Title Buddha Sasana of Myauk Phet Taik (Northern Region)

All Authors Yee Yee Win

Publication Type Local Publication

Publisher
(Journal name, Myanmar Historical Research Journal, No. 24, June 2013, 185-222
issue no., page no
etc.)
The tripartite relationship of the king, Sangha and people in the later Konbaung
period is found very fruitful. The king as a patron and defender of Buddhism
supported the Elder Sanghas with four basic necessities. The Sanghas in return
gave the king good advices for the stability of administration and for
development of the people. Common also supported the Order with food,
Abstract
shelter, robe and medicines. Because of their meritorious deeds the monks
looked after them for not being molested and imposed illegal demand of money
and labour by bad officials. Thus what we see is that when the tripartite
relationship of the ruler, the Sangha order and the people are in good condition,
the people could enjoy peace, stability and prosperity.

tripartite relationship
Keywords

Citation

Issue Date 2013

 ajrmufbufwdkufa'o Ak'¨omoem? 1819-1885 185

ajrmufbufwu
kd af 'o Ak'o
¨ moem? 1819-1885

a'gufwm&D&D0if;*

ajrmufbufwu kd af 'o\ Ak'o ¨ moem0iftaMumif;udk avhvmvQif ysLacwfEiS hf yk*aH cwfu p&ygrnf/

odaYk omf aemufq;kH awGU&&dS aom pnforl if;Bu;D ausmufpmyg ordik ;f oJveG pf jzifyh if ed'ge;f ysKd ;vdu k f
&ygonf/ 23 ZGef 1138 &ufpyJG g pnforl if;Bu;D ausmufpmü rif;Bu;D onf rl;a'oodYk wdik ;f cef;vSnv hf nf
vmcJNh y;D vQif ]]ouú&mZf 500 r’,f G
wmvjynfh 15 &uf okMumú ed,}f } apwDjyKí v,fajrrsm; vSLcJh
onf/ bk&m;twGuf ajry,f 160? ausmif;twGuyf ,f 200 ESihf odrt f wGuf 50 y,f toD;oD;
yg&o dS nf/ a&Tbt kd eD;ü ,if;wnfaqmufco hJ nfwu Ykd kd &ufpjJG zifh jy&aomf
23 ZGef 1138 apwDawmf
26 {jyD 1146 odrf
23 'DZbFm 1146 *l ESihf
26 rwf 1148 ausmif;
wdu Yk kd aqmufvyk v h nf/1 apwDEiS hf ausmif; wnfaqmufonfrmS q,fEpS o
f LS 'ge;f cJo f ufwrf; uGmjcm;
onfuv kd nf; owdxm;rdEikd yf gonf/ xdak usmufpmu a'o\ ta&;ygyEkH iS hf omoemawmf jyefyY mG ;a&;
wGif yk*rH if;wdYk BuKd ;yrf;cJMh uyHu k kd jrifEikd af p&efrQuokd m wifjyvdu k jf cif; jzpfygonf/
a½TbZkd mwdjzpfaom tavmif;rif;w&m;Bu;D rS qif;oufvmcJo h nfh uke;f abmifrif; ig;yg;
wdo Yk nf a½TbEkd iS hf ppfuikd ;f buf (aZ,sm-odCeF ,f)wGif bk&m;rsm; wnfxm; ud;k uG,cf MJh uonf/
tavmif;rif;w&m;Bu;D (at'D 1753-60) onf a½Tbrkd mS arG;í a½Tbrkd mS Bu;D jyif;cJo h nf/ tavmif;rif;
w&m;Bu;D rif;tjzpfoYkd a&muf&NdSy;D tkycf sKypf ;kd pHco Jh nfh umvwpfavQmufv;kH aejynfawmf &wemodCF
rSm pd;k pHaecho J nf/ ,if;zGm;jrifc&hJ m a½TbNkd rKd U wpfae&mwGif bk&m;wpfqu l kd wnfco hJ nf/ ,if;\

*
ygarmu©? XmerSL;? rEÅav;wuúodkvf
1
]]pnfolrif;ausmufpm}}? oef;xGef;?( jrefrmordkif;tzGJU0if) wnf;? aESmif;awGUausmufpmrsm
mrsm;? ynma&;0efBuD;Xme?
wuúodkvfrsm;ordkif;okawoeOD;pD;Xme? 2005? pm 1
186 jrefrmorkdif;okawoepmapmif

csuBf uKd ; jrK§ ycf aJh omae&mwGif wnfxm;cJjh cif;jzpfí a½Tcsuo f bkd &k m;[k xif&mS ;onf/ rif;tjzpf
a&mufaomtcgrS wnfxm;chjJ cif; jzpfygonf/ tjcm;aomaumif;rI ukov kd rf sm;rSm a&S;a[mif;
a½Twefqmbk&m;udk jyKjyifNyD; Ak'¨yd#uwfawmfrsm; xm;½Sd&ef yd#uwfwdkuf wpfvHk;udkvnf;
wnfaqmufcyJh gonf/ uke;f abmifacwfO;D ydik ;f \ Adou k mvuf&mwdo Yk nf rnfonfyh pkH EH iS rhf Q yk*u H kd
r,SOEf ikd af omfvnf; ordik ;f oabmtm;jzifh ta&;yg&ydS gonf/
tavmif;rif;w&m;Bu;D ae&mwGif qufco H rl mS 'Dy,J if;rif; (at'D 1760-63) jzpfNy;D 3
ESpMf umom pd;k pHtyk cf sKyEf ikd cf yJh gonf/ ,if;rif; aemufqufcaH om ajr'l;rif;ESihf A'Hrk if;wd\Yk tpfuBkd u;D
jzpfaomaMumifh 'Dy, J if;rif;udk aemifawmfBu;D [k ac:cMhJ uojzifh &mZ0ifq&mwdu Yk vnf; xdt k rnf
twdik ;f yif oH;k pGaJ c:qckd MhJ uygonf/ ,if;onf r[meE´muefwiG ;f uRe;f ay:ü apwDBu;D wpfqu l kd
wnfxm;cho J nf/ xdb k &k m;udk a½Tay:uRe;f bk&m;[k ac:Muonf/ xdb k &k m;onf tjyifbufrS Munfah omf
tvwfpm;t&G,rf Qom&SNd y;D omrefapwD½;kd jzpfaomaMumifh Adou k moabmtm;jzifh rxl;qef;vSacs/
odaYk omf Xmyemazmuforl sm;aMumifh twGi;f ydik ;f ypön;f rsm; xGuaf y:vmaomtcg ordik ;f qdik &f m
taxmuftxm;rsm; xGuaf y:vmcJo h jzifh a&Tay:uRe;f bk&m;onf ordik ;f ynm&Siw f t Ykd wGuf ta&;yg
aom bk&m;wpfql jzpfvmcJ&h onf/
“"mwfawmfwu kd x f w
J iG f ordik ;f qdik &f m Xmyemypön;f rsm; yg½NdS y;D xdXk myemypön;f wdu Yk kd
yifrapwDab;wGif rdz&k m; 4 OD;wdYk wnfxm;cJMh uonfh t&efb&k m; 4 qlteuf wpfqw l iG ;f rS
&&Sjd cif; jzpfygonf/ odu k o f rm;wdu Yk 1902 ckEpS w f iG f yifrbk&m;ESihf t&efb&k m;tcsKd Uukd azmufxiG ;f
cJMY uonf/ xdo k Ykd jzpfymG ;cJah omtcgwiG f Ak'b ¨ mom ,HMk unfu;kd uG,o f l vlxw k pf&yfv;kH u "mwfawmf
wdkufxJ&Sd tzdk;wef ypönf;rsm;ESifh "mwfawmfwdkY\ vHkNcHKa&;udk txl;aMumifhMuvmcJhMuonf/
ydrk vkd NkH cKH apa&;twGuf &[ef; jynfot l rsm;pku bk&m;udk azmufziG u hf m Xmyemrsm;udk a&TUajymif;
odr;f qnf; apmifah &Smufxm;Mu&ef qH;k jzwfcMhJ uonf/ odjYk zifh tv,fb&k m; ta½SUajrmufbufEiS hf
ta½SUawmifbuf t&efb&k m;wdu Yk kd zGiv hf pS íf twGi;f rS xGuv f mcJah om Xmyemypön;f rsm;udk pm&if;
jyKpck MYJ uonf/ Xmyemwdu k f xJrS t½G,t f pm; trsK;d rsK;d ½Sad om avmuDypön;f rsm;ESihf bmoma&;qdik &f m
½kyw f ik ,frsm; xGuaf y:vmcJh onf/ xdjYkyif a½T? aiG? aMu;ESihf tjcm;tzd;k wefaom ausmufrsurf sm;ESit hf wl
 ajrmufbufwdkufa'o Ak'¨omoem? 1819-1885 187

Ak'½¨ yk yf mG ;awmfrsm;? yHo k @ef trsK;d rsK;d ESihf t½G,t f pm; trsK;d rsK;d ½Sad om &[EÅmyHk ½kyyf mG ;awmfrsm;vnf;
tajrmuftjrm; yg&Sdavonf/ avmuDqdkif&m ypönf;rsm;udk awGU½Sd&jcif;rSm ukef;abmifacwf
eef;"avhEiS hf vlrt I zGUJ tpnf;udk a&mifjyef [yfaeygonf/ ordik ;f avhvmolwt Ykd wGuf tzd;k rjzwfEikd af om
&wemodu k Bf u;D udk &&Sjd cif;vnf; jzpfygonf/ xdt k xJrS aMu;jzifv h yk x
f m;aom tajrmufi,frsm;?
oabmFom;½kyrf sm;? aMu;avS oabmFi,frsm;ESihf vufeufuikd f ppfom;½kyrf sm;udk awGU&onf/
rpöwmawmfped cf u kd ,if;\ tpD&ifcpH mwGif atmufygtwdik ;f azmfjyxm;onf/
avmuDqikd &f m ypön;f rsm;wGif ppfom;rsm;\ 0wfpm;qif,ify?kH vufeuftrsK;d rsK;d
toH;k jyKyu kH kd azmfjyaom rGejf refrm1 ppfyrJG sm;ü toH;k jyKco hJ nfh oabFm? azgirf sm;
yg0ifonf/ oabFmrsm;udk aMu;? aiG? aMu;0gwjYkd zifh jyKvyk x f m;onf/ ppfom;½kyf
rsm;wGif ppfa&;avhusi&hf mü ukwt f ust Ð ½Snf 0wfqifí 3 axmifch Re;f ygaom
OD;xkyu f kd aqmif;Ny;D 'l;axmufum aoewfjzifh csed íf avhusiMhfuyHrk sm; yg0ifonf/
tcsKUd ppfom;rsm;u 0wfpm; qif,ifMuyHk rwlnb D J vSyH pf avhusi[ hf efyv kH nf;
ygonf/ ppfonfw\ Ykd aoewfuikd yf kH taetxm;rsm;onf ypfcwf&ef toifh
taetxm;wGif ½SdaeyHk jzpfonf/ tajrmufwGif pma&;xdk;xm;onfhpmrSm
]]rd;k [de;f }} [k awGU&onf/ oabFmrsm;ESihf azmifyrkH sm;wGif Bu;D rm;í pdw0f ifpm;
p&m aumif;aom aMu;0gjzifh oGi;f xm;aom oabFmwpfpif;yHk yg&o dS nf/ xdo k abFm
onf tavmif;bk&m;2 vufxufu oH;k cho J nfh wdu k o f abFmyHk jzpfygonf/
{&m0wDjrpfukd toH;k jyKNy;D oGm;aom avSazgirf sm;vnf; awGU&onf/ oabFm
wpfpif;wGif ½Guw f ikd f 3 ckyg½NdS y;D tay:rS tvH wyfqifxm;onfuv kd nf; awGU&
onf/ OD;ydik ;f wGif yhu J ikd ½f odS nf/ oabFmom;wpfO;D \ t&yfonf ½Guw f ikd \
f
wpf0ufavmufe;D yg; ½Sno f nf/ wpfO;D u ½Guw f ikd af y:wufí aemufwpfO;D u

1
pma&;olu jznfx
h m;ygonf/
2
tavmif;rif;w&m; (1752-60)
188 jrefrmorkdif;okawoepmapmif

½Guw f ikd x
f yd f arQmpf ifay:wiG f &yfaeyHu k v
kd nf; awGjY rif&onf/ OD;ydik ;f wGif oabFmom;
wpfO;D rSeaf jymif;jzifh a&SUqoD Ykd Munfah eyHv k nf;ygonf/1
xdyk rkH sm;u uke;f abmifacwf tavmif;rif;w&m;Bu;D \ ppfa&;taMumif;udk ajymjyaebdouJh
odYk &Syd gonf/ a½Tay:uRe;f bk&m;\ ta½SUajrmufbufEiS hf ta½SUawmifbuf½dS t&efapwD 2 ck\
Xmyemwdu k x
f w J iG f ordik ;f qdik &f m taxmuftxm;ypön;f rsm;udk awGU&onft h jyif rif;rdz&k m;? rSL;awmf
rwfawmfrsm; ponhf olaumif;rsK;d wdYk xnfo h iG ;f XmyemchaJ om ypön;f rsm;udvk nf; awGU&&dS ojzifh
pm&if;jyKpk azmfjyay;vdu k yf gonf/2
XmyemwdkufxJrS &aom ypönf;pm&if;
tqif w ef q mES i f h t oH k ; taqmif OD ; a& owåK^ausmuf
ykw;D aph 30 a½T
Mu,fo;D 2 aiG
ykw;D aph 243 aiG
tajrmuf 6 aMu;0g
jcaoFch yH v’if 14 aiG
pdev
f ufpyG f 1 a½T
a½Tuvyf 1 zef
em;zmuavmf 1 aiG
em;awmif;wpfpkH 1 y,if;
em;awmif;wpfpkH 2 c&pöw,f
em;awmif;wpfpkH 1 qifp, G f

1
Mr.Taw Sein Ko, “Ancient Relics found at Shwebo” Archaeological survey of India Annual
Report, 1903-04, Calcutta office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India, 1906,
p. 146 (Hereafter cited as: Taw Sein Ko (1906)
2
Mr. Taw Sein Ko (1906), pp. 146-49
 ajrmufbufwdkufa'o Ak'¨omoem? 1819-1885 189

tqif w ef q mES i f h t oH k ; taqmif OD ; a& owåK^ausmuf

&wemjc,fem;awmif;wpfpkH 1 a½T
ywåjrm;pDem;awmif; 1 a&T
vlyHk 29 aMu;0g
vlyHk 24 aMu;eD
vlyHk 24 aiG
ppfom;yHk 16 aMu;0g
a&waumif;(wpfcak &yg) 3 zef
ezl;pnf; 7 a½T
ausmufpdrf;vufpGyf 1 ausmufpdrf;wHk;
a&waumif; 1 Zef
avS? ppfazmif? ppfobFm 7 aMu;0g
vnfqJG 1 a½T
rD;tdrf 1 a½T
ZmuemwpfpkH 1 aiG
azgif 1 aMu;
vifbef;i,f 1 aMu;
vufeufuikd pf pfom; 35 aMu;eD
ZGe;f 1 aMu;0g
ZGe;f 2 aiG
oGm;Mum;xd;k wH 1 aiG
yef;td;k 4 a½T
wduk af vS 4 aMu;
vufeufuikd pf pfom;ygwu kd af vS 2 aMu;eD
190 jrefrmorkdif;okawoepmapmif

a½Tay:uRe;f wGi½f dS t"du yifrbk&m;xJwiG f Xmyemxm;aom ypön;f rsm;rSm tavmif;

rif;w&m;\ rif;ajrmufwefqm acgi;f aygi;f ? ywåjrm;vufpyG ?f jrvufaumuf? uGr;f tpf? a½T"m;?
a½TpvG,?f cg;pnf;BuKd ;? bk&ifvuf0wf&wem? bk&ifro d m;pk0ifrsm;\ yHrk sm;? ppfom;? qif? jrif;?
oabFm? azmif? vufeuftrsK;d rsK;d wdYk jzpfonf/1 ud;k uG,, f MkHunfrt I wGuf bmoma&;aqmif&u G cf suf
wpf&yfukd azmfaf qmif&mwGif ,if;wdu Yk kd tb,f&nf&, G cf sujf zifh xnfo h iG ;f cJo
h nfukd pOf;pm;í
r&&Syd g/ rsm;pGmaom Ak'½¨ yk yf mG ;awmfrsm;onf t½G,t f pm; trsK;d rsK;d ESihf yHpk t
H aetxm; trsK;d rsK;d
½SMd uonf/ &[EÅmyH?k bk&ifrh o d m;pk bk&m;odYk yef;vSLaeyH?k yef;pnf;rsm;? tjrwfwEd;k xm;[ef&adS om
ypön;f rsm; "mwfawmfwu kd xf wJ iG f Xmyemxm;cho J nf/2
rif;ajrmufwefqm tygt0if rif;wdYk toH;k taqmif? t0wftxnf? vuf0wf&wem?
tqif wefqm? vufeuf? rdz&k m;? 0efBu;D ? ppfom;½kyw f rk sm;vnf; XmyemchMJ uonf/ 'Dy, J if;rif;onf
rdrd ud, k rf rd d avmuemx ('Demigo)d [k ,lqNy;D apwDrsm;udk crmbk&ifrsm;uho J Ykd ewfArd mefoabm
wnfco Jh nf[k ,lq&onf/ "mwfawmfwu kd x
f w J iG f tav;tjrwfxm;aom Ak'j¨ zpfawmfpOfrsm;?
"mwfawmf arGawmfrsm;? toH;k taqmifrsm;? tjcm;ypön;f rsm; Xmyemxm;jcif;jzifh ½d;k &mxH;k wrf;
tpOftvm wpf&yfukd yHak zmfay;&m a&mufonf/ xdt Yk jyif tavmif;bk&m;onf xdt k pOftvmudk
qefu Y siíf rdz&k m;? 0efBu;D ? ppfom;? &xm;? vufeuf? vuf0wf&wem? toH;k taqmifypön;f rsm;
jzpfonfh cGu?f ZGe;f wdu Yk kd Xmyemcho J nf/ A'Hrk if;onfvnf; xdek nf;twdik ;f ykx;kd awmfBu;D udk Xmyem
cho
J nf/ A'Hrk if;onf rif;uGe;f ykx;kd awmfBu;D wGif bmoma&;ypön;f rsm;? rdz&k m;? om;awmf? orD;awmf
rsm;wd\ Yk ½kyw f rk sm;udk Xmyemcho J nf/
'Dy, J if;rif;onf Edik if u H kd 3 ESpMf um tkypf ;kd cho
J nf/ ,if;r½Sad wmhonft h cg ajr'l;rif; xD;eef;
wufvmonf/ qifjzL½Si[ f k todrsm;aom rif; (at'D 1763-1775) jzpfonf/ ,if;u a&TbNkd rKd U
taemufawmift&yfwiG f edAmÁ efqyd Of ;D bk&m;udk wnfxm;ud;k uG,cf o hJ nf/ wnf&mwGif rGr;f rHjc,forI
r½Sb d EJ iS hf wnfxm;cho J nf/ rMumcP jyKjyifco hJ nf/ ½kyMf urG sm;udk rGr;f rH&mwGif rlvtjyiftqif

1
Mr. Taw Sein Ko (1906), p. 151
2
Mr. Taw Sein Ko (1906), p. 151
 ajrmufbufwdkufa'o Ak'¨omoem? 1819-1885 191

aemufaMumif;aumufvYkd r&acs/ ,if;vufxuf tawmtwGi;f wGif a½TNrKd Uawmfukd a½Tbrkd S tif;0oYkd

ajymif;a½TUco Jh nf/ tif;0onf a½S;a[mif;NrKd UawmfjzpfNy;D {&m0wDEiS hf jrpfi,fMum;wGif ½So d nf/ a½TbNkd rKd U
wGirf l edAmÁ efqyd Of ;D bk&m; wnfco Jh nf/ ,if;onf t½G,t f m;jzifh tv,ftvwf½adS om bk&m;jzpfNy;D
rGr;f rHjc,forI r½Scd aJh cs/ ,if;onf ukov kd af umif;rIjyK&m XmewdüYk ausmufpmrsm;vnf; pdu k x f cl Jh
onf/ a½Tbw kd iG f uke;f abmifb&k ifrsm;u bk&m;oH;k qlom wnfcMhJ uonf/
ppfudkif;0ef;usifwGifvnf; oHk;qlxuf rydkaom bk&m;rsm;udk ukef;abmifrif;rsm;u
wnfxm;cho J nf/ A'Hrk if;u ,if;e,fEiS 'f Pfc&H pOf aexdik cf &Jh aom ppfuikd ;f NrKd U {&m0wDjrpfurf;ab;
wpfae&mü rif;jzpfaomtcg tdraf wmf&mbk&m;udk wnfco Jh nf/ xdak pwDawmfonf ausmufjzifh
wnfaqmufxm;aom ausmufapwDjzpfí xl;jcm;onf/ xdak pwDonf {&m0wDjrpf\ vuf,mbuf
urf;ay:wiG f ½So d nf/ xdjYk yif ppfuikd ;f \ ta½SUbuf 12 rdik cf eft Y uGmwGif ykx;kd awmfBu;D bk&m;½So d nf/
rif;uGe;f ykx;kd awmfBu;D [k xif&mS ;onf/ Bu;D rm;aom bk&m;Bu;D wpfqjlzpfNy;D ,if;bk&m; wnfaqmufrI
udk tNy;D rowfEikd cf aJh cs/ ykx;kd awmfBu;D \ ta½SU {&m0wDurf;xdyw f iG f jcaoFBh u;D 2 pD; jrpfbufoYkd
rsuEf mS rlvsuf &ifabmifwef; xdik af eyHk wnfaqmufxm;onf/ tav;csed f 110 wef½adS om Bu;D rm;
aom acgi;f avmif;udv k nf; A'Hrk if;u oGe;f avmif;cho J nf/ xkad cgi;f avmif;onf armfpudw k iG ½f adS om
acgi;f avmif;ESihf EIid ;f ,SOv f Qif 'kw,
d tBu;D qH;k acgi;f avmif;jzpfonf/ ykx;kd awmfBu;D \ ajrmufbufwiG f
tdraf ½SUrif;om;u jrifrh &kd af wmifukd A[djk yKí pMu0Vmwnf[ef bk&m;wnfco Jh nf/ jrifrh &kd af wmifxyd &f dS
plVmrkeyd kH &nfreS ;f wnfjcif; jzpfygonf/ tdraf ½SUrif;om;onf tzd;k uG,v f eG Nf y;D aemufwiG f bBu;D awmf[k
vlord sm;aom ppfuikd ;f rif; jzpfvmonf/ xdb k &k m;udk ½Sijf zLbk&m;(od)Yk jrode;f wefb&k m; [kac:onf/
,if;bk&m;yHak wmfrsKd ;udk bd;k awmfuvnf; tr&yl&\ ajrmufbufwiG f pE´mrke[ d íl wnfxm;cJo h nf/
xdaYk Mumifh ajr;awmfwnfaom &Sijf zLbk&m;onf pE´mrkeyd pkH rH sKd ; jzpfayonf/ xdb k &k m;rsm;onf bd;k awmf
bk&m;ESihf ajr;awmfppfuikd ;f rif;om;wd\Yk ordik ;f tarGtESpf bk&m;rsm;jzpfonf/ Adou k mydik ;f qdik &f mwGif
yk*aH cwfu vuf&mrsm;ESihf EIid ;f ,SOyf gu rrD[k qdEk ikd yf gonf/
vdP k af yguf apwDEiS hf ykx;kd rsm;udk rSL;rwft&m½Srd sm;ESihf jynforl sm;uyg wnfaqmufcNJh y;D
,if;wdrYk mS t½G,t f pm; ao;i,fMuonft h jyif tcsKd Uaom apwDw\Ykd twGi;f buf eH&aH y:ü yef;csrD sm;
192 jrefrmorkdif;okawoepmapmif

yg½o dS nf/ xdek &H yH ef;csw D oYkd nf Ak'j¨ zpfawmfpOfrsm;udk a&;qGx J m;jcif; jzpfonf/ xdjYk yif trsK;d orD;wdYk
qHyifypkH ?H t0wftpm;yHpk w H uYkd v kd nf; a&;qGx J m;í uke;f abmifacwf vlreI ,fy,fukd azmfjyaeoa,mif
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&Edik yf gonf/ xko d aYkd om yef;csrD sm;udk ppfuikd ;f ? 0rf;jynf?h cifreG ?f &GmopfBu;D ? rHak ½G;? a½Tb?kd tjrif?h
opfqrd w hf wYkd iG f awGU½adS vhvmEdik o f nf/
rif;rIxrf; jynfow l Ykd bk&m;wnfxm; ud;k uG,v f akd omtcg rif;{u&mZfxH cGiahf wmif;
Mu&onf/ rif;u cGiahf y;rS &mxl;tqifh *kPo f ed Ef iS n
hf aD om bk&m;ykx;kd udk wnfciG &fh ayonf/
yk*rH if;vufxuf taqmifNrw J pfO;D u ,if;\ Zmwd&mG wGif bk&m;wnfxm; ud;k uG,v f akd Mumif;ESihf
bk&ifrif;jrwfxH cGiyhf efavQmufxm;aomtcg atmufygtrdeaYf wmfukd xkwjf yefvsuf cGijhf yKco hJ nf/
taqmifNriJ avSmu H &wemodCNF rKd Up&D ifpk apm>ywft;kd aus;&GmwGif ukov kd af wmf
yGm; wnfvyk o f nfb&k m;rSm r[m&efrw k f aygi;f ul; jcifaoh ajreif; twGi;f
pdeaf wmif apwD&H ewfrw k f xD;pdu k b f &k m;OD; jymom'frsm;udk wnfvyk u f ;kd uG,f
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ajreif; twGi;f pdeaf wmif apwD&H ewfrw k f xD;pdu
k b f &k m;OD; jymom'frsm;ESihf
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bk&m;tcsKd Uukd azmfjy&aomf uefUbvlNrKd Ue,f ZD;uke;f ? xef;wyifwiG v f nf;aumif;? tvH?k rH&k mG bufwiG f

1
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 ajrmufbufwdkufa'o Ak'¨omoem? 1819-1885 193

vnf;aumif;? acsmif;OD;? jrif;rlbufwiG v

f nf;aumif;? ppfuikd ;f ? &GmopfBu;D bufwiG v
f nf;aumif;
awG&Y &dS onf/

bk&m;yGJrsm;
uke;f abmifacwfwiG f bk&m;yGrJ sm;onf aus;vufvrl pI ;D yGm;b0twGuf tvGef ta&;yg
ayonf/ omreftm;jzifh ukov kd jf yKyJG ukov kd , f yl jJG zpfonf/ odaYk omf a'o\ vlrpI ;D yGm;b0twGuf
rsm;pGm taxmuftul jzpfygonf/ taMumif;rSm aps;yGjJ zpfaomaMumifw h nf;/ xdt Yk jyif aysmyf &JG iT yf rJG sm;
vnf; yg&o dS jzifh aus;vufjynfow l Ykd wpfEpS w f m yifyef;rIukd bk&m;yGw J iG f ajzazsmufciG hf &&Sjd y;D
aysm&f iT Mf u&aomaMumifh jzpfonf/ tcsKyq f &kd aomf xdb k &k m;yGrJ sm;aMumifh
1/ jynfow l Ykd ukov kd af umif;rIjyKEikd jf cif;
2/ a&mif;a&;0,fwm jyKvyk Ef ikd jf cif;ESihf
3/ pdw\ f yifyef;EGr;f e,frrI sm;udk ajzazsmufEikd jf cif;
wnf;[laom tusKd ;oH;k &yfukd a'obk&m;yGrJ sm;rS &&Scd pH m;Edik Mf uygonf/ ajrmufbufwu kd af 'o
aZ,smodCeF ,fwiG f a&S;rif;wdYk wnfxm;cJah om wefc;kd Bu;D bk&m;rsm;&So d nf/ xdb k &k m;rsm;odYk owfrw S f
xm;aom tcsed t f cgww Ykd iG f bk&m;yGrJ sm;udk ESppf Of usi;f ychMJ uonf/ xdo k Ykd usi;f yaomtcg tcsKUdaom
bk&m;yGrJ sm;udk rif;{u&mZfu todtrSwjf yKum trdepYf mcReaf wmf xkwaf y;ojzifh jyefwrf;0ifb&k m;
jzpfvmcJo h nf/ ,if;odaYk om bk&m;yGrJ sm;onf wpfywf ESpyf wfrQ usi;f yvmcJMh uojzifh aps;a&mif;yGJ
ozG,f jzpfvmcJ&h onf/ e,fol e,fom;wdo Yk nf bk&m;zl; aps;0,f? aps;a&mif; vkyv f mEdik cf MhJ uojzifh
pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;wpfct k oGif aqmifvmcJo h nf/ odjYkzifh bk&m;yGo J nf e,fajr a'owpfc\k aps;yGaJ wmf
jzpfvmonf/ jrefrmrif;rsm;u tcsKUd aombk&m;yGt J wGi;f tcGeaf umufjcif;udk jyKvyk cf MJh uonf/ A[dk
tpd;k &u tcGeaf wmfaumufcaH om bk&m;yGrJ sm;rSm
ppfuikd ;f wGif 3 yGJ
ajr'l;ü 1 yGJ
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194 jrefrmorkdif;okawoepmapmif

0ufvufwGif 2 yGJ
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aysm½f iT Mf u&onf/ oD;ESrH sm; &dwo f rd ;f a&mif;csNy;D csed jf zpfí vdt
k yfaom tpm;tpmrsm;? v,f,moH;k
ud&, d mrsm;? t0wftxnfrsm; tdraf xmifpo k ;kH ypön;f rsm;? pdu
k yf sK;d a&;qdik &f m vufeufu&d , d mrsm;
0,fMuonf/
xdak 'otwGi;f wGif ewfu;kd uG,rf v I nf; a&S;uwnf;u &Scd o hJ nf/ odaYk omf Ak'b¨ mom
ud;k uG,rf u I o hJ Ykd rjyif;xefcahJ cs/ ewfyrJG sm;vnf; ,ckwikd f usi;f yMuonf/ uke;f abmifacwfuwnf;u
ESppf Ofusi;f ychaJ om ewfyrJG sm;rSm-
taemufr,fawmfBu;D
xD;jzLaqmif;
udBk u;D ausmf
ud;k NrKd U½iS f
av;uRe;f armif
½Sr;f ewf
awmifBu;D ewf
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ponfwYkd jzpfonf/ ewfonf Ak'b ¨ mom ra&mufru D wnf;u ud;k uG,cf MhJ ujcif;jzpfí Ak'b ¨ mom
jzpfvmaomtcgwiG v f nf; qufvuf&iS o f efaecJyh gonf/ þodYk jzpf&onfrmS Ak'o ¨ moemawmfukd
OD;aqmif OD;&Guf jyKaecJMh uaom bke;f awmfBu;D rsm;\ onf;cHr?I jynfou l kd todÓmPfay;jcif; enf;yg;rI?
jynfow l MYkdum;wGif us,jf yefeY ufeaJ om Ak'o ¨ moemESihf ynm ta&mufenf;yg;rIwaYkd Mumifh jzpfavrnf
[k rSe;f qrdygonf/

1
Toe Hla (2004), pp. 27-31
 ajrmufbufwdkufa'o Ak'¨omoem? 1819-1885 195

Ak'b
¨ mom bke;f awmfBu;D rsm;vnf; bk&m;rsm;udk OD;pD;OD;aqmif jyKvyk w f nfxm;wwfMu
onf/ ,if;odkY bk&m;wnfaqmufchJonfwdkYwGif 'kwd, armif;axmifq&mawmfvnf;ygonf/
xdqk &mawmfonf bkwvife,f ewf&aJ wmifajcü r[mavmurm&Zdeb f &k m;udk wnfaqmufco Jh nf/
xdb k &k m;onf Bu;D rm;aom bk&m;wpfql jzpfonf/ txl;vSywifw h ,faom ausmufxiG ;f yef;csyD ckH syf
rsm;jzifh bk&m;ajcawmf&if;ywfvnf wefqmqifxm;onf/ &mrZmwf0ifcef;udk yHak zmfxm;jcif; jzpfonf/
&mrZmwfonf [dEL´ bmom\ twuftyGm;vnf; jzpfonf/ [dEL´ &mr Zmwf0ifcef;udk azmfjy&mwGif
o½kyaf zmfyrkH sm;udk ausmufjym;ay:wiG f a&;xGi;f xm;jcif;u Ak'b ¨ mom0ifrsm;twGuf xl;qef;onfh
tcsuyf if jzpfonf/ xdZk mwfawmf\ tjzpftysuu f kd ausmufjym;ay:wiG f Zmwf0ifcef;tvdu k f jynfph kH
atmif azmfjyxm;onf/ vSypGm zefw;D xm;aom xGi;f yef;csD ausmufjym;rsm;onf ordik ;f t&
ta&;yg&jcif;rSm tvTmtoD;oD;\ 0wfprkH sm;? oHwref qufqaH &;rsm;? ppfom;rsm; vufeuftoH;k jyKy?kH
jrefrmuav;oli,frsm; tm;upm;NyKd iyf w JG iG f upm;aeMuyHrk sm; yg0ifaeaomaMumifh jzpfonf/
yk*aH cwfuwnf;u xdak 'oae jynforl sm;onf Ak'b ¨ momudk eufepJ mG ,HMk unfu;kd uG,cf Jh
Muonf/ tkypf ;kd ol bk&ifrsm;\ BuKd ;yrf;tm;xkwrf rI sm;aMumifh Ak'b ¨ momonf t"du ud;k uG,&f m
a&aomufjrpf jzpfvmonf/ acsmif;OD;e,frS awmaebke;f Bu;D jzpfaom ½Sirf [muóyonf yk*aH cwf
uwnf;u awmaebke;f Bu;D tBu;D tuJjzpfco Jh nf/ ql;wGi;f jypf q&mawmf (at'D 1311cefY 1371
cef)Y onf ppfuikd ;f e,f½dS ompnf½mG Zmwd jzpfonf/ yif;,acwfuwnf;u ppfuikd ;f onf Ak'b ¨ mom
0ifrsm; aexdik &f m A[dXk mecsKyjf zpfco Jh nf/ tif;0acwfü ynm½Sd pmqd&k [ef;jzpfaom ½Sirf [moDv0Ho
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A[dXk me? awm&aqmufwnfaom &[ef;awmfw\ Ykd {upm&Dusi&hf mrsm; jzpfco Jh nf/
ajrmufbufwu kd af 'owGif uke;f abmifacwfumvu Ak'b ¨ momESit hf wl &[ef;ausmif;rsm;
xGe;f um;vm&jcif;rSm taMumif; 2 csuf ½Syd gonf/ yxrtcsurf mS rif;qufwnfaxmiforl sm;rSm
rkq;kd zdZk mwdjzpfNy;D xd½k mG onf rif;aejynfawmfjzpfcíhJ &JprG ;f owåd ½So d rl sm; aexdik &f m A[dXk me jzpfcjhJ cif;
wdaYk Mumifh jzpfonf/ 'kw, d tcsurf mS oHCmhtzGUJ tpnf; tBu;D tuJrsm;onfvnf; xdak 'owGif
aexdik cf MhJ uaom Zmwdom;rsm; jzpfonf/ om"utm;jzifh tavmif;rif;w&m;Bu;D \ omoemjyK
196 jrefrmorkdif;okawoepmapmif

q&mawmfonf OoQpaf us; (t&mawmf) Zmwdjzpfonf/ Z&pfq&mawmfvnf; t&mawmfe,fZmwd

jzpfonf/ A'Hrk if;\ omoemjyKq&mawmfonf armif;axmif (bkwvif) Zmwdjzpfonf/ xdt Yk wl
om,m0wDrif;ESihf rif;wke;f rif;wd\ Yk omoemjyKq&mawmfonf ewf&aJ wmif(bkwvif) Zmwdjzpf
onf/ xdt Yk jyif xif&mS ;cJah om tjcm;q&mawmfrsm;rSm
cifreG q f &mawmf
pnfyh gq&mawmf
Z&pfq&mawmf
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rHw
k ikd yf ifq&mawmf
rHak &G;q&mawmf
a&Tusiq f &mawmf
v,fwq D &mawmf
0ufvufq&mawmf
ovH;k q&mawmf
ponfwYkd jzpfonf/ uke;f abmifb&k ifrsm;onf xdak 'owGif bd;k bGm;bDbifuwnf;u aexdik cf MhJ uí
xdak 'oudv k nf; oHa,mZOfxm;cJMh uonf/ xdak 'o wd;k wufa&;udk aqmif½u G cf MhJ uonf/ xdaYk Mumifh
a'ocHjynfow l u
Ykd vnf; rif;rIawmfrsm;udk ydrk íkd oufpeG BYfuKd ;yrf; xrf;&Gucf MhJuonf[k qdEk ikd yf gonf/
uke;f abmifrif;wdt Yk wGuf omoemawmfa&;wGif ud;k pm;Edik af vmufatmif wwfajrmufxeG ;f ayguf
aom q&mawmfrsm; xGe;f ay:cjhJ cif;onf tm;wpf&yfyif jzpfayonf/

oH C mh t zG J U t pnf ;
uke;f abmifacwfwiG f ppfuikd ;f ? a&TbEkd iS hf tvHNk rKd Uwo
Ykd nf xdak 'oBu;D wpfcv k ;kH \ tkycf sKyaf &;
XmecsKyrf sm; jzpfygonf/ aemufq;kH rif; oDaygvufxuf q,fc½dik cf jJG cm; tkycf sKyo f nfh tkycf sKyaf &;
pepfukd azmfaqmifaomtcg xdak 'owGif tkycf sKyaf &;XmeBu;D ESpcf t k jzpf ay:xeG ;f vmcJo h nf/ ppfuikd ;f
c½dik Ef iS hf csi;f wGi;f aMumif; c½dik [
f íl awGU&rnfjzpfonf/ csi;f wGi;f aMumif; c½dik \ f XmecsKyo f nf tvHk
 ajrmufbufwdkufa'o Ak'¨omoem? 1819-1885 197

jzpfonf/ xdak 'o\ oHCmhtzGUJ tpnf;onf tpOftvmaumif; &Sad omaMumifh tjcm;a'owdx Yk uf

tm;aumif;onf[k xifygonf/ omoemydik f q&mawmfBu;D rsm;? yd#uwfo;kH yHw k iG f ajcmufjcm;Edik cf hJ
aom q&mawmfrsm;? pmayynm&Sif &[ef;awmfrsm;ESihf tusi?hf oDv? odum© ? orm"daumif;aom
q&mawmfrsm;onf xdak 'otwGi;f rS trsm;qH;k xGu&f cdS yhJ gonf/
rif;{u&mZfu omoemh'g,um cH,cl o hJ nft h wGuf uke;f abmifacwf tcsKd Uaom rif;wdYk
vufxufwiG f oHCmhtzGUJ tpnf;onf y&d,wdEå iS hf y#dywdt å &mwGif wd;k wufvmcJo h nfukd awGU&
onf/ bk&ifrif;jrwfwo Ykd nf &[ef;awmfwt Ykd wGuf ausmif;wdu k rf sm; aqmufvyk v f LS 'ge;f cJMh uonf/
xif½mS ;aom q&mawmfBu;D rsm;ESihf ausmif;wdu k rf sm;odv Yk nf; qGr;f qefawmfrsm; axmufychH o hJ nf/
uke;f abmifacwfwiG f bk&ifrsm;onf oHCmrsm;udk qefrsm; vSL'ge;f onft h jyif ppfuikd ;f
acsmifwiG f aexdik af om &aohEiS hf oDv&Sirf sm;udv k nf; vSL'ge;f cJo h nf/ ppfuikd ;f awmifonf &[ef;ausmif;
rsm; oDv&Siaf csmifrsm;ESihf pnfum;aeNy;D Ak'p¨ mayrsm; oifMum;ydcYk s&m Ak'w ¨ uúov kd Bf u;D jzpfvmcJo h nf/
uke;f abmifacwfaESmif;rif;wdYk ppfuikd ;f acsmif½dS bke;f Bu;D rsm;udk qefrsm; vSL'ge;f aMumif; rSww f rf;rsm;
awGU&&dS onf/ om,m0wDrif;onf 1839 ckEpS w f iG f rdz&k m;acgiBf u;D ESithf wl ppfuikd ;f awmif½dS ydawmuf
acsmifoYkd rif;crf;rif;em;ESihf <uvmNy;D vQif ppfuikd ;f acsmif½dS bke;f Bu;D rsm;odYk qeftw d f 600 ESihf &dum©
tjzpf qm;? iyd? ig;ajcmuf? i½kw?f MuufoeG rf sm; vSL'ge;f cJo h nf/ za,mif;wdik Ef iS hf tarT;wdik rf sm;vnf;
tvSLwGif yg&o dS nf1 xD;eef;qufco H l om;awmf yk*rH if;onfvnf; rdz&k m;rsm;ESit hf wl ppfuikd ;f awmifoYkd
<ucsv D mcJNh y;D pnfyh gwu
kd o f Ykd qGr;f qef &dum© ypön;f rsm;ESihf tjcm;oHCmh toH;k taqmifrsm;udk vSL'ge;f cJh
onf/ qef? ig;ajcmuf? iyd? qm;? uGr;f oD;? za,mif;wdik rf sm; yg&cdS o hJ nf/2 awmiforef ausmufawmfBu;D
bk&m;[k todrsm;aom r[mous&o H D bk&m;0if;twGi;f wGif pdu k x f cl ahJ om ausmufpmwGif rif;onf
bke;f Bu;D rsm;udk aeYpOf qGr;f vSLaMumif; ausmufpma&;xd;k xm;onf/ txl;ojzifh ppfuikd ;f awmif½dS
ydawmuf? a½T0gEiS hf tEk½'k g¨ acsmifrsm;wGif vSL'ge;f apcJjh cif; jzpfonf/3

1
OD;armifarmifwif? ukef;abmifqufr[m&mZ0ifawmfBuD;? twGJ 3? &efukef? &mjynfhpmtkyfwdkuf? 2004? pm 395?
(aemifudk;um;vQif ukef;abmifquf 2004 [knTe;f rnf/)
2
ukef;abmifquf 2004? pm 75
3
ausmufawmfBuD;bk&m; ausmufpm? aMumif;a&? 45-46
198 jrefrmorkdif;okawoepmapmif

rif;wke;f rif;onf a½S;ubk&ifrsm;uJo h Ykd qufvufí ajrmufbufwu kd ½f dS ausmif;rsm;udk

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&So
d nf/ xdt k csed uf ppfuikd ;f awmifwiG f acsmifaygi;f 60 ausm&f ídS wdavmu*k½?k xlyg½?Hk awmifzv D m
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iyd? i½kw?f MuufoeG w f Ykd jzpfonf/1
rnfonfh &nf&, G cf suf apwemwdjYkzifh rif;wke;f rif;Bu;D onf oHCmhtzGUJtpnf;udk vSL'ge;f cJMh u
ygoenf;/ yuwdtm;jzifh MunfnKdaompdwf o'g̈w&m; aphaqmfojzifh vSL'ge;f axmufychH jhJcif; jzpfygonf/
odaYk omfvnf; Edik if x
H al xmifa&; aqmif&u G &f mwGif tcsKd Uaom jynfxaJ &;udp&ö yfrsm;wGif &[ef;awmf
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jyóemwpf&yf jzpfygonf/ a'ot&m&Sw d Ykd rawmfrw&m; rtkycf sKyEf ikd af &;twGuf &[ef;awmfrsm;jzifh
apmifMh uyfMunh½f cI o hJ nf/ xdaYk Mumifh rif;ESihf &[ef; qufqaH &;udk OD;pGmwifjyygrnf/

bk&if odkYr[kwf omoemh'g,um

orm;½d;k ustm;jzifh rif;wpfyg; eef;wufvmvQif tkycf sKyaf &;qdik &f m rSL;rwf t&m&Srd sm;udk
tajymif;tvJ vkyaf qmifouJo h Ykd omoema&; omoemrItwGuv f nf; omoemydik t f opfEiS hf ok"r®m
q&mawmfrsm;tzGUJ ukd cefx Y m;avh&o dS nf/ xdaYk Mumifh rif;wpfyg;vQif ud, k yf ikd f omoemydik f wpfyg;pD
&Scd MhJ uaMumif; awGU&onf/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh rdrw d Ykd i,fq&mrsm;udk omoemydik f cefx Y m;avh&cdS ohJ nf/
uke;f abmifacwfrif;wdw Yk iG f omoemawmfa&; omoemawmfru I kd tav;xm; &Guaf qmifcMhJ uaom
rif;ESpyf g;wdrYk mS A'Hrk if;ESihf rif;wke;f rif;wdYk jzpfonf/ A'Hrk if;\ aqmif&uG cf surf sm;udk acwfNyKd irf w
S w f rf;
rsm;pGmyif &Sod nf/ tcsKd Uukd azmfjy&aomf A'Hrk if; xkwjf yefcahJ om trdeaYf wmfrsm;2? A'Hrk if; t,l0g'pmwrf;?

1
ukef;abmifquf (2004) ? twGJ 3? pm 304
2
Than Tun, Comp. & Ed. Royal Orders of Burma (Myanmar), in 10 vols., Kyoto , Centre for
Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University Press,1983-1990, vols, IV-VII. Munfyh g/
 ajrmufbufwdkufa'o Ak'¨omoem? 1819-1885 199

twift½Hk pmwrf;? tar;awmfajz ponfwu Ykd kd Munfv

h Qif xdak cwf omoemawmfa&; tajctaeudk
aumif;pGm odjrifEikd yf gonf/
A'Hrk if;aemuf pd;k pHcMhJ uaom ppfuikd ;f rif;? om,m0wDrif;ESihf yk*rH if;wdYk vufxufwiG f
omoemawmfa&; omoemawmfru I kd rif;wdu Yk vnf; rsm;pGm ta&;rxm;ojzifh xl;jcm;rI r&Scd ahJ cs/
odaYk omf ppfuikd ;f rif;vufxufwiG f ajymp&mESpcf u k m; &Syd gonf/ xdrk if;vufxuf rSeef ef;&mZ0if
awmfBu;D udk rH&k mG NrKd Ue,f rHak &G;&GmrS q&mawmf OD;aqmifjyKpck jhJ cif; jzpfonf/ xdt Yk jyif bkwvifNrKd Ue,f
armif;axmif&mG rS yxr armif;axmifq&mawmf vlxu G f r[m"r®oBuo ø nf rSeef ef;&mZ0ifawmfBu;D
a&;om;rIwiG f yg0ifco hJ uJo h Ykd omoemvuFm& pmwrf;udv k nf; a&;om;cJjh cif;yif jzpfonf/ xdaYk Mumifh
rif;wke;f rif;vufxufawmf umvudo k m y"mexm;í wifjy&ygrnf/
rif;wke;f rif;onf 'kw, d t*Fvyd -f jrefrmppftwGi;f aemifawmfukd ykeu f efí xD;eef;&,l
vmcJo h l jzpfonf/ pifppf eef;ESihf rif;tjzpfukd wrufwarmjzifh ykeu f ef&,lcjhJ cif;rl r[kwaf cs/
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1/ e,fcsUJ EiS hf &ifqikd af e&aom ppfukd tqH;k owfa&;?
2/ usKd i;f wHük ,d;k ',m;usL;ausmrf u I kd wGe;f vSezf ,f&mS ;a&;
3/ tr&yl&aejynfawmf0ifí xD;eef;udk odr;f ydu k Ef ikd af &;
wdo Yk nf vwfwavm vkyaf qmif&rnfh trIupd rö sm;jzpfí
1/ Edik if H at;csr;f om,ma&;
2/ acwfrED ikd if H xlaxmifEikd af &;ESihf
3/ omoemawmf xGe;f um;jyefyY mG ;a&;
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,if;\ trdeaYf wmfrsm;udk Munfv h Qif rif;wke;f rif;\ tcuftcJrsm;ESihf xdt k cuftcJrsm;rS rnfoYkd
ausmv f mT ; vGeaf jrmufEikd cf o hJ nfwu Ykd kd aumif;pGm oabmayguEf ikd rf nf jzpfygonf/
xdrk if;vufxuf aZ,smodCeF ,fajrrS omoemawmfa&; tajctaewdu Yk kd þae&mwGif
oD;oefY wifjyaqG;aEG;oGm;ygrnf/ a&S;u 'DyJ,if;e,f? ,ck a&OD;e,f&Sd rHkwdkifyif&Gmonf
200 jrefrmorkdif;okawoepmapmif

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rHw
k ikd yf ifq&mawmfonf usr;f aygi;f rsm;pGm a&;om;jyKpck ahJ om q&mawmfwpfyg;vnf; jzpfonf/
xif&mS ;aom usr;f tcsKd Uukd azmfjy&aomf
pm&dw0å g&w d b å &k m;&Scd ;kd
oH;k yHu k ;l wdu Yk sr;f
oH;k yHwk efcsLusr;f
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f nfh rif;trdeYf
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awGU&&dS onf/ xdak usmif;rS ]]trdeaYf wmfaygi;f Oya'awmfaygi;f }} [laom aywpfxyk u f kd avhvmzwf½I
ul;,lciG hf &&So d jzifh rif;wkerf if;\ omoemawmfa&; aqmif&u G cf surf sm; tjyif a&Tbkd 'Dy, J if;
wpfe,fv;kH rS omoemawmfa&; tajctaewdu Yk ykd g od&cdS iG hf &&Scd jhJ cif;yif jzpfayonf/
rif;wke;f rif; eef;wufp jynfow l u Ykd kd umuG,af y;aomtaejzifh atmufazmfjyyg trdeaYf wmf
rsm;udk xkwjf yefco hJ nf/
1214 cl;qkwf 1 jynfow l x
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J if;e,frS rHw k ikd yf if
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1
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 ajrmufbufwdkufa'o Ak'¨omoem? 1819-1885 201

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202 jrefrmorkdif;okawoepmapmif

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jynfow l u Ykd kd &[ef;awmfrsm;rS wpfqifh pnf;½H;k cJjh cif; jzpfonf/ &[ef;awmfwu Ykd kd pnf;½H;k &mwGif
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 ajrmufbufwdkufa'o Ak'¨omoem? 1819-1885 203

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204 jrefrmorkdif;okawoepmapmif

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 ajrmufbufwdkufa'o Ak'¨omoem? 1819-1885 205

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tvGef ta&;ygvmcJah Mumif; odomayonf/ &[ef;awmfwo Ykd nf aumif;aom vlraI &;rsm;udk
&Guaf qmifay;cJMh uonfrsm;vnf; &Syd gonf/ 1868 ckEpS w f iG f 'Dy, J if;ESihf a½Tbekd ,frS &[ef;rsm;onf
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 ajrmufbufwdkufa'o Ak'¨omoem? 1819-1885 211

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aomtcg &[ef;awmfrsm;uom zseaf jzay;onft h wGuf w&m;p&dwrf sm;? ½H;k tcGerf sm; ay;aqmif&ef
rvdak wmhacs/ aus;vufa'owdw Yk iG f jynfow l tYkd csi;f csi;f jzpfaom w&m;rIcif;rsm;? tarGrrI sm;
a<u;NrrD rI sm; ponfwu Ykd kd aus;vuf&[ef;awmfrsm; odrYk [kwf aus;&GmtBu;D tuJrsm;u ausmif;xdik f
yk*Kd¾ vrf sm; a&SUwiG f ajz&Si;f Muonf/ odjYk zifh jynforl sm; w&m;&ydik cf iG u hf kd tjynf&h &SEd ikd Mf uaomfvnf;
&[ef;awmfrsm;taejzifrh l av;aomtrIupd rö sm;? avmuDvrl u I pd rö sm;jzifh wjznf;jznf; zdp;D vmcJ&h
onf/ xdt k cg 0denf;awmfü avsm&h v J mcJah wmhonf/
1866 ckEpS w
f iG f jrifueG ;f ESihf jrif;cHw k ikd f tmPmodr;f rI jzpfymG ;Ny;D t*Fvyd t f pd;k & odr;f yduk x f m;
aom atmufjrefrmEdik if o H Ykd xGuaf jy; vGwaf jrmufomG ;olwo Ykd nf q&mawmf\ Mum;0if zseaf jzay;rI
aMumifh 1868 ckEpS w f iG f rif;wke;f rif;u vGwNf ird ;f csr;f omcGihf ay;vdu k o f nf/ xdaYk emuf ,if;wdo Yk nf
rdrZd mwd rdrjd yefvmMuonf/ ykeu f eforl sm;xHrS odr;f ydu k x f m;aom ypön;f rsm;udk jyefay;vdu k o f nf/
bk&ifonf ,cifu cHpm;&aom tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk jyefay;½Hrk Qru 4 ESpf 4 rd;k tcGeu f if;vGwcf iG hf
ay;cho J nf/ xdak v;ESpw f mumvtwGi;f a<u;&Siw f Ukd ukd a<u;a[mif;rsm; jyefvnf&vdrk t I wGuf
w&m;pGq J jkd cif;udk ydwyf ifxm;onf/
tcsKytf m;jzifh uke;f abmifacwf rif;? &[ef;ESihf jynfol oH;k yGiq hf ikd f qufqaH &;onf tusK;d
jzpfxeG ;f cho J nfukd awGU&onf/ omoemh'g,umjzpfaom rif;onf &[ef;awmfBu;D rsm;tm; ypön;f
av;yg;jzifh axmufycHh o Jh nf/ tjyeftvSet f m;jzifh &[ef;oHCmawmfwu Ykd vnf; wdik ;f jynf wnfNird f
at;csr;f a&;? jynforl sm; zGUH NzKd ;wd;k wufa&;wdt Yk wGuf rif;udk tBuaH umif; ÓmPfaumif; ay;cho J nf/
jynfow l u Ykd vnf; ausmif;? ouFe;f ? qGr;f ? aq;wdjYk zifh axmufyv hH LS 'ge;f chMJ uonf/ þodaYk om ,if;wdYk
\ ukov kd af umif;rIaMumifh jynfow l t Ykd m; aiGaMu; rw&m;aumufcjH cif;? vkyt f m;rw&m; aumufcH
jcif;? ESyd pf ufí tcGeaf wmf aumufcjH cif;ab;wdrYk S uif;a0;atmif tawmftoifh umuG,af y;Edik o f uho J Ykd
 ajrmufbufwdkufa'o Ak'¨omoem? 1819-1885 213

apmifah ½SmufrI jyKEikd cf o Jh nf/ odjYk zifh xdo k ;kH yGiqhf ikd f qufqaH &;\ aumif;rGeaf jyvnfraI Mumifh jynforl sm;
b0 wnfNird af t;csr;f cho J nf/ txdu k t f avsmuf wd;k wufrv I nf; &½Scd o Jh nf/
Ak'o ¨ moem pnfyifxeG ;f um;&ef tajccHtaMumif; 3 &yf vdyk gonf/ 4if;wdUk rmS yxr
taejzifh tkycf sKyo f rl if;\ axmufyHh umuG,af y;rI&&daS &;? 'kw, d taejzifh jynfov l x
l \k vlaerI
tzGUJ tpnf;twGi;f vlru I si0hf wfukd omoemrS xde;f uGyaf y;Edik af &;? wwd,taejzifh oHCmzGUJ pnf;
tkycf sKyyf kH Oya' ay:ayguaf &;wdYk jzpfonf/ ya'o&mZfacwfwiG f oHCmtzGUJtpnf;onf tkycf sKyo f rl if;ESihf
jynfov l x l t k Mum; aygi;f pnf; qufo, G af y;&m jzpfaeNy;D omoema&;onf rif;ESihf jynfov l x l tk ay:
MoZmvTr;f rd;k xm;Edik cf o hJ nf/ jrefrmAk'o ¨ moem tzGUJ tpnf;wGif tkycf sKyo f rl if;? &[ef;? oHCmESihf
jynfov l x l k vdu k af vsmnDaxGpmG qufE, T rf rI sm; &dcS o
hJ nf/ Edik if w
H pf0rS ;f ysUH EUHSwnf&aSd eonfh bke;f Bu;D
ausmif;rsm;rSwpfqifh &[ef;oHCmwdUkonf rif;ESihf jynfow l t
Ykd ay: vTr;f rd;k vmcJMh uonf/ Ak'o ¨ moem
onf rif;tay: vH;k 0wnfryDS gonf/ tkycf sKyo f rl if;\ cs;D ajrm§ ufumuG,f axmufyrHh I &vQif omoem
pnfyifNy;D omoemjyKrif; uif;rJv h Qif Ak'o ¨ moem ndK§ ;rSed Nf rJ jzpfygonf/
odaYk omf rif;u tkycf sKyrf aI umif;&ef vdo k uJo h Ykd &[ef;awmfwu Ykd vnf; y&d,wfEiS hf y#dywf
wdjYk zifh vHNk cKH atmif axG;ydu k x f m;&ef vdyk gonf/ &[ef;onf
oEÅKóaump-a&mif&h v J , G jf cif;*kPf
okba&mp-arG;jrLvG,jf cif;*kPf
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ov’[u k 0kw-åd aygah om toufarG;0rf;ausmif;rI &Sjd cif;*kPf
oEdNÅ Ead´ &mp-Nird o f ufaom£ajE&´ jdS cif;*kPf
edyaump-&ifah omynm&Sjd cif;*kPf
tyÜ*aAÇm-ud, k Ef w I Ef vS ;kH rMurf;MuKwjf cif;*kPf
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214 jrefrmorkdif;okawoepmapmif

odaYk omf &[ef;wdik ;f þodYk rjynfph EkH ikd Mf uacs/ rif;wke;f rif;vufxufwiG f &[ef;awmfwu Ykd kd
e,fy,fa'o tkycf sKyo f w l u
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wdo Yk nf tkycf sKyaf &;&mwGif 0ifa&mufpu G zf ufvmcJMh uonf/ MoZmtmPmudk oH;k pGv J mcJMh uawmhonf/
&mxl;ae&mwdw Yk iG f *dP
k ;f tky?f *dP k ;f axmufwYkd oabmwlorl sm; ae&m&&Sv d mcJMh uonf/ Oyrm
1873 ckEpS u f [oFmNrKdUoBl u;D t&mudk 'Dy, J if; *dP k ;f tkyq f &mawmf axmufco H u l om &&Scd o hJ nf/1
tkycf sKyaf &;ESihf vlrt I zGUJ tpnf; ,d, k iG ;f vmaomtcg &[ef;awmfwo Ykd nfvnf; tusirhf S ,kwaf vsmh
usqif;vmwwfonfukd awGU&&dS ygonf/
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f '¨rE® iS hf [Hvif;Bu;D
NrKd U&mG oHCmawmfwYkd jzpfymG ;aom trIupd w ö iG f pD&ifcsuu f kd wifjyvdyk gonf/ "m;jywdu k rf w I iG f yg0if
cJMh uaom &[ef;awmfwrYkd mS [Hvif;rS jzpfí aemufjzpfonfh trIwiG v f nf; xd[ k v H if;bke;f Bu;D rsm;
yif jzpfygonf/ "m;jyrI jzpfymG ;&mrSm rSux f d qm;awmif&mG iaomhBu;D ESihf r,m; rdo,fwt Ykd vSLwGif
jzpfonf/ xdt k rIwiG f twdu k cf &H aom oDvpE´em&mr wdu k o
f pfq&mawmf t&Siaf ombdwu
vTwaf wmf0efBu;D rsm;odYk oGi;f pm ay;ydcYk o hJ nf/ xdo k iG ;f pmudk wifjyvdyk gonf/

t&Sifaombdwq&mawmfu vTwfawmfoGif;pm
oDvpE´em&mrwdkufopf aombdwq&mawmf Mum;tyfygonf 0efY&Sifawmf
rif;Bu;D wd/Yk
&wemodCaF wmif vufru S x f d qm;awmif&mG ae aqGrsKd ;wdu Yk tvSLcH
yifíh ae&yfqm;awmif&mG odYk oGm;a&muf waygi;f vjynfah usmf 3 &ufaeY eHeuf
vSL'ge;f MuonftwGi;f [Hvif;*dP k ;f axmuf &Sio f Zk mw wynf&h iS af ZmwwdYk vl
200 ausmcf efY aoéH vSef "m;c&if; véH pGu J ikd v
f m&m q&mawmfEiS hf wynfrh sm;wdu Yk kd
½du
k Ef u
S f aoG;xGuo f ,H kd acgi;f uGJ xdyaf yguf t½d;k aMurG t&yf&yf tbd;k wefypön;f
rsm;udk zsuq f ;D vk,Nl y;D aemuf wwdik u f mG rdr&d yf&mG odYk véu0f ef;0dik ;f aqmif,l

1
1235 ck wefcl;vjynfhausmf 11 &ufaeY jyeftrdefYawmf? a&OD; OD;aomif;pk
 ajrmufbufwdkufa'o Ak'¨omoem? 1819-1885 215

&Siaf Zmwausmif;t&eftwGi;f ausmif;ysuaf y:wiG f ½du k Ef uS pf pfar; aiG 400

ay;&rnf awmif;qdk eHeufvif;umvrS ay;ygrnf awmif;yef&adS eonft h wGuf
4 &ufaeY eHeuf ½H;k uodí t&m&Sd jrif;pma&;wdv Yk l 250 cefY véut f pHk pGu
J ikd f
brf;qD; wdu k cf u
kd vf ,k l toufab;rS csr;f omvma&muf ,ckvnf; q&mawmf
yg&dS aysmufq;kH ypön;f rsm;ESihf wynfah usmif;om; &yfae wum wumrwdYk
ypön;f udk ,ck taotcsm ray;Edik yf gaMumif; Mum;vdu k yf gonf 0ef&Y iS af wmfrif;Bu;D
wdYk
1246 ck waygif;vjynfhausmf 7 &uf(7 rwf 1885)aeY pma&;BuD; OD;ZvmwGifyg/
xd"k m;jywdu k rf oI nf tvGeBf u;D us,af om trIjzpfonf/ aeYcif;wGif tvSLudk vma&muf
wdu
k cf u
kd jf cif; jzpfonf/ [Hvif;rS *dP k ;f axmufq&mawmfu, kd w
f ikd f ygonfo h abm awGU&onf/
pifppf rlvu "m;jyrI usL;vGe&f ef Bu&H , G cf suf rygc[hJ k xifygonf/ oHCmcsi;f *dP k ;f jyóemrS
vltrsm; ygvmNy;D tvSLwGif tvG,&f í vk,cl MhJ ujcif; jzpf[ef&ydS gonf/ twdu k cf &H ojzifh ordik ;f
avhvmolwdkYtwGuf ygoGm;onfh ypönf;pm&if; ay;olrsm;udkMunfhí xdkacwf vlrIb0udkyif
avhvmEdik cf iG hf &&Syd gonf/ xdaYk Mumifh wdu k , f o l mG ;aom ypön;f pm&if;rsm;udk wifjyvdu k yf gonf/
1246 ck waygif;vjynfhausmf 3 &ufaeY &wemodCFawmif vufrSufxd

qm;awmifBuD;&Gmae iaomhBuD; r,m;rdo,fwdkY tvSLwGif ulnDvkyfaqmif

aeMu&m xm;jyvl 100 ausmf 200 cefY a&Smifwcifvma&mH aoéwfypfcwf
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rSeaf ygi;f acsmif 4
wyifwikd f wdik u f yfpufreS tf rd f 1
uGr;f tpf 1
216 jrefrmorkdif;okawoepmapmif

ypönf; a& txnf aiG a&T p d e f

ausmw H ifx;kH bl; 1
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aygi;f 23 4d
 ajrmufbufwdkufa'o Ak'¨omoem? 1819-1885 217

ypönf; a& txnf aiG a&T p d e f

ia&T&ifwiG yf g
a&Tem;awmif;&HpkH 1 2d
a&TZ;D jzLaphu;Hk a& 2 3d
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q&mawmfnD ibd;k rQiw f iG yf gypön;f
aiG'*Fg; 403d
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a&TaemfZmuH;k 3 7d 3L1J
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csnpf ufyq k ;kd 2
yef;a&mifouúvwf 1
aygi;f 403d 12d 6L
tvSL&Siif omBu;D rdo,fww Ykd iG yf gpm&if;
aiG'*Fg; 105d
aiGcwfajccsi;f &HpkH 15d
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a&Tq;l yef;aphu;kH a& 3 8
aemuf0ef;usiaf oGmBH u;D ivluav;wGiyf gpm&if;
a&T"m; 1
a&TweG cf eH m;awmif;&HpkH 1 1d3L4H G
v,fa&G;&efaiG 200
218 jrefrmorkdif;okawoepmapmif

ypönf; a& txnf aiG a&T p d e f

om;arT;tusÐ 1
qifwifaumfaZm 1
pyfyq k ;kd 1
yd;k om;ykq;kd 2
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ipHrw DS iG yf gypön;f
ukeb f ;kd aiG 245
a&Tq;l yef;aphuek ;f a& 4 8d2L1J
bJyq k kd 1
rd;k BuKd ;em;awmif; 1 1d5L1J
ydwt f uso Ð pf 1
a&Tvufaumuf&pH kH 1 5d6L1J
aygi;f

ygorl sm;wif ay;Muonfh pm&if;wGif a&T? aiG? t0wftxnfwu Ykd m; rsm;ayonf/ ,ck
pm&if;wGif 26 a,mufw\ Ykd ygomG ;aom a&T? aiG? ykq;kd wdu Yk kd &Snrf nfp;kd í csexf m;cJyh gonf/ tvSL
r@yftwGi;f tm;vH;k udk vk,w l u kd of mG ;onfjzpfí aysmufq;kH ^ygomG ;pm&if; wifjyolwu Ykd vnf;
rsm;ygonf/ ,ckpm&if;udk tao;pdwaf zmfjyay;onfrmS xdak cwf aus;vufu csr;f omolwYkd rnfoYkd
0wfqifMu onfukd odjrifapvdak omaMumifjh zpfonf/ tm;vH;k udk razmfjyawmhbJ tOD;tp awGU&&dS olEiS hf
tvSL&Sif wdyYk g pm&if;avmufuo kd m azmfjyay;vdu k jf cif; jzpfygonf/
qm;awmif&mG t&Sio f '¨rq ® &mawmfonf rif;wke;f rif;w&m;Bu;D ESihf eef;rawmf rdz&k mBu;D
wd\Yk orD;awmf xdypf jk rwfb&k m;Bu;D ud;k uG,af om q&mawmfjzpfonf/ odaYk omf xdq k &mawmfonf
(1) &[ef;wdYk tavhtusihf r[kwaf om ½kypf kH yGo J bifrsm;udk txl;ac:iif oGm;vmMunf½h I
onf/
 ajrmufbufwdkufa'o Ak'¨omoem? 1819-1885 219

(2) Nird ;f Ny;D onf &mZ0wfrrI sm;udv k nf; ac:iifcsawmif;? csnaf ESmifaxmif;xk? NrKd U½;kH odYk
ydt
Yk yfonf/
wdu
Yk kd jyKvyk o
f jzifh &[ef;ESihf ravsmo f jzifh wynfjh zpfol [Hvif;rS &Siaf Zmwu oGm;a&muf avQmufxm;
onfukd aiguif ef; Burd ;f armif;vTwcf o hJ nf/ xdaYk Mumifh wynfjh zpfou l [Hvif;odYk jyefvmum wH;k armif;
acguf vlpNk y;D vl 100 ausmjf zifh qm;awmifoYkd jyefvmcJo h nf/
qm;awmif&mG rodaYk &mufaomf t&Sio f '¨rq ® &mawmf\ uif;om;wdu Yk kd awGU&?dS ½du
k Ef uS f
aoewfrsm;udk vk,Nl y;D q&mawmfae&mZ&yfoYkd a&mufvmum tomt,m avQmufxm;ygaomf
vnf; r&ojzifh ½du k Ef u S zf rf;qD;í [Hvif;odYk ac:aqmifvmcJah Mumif; [Hvif;odYk a&mufaomtcgvnf;
xyfrH½dkufESufao;aMumif; xGufqdkonf/ xdktrItwGuf omoemydkifq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\
trdeaYf wmfrmS þodjYk zpfonf/
rif;om;tjzpfrSpí xrf;½Guf? bkef;uHtavsmuf toQiftxGwf tjrwfodkY
a&mufonfumv r*Fvmtdraf wmfyg aus; uRef rSeo f w l uYkd kd wpfpw kH pfa,muf
aomolwdkYu rcefYrnm; tem'Pf&jzpfatmif jyKvkyfcJhvQif toQifjzpfol
rif;{u&mZfonf rcefYrnm; tem'Pf&jyKolwdkYudk tem'Pf&cHae&onf
r*Fvmtdraf wmfyg aus;uRet f m; touf pnf;pdrEf iS w hf uG ay;tyfbo d uJo h Ykd
&Sio f '¨rv ® nf; r*Fvmtdraf wmfyg vlwt Ykd vm; txGwt f jrwf ra&mufru D pí
qnf;uyfaexdik o f l wHqyd af wmf& q&mawmfjzpfonfukd [Hvif;NrKd Uae oCFmwdYk
ESihf NrKd Uae vlwYkd rcefrY nm; ½du k yf wk f xd;k Buw
d f jyKonfrsm;udk cHae&onfjzpfí
[Hvif;Bu;D NrKd Uae oCFmwdEYk iS w hf uG [Hvif;Bu;D NrKd Uaevlwu Ykd kd &Sio
f '¨r® odt Yk yf/
1246 ck wefc;l vqef; 1 &uf (16 rwf 1885)aeY omoemydik f
q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D trdeaYf wmf/

xdt
k rIonf ESpb
f ufv;kH wGif cdik v
f akH om taxmuftxm;rsm; &Sad eaomaMumifh omoemydik f
trSL;jyKaom tzGUJu þodYk pmqH;k jzwfay;cJo h nf/ ]][Hvif;wumwdu
Yk q&mawmfukd uefawmhMuap?
220 jrefrmorkdif;okawoepmapmif

q&mawmfuvnf; a&S;uuJo h Ykd jyefvnfqufqMH uap}} [k qH;k jzwfco

hJ nf/ qH;k jzwf&ufprJG mS 1247
ck uqkev
f qef; 8 &uf(21 {NyD 1885)aeY jzpfonf/ qH;k jzwfcMhJ uonfh q&mawmfrsm;rSm
arC0wDq&mawmf?
q&mawmfO;D pE´vuFm?
ru©&mq&mawmf?
ykcef;q&mawmf?
vSaxGq&mawmf?
eef;OD;r*Fvmq&mawmf? wdEYk iS hf

omoemydik q f &mawmf qH;k jzwfcsu/f þwGif 0denf;"d&k t f zGUJ u t&Sio f '¨r® q&mawmf
rvdrm® í jzpf&onf[k q&mawmfrsm;u oH;k oyfygonf/ rnfoyYkd ifjzpfap Edik if aH wmfta&;onf
½Iyaf xG;vsuf &Sad eNyjD zpfonf/ A[dük e,fcsUJ pepfaMumifh eef;wGi;f wGif *dP k ;f rsm;uGv J suf &Sad eonf/
e,fcsUJ &efuvnf; jrifom xifom Ncrd ;f ajcmufvsu&f adS eaom tcsed jf zpfonf/ xdt k jzpf tysuo f nf
omoemawmf ta&;bufrSMunfhvQifaomfvnf;aumif;? EdkifiHawmfNidrf0yfydjym;a&; ½Iaxmifhu
Munfv h Qiaf omfvnf;aumif; tvGex f w d v f efpY &m aumif;aom trIBu;D jzpfygonf/ odaYk omf oDaygrif;
udk e,fcsJUwdkYu zrf;qD;&mygoGm;cJh&onftxd xdkjyóemudk rajz&Sif;EdkifcJhacs/ þonfrSm
rif;wke;f rif;vufxufu &[ef;awmfwu Ykd kd ydrk MkdoZmtmPm&Sad tmif vkycf ahJ omaMumif[ h k qdEk ikd yf gonf/
Ak'a¨ [mMum;aom yd#uwfawmfwu Ykd kd avhvmjcif;? w&m;bm0emü tm;xkwu f siBhf uaH ejcif;? 'um
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