First Order Ordinary Differential Equations is exact.

Define
( ) ( )
1 ∂M ∂N 1 ∂N ∂M
dy
= f (x, y) R= − ; R̃ = −
dx N ∂y ∂x M ∂x ∂y
∫
R(x)dx
(a) If R depends only on x, then µ = e
Separable Equations:
dy
=
g(x) ∫
R̃(y)dy
dx h(y) (b) If R̃ depends only on y, then µ = e
(1) Separate the variables: h(y)dy = g(x)dx Then solve equation (∗) according to the method for
∫ ∫ exact equation.
(2) Integrate: h(y)dy = g(x)dx

Homogeneous Equations:
dy
Linear Equations: + p(x)y = q(x) dy M (x, y)
dx = = f (x, y)
∫ dx N (x, y)
(1) Integrating factor: µ = e p(x)dx The equation is homogeneous if
(2) Multiply µ to the equation: f (λx, λy) = f (x, y)
( )
dy dy dv
µ + p(x)y = µq(x) (1) Make substitution y = vx ⇒ =v+x
dx dx dx
dv
d (2) The equation becomes: v + x = G(v)
(3) Express (2) as: [µy] = µq(x) dx
dx
∫ dv
(4) Integrate (3) wrt x, giving: µy = µq(x)dx + C (3) Rewrite (2) as: x = G(v) − v
∫ dx
1 C (4) Separate the variables in (3) and integrate:
(5) Solve for y: y = µq(x)dx +
µ µ ∫ ∫
1 1
dv = dx
G(v) − v x
Exact Equations: M (x, y)dx + N (x, y)dy = 0
y
∂M ∂N (5) Replace v =
The equation is exact iff = x
∂y ∂x
(1) The solution is F (x, y) = C such that Bernoulli Equations:
∂F ∂F dy
=M and =N + p(x)y = q(x)y n ; n ̸= 0, 1
∂x ∂y dx
(1) Divide the equation by y −n , giving
∂F
(2) To find F (x, y), integrate ∂x = M wrt x:
dy
∫ y −n + p(x)y 1−n = q(x)
dx
F (x, y) = M dx + g(y)
(2) Make substitution: z = y 1−n and
(3) Differentiate F in (2) wrt y dz dy dy 1 dz
= (1 − n)y −n ⇒ y −n =
∫ dx dx dx 1 − n dx
∂F ∂
= M dx + g ′ (y) (3) Substitute (2) into (1), giving
∂y ∂y
∫ 1 dz
∂ + p(x)z = q(x)
(4) Set: M dx + g ′ (y) = N (x, y) 1 − n dx
∂y
dz
∫ (4) Rewrite (3) as + (1 − n)p(x)z = (1 − n)q(x)
∂ dx
⇒ g ′ (y) = N − M dx
∂y (5) Solve for z in (4) using the method for linear equation

(5) Integrate g ′ (y) wrt y to get g(y) (6) Replace z = y 1−n to get the solution in y

(6) Replace g(y) in (2) and express the solution as

∫ dy
Equations of the Form: = G(ax + by)
F (x, y) = M dx + g(y) = C dx
dz dy
(1) Use substitution z = ax + by and dx = a + b dx .
Special Integrating Factors: (2) The transformed equation in the variables z and x is
separable.
Suppose M (x, y)dx + N (x, y)dy = 0 is not exact.
But when multiplied by an integrating factor µ,
⃝c ho&kaa feb2017
µM (x, y)dx + µN (x, y)dy = 0 (∗) Dept. Mathematical Sciences, UTM