Version  RTM (Gold, no SP)  SP1  SP2  SP3  SP4

 SQL Server 2016
 CTP3.2 　 　 　 　
 codename ?
 SQL Server 2014  12.0.4100.1
 12.0.2000.8 12.00.2000.8 　 　 　
 codename SQL14  or 12.1.4100.1
 SQL Server 2012  11.0.3000.0  11.0.5058.0  11.0.6020.0
 11.0.2100.60 11.00.2100.60 　
 codename Denali  or 11.1.3000.0  or 11.2.5058.0  or 11.3.6020.0
 SQL Server 2008 R2  10.50.2500.0  10.50.4000.0  10.50.6000.34
 10.50.1600.1 　
 codename Kilimanjaro  or 10.51.2500.0  or 10.52.4000.0  or 10.53.6000.34
 SQL Server 2008  10.0.2531.0 10.00.2531.0  10.0.4000.0 10.00.4000.0  10.0.5500.0 10.00.5500.0  10.0.6000.29 10.00.6000.29
 10.0.1600.22 10.00.1600.22
 codename Katmai  or 10.1.2531.0  or 10.2.4000.0  or 10.3.5500.0 or 10.4.6000.29
 SQL Server 2005
 9.0.1399.06 9.00.1399.06  9.0.2047 9.00.2047  9.0.3042 9.00.3042  9.0.4035 9.00.4035  9.0.5000 9.00.5000
 codename Yukon

* Legend:
 CTP  Community Technology Preview (beta release)
 RC  Release Candidate

 Released To Manufacturing; It is the original, released build version of the product, i.e. what you get on the DVD or when you download the ISO file
 RTM
from MSDN.

 Cumulative Update; Cumulative updates contain the bug fixes and enhancements–up to that point in time–that have been added since the previous
 CU Service Pack release and will be contained in the next service pack release. Installation of the Cumulative Update is similar to the installation of a
Service Pack. Cumulative Updates are not fully regression tested.

 SP  Service Pack; much larger collection of hotfixes that have been fully regression tested. In some cases delivers product enhancements.

 GDR  General Distribution Release; GDR fixes should not contain any of the CU updates.
 QFE  Quick Fix Engineering; QFE updates include CU fixes.
sources

Blogspot
http://sqlserverbuilds.blogspot.kr/

TechNet
Korean: https://technet.microsoft.com/ko-kr/sqlserver/ff803383.aspx
English: https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sqlserver/ff803383.aspx