof ikey
iconcern iin iFiji, ias iit itakes ilonger itime ito idegrade. iPlastic ipollution iis iquite icommon iin ipublic

iareas. iIn i1994 iSPREP icarried iout ia iwaste iaudit iwith i50 ihouseholds iin iSuva ifor ia iweek iand ifound

i7% iof ithe iwaste iwas imade iup iof iplastics. iA iPlastic iBag istudy iconducted iby ithe iDepartment iof

iEnvironment iin i1999 irevealed ithat ithe iminimum inumber iof iplastic ibags iused iannually iis iaround

i50 ito i60 imillion iin iFiji. iFurthermore, ithe istudy idone iby iPACE-SD ifor iJICA irevealed ithat iplastic

iitems iwere ieither isecond ior ithird ihighest ipercentage iof iwaste iclassified iin ithe idifferent

imunicipalities iof ithe iWestern iregion.

 II. PET iBottles
In ithe iyear i2003 ifrom iJanuary ito iDecember, ithe itotal iinflux iof iPET ibottles iin iFiji iwas irecorded
iaround i44 imillion iwhich iincludes i1.7 imillion iof iimports iand i42 imillion iPET ibottles ibeing iproduced

ilocally. i(Note ithat ithe iproduction iof iPET ibottles iserves ito imean ithe ibottles ithat iare iblown iup

ilocally iusing iimported ipellets).

III. Saw iMills i

There iare i61 isawmills iaround ithe icountry iprocessing ia itotal ivolume iof i212,000 im3 iof iround iwood
i(Department iof iForestry, i1993). iWith ithe ilevel iof iwastage ias isawdust ireported ito ibe

iapproximately i50% iin ithe isawmilling iprocess, iconsiderable iamounts iof isawdust iare iclearly ibeing

iproduced ias iwaste. iAlthough ia ismall iproportion iof isawdust iis iused ias ia isource iof ienergy i(e.g iat

iTropik iWoods), ithe ibulk iis ileft ito iaccumulate iaround ismall ipremises. iProblems iwith ispontaneous

icombustion iand irunoff iinto iwaterways ihave ibeen ireported. i

IV. Difficult iSolid iWaste
Other imajor icontributors iof isolid iwaste iinclude imotor ivehicles iand iparts i(such ias ibatteries, ityres,
ivehicle iscraps iand iderelict ivehicles), iand iwhite igoods i(The iDepartment iof iEnvironment ihad ia

istudy idone ion iScrap iMetals, iDerelict iVehicles, iBatteries iand iTyres). iFor iexample, iover ithe ipast

ifew iyears ion iaverage iabout i709,309 iend iof ilife ityres iwere iproduced iper iannum iwhich

icorresponds ito iabout i15,318 itons iof ityres, iand ithe iestimated iquantity iof iend-of-life ilead iacid

ibatteries iin iFiji iover ithe ipast ifew iyears iis i264,278 iand icurrently iin iFiji ielectrical iappliances iwastes

iare igenerated iat ithe irate iof i25-63kg/person iand iwaste iIT iequipment iis igenerated iat i50

itons/year. iGovernment iassets iare iusually iput iout ifor itender ito ibe idisposed iof iand iit ihas icome ito

ilight ithat ithe idisposal ipractices iare ioften inot ienvironmentally isound. i
 V. Construction iWaste
Construction iand idemolition iwaste icontinue ito iincrease iin iparallel iwith ithe ieconomic igrowth
iespecially iin ithe iemerging iand ideveloping icountries ilike iFiji. iAmong iall ithe itype iof iwaste,

iconcrete iwaste i(CW) ioccupied ithe ihighest ipercentage iof itotal iwaste igenerated iand isome iof ithe

ireasons ifor ithis iare iburnt idown ihouses, istructures ifailed iby iengineers iand iother idemolition ithat

itake iplace idue ito irenovation. iThe iamount iof iconcrete iwaste ioccupying ithe iamount iof iland iin

ilandfill isomehow idepletes ithe ifinite iland iresource, ipotentially icause icontamination ito isubsoil

iand igroundwater. iConcrete iwaste imaterial iis iinert iwaste iwhich iis ineither ichemically ior

ibiologically ireactive iand iwill inot idecompose iin ilandfill. i

.
Mitigation iof iwastes iIdentified
I. Plastic iBags iand iPET iBottles.

• Stop iusing iplastic istraws, ieven iin irestaurants. iIf ia istraw iis ia imust, ipurchase ia ireusable istainless
isteel ior iglass istraw

• Use ia ireusable iproduce ibag. iA isingle iplastic ibag ican itake i1,000 iyears ito idegrade. iPurchase ior
imake iyour iown ireusable iproduce ibag iand ibe isure ito iwash ithem ioften! i

• Give iup igum. iGum iis imade iof ia isynthetic irubber, iaka iplastic. i
• Buy iboxes iinstead iof ibottles. iOften, iproducts ilike ilaundry idetergent icome iin icardboard iwhich iis
imore ieasily irecycled ithan iplastic.

• Purchase ifood, ilike icereal, ipasta, iand irice ifrom ibulk ibins iand ifill ia ireusable ibag ior icontainer. iYou
isave imoney iand iunnecessary ipackaging. i

• Reuse icontainers ifor istoring ileftovers ior ishopping iin ibulk.

• Use ia ireusable ibottle ior imug ifor iyour ibeverages, ieven iwhen iordering ifrom ia ito-go ishop
• Bring iyour iown icontainer ifor itake-out ior iyour irestaurant idoggy-bag isince imany irestaurants iuse
iStyrofoam. i

• Use imatches iinstead iof idisposable iplastic ilighters ior iinvest iin ia irefillable imetal ilighter. i
• Avoid ibuying ifrozen ifoods ibecause itheir ipackaging iis imostly iplastic. iEven ithose ithat iappear ito ibe
icardboard iare icoated iin ia ithin ilayer iof iplastic. iPlus, iyou'll ibe ieating ifewer iprocessed ifoods! i

• Don't iuse iplasticware iat ihome iand ibe isure ito irequest irestaurants ido inot ipack ithem iin iyour itake-
out ibox.
• Ask iyour ilocal igrocer ito itake iyour iplastic icontainers i(for iberries, itomatoes, ietc.) iback. iIf iyou ishop
iat ia ifarmer imarket, ithey ican irefill iit ifor iyou.

• Use icloth idiapers ito ireduce iyour ibaby's icarbon ifootprint iand isave imoney. i
• Make ifresh isqueezed ijuice ior ieat ifruit iinstead iof ibuying ijuice iin iplastic ibottles. iIt's ihealthier iand
ibetter ifor ithe ienvironment.

• Make iyour iown icleaning iproducts ithat iwill ibe iless itoxic iand ieliminate ithe ineed ifor imultiple iplastic
ibottles iof icleaner.

• Pack iyour ilunch iin ireusable icontainers iand ibags. iAlso, iopt ifor ifresh ifruits iand iveggies iand ibulk
iitems iinstead iof iproducts ithat icome iin isingle iserving icups.

• Use ia irazor iwith ireplaceable iblades iinstead iof ia idisposable irazor. i

The iRecycling iProcesses
 II. Use iof iwoodchips
Sustainability iin ithe iconstruction iindustry iis ia iglobal iconcern, iand ione iway iof ihandling ithis iis ithe
iidea iof irecycling imaterials isuch ias iwood ichips. iAggregates iin ia iconcrete imix ican ibe ireplaced iby

iwood ichips iand iit iis inormally iclassified ias ilight iweight iconcrete iand irecommended ifor iuse iin

iproduction iof ilow-grade inon-structural ielements.

III. Use iof iAutomotive iShredder iResidue ifor iDifficult iSolid iWaste
Due ito ithe idecreasing ispace iin ilandfills iand ithe ipossibility iof ihazardous ichemicals ileaching iout,
irecyclers iare itrying ito iprevent ithis ithrough idrying iand irecycling iASR iand iextracting iuseful iand

ivaluable imaterials isuch ias icar iscraps, ibattery iand ityres ithat ican ibe iused ias ilandfill imaterials ias iit

ilimits iodours iand iprevents itrash ifrom iblowing iaway. iThis icontributes ito ia icleaner iand isafer

ienvironment. iAlso, imost iof ithe imaterials iextracted iare iplastics iwhich iare imade iof ipetroleum, iit

ialso ihas ithe ipotential ifor iuse ias ia ifuel isupplement iin icement ikilns.

IV. Crushed iconcrete i

• Concrete irecycling iis ithe iuse iof icrushed ior ileftover iconcrete islabs ifrom idemolished iconcrete
istructures.

• Large ipieces iof iconcrete islabs ican ibe iused iin iwalls ias ibuilding ias istones, ias islabs iin iwalkways, ior
ias iriprap irevetments ito ireduce istream ibank ierosion.

• Small ipieces iare iused ias igravel ifor inew iconstruction iprojects isuch ias ibuildings iand iroads. iSub-
base igravel iis ilaid ias ithe ilowest ilayer iin ia iroad, iwith ifresh iconcrete ior iasphalt ipoured iover iit.
• Concrete ipavements ican ibe ibroken iin iplace iand iused ias ia ibase ilayer ifor ian iasphalt ipavement
ithrough ia iprocess icalled irubblization iwhere iexisting iconcrete iis iturned iinto irubble.

• Crushed iconcrete ifree iof icontaminants ican ibe iused ias iaggregate ito imake inew iconcrete.
• Crushed iconcrete imaterials ithat iwell-graded iand iaesthetically ipleasing ican ibe iused ias
ilandscaping istone iand imulch.

• Wire igabions i(cages), ican ibe ifilled iwith icrushed iconcrete iand istacked ias iretaining iwalls ior ifence
ito iprevent isoil ierosion. i
Benefit ito ithe iindustry i

How ican iarchitects iand idesigners iplay iin ithese iparts, iconverting icommunities ito iprovide ias ihealthy
iliving ipattern, iwhile ikeeping ithese ipositive icharacteristics iintact iin ithe irenewed isolution? iIt ihas ibeen

iobserved ithat, ifrom ithe ihistory iof iimproving icommunities iin idifferent iregions, iwherever iappropriate

iupgrading ipolicies iand ihealthy iliving idesigns ihave ibeen iput iin iplace, ihave ibecome iincreasingly isocially

icohesive; ioffering iopportunities ifor isecurity iof itenure, ilocal ieconomic idevelopment iand iimprovement iof

iconditions iof itheir ilives.

Whereas idesigners iand ipublic iofficials imight ionce ihave ithought ijust iin iterms iof iimproved ihousing, imany
i

inow irecognize ithat iproviding ihousing iby iitself iisn’t ian iadequate iresponse. iIt ihas ito ibe ipaired iwith
iimprovements iin itransportation, ijob itraining, ihealth, iand isafety. iAs idifficult iand icomplex ias iconditions

iare iin ilow-income icommunities, ithey iprovide iclues ito itheir iown iimprovement. iResidents iof inon-formal

icities ioften idisplay icultural iadaptations iand isurvival istrategies ithat ican iguide ifuture iinterventions.

iDesigners iare ibeginning ito ibe iable ito igive ispatial iform ito ithe ienvironmental, isocial, iand ieconomic

iambitions iof ithese icommunities, ihelping ito imarshal ithe ifinancial iinvestment iand ipolitical iwill ito ibegin

itheir itransformation.
Conclusion
In sum, this work explores the relationship between social ethics and creativity in design culture. Fiji, and
Suva City, in particular, has achieved important improvements in SWM in recent years. The new landfill in
Naboro has significantly reduced environmental and public health risks. Waste collection services
provided by the SCC are reasonably efficient, well-managed, and financially self-sustaining. However,
illegal dumping and burning of wastes continue to be problems due to inadequate enforcement. No one
project is perfect and complete in itself; many are flawed. The important point here is to get the ideas out
in the hope of starting to define best practices.
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