T HE

THO M S O NIA N M ATERIA M EDICA,

B O TA N I C F A M I L Y P H Y S ICIA N
CO RI S I N M P G

A P H I L OS OP H ICA L T H E O RY ,
O

TH E

N A T URA L ORGA N I Z A T I ON AN D A S S U M EDPR

I N CI P L ES

AN IM AL AN D V EGET A BL EL I F E
TO WH I CH A RE A DD ED T H E

DES CR
IP TION OF P L ANTS ANDTHEIRVARIOU S COM P OUNDS
TO GE T H ER W I TH

P RA C TI CA L ILLU STRA TIO N S ,

I L I
NC UD N G M UCH O TH ER U S EFUL M A TTER .

WI TH P L A TE S .

BY S AM U EL T H OM S O N .

S thy elf e fle ted he e

ee s r c r .
”

H th t wi h e t b
e a s t ds m o e c ou n e a o ng th e b ene fac tors of pos te ity r must
w t il t th q i it i et — R mbl e
,
d d b y hi on of his ”
a s o n o , o e ac u s an c s ors . a r.

T WEL F T H ED T O N , I I
EN L A G
R ED, C O RREC T ED , RE S ED A N D VI I M P RO V ED.

A LB A N Y
P I
R N TED B Y J. M UN S ELL , ST A TE S TREET .
 THO M S O NIAN M A ERIA M EDICA,

B O TA N I C F A M I I Z P H Y S I C I A N
C O DIP RI G

A P H IL O S OP H I Q LL TH
‘
EO RY ,

THE

N A T URA L ORGA N I Z A T I ON AI A S SUM ED PR

I N CI P L ES

AN I M AL AN D V EG T A BL EL I F E
TO WH I CH A RE 4
. ) ED T H E

DES CR
IP TION IRVAR
IOUS COM P OUNDS

;T RA TIO N S ,

L M
 E n ter e d ac cordi ng to A c t of C ong re ss i n the y e ar 1 8 4 1 , b y

S A M U EL TH OM N A N D JOH N TH OM
S O S ON ,

in the C l er k s ffi f th N th Di t i t
’
o ce or e or ern s r c of N ew Y -
or k .
 TO BEN JA M I N WA T ERHOU S E M D , . . L L . D.
FELL OW OF TH E E I AL M IE Y LD C S OC T , O N DO N ;

A N D OF B A TH AND M A N CH E TERS ,
EN GLAN D
OF THE AAC D EM Y O I" AR TS A N D S C IE N C ES , B EL L ES '
L ET T RES , I N S C RI P I
T ON S

A N D COM M ERCE, M A RS E I L L ES ;

A N D OF TH E N A TI ON AL M EDI CAL S CH OO L O F FRA N CE

FELL O W OF TH E AM ERI CAN A CADEM Y OF ARTS A N D S CI EN CES :
O F TH E P H I L S O P H I C AL S OC I ETY O F P H I LADELP H I A ;
O

AN DP R FE R
O SSO EOF E RY
TH PRA I E P Y I
TH O E
A N D CT C OF H S C IN TH

I VER I Y
U N A RI GE A A
S T OF C M BE D E ,
M SS CH U S TTS , IN TH

I E A E
U N T D ST R A ERI A 5
T S OF N O TH M C

A S A M A RK O F RES P EC T F O R H I S P RI V A T E C H A RA C T ER
,

P ROFES I ON AL K N OW L EDGE S ,

I N DEPEN DEN CE IN G IVIN G C OUN TEN AN CE T O TH E T RUTH ,

A ND M E I A
D C FA WI
L CT S REGAR
,
EA R Y E
T H OU T A I D TO L DU C T ON ,

R P R FE IO A P RE I E ;
O S S ON L JU D C S

IN V ES TIGATIN G THE P RIN CIPLES ADV O CATIN G TH E P RACTI CE , ,

WI TH O U T REFEREN C E T O P OPULAR OP I N I ON ;
A N D F OR OTH ER K I N D OFFI CES A N D S UGG ES T I ON S ,

THI S WOR K I S M OS T R ES P ECTF U L L Y DEDI CA TED,

THE A U TH O R.
 TO THEREADER.

In c om p ili ng
,
c ond e n si ng , c o ll
p s i g m tt
e c ting
,
re -
w rit in g an d c om o n a er

for th e t w k it h
p s re e n b th p i ip l bj t f th s bs ib
or
,
as een e r nc a o ec o e u cr er

t p
o s t m y dditi l f ts t s t g th
re e n an a ona dm k m ac s t df s t o re n e n an a e or e ea a

if p ss i b l t h t w hi h w b l b f —th s y s t m d m di l
,

o e, im m
a c as ov a e e or e e e an e ca

p ti dis
r ac ce d b y hi f t h
c ov e r e w hi h h q i d s t di g d p
s a er , c as a c u re an n an re u

t ti
a onf th tim
or p ll l d i th
e e, un l s f th w l d A ll p
ara e e n e a nna o e or . re

i s s y s t m s f m di i
v on e l i k t h d w f t h m i g w h i ti
o e c ne , e e e o e or n n , en nv e s .

g t d
a e d un th l ig ht f s i h
er e s un -
i s h d i t t hi
o c e nc ei t gi av e v a n e n o n a r o ve

y y t t b s t ill
, ,

pl t th th th w i it t by s m
'
ac e o a no er e or e o e ov e r ro n n s ur n , o e
,

ft
u u re m b i ti s sp i
a t ou ft am di l p t ti
ra n a Th m
er a h e ca re u a on. e or e su c

th i s
eor e i s t ig t d d m p d w i t h t t h d s t h m
ar e nv e a e an co a re ru an re a on , e or e

ra p idl y th y g t d y Wh e o o th t h
eca . i s f P l s s C ll
e re are e e or e o ara c e u ,
u en,

B w
ro R sh
n, d m y th s f l i k
u ,
an anp t t i i th i d y ? A l f
o er o e re u a on n e r a as or

th i s t b i l it y f th i
e n a ti o s f m th t
e nv e n t f d d i t th
on o d en, a ar e n o ou n e n ru an

ex p i ! Th y
e r enc e m g th t h i g s th t w
e are a ! Th
on l s th i e n a ere e c o er e n

v es tig ti a th l ss
on , fi d i t h p i i p l s l id d w N t w i th
e e con enc e n e r nc e a o n. o so

th s y s t m f p
e e ti o f S m rac l T h m s T h l s th iti is m th
ce o a ue o on . e c o er e cr c e

m or e c o n fi d i i t t il i t y O l i k s i l t h m i t i b i s h d
en c e n s u . r e v er , e ore s urn e

t h b ig h t
e r i t s hi s er F t h s wh ne x m i i t b m it p m t
. or o e o e a ne e co e s er an en

f i ds I this s th i d wb k d l l i t im m t b m
r en . n ca e e re s no ra ac an a ,
n e, us eco e

b il ity t th l t st g
,

Th ms i so H
o n an th . t i t y f it d
e nc e e c er a n o s u ra o e a e e n e ra

tion s D t S m l T h m s h th s l id s t isf ti f k wi g th t
. oc . a ue o on as e o a ac on o no n a

h h
e s t b l is h d f him s l f b y hi s y s t m f p ti
as e a e or e ,
m m ti s e o r ac ce
,
a o nu en n

th h e ts f th p
e ar p l m d b l th m b l
o e eo e or ed m al
u ra bl e an ar e, an or e v ua e

th an p i sm t l
r e c ou e a s.

Wh t i
a ev er i s s m y p p i this w k i l ti
na c c u r ac e or er r or a a e ar n or ,
n re a on

t th
o Th m s i
e th
o y p ti I ss m ; k wi g I d m y
o n an eor or r ac ce, a u e no n as o

i b il it y t d t h w k th t j s ti
na o o e w hi h th
or t
a d im p t
u c e,f c e na u r e an o r an c e o

t h s bj
e u t q i s B t f th w t f m
ec re u re . u xp i d p s I
or e an o a ore e e r enc e
‘
e r on ,

w it h d iflid tt m p t t d j s ti
e nc e
,
a et w k th t o q i s g ig ti
o u ce o a or a re u re a an c

mi d t p f m
n o M y m th d f
e r or . i i g t f t s m y ppe o o d d
arr v n a ac a a e a r c ru e an

un d ig s t d t m
e e y m i d s b t my b j t h
o an n b t g t t th f t s
,
u o ec as een o e a e ac

i th t w y
n a dm a ,
i wh i h I
an ld m k m y s l f b s t d st d
a nn e r , n c c ou a e e e un er oo

w h th b y mp i
e er co d t f bl
a r s on A d tha n ec f w o e or i h p a e. n er e ore e ar e n o es

t h t th m tt
a e d a t th m er , a n w ill b th g i di g s t t th
no e a nn er , d e e u n ar o e r ea e r.

W d s i th f
e e re , th t m ti s m y b d l y pp
e r e or e , a our i t d do ve a e u a r ec a e ,
an our

e rror s x s d e cu em ti g f m
,
as e h s t i t ti t d j s ti t th
a na n ro an o ne n en on o o u ce o e

na m fe o bl p
a ven er a t wh h e s t i t th g
are n , l f d hi mit
o as c a n o e e ne r a un s e

f or th h l th pe ea mf t ,
d h pp i
ea c e, c o f f t or g an ti a ness o u ur e e n era ons.

d l bawy, J anuary, 1 8 4 1 . J H O N TH O M S ON .
 K ey to the Arrangement of this Work .

T he ap ol ogy t o th e r ead er,

P f r e at or y r e m ar ks . or a c om p is b tw ar on e e en th e T h om son ian an d

r e g u ar l p hy s i c i an— g iv i ng a b i f h is t y f
r e or o the s p
ri e , r og r e ss ,
op

p s it i
o o n, an d p er sec u ti on , wh i h t h s wh c o e o em b ra c e the T h om so

n ia n , Or ne w sy s t e m of p r ac tic e , hav e t o c onte n d ,

T h e T hom s on ia n t h e or y , or the p hil s p hyo o of r e sp i ra ti on , an d t he

p r in c i pl s e nece ss ar y to b e o bs e rv e d, t o c o n tin u e it i ll s u tr ate d b y an

m
eO w ith t h e h is t or y of th e g r o w t h of t h e dif e re n t f f u n c ti on s of t he
l wi h whi h i i i h b i d
D ,

a n im a t c t s n a te ,

On v i li y
ta im i
t h p i ip l s f l if
or a n a t o n , or t e r nc e o e,

5 . S c ie n t ifi B c y b y wh i h i l i y i s s i d
o tan ,
c v ta t s u ta ne
,

TH E E L E M EN T A RY P RIN C I P L E S O F TH E H UM A N S YS T E M .

1. M atter , or , e ar th, w a ter , air , a n d fir e , an d the ir c on s tit u en t , ofs wh ic h

t h e h u m an syst m i m p s d e s co o e ,

M a t ter g iz d
or anth tl i
e s f ,
or e ou ne o an a tom y an d p hy s i l
o og y , w ith
pl a te s x hib iti g i m i i t diff
e n n n a ur e , er e n t v i e w s of t he hu m an sk el e

t on , and t h e i n t er n a l v i c era or in ter n al or g an s of th e b o dy , b oth c ol

l e c tiv e l y an d sp e ar a t e ly , by i ll su tra ti on s . t og e th er wi th t he m u sls c e

,

fs
a c i a , a r te r i e s ,
s
v e i n , n e rv e , s St e
M a t te r or g an i z p ss ss i g hi f l ti s d
e d a n d a ni m ate d , or , m an o e n s ac u e un er

th i fl e n f th fi
u e nc e o s s s w hi h m k s him s bj t t dis s
e ve en e , c a e u ec o ea e

d d th
an d
ea t ,
t m tt
an g i t ss is t i th g iz ti
a r e ur n o a er a a n, o a n e or an a on

d
an i m ti
an f th a b di s ill s t ti g th g s f s s b y
on o o er o e ,
u ra n e or an o en e ,

ts
cu p s ti g t h y
,
re re sk i 8 m
en n e e e , e ar , n, ,

4. T h h i s t y f th
e orff ts f D t o S m l T h m s t s s t i hi
e e or o oc or a ue o on o u a n s

s ys t m f it l ity i m tt mb i g m h f hi p ti l l if
e o v a n a er , e rac n uc o s r ac ca e

d xp i
an e er e n c e ,

A d s ip ti f th g t b l s bst
e cr on o s s d b y D t Th ms t
e ve e a e u a nc e u e oc or o on o

s s t i hi s ys t m f it l ity i m tt
u a n s e o v a n a er,

6 . I t d ti t th th y f dis s
n r o uc on o d th p p
e ti d
e or f o ea e , a n e re ar a on a n u se o

m di i e t g th
c ne
, wi th l s t b bs d b y p titi s i th
o e er ru e o e o er v e r ac on er n e

t tm
r ea t f di s ens o e a e,
 a g r eat v a r ie ty of m e dic i ne s ,
f or t he u se of the si k c . w h e n t he
l s b m d g d i th i q il i b i m
e e m e nt ec o e e ra n di sp s d
e n e r e u r u . an d pp a e ar o e
t s l b k t th i ig i l m tt
o re o v e ac o e r or na a er ,
8 P hil s p hi l bs
. o o ti s p th
ca o i s l im t s
er v a onmpl xi s u on e v ar ou c a e co e on
, ,
h b i ts f m s f d is s d ts i d t s t w hi h m t
g m d
a , or o ea e , e r an e en an ac c en o c a

b m s s bj t b y b i g g i z d d im t d A l s s f l
, ,
t er eco e u ec e n or an e an an a e . o, u e u
,

bs ti s t m
o e rv a on im t d m t t o h w t s is t
a n, o r an p l th a e a e r, o o re or r e e e

hm
e n c r o ac ts p hi t it y b y thi s m y t hi g iz d
en u on s err or , ene o s or an e

d an im t d s t t
an whi ha e q i s s t t i g il a e, d w fc re u re c on an v a nc e an ar ar e

p h i p t t p l th i t s i s f t h i d
u on s ar , o re e t hi s my
e n ru on o e nv a er , or en e

t lif o b y f d d i k w m t h l th i g f l
e, oo r n d s h th m
ar s c o n u e , an uc o er ea n
, ,

l l t d t m k t h b dy d m i d s
, ,

as a re c a c u a e o d h pp y b y
a e e o an n ec ur e a n a ,

b i gf e n m d f m th g
ar re
p f t h
ov e i s f ll d s t yro — d th e 1 as o e e ro er ea
9 Rl s t b f m diss l i g t
,
. u e bs d i s i g f
o e o t im
erv e n re cu n or a e, ro o v n n a ur e ,

f ll withi th g sp f t hi s m y t
’

im t d m tt
an a e whi h h a er , c as a en n e ra o e ne o

l if O l s t b bs d i s i g p s s wh h f ll
e. r, r u e o e o e r ve n r e cu n e r on o av e a en

i t d p w t
n o ee Als f s s it ti g th d w d
a er. o, 77 3 774 775
or r e u c a n e ro ne , , ,
1 0 Th T h ms
. e i th o it f d is s
on a n s h w i g t h t l l di s s
e or
y , or u n o e a e, o n a a ea e

ig i t s f m th s m
or na e s d i tl y i di tl y—QWhi h b i g s
ro e a e c au e, rec or n r ec c r n ,

s l t ll fl s h b k t p im iti m tt f m wh it
oo n er o r a er
,
a e ac o r ve a er , ro enc e

igior t d d t h sp i it
na e
,t ans t G d w h g it— th s wi di g
e r r e ur n o o , o av e u n n

p m u s an p this s t g f ti
’
c ar e e r u on a e o ac on ,

1 1 Di s
. s i s it
ea e r e c e ve m f m th p t w h i h h b m
s na e w k ro e ar c as eco e so ea

t b s bj
as o t t it e tt u k b y th l ss f it lity im l w m th
ec o s a ac e o o v a or a n a ar

h if th l i
e nce
, b e th w k p t i t i th l i
e v er m p l i t—if t h
e ea ar , s e ve r c o a n e

pl th p l
e ur a i s y — b t i f th l
, e
g s
eu ri t i t h s m p t i u— if i t e un , s e c on u on or

b th b w l s
e e h l o h l e m b s; ,
c twi th s t
o e r a or c di g th d i f o er a or u no an n e

f te ren m s th s na i s m p l i ts
e e ll d ass m th y w
e v a r ou co a n so c a e u e, e er e

l s th t i th l ss f it l ity i
,

b g ht b t b y
r ou
g a ou on e ene r a c au e , a s, e o o v a an

l d d t h m is s f m th diff t
,

m l w m th a t ki g
ar ,
or a n co an e na e ar e ro e er e n

s ym p t m s f m s d l ti whi h th di s s ss m s i th
o ,
or , an oc a on , c e ea e a u e n e

b dy o ,

D I RE CT IO N S TO A G E N TS .

In fill i g n ou t a c e r ti fi c at e f or a f m il y
a ri g h t , w h er e t h e i ndiv idu a l ma kse

h is fis p r t u r c ha e s o f on e , the p ri c e i s i nv ar ia bl y twenty d oll a r s , -

an d the
bl k sh
an ou ld b e m ad e ou t as f o ll ws
o Re c eiv e d of A B , twenty d oll ar s, i n
f ll f t h
u or e fi r st r ig ht of p p re ar in g an d u si ng,
”
St e . B u t if t he indi v id ua has l
l e g it im at e ly p u r c ha e d s o n e of t he ol d r i g ht s of a r e g u ar l c on s ti t u te d a g e n t,

a nd ha s not di sp s o e d of it a g ai n , h e is e n ti t e d l to o ne o f t hi s e di ti on by p a y in g

t en d oll a r s, an d g iv i ng up h is ol d c er ti fi c a te to th e a g e n t. T h e n h i s c er t i fi c a te

sh ou ld be m a de o u t , Re c e iv e d of A B , ten d ol l a rs, in fu ll f or t he sec on d

r ig ht of p p re ar i ng an d u s i ng, ” Sac . J. T .
 I L L U S TRA TI ONS .

FRONTIN G T T I LE .

1 . D oc to r S a m u e T h om l s sP
on
’
or tr ait .

2. C e r ti fi c at e o f F am i l y Righ t.

ON A NA T O M Y .

O S T EO L O GY .

1. F r on t V iew of the sk l
e e ton ,

B ac k v ie w of th e

ON THE VI S C ER A OF TH E B OD Y ,
A S OR GA IN Z ED .

3. F ront an d fisst d b d m
r t v ie w of 234 the c he an a o e n,

4. S d i w f th
ec on h st
v e d bd m o e c 23 6
e an a o en, .

5 . T hi d i w f th
r h st
v e d bd m
o e c e an a o en ,

6. F th i w f t h h s t d b d m
ou r v e o e c 34 0
e an a o e n, .

7. Fi s t i w f th t h i d b d m i l is
r v e o e f m b hi d 24 2
or a c c a n a o na v c er a ro e n

d b d m i l is
,

8. S d i w f t h th
e con v e i o ef m b hi d 244
or ac c an a o na v c e r a, ro e n
,

E V I ERON E
TH Y EPA RA E Y SC A OF TH B OD ,
S T L .

9. Fi s t i w f th
r v e o e

10 . S ec on d v i ew o f t he he a r t, .

1 1. A v i e w of the tru n k , or t h or ax a d o b m e n, an d p l s
e vi
,
.

A n te r ior v i e w of t he th or a x
13 . An a to m y o f t he c irc u l a ti o nthrou g h the h ear t,
14 . P ost er i or v ie w of t he

do S ide
. v i e w of t he l ar y n x ,
.

15 . Refle c ti ons of the p e r i ton eum 27 1

1 6. 28 0
1 7 . T he u pp s f
er ur ac e of t he li
v er ,

18 . T he un d s fa
er ur c e of th e li v er

1 9 . T he l ob u l e s of th e l iv er
20 . A se c t io n of

21 . A s id ie w fe v o the m al e p e v l is i n si tu ,

22 . A t nv s
ra e r se ec tion of th e t e t ic s l e, .

A A N TOM Y OF THE F E TU S .

23 .
24 . A se c t ion o f t he

25 . T he s
c ou r e an d t ermination of the a bs b e t d ts
or n uc ,
 IL RU S T RA TI O N S .

ON T H E M U S CL ES .

M sl s
u c e of the he ad a nd fac e , .

M sl s
u c e of t he eye b a ll ,

T h e t wo pt er y g oi d mu sls c e ,

T he m u sl s
c e sp t f t hof k t he a n ter i or a ec o e n ec ,
.

T h s ty l id m s l s
e o d th m s l s f th t g
u c e an e u c e o e on u e , .

A s id i w f t h m s l s f t h p h y x
e v e o e u c e o e ar n ,

T h m s l s f t h s ft p l t
e u c e o e o a a e .
,

Th p e t b l g p f m s l s f th
r ee v er e ra k r ou o u c e o e ne c ,

Th fi s e t s r d d p t f th t hi d l y
,
ec o n , f m s l s f th
an ar o e r a er o u c e o e

b ak c ,

Th f e t h fi fth
o ur d p t f t h s i th l y ,
f m s l s f th
an ar o e x a er o u c e o e

b k ac ,

T h m s l s f th
e u t i
c e sp t f th t k
o e an er or a ec o e r un ,

L t l i w f t h t k f t h b dy
a era v e o e run o e o ,
.

Th d
e un b d m i l s id f t h d i p h g m
er o r a o na e o e a ra .

T h m s l s f th
,

e u c e o e

T h m s l s f th
e u c e t i sp t f th pp
o me an e r or a ec o e u er ar ,
. 35 6
A p s t i i w f th pp
o e r or v e m s h wi g t h t i ps m s l s
o e u er ar ,
o n e r ce u c e , 35 7
A s p fi i l l y f m s l s f th f
u er c a a m er o u c e o e or e a r . 35 7
f m s l s f th f
,

Th d p l y
e ee a m
er o u c e o e or e ar ,
. . 35 8
Th s p fi i l l y
e u erf m s l s th
c a p s t i sp t f th
a er o u c e on e o er or a ec o e

45 . T he de e p l a y e r of mu sls c e on t he p st
o e r i or a sp ec t of t he for e

ar m ,

T he m u s l es c of t h e h an d , .
T he m s l s
u c e of th e g l u te a l r e g io n ,

T he m s l s
u c e of t hef m l gi a n t e r i or e or a re on , .

T he m s l s
u c e f th p s t i
o f m l d g l t l gi s
e o e r or e or a an u ea re on

T he m s l s
u c e of th t i tib i l gi
e an e r o r a re on, .

T he s p fii
u er c al m s l s f t h p st i sp t f th l g
u c e o e o er or a ec o e e

d p l y f m s l s f th p s t i ti b i l
,

T he ee a er o u c e gi o e o e r or a re on ,

Fi s t l
r ay er o f m s l s i t h s l of th f t
u c e n e o e e oo

p t f t h s d l y f m s l s f th s l
,

T h e t hir d an d a ar o e e c on a er o u c e o e o e

of t he foo t,

T H E F A S CI JE O F TH E A
HE D A N D N EC K .

55 . At s s s
ran v e r e ec tion o f t h e n e c k ,

56 At s s s
ran v e r e ec ti on o f t he p l s
e vi ,

57 T he p bi h
u c ar c ,
w i t h t he a ttac hm e nt s of t he p er ine a lfs i a c ae, . . 3 74
58 A s id e v ie w of th e s
v i ce r a o f th e

59 A s ti ec on of th e sts whi h p ss b
r uc tur e c a en e a t h the fm l
e ora arc h , 3 76

E A R ERI E TH T S .

60 T he l ar g e v e ss l s whi h p
e d f m th c roc ee ro e r oo t of the h e ar t, with
th e ir r e 1a ti 0 n s, 0 0 0

61 T he c ar otid ar ter i e s ,
w ith the b r a nc h e s of x
the e terna c ar otid . l 38 3
.

62 T he b ran c he s of the rig ht s b u l

c av ia n ar ter y , . 386
 I LL U S TRA T I ON S .
”
if

63 . T he c ir c e ofl Will is .

i ll l
,

T he ax ar y an d b r a c hia a r t er i e , s w i th t h e ir b r an c h e , s . . 3
65 . T he a r te ri e s of t he f or e ar m ,

66 T he . b d m i l t w i th i t b h s
a o na aor a, s ra n c e ,

67 . T h d is t i b t i
e f th b
r h s f th
u li
on o is e ra n c e o e c ce ac a x ,
3 97
68 . Th s d d is t i b t i f t h s p i m s t i t y
e c o ur e a n r u on o e u e r or e e n r c ar e r ,
. 399
69 . T h di s t ib ti
e d b
r h s f th i f i
u on anm s t i t y r anc e o e n er or e e n r c ar er ,
4 00
..

70 . T h di s t i b ti
e f th b
r h s f th il i
u on o t i s e r an c e o e a c ar er e ,

71. Th t i s f th p
e ar e r e i m o e er n e u ,
.

Vi w f h t i
e o di
t sp t f th thig h s h w i g t h
e a n e r or a n n ne r a ec o e o n e

s s d b h s f th f m l t y
,

c ou r e an r a nc e o e e ora ar er .
,

Th t i sp t f th l g d f t
e an e r or a ec o e e an oo ,

A p st i i w f th l g
o e r or v e o e e .

t i s f th s l
,

75 . Th e ar er e f th o e o e o e

OF TH E VI E N S .

76 T h e
. si s s nu e of t he u pp er an d b k p ac ar t of the sk u ll ,
.

77 . T he si s s nu e of t he b s a e of t eh s k ll u .

lb
,

7 8 . T he vi s f
e n o t he f o r e a r m an d b d f en o th e e ow,

79 . T he i s f
ve n o t he tr u n k an d n e c k ,

81 . Th e c ou r e a n ds t e rm i na ti on of t h e t h or a c ic d u c t, .

TH E N ER V OU S S Y S T EM

The l a ter a l i l s f h b m
v e n tr c e o t e c e re ru .

si l s f l g i di l s
,

T he m e a f ur a c e o a on tu na ec ti on of the b r ai n , .

T he u n de r s f
ur a c e , or b s a e of the b r ai n , .

T he b s a e of th e b
g
a in ,

T he a n a t om y of t h e s id s e of th e n e c k sh ,
o wi n g the n er v e s of t he

T h e di tri s b u ti on of t he fs
a c ia l n e rv e , a n d s t h e b r an c h e s of t he
c erv ic a l pl s e xu ,

O igi
r n a nd s b
di tr i u t i on of th e e ig h t h p a i r of n e rv e s
A di a g ram , s h wi g th fi fth p i f
o n s e a r o n erv e ,
w i th i ts b r a n c h e , . .45 s 0
T he a x ill ar y pl x s fe u s w ith i t b
o n er v e ,
s r a nc he , a n ds th e i r d i s
tr i b u tion ,
T he l mb
u ar an d s a cr a l pl s s ex u e ,
w i t h th e n er v e s of t he l ow e r
v

- o

T he c ran ia l g g li
an a of t he s ym p a the ti c n erv e , N

TH E O R GA N S OF S EN S E.

93 . A l on g itu di na ls ec t ion of t he g lb o e of
-

the e y e ,

94 . T he a nt er ior s e g m e n t of a tra n s v er e s s e c ti on of
-
the g lb o e of th e
e y e , as s ee n wi t hi n,
95 . T he p st o er i or s e gm e nt of a tr a n v e r s s s e ec t ion of the g lb o e of

t he e y e , as s e en within,
 VI I LL U S TRA T I ON S .

N o. 96 . A dia g r a m of t he e ar ,
T he a n a tom y of t he s ki n
,

LL U S T RA T I ON S O F P L AN T S
I .

1 L b l i i fl t — m ti h b
o e a n a a e e c er ,

2 . C ps i m b
a cu t m— a c ca u
y p pp ca e nn e e er ,

3. M y i if
r c a c er — b
yb er a
y a e rr

4. N y mp hm d t — Whi t p
a o d l il y
or a a e on ,

5 . S t ti
a l im i m— m s h s m y
ce on u ar ro e ar .

Rh s g l b m— s m
,

6. u a ru u ac ,

7. H m m l i s i g i i — w it h h z l
a a e v r n ca c -
a e

R b s s t i g s s — d spb r y
’

8. u u r o u re ra e r

Ch l lg b — b l m y
,

9. e one a ra a on ,

10 . P p l s t m l id — Wild p p l t
o u u re u o s -
o ar r ee, .

1 1. P p l s g l t — b l m f G il d
o u u an u a a a o ea ,

1 2. C y p i p di
r e p b s s— y ll w l dy s l ipp
u rn u e cen e o a er ,

13. S l
o anu m d l m — b i tt
u ca sw t ar a er -
ee

l
,

14 . M y i —m d w f
a e
g
r ca ea o er n ,

15 . X t h y l m f i r — p i kl y h
an ox u r ax n e u n r c as ,

1 6. G li m p i — l i r
a u a ar n e c v e s,

1 7. Ul m s f l — sl ip p y lm
u u va er e ,

ERRA T A .

In p ag e 3 0 8 , f or pr ostRA r E r e ad p stro a te g l an d . S om e o th er p p
ty og r a hi c a l
e rr or , s SL C .
,
h av e o c c u r r e d b u t t hey ar e p b bl yro a u n im p or tant, a nd m ay b e
c or r e cte d
« b y the r e ad er .
 GENERAL I N TRO DU CTI O N .

T o “
b ec om e a ll thi ng s to a ll S t. P au l s aid ,
m e n, as

may b e appropr i ate ly a pp li ed to the T h o m so n i an P rac tition

e r ; bec a u se in o rd e r to g ai n the co n fid e nc e of the p
e op l e , we

m us t s ati s fy t h e m , t h at th e re are v i rtu e s i n ou r medi c i ne s

and t ru t h in o u r p rac t i c e . T o attai n th at obj e c t, we m ust
b e wise a s serp en ts, a n d ha r m l ess a s d ov es.
“ ”

H o w m uc h has b ee n l os t to t he T h o mson i an pr ac ti c e ,
b y the atte mp ts of th ose w ho had fu l l c on fid e n c e i n it, to
conv i nce o th ers of t he co rre c tne ss of th e i r op i n i ons , b efo re
the mi n d was ri p e fo r t he co n v i c t i o n . F o r i n s tan c e , a m an
who has had h i s m i n d an d h ab i ts fo rme d in a fam ily w h ere
the re g u l ar p ra c ti c e h as al way s b ee n e m p l o y e d for the
be n e fi t of its i nmates , i s v er y sc r u p u l ou s of any i n nov a
ti o n u pon th at t h e o ry. It a T h o ms on i an s ay s to him, the
,

c al o me l and op i u m whi c h y o u r d oc to r app l i e s to the

use of the s i c k are po i so n s , an d not to b e ad m i n i s tere d ,
the m i n d of man at o nc e , and w i th o u t re g ar d to the re a
so n i n g u po n the s u bje c t, re fe rs b ac k and e n q u i re s , who
ou gh t to k no w b e s t, t he d oc to r, who has s t u d i ed the hu
p
man s ys te m an ato m i c ally , hy s i ol o gi c all y , and the th eo r y
and p rac ti c e of me di c i n e , or t hi s T h o m s on i an , who k no ws
j
no thi n g abou t the s ub e c t, e x c e p t w h at he has l earn e d fro m
S am u e l T h o m so n s boo k , whi c h i s of r ec e n t or igi n , an d
’

v ery d ou b tfu l as to the co r r e c tn e ss of the p ri n c i p l es l aid

d own . T he n at u ral c on c l us i on i s , t h en , th at it i s impos
s i b l e to r eason wi t h s u c h p eop l e so s ati s fac tor il y as for
p
t h e m to b e w ill i n g to e m l o y a T h o mson i an wh e n s i c k .
T h e y m ay tal k and r eason l ik e r at i on al me n whil e i n
h eal th , b u t the m o me n t the h an d of di sease i s laid u pon
th e m, t h e y see m to say b y th e i r ac ti ons thi s i s n o ti me to
t ry e x p eri me n ts , and g o for the o l d p h y s i c i an . H e co mes
and co mme n c e s h i s atte n d anc e as u s u al . T he ar g u men ts
p
of the botanic hy s i c i an are fre s h in hi s m i nd ; he watc h e s
p
narr ow ly the o erati ons , and the r a ti on a l e of the medi c i ne

g i v en b y t he p
d oc tor , a nd c om ar es the argumen ts of the
 GENE RA L I N TRO D U C T ION .

two i n di v id u al s A nd n o tw i th s tan di n g the T h o mson i an

.
,

may h av e the b e s t of t he arg u men t he o ve rco me s t hi s ,

obs truc ti on b y the anato m i c al and p hy s i o l o gi c al k n o w l edge
o f th e d o c to r w i t h o u t o n c e as ki n g hi m s e l f thi s q u e s ti o n
, ,
is it abs ol u te l y n e c ess ary t h at a p hy s i c i an s h o u ld k no w the
n am e of e v e ry bon e of the fo ot and e v ery m usc l e of the
,
'
arm to b e ab l e to re l i e v e p ai n in the bo we l s 2
, If th at we r e .

n e c e ss ary t he re me di e s of the abor igi n e s of ou r c o u n try

, ,

and the v al u ab l e s e rv i c e s of o u r v e ne rab l e an d w o rt hy

m atro ns i n ti me of s i c k n e ss h av e b ee n gi v e n to the w i nd
, .

B u t fo rt un ate l y thi s i s n ot the c as e Who d oes n ot k no w

.

t he v al u e of t he atte n ti on p aid b y g oo d n u rs e s in ti me of
s i c k ne ss ? al s o the man y c u re s effe c te d b y th e m as we l l as ,

t he m os t ig n o ran t a bo rigi n e s of o u r cou n try afte r the s kil l ,

o f t h e s e b eau ti fu l t h e o ri s ts (the d o c to rs ) h av e fail e d ?

,

T he d oc to r co n ti n u e s h i s atte n ti o n s H e vu lg arl y .
,

sp e a ki n g bu ild s u p w i t h one h an d and pu ll s d o w n w i t h

, ,

t he ot h er ; o r in o t h e r word s he gi v e s sou p to d ay an d poi

, ,

so n s to m or ro w
-
O ne to k ill a l i ttl e an d th e o th e r to h e al
.
,

a l i ttl e . B u t g e n e rall y t he p o i so n s g e t the b e s t o f the

,

b ar g ai n as the p ati e nt g rad u all y s i n k s u n d e r the treatment

, ,

and at l e n g th i s n ot e x p e c te d t o l i v e Y e t after all th e s e

.

s y m p to ms o f d e at h s tari n g him i n the fac e the man c an ,

n ot gi v e u p t he b u g b e ar if so y o u p l e as e to c all it t h at a
, ,

k nowl edge of e v ery bo ne and m u s c l e i n t he bo dy i s ne ,

c essary to co n s t i tu te a g ood p hy s i c i an A n d u p on thi s

.

l as t h o p e he w i ll c li n g u n til the d oc tor p ro n o unc e s him

,

i nc u rab l e ; or th at the p ati e nt fro m the al m os t c e rtai nty of

d e ath br e ak s the b ond s o f hi s s u p ers ti ti on and s ay s I
, , ,

m us t d ie as I am and I c an b u t d ie if I s en d for the b otani c

,

p hy s i c i an T hi s i s a fai r spec ime n of the m an n e r in whi c h

.

the T h o mson i an p rac ti ti o n ers g e n e r ally firs t ob t ai n e m :

p l o y me nt N ow the ne w d oc tor has a c h anc e to p rove

.

h i s theory b y hi s p r a cti ce and w h at i s s til l b e tte r for the

,

ati e n t t he d oc to r h as n o k n o wl e dg e of the r e g u l ar t h e or y
p ,

and p rac ti c e of m e di c i n e nor of an ato m y or su rg e r y u n

, , ,

d e r w h i c h to s hi e ld hi s m al prac ti c e as a p hy s i c i an
-
A nd .

i f hi s p rac ti c e i s b ad he c ann o t arro g ate to hi ms e l f the

,

L ati n or G re e k n ame s of hi s r e medi e s as we ll as the ,

n ame s of the di ffe re nt fu n c ti on s of the body w h i c h he ,

has l earn e d of o th er s and whi c h he u s e s as a s hi el d to

,

scr e e n h i m se l f and hi s q u ac k e r y fro m p u b li c i n dign ati on ,

as hi s pr e d e c e sso r has d o n e I n t hi s s tate of the tac ts the

.
,

fab l e of tr u th and fal s e h oo d i s v ery ap p ro p r i ate T h ese

‘
.

two wor thi es b e i n g on a j ou rn e y to ge th e r c ame to a ri ve r , ,

 G EN ERA L rxr n o n n c r ro u . 7

F a l se h oo d wi s h e d T ru t h to
di v es t hi ms el f and try the
s tream ; u nsuspe c ti ng as usu al T ru th t h re w off hi s c l o thes ,

and s wam t he r i v e r and F al s e h oo d ,

as was n at u r al for ,

h im to o k the ad v an tag e of T ru t h s h on e s ty an d c l ad him

’
, ,

se l f ia hi s g arm e nts u nd e r w h i c h F al se h o od to t h i s d ay
, ,

a ssu me s t he r ob e s of T r u t h Hon es ty and Righ teousn ess

, , ,

to p l ay o ff hi s v i lli any u p on the wor l d Wh il e u n su sp e c t .

i ng T r u t h h as no thi n g to c o n c e al he r e pu di ate s G ree k , ,

L ati n and e ve r y o th e r d ead l an g u ag e t h at may te n d to

,

co nfus e o r e mb arr ass the free co mm u n i c ati on of h i s fran k ,

u nsop hi s ti c ate d id eas in t he p l ai ne s t poss i b l e mann e r for
, ,

t he b e n e fi t of m an ki n d I n th e s e two di ffe r e n t ligh ts I

. ,

p l ac e t he re g u l ar and i rr e g u l ar p r ac ti ti o n e r O ne d e p e n d .

i ng u po n hi s t h e o ry of p o i so n s w i th hi s s hi e ld of tec hni,

c alitie s b e hi n d w hi c h to sc re e n h i m s e l f w h e n Ho n e s t y ,

w i s h e s to e x am i n e his h yd ra h e ad and o th e r d e for m i ti e s

-
.

Whil e the p l ai n u n assu m i ng T h o ms oni an tak e s hi s r eme

die s in one h and co n fid e nc e i n the oth e r and tru th for his
, ,

s h i e l d g rapp l e s w i th the hyd ra ; an d w i th t h es e H e rcu l ean

,

c l ubs we s ee th e h ead s o f t he m o n s te r d ro pp i n g d ail y

,
. .

T he p ati e n t i s ass u re d of on e t h i n g th at c o n so l e s hi m ;
t h at i s he i s n ot taki n g p o i s ons for me di c i n e s c on s e q u e n t
, ,

l y h e i s in n o dan g er in t h at re sp e c t
,
B u t the n e x t th i ng .

i s d oes the n ame of the d oc tor or hi s G ree k and L ati n

, ,

n ame s al te r the q u al i ti e s of hi s me di c i n e s ? Is n ot ars e

,

n i c r atsb an e ? A nd i s n ot ratsb an e po i son ? A nd w il l not

t hi s p o i son k ill i f ad m i n i s tere d i n su ffi c i en t q u an t i ti e s b y
e i t h er a wi s e m an or a fool ? S o we m ay ask of me rcu r y ,
a n ti m o n y s al tp etre an d e v e r y o t h er d ead ly ar ti c l e u s ed i n
, , ,
the l on g c atal o g u e of mi n eral and v e ge tab l e po i so n s i n the
r eg u l ar materi a me di c a N ow c an the di p l o ma or the high
.
,

me di c al attai nmen ts of any m an al ter the po i s o nou s q u al i ,

t i e s of th es e arti c l e s w h i c h are po i sons b y n at u r e ? O r

, ,
cou ld the ig nor an c e of the T h o m son i an b e so g re at as to
mak e red r aspb e rry w i t c h h azel or pe ac h l e av e s po i sonou s
, ,
w h e n i n t h e ms el ve s natu rally t h e y are i nnoc e n t sub stan
ces ? Who b e li e v e s th at any m an b ec ause he c an tal k ,

L ati n has the po we r to m e tam o rp h os e an arti c l e th at is

,

n at u rall y po i so n ous i nto an i nn o c e n t medi c i ne ? O r on

,
the o t h e r h an d c an t he foo l con v ert an i n noc e n t v e g e tab l e
,

substan c e i n to a po i son b e c au s e he d oe s not u n d e rs tan d

,

the d ea d l ang u ag e s ? N o it i s imp oss i b l e th at the ab il i ti e s

,

of the m an e i th e r n atu ral or acq u i red s h ou l d al te r the

, ,

q u ali ti e s of the su b s tan c e s wh i c h G od b y n atu re has p l ac ed

u p on thi s te rr es tr i al b all for e i th e r oo d or e v il T h e re
g .
8 G ENE RA L IN TRO D U C T I O N .
con c l u s i o n t h e n i s , p o i son i s p o i son , and h armless
‘
tic h al
medi c i n es are h ar ml e ss i n wh ate v e r s tate t h e y may b e
fou n d ; and t h at t he di ffe re n t h an d s d o not al te r the q u al i
t i e s of the arti c l e s t h at p ass t h rou gh th e m .

T he fac t i s i rre s i s tab l e t h e n t h at the d ead l an g u ag e s for

,

the pr ac ti ti o ne r u ne x p l ai ne d to the s i c k a re u nne c e ss ary ;

, ,

a nd t h at t he h on e s t p hys i c i an w il l n e v er u se t h e m to d e

c e iv e wi th re g ard to t he art i c l e s of me di c i ne he may b e

,

gi v i n g to hi s p ati en t Wo u ld it n ot b e atte nd ed wi th m u c h
.

l e ss trou b l e fo r the p h y s i c i an to i n d u c e h i s p ati e n t to tak e

,

a d os e of c on i u m m a c u l a tu m or d a tu r a str a m om u m th an
’

, ,

if he s h ou ld fran kl y say I w i s h to gi v e y o u a d ose of the

,

oi n s on h e m l ock or of th e thor n a l b o t h of w hi c h are

p , pp e ,

we l l k n o wn to b e p ote n t po i s o n s ? I t c ertai nly w o u l d b e .

We tak e m an y thi n g s in ig no ran c e th at we wou ld not

h ave tak e n wi th fu l l k no wl ed ge of t h ei r p rope rti e s A nd .

for the wan t of c orre c t k n o wl e dg e i n r el ati on to medi c i n e ,

t he s i c k m an i s c o m p e ll e d to r i s k hi s l i fe m an y t i me s w h ere
,

h e w ou ld not r i s k a s h illi n g in l ik e c h an c e s for l oss , i n the

o rdi nary t r an s ac ti o n s of li fe .

I t ta k e s m u c h l o n ge r for the s tu d en t to make h i s s hi e l d ,

or to l earn t he L ati n n am e s i n an ato my, p hy s i o l ogy and ,

t he t h e or y and p rac ti c e of me d i c i ne , i n ord e r to d e c e i v e

the p e op l e s u cc e ss fu lly , t h an to l e a r n all the me di c al c om
pou nd s use d in the re g u l ar mater i a me di c a l
T he T h o m son i an s s hi e ld i s the co n fid e nc e i n his sy s
’
,

te m and p rac ti c e , and the c ur i n g of hi s p ati en ts afte r the

r e g u l ars h av e pron o u n c ed t h e m i n cu rab l e H ere i s the.

tr u e d e fi ni ti on of q u ac k e ry mad e man i fes t to e v e r y in telli

obser ve r O ne bo as ts of h i s ac q u i r e me n ts , hi s boo k k n owl
.

e dge and h i s di p l o m a ; w hi l e the o th e r m o d e s tly s h o ws

,

y o u hi s p atie nts i n h e alth afte r h av i n g tak e n th e m fro m

,

the h an d s of thi s m an of sc i e nc e .

T he T h o mson i an it i s tru e, l abo rs u n d e r man y disad

,

v an tag e s . H e i s not p opu l ar , b e c ause the r egu l ar p h y

sic ian s who are now in the asc e nd an t i n pu b l i c o p i n i on ,
not on ly t h ro w u po n th e m the fu ll weigh t of th e i r disap
p rob ati on b u t e n li s t th at of all th e i r fri e nd s A nd h av i n g
,
.

the ad v an tage s of G ree k and L ati n n ame s a t h an d t h e y c an ,

al way s t h r o w a v e i l o v e r t h e i r b ad pr ac ti c e o r an y i nc on
,

siste nc ie s th at may a ri s e i n ar g u me n t, b y r e tr e atin g b e hi n d

thi s s hi e ld .In t hi s m ann e r t h e y forc e th e mse l v es al on g

u pon t h e i r ass u med k no wl edg e , eve r y bod y admitti n g th e m
to be l earn ed and s kill ful , b e caus e th e y do not und e rstand
10 G EN ERA L IN TRO D U C TI ON .

hi s m i nd for the b u s i ne ss b y whi c h he c an O b tai n a li v i ng

w i th t he l eas t c ap i tal H e s e e s t h at the Th o m so ni ans
.

h ave p l e nty o f b u s i ne ss w i th g o od suc c e ss atte ndi n g the

,

p atie n ts and as it req u i re s b u t a s mal l c ap i tal to c omme n c e

,

w i th hi s m i nd i s m ad e u p at onc e t o b e co me a T hom sonh

,

an . Thi s m an lik e the re g u l a r p hys i c i ans m us t ac q u i re

, ,

hi s k n owl edge b y re adi ng t he th e ory and c omme n c e hi s ,

p rac ti c e b y w h at he h as re ad and n o t b y e x p e ri en c e u p on ,

h i ms el f as the oth e r has A nd l ik e t he th eori s t w ho has

,
.

r e ad b oo k s u p on a r1 c u l tu re h e i s n ot so s afe a m an to
g ,

tak e c h arg e O f a fa rm as if he h ad t o uc h e d the w ork b y

t he h an d o f e x p eri e nc e Whil e he w ho has b ee n re s tore d
.
,

b y the use of t he m edi c i ne u p on hi ms e l f c an e nte r i nto ,

e v er y l i ttl e m i n u ti ae of s y m p athy and fee l i n g w i t h h is pa

t ie nts an d c an i n c re as e o r di m i n i s h hi s m e d i c i ne s or di s
, ,

c o n ti n u e th e m al tog e th er as he ma t hi n k t he s tate o f hi s
y ,

p ati e nt c orre spo n d e d w i th hi s o w n w h e n s i c k In fac t ,

.
,

t h e re are a t h ou s an d l i ttl e t hi n g s w h e re th e e x p e ri e n c e d ,

m an m ay re nd er h i s p ati e n t c o m fortab l e th at t he i n e x pe ,

r ie nc e d wou ld n ot t hi n k o f Th e re fore as l i fe h e al th an d
.
,

h app i n ess are mad e u p of p arti c l e s o f c o mfort w e s h ou l d ,

s ee k th e m w h e re v e r t he y are m ost l ik ely to b e fo u n d ; and

t hat 1 8 fro m t h e fou n tai n O f lon g e x p e ri e n c e
,
O n w hi c h .

a c co u n t w e p re fer t he m an w ho has ob tai n e d his k n o w

,

l edg e or t h eory b y hi s p rac ti ce i ns te ad of him w ho h as ,

ob tai ned hi s the ory b efore hi s p rac ti c e

'

T he thi rd c l ass and wo rs t of all are t h os e w ho are des

, ,

titu te e n ti re ly o f t he i n g re di e n ts n e c e ss ar y to c on s ti tu te a
m n of b us i ne ss of an y ki nd
a Th e s e p oo r obj e c ts b e i ng .
,

d reg s on h and t h e i r p are nts wou ld gl adly rid th e mse l v e s

,

o f t he d ol ts Th e y ge n e rall y l i v e for a d ay and d ie ou t

. ,

for w an t o f bu s i n e ss an d retu rn l ik e spu ri o u s co i n to him

,

t h at fi rs t i ssu e d i t to l ay on h an d u n til ano th e r oc c as i on

,

o ffe rs to tr its c urre n c y M an y of thi s c l ass w e se e filli n

g
y .

r e pu tab l e s tati ons e n ti re ly u p on t h e i r ac q u i re d ab ili ti e s and

,

t he re sp e c tab il i ty a nd weal th of t h e i r fri e n d s w i th ou t re ,

g ai d to th e i r o wn n atu ral tal e nts B ut th e y will n ot d o for .

Th o mson i an s F or in th at c as e n a tu re m u s t h av e a h an d
.
,

i n the wo rk to gi v e th e m co mmo n s e n s e at l eas t A g ai n .

,

i t i s as k ed why d o n ot the re sp ec tab l e an d we al thy h av e

,

t h ei r s on s s tu dy our p rac ti c e if a p e rso n c an ac q ui re a ,

K no wl edg e of i t so s oo n and the p rac ti ti on e r b ec om es so

,

succ e ss fu l in res tori ng the s i c k to h eal th ? T o whi c h I

r ep ly did y o u e ver see the son of a r i c h and r esp ec tab l e
,
 G ENE RA L IN TRO D U C TI ON . 11

p erso n ,
b u t w h at w as d e s ig n e d b y hi s p are n ts to b e mad e

a g re at an d pop u l ar m an ?
T h os e p e op l e w ho h a v e b e co me w eal th y fro m i ndigen t
c i rc u m stan c e s , wou ld h av e u s b el ie ve t hat t h ey were n e v e r
p oo r, c ons eq ue n tly w o u l d n ot d e me an th e i r sons b y edu
c ati n g t h e m for b otani c p hy s i c i an s Th e y are d es ti ned for
.

t he la w, p hys i c , or di v i n i ty . Do y ou thin k su c h g e n tl e m en
wo u ld s u ffe r t h e i r so ns to ad op t a p rofe ss i on th at i s so u n
popu l ar ? I m p os si b l e l S o y o u see w e are o b lige d to tak e
su c h as we c an o b tain, i ns te ad o f su c h as we wou ld h av e .
U n d er all th es e c i rc u m s tan c e s , w ho c an l oo k u po n the
p rosp e ri ty of the Th o m so n i an p rac ti c e of m edi c i n e at the
p re s e n t d ay w i t h ou t ad mi rati on — sp re ad as it has from
M e xi c o to C an ad a, an d from the se a s h ore b ac k to the P a
c ifi c , al s o i n Eu rop e an d S ou th A m eri c a, origi n ati n g w i t h

t he ill i te rate N e w H am ps hi re fa rme r, l e ss th an fi fty y e ars

-

s i nc e .

T he m i nd t h at c an c on c e i v e , and pu t i n to e x e cu ti o n so
gig anti c a s c h e m e , and h av e p e rs e ve ranc e su ffi c i e nt to b ufl
fe t the torre nt of o pp os i ti on , w h i c h h as b e e n array ed ag ai n s t
S am u e l T hom s o n , e v i n c e s th at tru e n ob ili ty o f c har ac te r

w hi c h w as e v e r N ap ol e on s c ri ter i on w hil e s e l e c ti n g his

’

m il i tary fam ily . S

M ars hal ou l t was tak e n from the ran k s
o n ac c o u nt of hi s m er i t ; and w ho d oe s n ot k n ow hi s m il i

tary s u cc ess and re pu tati on ? S aid N ap ol e on , “ b ehold m

y
r ig ht a r m ,
”
S
h av i ng re fe ren c e to ou l t as a m ili tary man .
L ord Wal p ol e b e li e ve d t rue n ob ili ty of c harac te r co mes b y
we al th an d fav or from the c ro wn . Wi t h su c h s en ti me n ts
,

an d O p i n i on s , he saw, w i t h j e al ou s y , t he l au re l s th at w ere

fal li n g so ab u nd an tl y u po n the b ro w of Doc t F ran kli n the

.

A m e ri c an p ri n ter, whil e in Engl an d . A nd he t h o u gh t on

o ne o cc as i o n at l e as t, he w o u ld g rati fy hi s c ap ri c e at the

Doc t or s e x p en se and m ortifi c ation, b y e x p os i n g to the mu l

’

titu d e t he l ow c as t or g rad e from w hi c h t he Do c to r origi n

ate d . S o w h en the g re ate s t n u mb er of l ord s and n ob l e
m en we r e p ayi ng t h e i r re sp ec tfu l atte nti on to the Do c tor ,
w h il e e x p l ai n i ng hi s sc i e n tifi c th eori e s : s ay s the nob l e
l ord Doc t Fran kli n I u nd ers tand y ou were b rou gh t U p i n
.

a soap a n d t a ll ow Ch a n d l e r s a c tor y o w hi c h the Doc tor

’
f t
sm il e d , bo we d re sp e c tf u lly , and re p li e d , I w as sir, an d I
t hi n k i f y o u had b ee n , y o u w o u ld h av e b een t h e re n ow .
S o we se e, ‘the rac e i s n ot al way s to the s w i ft, nor y et
t he b attl e to the s trong , b u t to t h os e who h old ou t to t he
e nd of the r ac e ,
’
i n d o i n g g oo d to th ei r fell ow b ei n gs , re
12 G ENE RA L IN TRO D U C TI O N .

gardless of the p e rs e cu ti on and o pp os i ti on whi c h t eh y may

h ave to e ncou n te r for the s ak e of tru th .

J O HN T HO M S ON .

N O T E.— T o a ssist ssi f this w k p

us in t he p im l
r ogr e d on o or ,
u on an a an

ve g t b l li f w h
e a e e, s l t d H ipp t s G l B
e av e c on u e B h ocra e , a e n, acon, oer aav e,

S yl i s C ll
v u , B wu H
e n, t G l dsmith D wi Th m W t
ro n, u n er , o ,
ar n, o son , a er

h s Bl
ou e , M it h ll H
ane , y R bi s
c e I g ll s E t T ll y B t
, e arse ,
o n on , n a , a on, u ,
ar on,

R sh
u ,
d an i s th th s ; f
v ar ou o th th er au
y d p ti
or th or e eor an r ac c e or e

d p t ti
a a a f im l
on o d g t bl
an a b t an t t i l if
ve e a it l ity
e su s anc es o sus a n e, or v a

in an im l m tt a SA E TH
a er , M U L OM S ON J T . . .
 THETHO M S O N IAN THEO RY .
What is M an ? ”

I n p ub li s hi n g a ne w edi t i on of the T h o mson i an S ys tem

o f P rac ti c e w e s h al l add m an y i m p rov e me n ts and n e w r e medi es .

We h ave al so t h ou gh t th at a p hil osop h i c al th e o ry wou ld b e ac

c e p tab l e to all who m igh t wi s h to ad op t o u r pr ac ti ce We
-
.

h av e acc o rdi n gl y pu t o ur v i e ws b e fo re our r ead ers and l eave ,

the su bj ec t fo r the m to a cc e p t or r ej e c t as c i rcu ms tanc e s may
di ctate .

I n t he fi rs t p l a c e w hy i s h e re a ne w s y s te m of medi c i n e
,
s p ri n gi ng i nto e xi s te n c e so O ppo s i te to the p ri n c i p l e s of the lon
g
e s tab l i s h e d an d p opu l ar s y s te m s of the p re s e nt a e ?
g I an s wer ,
t h at it was b y the fail u re of thi s l o n g e s tab l i s h e d p rac ti c e to re
s to re th os e to h e al t h w h o m we are acc u sto me d to c h eri s h abo v e
a l l o th e r e arthl y o bj e c ts ; t h at the m i n d was l ed i nto t he wid e
re gi o n o f p h il osop h y u n g u id ed b y an h u m n t h eory e x c e p t
, y a

r e as on and c om m on s e n se M y fat h er s fam ily h ad b e en m u c h

.
’

s u bj ec t to s i c k n e ss and he w as an xi o u s to h av e the b e s t me di
,

c al atte nd an c e ih hi s v i c i n i ty ; an d he ac tu al ly i nd uc ed the b es t
p hy s i c i an re s idi n g w i th i n s e ve ral m i le s to r e m ov e and l oc ate
,

h i mse l f u po n hi s farm A nd w hil e a res id e n t u po n the farm

.
,

a nd w i t hi n the sp ac e of a fe w y e rs fi v e di ffe re n t me mb e rs of
a ,

h i s fam ily had b ee n p ro n ou n e d b y the d oc tor as i n cu rab l e

c

and wh e n the pati e n t h ad be e n t h u s ab an d on ed m y fath e r was ,

s ti m u l ate d to try w h at he c ou l d d o to m i tig ate or all e v i ate the

s u ffe ri n g s of the p at i e nt an d h a pp ily s u c c e d e d in re s to ri ng e v ery
,

i ndi v id u al to h e al th H e then t h ou g h t if t hi s l ong es tab li s h ed

.

sy s te m of m e d i c i ne fail ed to re s tore the di ffe re n t m e mb ers of hi s

,

fam ily to h eal th an d he m u s t th e n co m men ce an d d o for th em

,

w h at w as e x p e c te d of t h os e wh o h av e the c re di t of sup eri or

s kill w as n ot hi s tre atm e n t the b e s t ?
,
F rom th at ti me forward ,
whi c h i s n ow n ear fi fty ye ars he has n e v er e mp l o y e d a
,

r e g u l ar p hys i c i an T he ne igh b ors w ho w e re c al l ed to g eth er

.
,

as i s u s u al in cou n tr y n e igh bo rh o od s in t i me of s i c k n e ss and

,
m o re e sp e c i ally w h e n t he s i c k we re S u ppos e d d angerou s were
, ,

l ed to n oti c e the l e as t c h an g e th at too k p l ac e w i th the p ati ent ;

an d obs e rv i n g the h app y e ff ec ts of my fat h e r s n u rs i n g u pon
’

t he me mb e rs of his o w n family b e c ame t he fi rs t me ss e ngers to

,

h er al d the T h o mson i an s y s te m of p r ac ti c e to the wo rld In .

 TH E TH O M S ONIAN
the cou rs e of ti me m an y of the rel ati ons or fri end s of th os e
,

n e igh b ors we re s tri c k e n d ow n b y the h an d of di seas e and the

p hy s i c i an s b ei ng e m p l oy e d as u s ual as the b est j ud g es of the ,

app rop ri ate re m edi e s for the s i c k as i n the c as e of hi s ,

family in m an y i ns tan c e s g av e ov e r the p ati e n t as i n c u rab l e

, ,
.

T he h u man m i n d n o w b e i ng u p o n t he r ac k for a re medy th at

w ou ld i n t he l e as t m i tig ate t he p ai n s of t he su ff ere r it w ou l d ,

fl as h u p o n the m i nd w hy not s e nd for S am u e l Th omson and ,

h ave h im nu rs e the p ati ent in h i s p ec u li ar way as he d o e s ,

t h os e of h i s ow n famil y Thi s c ou rs e w as u s u all y ad op te d . ,

and S am u e l Th om s o n n e v e r l os t a p ati en t to the k n o wl e dg e O f

t he wri te r in hi s own n e igh b or h o od
,
.

Th u s m y fathe r s p l an of n u rs i n g was ad op te d b y his n e ar

’

n eigh b ors and fro m th e m it was p r omu lg ated fro m h ou s e to

,

h ous e from to wn to town and from s tate to s tate u n til n ow it

, , ,

i s k n o wn and e x te ns i v e l y p rac ti c e d in e v e ry s tate i n t he U n i on .

I t was b y the p hil os op hi c al e x p eri m e n ts u p on th os e w ho we re

ab and one d as i n cu rab l e a n d t he h app y re su l ts a tte n d an t u p on ,

t he s ame t h at fi rs t re m i n d e d h im o f the l an g u ag e o f the po e t

,

wh o s aid “ the p r op e r s tu d y of m a n kin d i s m a n

,
”
.

H av i n g b ee n t hu s s uc c ess fu l in n u rs i ng he w as le d to i nq u i re , _

u pon w h at p ri n c i p l e s the an i mal fun c ti on s w e re b rou gh t i nto

a c ti on ; and b y w h at ag e n c y t h e y c e as e d to ac t T he p rac .
e

t i c al O p erati on of h is m e di c i n e s w as n a rro wly i n v e s tig ate d and

a re as o n for t he sp e c ifi c o p e rat i on of e ac h arti c l e u p on t he s y s

te m re q u i re d
,
H e at l as t s e ttl e d d o wn u p on the p ri n c i p l e
.
,

t h at the h u man s y s te m w as a sp e c i e s of an i m al m ac hi ne su b ,

j c et to the ac ti on of the e l e me nts and w h en di s ord ere d w as to , ,

b e put i n ord e r b y a j u d ic i ou s te m p era me n t o f the s am e el e

me nts b y a co mp ete nt re p ai re r w h os e d u ty i t i s to k no w p a r ti c ,

u l a r ly the p ri n c i p l e s b y w hi c h th e m ac hi n e i s d e ran g e d ; an d
b y u nd ers tan di n g the d e fi c i e n c y may k no w ho w to re s to re the ,

abs e nt p ow e r in al l c as e s w h ere t he p r i n c i p l e o f li fe is n ot so ,

far g o ne as not to l e av e su ffi c i e n t to b u i ld u p on or the m ac h i n e ,

is so far d e c ay e d as to b e b e y on d res torati on .

F or e x am p l e ; t h e fce tus i s for me d b y n atu re w i th all t h os e

"

The b est d escr i ti on p '

o f the C O N C E T ON P I P G RO RES S I ON and FI N A L CON S U M M A

I
T ON o f A I A
N M L OR GA I A IN Z T ON the a nd V I A I Y whi h
,

T L T c c on sti t utes the ER. P

FE GT M A N can b e b ett er p
c om r ehend ed b y
,
da ip i f es c r t on o a hen ’s eg g , with the
I
H S TOR G Y f
o
,
the RO W T H A I A OF TH E D I FF F I
EREN T U N CT ON S OF TH E N M L
WI W I
TH I A I T hi i
H CH I T I s f G d i hi wi d m h p
N H B T ED . s s as ar as o n s s o as er

mitt d I I I I V m by
e N QU A dm S T i Et p h V I
an , O C CU L R e onst ra t o n , o en etr a te t e E L .

I mm di l y d h s h ll l i s h
e ate mmun m mb er t s k i whi h
e e e t e co on e ran e or n, c
dh i g l s l y x p ,

li s i
ne h i s id
t on t e i n y h e, a b der n c o e to t ev er w er e . e ce t at the r oa

end wh l i l i y i l f h i fi l l d wi h i w hi h i s s h
er e a tt e c av t s e t, t at s e t a r, c ncr e a e as t e
im l g w s l g U d hi s m m b
,
an a ro ar i d tw whi
er . h gh
n er t e r an e ar e c on t a n e o tes , t ou
ly
»

s mi g
ee n b to h w pp d
us to i m mb
e on fi won e ; e ac ra e up n a e r an e o ts o n , o n e
w hi wi h i
te h h t T h y diff
n f m h h i sp ifi g i y I
t e ot er . e er ro e ac ot er n ec c rav t n
d li k w i s w i h i
.

h m id s
t e f ll i h y lk w p
t o a s t ew m mb o A,
ra t r ou n e e t ts o n e r a ne . t
 M A TE RIA M ED I C A . 15

l ittl e i n tri c ac i es O f m ac hi n e ry that are d e s ig ne d fo r u s e fu l ness ,

i n l i fe v iz : the o rg ans of r esp i rati o n d ig esti o n t he n e r v ou s

, , ,

a n d a rte ri a l s y s te ms doc B u t i n its p re s e n t s tate the m o t h er s ’

. ,
,

b re at h food and b e v e rag e an d o th e r s u p p ort i s t hat O f the c hild

, , , .

I ts b irth c han g e s t he sc e n e ; t he c hild t h e n ac ts for i ts e l f ; it

c han ges a te m pe ratu re o f ab o u t 98 d eg re es o f F a h re n h e i t for ,

o ne o f fro m 6 5 to 8 0 d e g re e s T he m o me n t t h i s l o w te m p e ra .

t u re st ri k e s th e s u rfac e t he ou t w ar d w a rm t h i s c h e c k e d or re ,

c ac h d f t hi s
en Ow l ig m ts ll d h t w hi h whit d s
are t o a en ca e c a az ce , c ar e e en e
s bs t s m d f m t h m m b s d s i g t k p th whit d t h
,

u an c e , a e ro e e r a ne an er v n o ee e e an e

y lk i t h i p l ll d h l z f m th i s m b l t h il ,

o n s Th y
e r ac e e ar e c a e c a a ae ro e r re e anc e o a
i m l fi s t b g i s t s h w s ig s f
. .

Th i t i l
e c ca r cu ai t h p t wh th s e ar e re e an a r e n o e n O
l f i t s m bl s t h s m ll p l yi g
i e re e e a ve c s id f th y lk d with
or a e a, n o n o ne e o e o an

n it m mb s e s T h t m m b s d l ig m ts p s t h fl ids i
ra n e e ou e r e r a ne an a en re e rv e e u n
p p l s t h w h it s s d t h y lk with i t
.

th i p e r ro er ac e i s hm t ; e e er v e as n o ur en an e o s
s ft tim b m s p t f th hi k s b dy T his is th
,
m mb e ra ne a er a e, ec o e a ar o e c c en
’
o e
s w s t ll th s h w l g h w s m ll
.

d s ip ti
e cr f th h on O gg d e en s e
’
,
an an er o a o er , o ar e or o a
s o ev e r .

P i sl y t p tti g th gg s t th h M lpighi d H l l fi s t x m
r e v ou o u n e e o e en , a an a er r e a
i d t his i t i l
ne w hi h t h y
c c a r c u a, s id t h m s t imp t ct p t f th e c on e r as e o or an ar O e
e gg T hi s w hi h s m ll th p t m li c o p t m it w f d
e ca e an c a sa e ns or un c u c ee as ou n
t d b y th m l t b l g b t i th s sm ll
.
, ,
i th s t h t w
n o e im p g a e re re na e e a e o e ar e, u n o er a
Up s p it w f d t b k i d f b g
.

mi ti w ith t h m i
‘
on e xa na on e cr o c o e as ou n o e a n O a c on
t i i g
a n n t sp t l i q
a ra n i h m id s t f w h i h t h
are n mb y w
u or , s n t e o c e e r o as
,
ee n .
Th mb y
e e s m bl d
r m p s it i
o re e f l ittl t h e d s w h i h th w m th f
a co o on o e rea c e ar
f t i b ti s t d d t l g
, o
u ure ncu a on en e o e n ar e.
U p p l i g th g g i p p w m th ft i h s th it l p k b
on ac n e e n a ro er ar a er s x our e v a

g i s t d i l t l i k t h p p il f t h hi k i d is ti tl y
, s ec e
T h h d f th
“

n o a e y e e u O e e e. e ea o e c c en s
w it h t h b k b s m thi g s m b l i g t d p l fl ti g i it m
nc
see n , e ac on e o e n re e n a a o e oa n
b l t fl id b t y t s m i g t ss m s f im l l if
-
n s a
en u u as f th f
e eeti n o a u e n on e o e un c on o an
A b t i h s m t h l ittl im l i s m dis ti tl y ; th h d b
, a e.
ou s x ou r or e e e an a s een or e nc e
p l i l y i s ib l f th b k b s il y
ea e
co m s m e or e d th a n t b v m m
e , an e v er e r ae o e ac eco e or e ea
p i b l A l l t h s s i g s f p p ti f l i f
e rc e v a e. e e i s di i h s
n o re ar a on or e ar e n c rea e n s x
ibs b g i t t k t h i p l
our
m or e; d t th
an d f tw t y f
a th e en o s th
en our , e r e n o a e e r
k b gi s t l gth nd th h d t t t
ac e e
-

,
ne c e n o en s id
en , a e ea o ur n o on e e.
,

A t thi s t im th fl ids i t h e,gg s m t h e hu g d pl s th y l k

n e e ee o av e c an e ac e
f th s h ll
e o
whi h w c b f i th as t e ore pp h s
n th b
e c e n re O d d e e a r oa c e n e ar e r e en
p t s i k s t th sm ll
, r oa .

T h w t y p t f t h whi t i d im i i s h d t h g ss
e a er ar o e e s n e e ro er ar n
d t h l i ttl im l pp
, o e a
en d; an e s t tu t w d s th p t f t h b o d d
e an a a e ar o rn o ar e ar o e
b d s ib d d with it y lk s m s t dh t
r a en
i w hi h i ty h
'

n c a c av as een e cr e ,
an s o ee o a er e o
th m m be e th r an e ere .

A t th d f f ty h
e en s th g t w k f l if s m s f i l y b g
o or o ur d e r ea or o e ee a r
im l p l i l y pp s t m ; th b k b thi k s ; t h fi s t di
, e u n , an
th e an a a n a e ar o ov e e ac one c en e
pp ; th h t b ts d th b l d b gi s l
r ru
m ts f t h
en o y s b gi t e e e e n o a e ar e e ar ea an e oo
l t T h p ts h w
e n a
r ea dy t i o c rc u a e . y t fl id ; b t b y d g s
e ar o e v er , as e ar e
,

u u
d f t w d y s th l iq
, , e ree
i s
,
b m m
ec o e d m t
or e an A t th or e e n ac ou i e en O o a
hi k
.
, e u or n
w hi h t h c s wim s s m s t i
e c c en s ; th h d pp s with tw lit ee o nc r e a e e ea a e ar
tl b l dd s i p l
, o
e a er f y s ; th h n t b ts i t h m
ac e o e f e m b e ea r ea n e an n e r o e v er
th bl l t t h g h th l gs I b t f t y e
y r o
Wh er e d d s e t i oo oe no c rc u a e r ou e un n a
s ft thi s th hi k i g w m s tr g ; th i s d t i s
. ou our e e n
h ou r a er e c c en s ro n or e on e ve n
b g i t b h i d t f m th b i s ; d th sp i l m w i s
, an ar er e
e n o ranc n or er o or e ra n an e na
t t hi g l kb d y s t h w h l b dy f t h hi k
, arr o s ee n
s re c g th b
n a on I th e ac o ne . n re e a e o e o
pp s b t ; th h d with it tw y b ll s with th i diff t h m s
o e c c en
a e ar en e ea s o e e a e r e re n
w di st i tl y pp si l s
-

, u or ,
no nc ; d fi th a ear s w hi h s
an it t ve o er v e c e ar e e en , c
f m th d im ts f th b i T h tl i s l s f th thig hs d wi g s
oo n u n e o
or e ru en O e ra n . e ou ne a o O e an n
b gi t b s
e n o d t h b d y b g i s t g th
e e e n , an fl s h A t th d f th f th
e o e n o a er e e en
, ,

s i l s th t g t f m th b i pp h h th th wi g
. O e ou r
d y th
a e ve c e a o o or e ra n a roac e ac o er e n s
pp m s l id ; th Wh l b dy i j ll y lik e
,
an d thig hs a e ar or e d with o e o e o s c ov er e a e
 TH E TH O M S ON IAN
d uc ed , h av i n g the s ame e ffe c t as the i mme rs i on i n w ate r O f the
s ame te m p e rat u re T he atmosp h e ri c p re ssu re b e i ng n ear 1 6 l bs
.

we igh t to the s q u are i nc h , p re sse s i n u p o n the l u n g s , or org ans

O f re sp i rati o n , an d t h e y are at o n c e i nfl ate d . T he te m p e ratu re
b e i n g so m u c h g re ate r u p on t he l u n g s , (say t h an u p o n t he
su rfac e (fro m 65 to t h at the i n ward w armt h i mm e di ate l y
r ari fi e s the arr t o n e arly t he te mp e rat u re o f the b l oo d b y w hi c h
i t b e c o me s so ligh t an d e x p and ed th at the e x te rnal p re ssu re
wil l not ad mi t O f i ts c o nti n u i ng l o n ger u po n the l u ng s ; and,
fl es h ; t h h t t h t w h i th t p s d i w
e e ar a d p w i thi t h b d y
as e r o ex o e ,
s no c ov e r e u n e o ,
by a v ery t hi t sp t m m b n r an
; d t t h s m t im
ar e n th m b ili l
e r ane an a e a e e, e u ca

ve ss l s th t it th im l t th y lk w pp t m f th f m
e a un e e an a o e o no a e ar o co e or ro
A ft t h fi fth d s ix th d y s th ss l s f th b i b g i t
, ,

th e a bd m o en . er e an a e ve e o e ra n e n o
b e c ov er e d ; t h wi g s ov e r d t h t hi g h s l g the ; t h b ll y
n an lsd p e en en e e rs c o e u

d ; th l i s wi thi it y d is ti tl y t y t g w d b t
,

an dt urne e ve r i s ee n n v er nc no e ro n re u

d s k y w hi t ; b th t h t i l s f th
, , ,

O f a u e h o t d is d if t h y
e v en r c e O e e ar ar e c ern e as e

ti g dis t i tl y ; t h w h l b d y f th im l i
,
w ere tw s p t h
o ts b
e ara e ear ea n nc e o e o o e an a s
c ov e r e d d th t
ov er , an s f th i p i t f th s e l dy t b s
,
r ac e O e i nc en ea er ar e a r e a o e ee n.
Th s e th d y th
ev e n h d pp a s y l g ; th b i e ea ti l y
a e ar d v er ar e e ra n i s en re c ov er e

ov er ; t h b ill b g i s te pp b twi t th y s d th w i g s th thig h

e n o a ear e x e e e an e n e s,
d th l g s h q i d th i p f t fig
, ,
an e e a ve ac H i th t
u re h w th
e r i e r ec u re . e r o, o ev er , e an

s if it h d tw b di s ; th y lk i j i d t it b y th m b il i l
,
m l pp
a a e ar as a o o e e o s o ne o e u ca
ve ss l th t m s f m th b ll y ; d i f i s h d w ith it ss l s th gh
e a co e ro e e an s u rn e s ve e r ou

w hi h t h b l d i l t s t h g h th s t f t h b d y f t h hi k m l ,

c e oo c r c u a e , as rou e re o e o O e c c e n, a t.

i g
n b lk g t th th t f th im l i ts l f B t t w d s th d f i
a u r ea er an a O e an a e u o ar e en o n»
b ti th m b il i l ss l s h t s th y lk d with i t th i t s ti s
.

cu a on , e u ca ve e or e n e o an e n e ne ar e
hi k f t h m s l s f t h b ll y
,

t h s t p i t th b d y f th
ru u n o b y th
e oti o e c c en e ac on O e u c e o e e ,
an d t h tw b d i se th s f m d i t
o o e D i g thi s s t t
ar e u ll t hor g e n o on e . ur n a e a e or an s

are f d t p f m t h i s ti s ; t h b i l i f d t b s p t d
ou n o e r or e r e cr e i on e e s ou n o e e ar a e as n
im l s b t i t i t sp t d wi th t b it t ss ; th hi k
,

g w ro n an a u s ra n ar e n , an ou er n e e c c en

th en a l s pp s t h l g s O t h t th t h m s l s f th w i g s p
o a e ar o av e un n e en e u c e o e n a »

l th t h h t w h i h
.
,
p e ar , an d t h f th s b g i t p s h e ea t O th
er e n o u ou n e e e v en e ea r c
t i s wh i h b l
.
,

h it h t h d pp
er o d di id d b g i s t
a a e ar e it t h v e g t it e n o un e, e a r er e c e on o

j i i t i t l i k th fi g s i t th p l m f t h h d A ll t h s pp
, ,
o n n o e e n er n o e a o e an e e a e ar a nc es

s th fl id s th ss l s h d hi th t s t d
.
,

co m m e i t i w b
or e n o v e e c au e e u e ve e a er o e cre e

sp t ; b t th l f th fl id s d p th i p ti
, ,
w er e m t or e r an ar e n u as e c o or o e u ee en, e r O e1 a on s
an d i l ti s m dis ti tl y s
c rc u a on ar e A s t h im l t h s b y t h l
or e nc th ee n . e an a u e e ev en

m p l t l y f m d b g i s t g th
,
d y a co e e ors t g th it b m s m
e e n s y in o a er re n ec o e or e u n e a
d x ts i t im l p w s w i th
, , ,

t s it
i s ti ua on an e er si g f s an a o er i nc r ea n or ce
s m tim b f it i b l t b k th s h ll w hi h it i im p is d
,
F or o e e e or e s a e o r ea e e In c s r one ,

it i h s d t ear hi p i i g
o c fi i t q
rru ti ty f i f
r ec e v n thi p p a su c en ua n o a r or s ur ose,
f m th t i ty w hi h l i s b tw th m m b d t h s h ll
,

ro a c av c e d w hi h
e e en e e ra n e a n e e an c

s is t th x t l p ss A t l g th
,

m st u t i i t
c on a n a r o re p t h 2otb
e e erna re ure. en u on e
d l t l s d im l b k s t h ,
d y i s m b i ds s
a n o e ri th s th oon er, an a er n o er e e nc o e an a re a e
s e
,

h ll w ithi w hi h i t h n b fi d w i th i t b k ; d b y p t d }
c as ee n c on ne
,

s ea an re ea e 6
f ts t l s t p
,
or ,
a s it l g m t
a r ocure s e n ar e en .

F m thi s his t y w p i t h t th s p ts whi h m s t d ive

ro or e e rc e v e a o e ar c are o c on uc
t l if
o e, th fi s t t h t b g ; t h h d d t h b k b w hi h
ar e e r a ar e e un e ea an e ac on e , c no
d bt
ou l s th b i d th sp i l m w th g h b th t l im p id t
en c o e e ra n an e na arro ou o ar e oo o
th fi s t th t
,
b di s
e dce r n e ar es t is t ; t h b t i g f th h t i s
e r a ar e ee n o ex e ea n o e ear
ft ; th l ss b l p ts s m t sp i g f m t h s th w i g s th
,

s se en oon a er e e no e ar ee o r n ro e e, e n e
d l s tl y t h b ill s m bl
,
t hig h s th f t e e e , an Th a b tw th b g i i g e e re e an c e e e en e e nn n

y s t ik i g
.
,

an im l ath gg 1n d th mb y i th w m b i
e e ,
an e e A ggr o n e o ,
s v er r n . n e
m y b a s id d
e c on w m b d t h d f m t h b dy f t h p
e re as a o t , im l e ac e ro e o o e ar e n an a

i w hi h th
n c mb y b t j st b gi i g t b f m d
e e r o rs It m y b
u u
g d d e nn n o e or e a e re a ar e

k i d f i m p l t d l i y T h s im il it d b tw th g d the
.

as a n O nc o e e e v er e u e e een e eg an
ss t ( d with g t p b b il ity)
.

e m b y m th w m b h
r o i d ed m
e yt
o as n uc an o a er an rea ro a
th t lla a im l s an p d d f m gg s
a ar e r o uc e ro e .
 T H E TH O M S O N IAN
it p ro no u n c e d it v e ry g ood t h e re fo re he d o es n ot d e s ig n
“
,
”
, ,

t h at w e s ho u l d ta k e a way a ny p ar t m ore t h an t h at we s h ou l d ,

add to i t ; s i n c e w e c an d o t he o n e i n a p hi los op h i c a l p oi nt of

v i e w as well as the o the r

,
.

T h e p hy s i c i an as t he re p ai rer h as o nly to re m ov e the c l o g s ,

and o bs t ru c ti o ns t h at re ta rd t he m oti o n of t he w h ol e w i t h o u t

r e mo v i ng a n y p art o f the m ac hi n e ry F o r if y o u tak e aw ay .

an y p or ti o n o f t he c om p li c ate d w o r k s i t i s n e v e r as p e rfe c t af ,

te r w a rd s ; a n d y o u o b st ru c t t o a c e rtai n d e g ree t he w h o l e w o rk
‘

t he s am e as i n any a rtifi c i al m ac hi n e for i n stan c e a c l oc k or ,

S te a m e n
-

g i ne .

'
T h e e rild i f h e al thy c omm e n c e s and c on ti n u e s to g ro w ;
,

hi s a1 ms l egs b ody and fac e are p l u m p and fu ll ; y o u se e n o

, D , ,

i ndi c ati o ns of old ag e s uc h as w ri nkl e s or l oss o f fl esh : he

, ,

co m e s u p to y ou th to m an h o o d o r t he me ridi a n of li fe w hi c h
, , ,

i s from 2 5 to 3 5 y ears o f age t he m e m b e rs of h is b ody m ay

n ow b e said to h av e a c q u i re d t h e i r fu l l v ig o r ; an d i t m ay b e
t ru l y said o f the m an as of fru i t h e rs r i pe
,
H e t u rn s t he p o i nt
,
.

o r m e 1 id i an of l ife fro m t he z e n i t h a n d b e gi n s t o o to d ec a y
g ,
.

Y o u w ill h e ar h im re m a rk I c an n o t d o q u i te as m u c h as I
,

co uld o n c e m y food d oe s n o t app e ar to afford m e th at su b stan

t i al s u pp o rt as fo rm e rl y ; m y re s t i s d e fi c i e n t ; m y n e r v e s h av e .

b e c o m e t re m u l o u s ; w ri n kl e s a re fast g ath e ri ng in my fac e and

h and s ; m y l i m bs f l l away and w hy is all t hi s d ec ay T he
a ,
”

m an d oe s n ot k no w : h e s ay s I am g rowi ng old b u t t h at “
,

d oe s not ans we r t he qu esti o n T he fac t 1 s t he fi rs t p art th at .

,

gi v e s away i s t he o1 g ans o f d ig e s ti on b y w hi c h the w h o l e fab

, ,

r ic i s s u pp orte d T h e se o rg ans h av e fi rs t b e c o me b l u nted and

.
,

a re n o t c ap ab l e o f e xt ra c ti n t he s am e q u an ti t y o f n ou ri sh m e n t
g
fro m a g i v e n q u an t i ty o f foo d as b e fore the m an had attai n e d
the m e ridi an o f l i fe or b e fo re t he fr u i t b ec ame ri p e
,
.

We ll u nd er t his state of thing s s ome thi n g mu s t b e d one to

,

k ee p u p v i tal e ne rgy It s h ou ld b e re m e m b e re d th at whi l e

.

t he m an w as c o m i ng to m atu r i ty he w as l ay in g u p i n s tore
s tre ng th o f b lood siz e o f m u sc l e and b on e an d a good sto re o f
, ,

flesh th e fu e l of li fe
— I f hi s app e ti te and dig e s ti o n s h o u ld fai l
.
,

t he m an w o u ld n ot d ie u n til hi s fl e s h i s e xh au s te d a n d he b e ,

co me s l i te rally a w re c k of s ki n an d b o ne s F o r in p ro p or ti on .

a s t h e o rg an s o f dig e sti o n fail t he app e ti te i l os t and t he tas te

,
s

v i ti ate d and g one N at u re n o w c al l s u p o n the s toc k o r s u pp l y

.

of fl e s h and b l ood al re ad y in s tore w h ic h was ac c u mrrlated

, ,

i n e arly l i fe to s u pp or t the bo dy in its d e c li ne th e s ame as a ,

m an w h o 1 s am b itio ns i n y o u th to l ay u p a s uffi c i e n t c o m p e ~
.

te n e y for the i n te re st to su pp ort hi m b u t if the i n tere s t fail s i n ,

g i v i ng him a g ood and s u ffi c i e nt s u pport he m u s t m ak e d rafts

u po n the p ri nc i p al ligh t or h e av y as the c i rc u ms tanc e s of the
,

c ase may requ i re .

 M A TE RIA 111 1311 1 0 11 . 19

It i s p re c i sel y the s am e w i th the hrrrn an s ys te m Y ou wil l .

p erc e i v e an old ge ntl e man far ad v an c e d in l rfe if he has n ot ,

i nj u red hi s c ons ti t ution in hi s y o u n ge r d ays b y tak i ng medi

c i ne o r l os t a ny o f the v ig o rou s p1 ope r ti es of the fi rs t o r p r i mi
,

ti v e s to c k of h i s b l ood b y t aki n g a p ar t of it aw ay o r b y w e a k
enin g t he s a me b y i nj u r i ng t he d rg e stion t h ro u gh w hi c h t he ,

b l ood an d fro m i t t he b ody rec e i v e s its s u pp ort b y an i ma l or ,

v e g e tab l e p oi s ons he w il l 1 11 11 g rad u ally d own A s the d ige st

,
.
z
b

i v e p o we rs fail the d rafts u p on t he s u bs tan c e of t he fl e sh an d

,

b l ood are more urg e n t and h eav y and it i s not u nfre q ue n t th at ,

We see the p ers on at t he ad v an c e d ag e of s e v e n ty e ig hty, n i ne ,

»

ty a n d e v e n o ne h u n d re d y e ars w hil e app are n tl y i n his

, ,

U s u al h e al th d ie s i t ti n g in hi s c h ai r i n t he fi e l d o r i n
, , ,

the m id s t of hi s a v oc at i o n the fue l o f l ife h av i ng b ec o me c om

p l e te ly e xh au s te d o r the l a mp o f l ife b e i ng d rain e d t
,
t he v er y o

bo ttom and t he l igh t b e c o m e e x ti n c t fo r t he wan t of oi l or

,

n at u re h av i ng c om p l e te l y e x ha us te d fro m he r s tore hou se the

m e an s nec ess a ry to s u s tai n l i fe S u c h a c on sti tu ti o n w e c on .

sid e r h as b e n u n d e r t he s u p e r v i si on of a j u di c i o u s e ng in e e r or
e

p hy s i c i an i f y o u p l e ase ; has b e e n b rou g h t to m atu rity b y pro :

e r m a n age me n t ; h as n u rtu re d an d i n v ig orate d a rob u t c on ~

p s

stit u tion a nd b y p r u d e n t m an a g e m e n t h as l aid asid e fo r fu t u re

,

use a s u i tab l e q u a nt i ty o f t he re q u i s i te m ate ri al to s u stain an d

,

p rol o ng li fe after t he p e rs on has p as se d the m eridi an to his l as t:

m om e n t .

Th u s y pou wi l l
erc e i v e the Th o m son i an s b y u nd erstan di n g ,

th e ab o v e theory an d p rac ti c i n g u po n the s am e p ri nc i p le s are ,

tre ati n g the h u man s y s te m p h il osop h i c ally A s ou r the ory was .

o

forme d fro m o u r p rac ti c e an d ou r re m e di e s are i n h armon y ,

wi th li fe as t h e y w il l ass i st n at ure in h e r m ost d e p resse d s i tu

atio ns o r w h e n t h e r e is s u ffi c i e n t l e ft to b u ild u p o n a nd the
-

, ,

re m e di e s w ill n ot p ro v e d e t ri m e n t al i f g i v e n b y the p rac ti ti on e r

w h o s e j u d g m e n t has b ee n m atu re d and reg u l ate d b y a sc al e es
tab lished b y e x te n si v e e x p e ri e n c e and o b se r v ati on b y the b e d
s id e of the s i c k n o ot h e r s tand ard c an so readily b e d e p e n d e d
,

upo n .

H o w app li c ab l e to the T h o mso n i an c au s e are the re mark s of

S ir G ilb er t B la n e w ho afte r fi fty y ears s e r v i c e i n the
,

S T A T E an d in that of his M A J E S T Y S P ERS O N A N D FA M I L Y s ay s : ’

,

I f t he b e n efi ts d e ri v ab l e to m e di c i n e from p hy s iol ogi c al

s c i en c e are so li m i te d from w h at oth er and b e tter s ou rc e
, ,

i s i m p rov e me nt to ari s e 7 T he ans we r i s from a c c w a te ob

.
,
~

ser v a ti on i n o th er word s f rom e n l i h te n e d e m ir i c is m I t

, g p , .

s eem s an abus e of wo rd s to res tri c t the t erm s ci en ce to p hy s i

,

S ir GI L B ERT BL A N E, B a r t ., f ll
e ow of t he Roya lS oc i e t ie s of L o n d o n, E din
b u rg h , a n d G ott ing e n ; m e m b er of th e I m p e i l A cad
r a em y of S cie nce of S t P e‘
te r sb urg h ; and P H Y 1 S ICI A N 0 TH E K I N G .
2
‘
1
0 TH E TH O M S ONIAN
o l o gy and p ath ol o gy and to wi th h o ld it fro m th os e p roc esse s of
,

the un d ers tan di n g b y whi c h f ac ts are asc e rtaine d and ac c u mu

,

l ated and u sefu l i nfe re nc e s d ed uc ed fro m th e m co ns ti tu ti n g

,

O BS ERV A T I O N S h al l we dig ni fy w i th the ti tl e o f sc ren ce the

.
,

absu rd po si ti on s o f P i tc ai rn t he pu e r il e a nd s h all o w hy p ot h e s i s
,

o f B oe rh aa v e and S il v i us an d d e n y it to t h os e s ol id and a
, , p
p li c ab l e tru th s the fru i ts of c h as te obs e rv ati o n and sob er e xperi
,

e nc e asc e rtai n e d b y t h os e me t h o d s o f i n d u c ti on w hi c h i t was

,

the g re at aim o f B aco n to re c o m me n d and hi s g reat gl o ry to ih

,

t rod uc e a s the o n l y p are n t of l e gi ti mate su bs tan ti al and u s e fu l

, ,

k no wl edge ? O n the c on tr a ry the tru th seem s to b e tha t a

, ,

hig her or d er of i n te ll ect, a m or e r a r e a n d hap y g e n i u s, a

p
m or e c orr ect a n d b etter tu tor e d u n d e rsta n d i ng , i S r equ ir e d to
’

e l i c i t p r a ct i c a l t ru ths b y ob se rv a ti on , th a n t o m v e n t the or i es.

B y e m p i ri c i s m, i s v u lg arl y u nd e r s tood t h at k n o wl ed g e of the

v i rtu e s o f di v e rs me di c i n e s , w h i c h h a v e b e e n as c ertai ne d b y e x
rie nc e ; as a pp li c ab l e to t h e i r re sp e c ti v e m al adi e s .
p e
We hav e a l re ady m o re t h an onc e ad v e rte d to that p ro fou n d
w i s d o m di sp l ay e d in the c on s ti tu ti on o f ou r me n tal fac u l ti e s ,
wh e re b y t h e y a re m ad e re spo n s i ve to t he c o n s ti t u ti o n o f e x ter
n al n at ure , i n t he s am e m ann er as ou r s e n s e s , an d t h at thi s 1 8
p
striki ng ly e x e m lifi e d b y th e s u s c e p ti b i li ty o f the h u m an m i n d

to t h os e ass o c i ati on s and h ab i ts w h i c h ari s e o u t of t he re p e ti ti on

of e v e nts d u rab ly c onn e c te d toge th e r b y t he c on s tan c y of the
l aws of nature . U nl e ss t h ese w e re i n d el i b ly i mp ri nted , or re
co rd e d , as it w e re , i n the m i nd d uri ng the e arl y s tag e s o f our
e x i s te n c e , l i fe c o u ld n ot b e m ai n tai ne d ; all t h os e i n s ti n c ts , b y
w h i c h we pu rsu e w h at rs s al utary , and e sc he w w h at rs n o xi ou s
an d d an g e ro u s, b e i n g fou n d e d on t hi s p ri n c i p l e . T he a vo idi n g
p
of fi re and o f p rec i p i c es , the c ol li s i o n of h ard and oi n ted bo di e s ,
may b e q u ote d as e x amp l e s o f t his A nd w h at i s c all ed s aga
.

c i ty , in the ad ul t s tage o f l i fe 1 s a s ort of app roac h to, or i m i t a;

t i o n o f tlr i nt u i ti v e facu l ty b u t, i n s te ad o f b e i ncg the i mme d n
di ate s u g gesti on o f n atu re , i s ac q u i re d b y c ultiv ation , so th at
b y p rac ti c e w e l earn to c onn e c t c aus e and effec t, m e an s and
e n d , o p e r a ti on s w hi c h , in w e ll t u r ne d m i n d s , are p erform e d

w i th p ro mp ti tud e and p re c i s i on , b y i nter p re t i ng fai rly the ap s

e aran c e o f n atu re , an d s tri pp i ng t h e m of t h os e ad v e n ti ti ou s

p
fal l ac i e s, w hi c h m i s l e ad ordi nary m i n d s . I n o rd e r to attai n
t hi s t he re a re re q u i re d a n a pp r op r i a t e n a t u r a l c ap a c i ty , the
ood f or tn n e of n ot ha v ing b e en b es et wi th p r ej u d i ces i n e a r ly

li f e, a n d h a b i tu a l ex e r c ise i n the ob s er v a ti on of n a tu r e, a c an
d i d a n d i n g e n iou s d i sp os i ti on , a n a r d en t l ov e of tr u th, a n
ex a l te d s en s e of d u ty , a l a rg e s tor e of f a c ts i n a c orr ec t a n d

t e n aci ou s m em or y , the p ower of c om b i n i ng , c om p a r i ng , a n d

d i s cri m in a ti n g thes e, b y a n i n tu i tiv e g l a n c e, i n the m om en t
of p a p ly i ng t h e m to the
p r a c ti c a l en d i n v iew . T hi s i s w h at
 M A TE RIA M EDI CA . 21

i s u n d e rs too d b y the term ta ct in Engli s h and F re nc h F rom

,
.

t hi s i t w il l b e s e en ho w v ai n all ac q u i re d k n owl e dg e i s w i th ou t
,

p rac t i c al h ab i ts I t i s e v ide n t t h at as the ac ti on o f li fe mus t

.
, ,

d e pe nd on the c ompou n d o pe rati on and re c i p roc al i nflu en c e of

,

al l th e s e po we rs t h os e w ho p ropos e to fou n d p rac t i c a

,
l m ed i c i n e
o n th e i r k n o w l e dg e of the l aw s of l i fe m u s t e n c o u nte r su c h
,

di ffi c u l ti es in e s ti mati ng and asc e rtai n i n g the res u l t of th e m as ,

m u s t app al t he b old e s t t h eori s t F or as i n an alg e b rai c al p ro b

.
,

l e m if any on e e l e m en t of the c al cu l ati on s h o u ld b e o m i tte d

, ,

or m i s s tated t he re su l t m u s t b e e rro n eo us ; so i f in ta ki n g ou r
,

me asu re s in me di c i ne if d ue we igh t i s not ass ig n e d to e ac h of

t h os e i n flu e nc e s o u r p rac ti c a l i n fe re n c e s m ust b e il l u so r y
,
.

The kn owl e dg e of n a tu r e , i n a ll i ts b r a n ches, i s a n i n d isp en

s a b le r e u i si te i a the c u l ti v a ti on of the m i n d .
q Th e re i s

no t hi n g b e tter k n o wn to th os e , who are c on v ers an t i n m edi c al

p rac ti c e th an th at t he m os t ig n o ran t and s h al l o w, th os e of the
l e as t l e arn i n g , n ay t h os e of n o l e arn i n g at all, are the mos t ad
di c te d to hy po th e ti c al re as on i ng, the m os t i n fe c ted wi th pre
s u m p ti on and s e l f c on c e i t. T he on ly m e an s , t h e re for e of
-

g u ardi ng o urs e l v es from b e i ng m i s l e d b y fal s e th eori e s , or b y

t he nrisa ppl ic ation h s h at are tru e i s to gai n a tho rou gh
of t o e t ,

ac q u ai ntan c e w i t h b oth Wh e n it i s c on sid ered wh at a m ass of

.
,

c re d u li ty and e rror h as ac tu al l y ac c u m u l ate d in m edi c i ne fro m

t he p re s u m p tu o us atte m p t to g rasp at su c h o bj e c ts and to mak e ,

h as ty and d an ge ro us ap p l i c ati on of the m to p rac ti c e ; w h e n we

c as t ou r e y es u po n our s h e l v e s l oad e d w i t h v ol u m es fe w of
, ,

w hi c h c o n tai n an y ge n u i n e p ro fi tab l e k n o wl edg e the g reate r ,

p art of th e m co mp os e d c hi efl y of m atte r e i th er n u g a tory er r o

, ,

n eau s , i n app li c a b le , or m is c hi ev ou s , i n whi ch the d ea r b ou g ht

r a i n i s to b e s ou g ht i n the b ush el o f c h fi
a , ma
y i t n ot b e
g
u es ti on ed , whe th er su ch r esea r che s ha v e n ot ten d ed m or e to
q
RET A RD a n d C O RRUP T , tha n to a d v a n ce a n d i m p r ove p r a cti
c a l m ed i c i n e . The stu d y of n a tu re i s s u r ely the m os t s a lu
t ary of a l l i n tell ectu a l ex er c i ses i n the p r a c t i c a l a r ts , p a r ti e
u l a r ly th a t o m e d i ci n e, i n a sm u ch a s i t c om r i ses the k n ow
f p
l e dg e of the m u tu a l a g en c i es, a b ou t whi ch i t i s c on v ers a n t.
The ha b i tu a l m ed i ta ti on on n a tu r a l c a us es, ten d s to b an ish
sup e rs titi on , a n d t o a b oli sh the f r i vol ou s p r a cti c es r ivete d i n
or d i n a ry m in d s by e a r ly im p r ess i on s a n d i m os i n
p g au thor
i ties , or s a n ctifi ed b y i m m em or i a l u s ag e a n d tr a d i ti on . I t i s
v e ry re m ar k ab l e , th at th eori e s th o u g h wid e l y di ffe re n t d o
o ften wond erfu ll y c o i n c id e in matte rs of p rac ti c e wi th eac h
o th er and w i th we l l e s tab l i s h e d e m p i ri c al us age s , e a ch b end i ng
a n d c onf orm i ng i n or d er t o d o hom ag e to tr u th a n d exp e~
”
r i cu c e .

S u c h are the n atur al q u alifi c ati ons , s ay s the l e arne d Doc t.

B l an e, to c onstrtute a j u di c i ous, and su cc ess fu l rac ti ti on e r ofp
 22 T H E TH O M S ONIAN
m edi c i n e . I f Doc t. B had b e e n i n sp i re d to h av e gi ve n a d e
S
sc ri p ti o n of am u e l Th omso n h i s e arl y im pressions, e d u c ati o n ,
n atu ral ab ili ti e s , tu rn o f m i n d , p ro m p ti t u d e and d e c i s i on of
c h arac ter, hi s ab il ity to treas u re u p use fu l k n o wl edg e in m edi c i n e,
and ac c u m u l ate fac ts , th e p o we r o f c o m p ari n g , c o m b i n i n g and

di s c ri mi nati ng at a gl anc e , at t he m o m e n t, in the ti me of distress,

h e c o u ld not h av e e nte re d m ore c o m p l e te ly i n to e v e ry m i n u ti ae
a nd h a v e gi v e n a m o re p e rfec t p i c tu re . We are led to e x c l ai m
wi t h the p oe t see thy s elf r fle cte d her e
“ ”
I f s u c h i s the op i n i o n
e .

o f a g ia n t i n m ed ici n e, 1 11 rel ati on to em p i r i ci sm or Thom

" ”
,

s on is m i f y ou p l e as e , w hy s h ou ld T h om s on re g ar d the t h o u
s and s of p ig mi e s in i n te ll ec t w hi c h are fl oodi ng the co u n try lrke
t he l o c u s t 0 1 Eg y p t, or l ik e an o v e rg ro w n i n cub u s se ttl e d u po n
t he p e a c e , p r osp er i ty and ha p i n e ss o f t he c o mm un i ty , an d
p
a re d esc ri b e d b y D oc t B l an e as foll o w s : “ Th e re i s n ot hi n g
.

b e tter k n o wn to th os e who are c on v ers an t in m edi c al p rac ti c e,

t h an t h at the nrost ig noran t an d s h all o w, t h os e o f the l eas t
.

l e arn i ng , nay , t h os e of n o l earni ng at all, are the m os t addi c te d

to hy p ot h e ti c a l re as on i n g , the m os t i n fe c t e d w i t h p r e s u m p ti on
a nd s e l f c o n c e i t
-
. Who w il l p re su m e t h at the D oc to r had no
c o rre c t k n o w l edge o f these fac ts afte r fif ty y e a rs of e x p e ri e n ce
G
i n the arm y , n av y an d roy a l fam il y of re at B ri tai n
T he p re s u m p ti v e e v id en c e i s th en t h at the Th o mso n i ans
h av e the righ t trac k Th e refore , as i n n au ti c al p h rase , afte r
.

h av i ng ru n b y d e ad rec k on i ng , g u id e d o n ly b y p hi l osop hy and

r eason , fo r n e ar fi fty y e ars , we a re h a pp y to fi nd o n c o mp ari n g
n ote s w i th so e x p e ri e n c e d a s e aman , t hat o u r c al c u l ati o n s ag re e.
T he l ati tud e , l on gi tud e , b e ari n g , and di s tan c e s o f the b re ak e rs
and q u i c k s an d s , p l ac e u s b o th u p o n the s a me an d s afe g rou n d .

Th u s i t i s tr u ly c h e e ri ng to the w e ar y m ari ner, who, afte r

h av i ng b ee n b ea t a b ou t b y s torm s and temp ests u p o n the tr a ck
l ess oc ean w i th ou t a g u idi ng s tar fro m h e av e n , afte r the toil s ,
d ange rs an d d oub ts th at b arrass his m i n d h av e p assed , to fi nd
o n t he fi rs t gl i m ps e o f l ig ht fro m the fi rm ame nt, th at his c alc u

l ations a re c o rre c t, and w ill c om p are w i th the m o s t e x p e ri e nc e d

s eam en H e c an p u rs ue h i s u su al c o u rs e w i th ren e we d c on fi
.

d e nc e th at u l ti mate ly b e wil l b e cro wn ed wi th su cc ess at the

s c onc l usion o f t he vo y ag e . J. T.
 M E TE RIA M EDI C A . 23

O N V i TA L l T Y OR A N I M A T I ON .

s
S ou l of u r rou ndi ng w or d
"
ls
s q k l s
“ ithou t w ho e u ic e nin g g a nc e , t hi c um r ou
l
b s ear th

l l f l ss ss
Wou d b e a i e e m a , i n er t and d e ad ,
b
A n d n ot , as n ow, t h e g r ee n a od e of i e . lf
T he s u bj e c t o f an i mati on i s n o t mere l y c u ri ou s , b u t l e ad s
t o u s e fu l ne ss . I t has a rre s te d the atte n ti on of p hil os o p h e r s in
a l m os t e v e r y ag e o f t he w orld . S
o me o f the an c i e nts re as one d
t h u s on it : M at te r of i tse l f c an n o t m o v e , y e t it i s e v id e n t all
t hi ng s c h an ge , an d t h at n othi n g i s l os t ; the su m total of m at
ter in the U n i v e rs e re m ai n s p e rfe c tly the s am e an d as i t w as

I
t he wor k o f O M N P O T EN C E to c re ate s o m e t hi n g ou t o f n othi n g ,
t he s a me O m n i po te n c e i s re q u i re d to re d u c e an y t hi n g b ac k to
n o thi ng . I t i s app are n t t hat t he re i s an u n i v e rs al c han g e , or
m u tati o n o f all t hi ng s i n to al l, th e n m us t the re b e s om e O N E
r i m r m a t t er c om m on to all th i ng s ou t o f w hi c h th e y we re
p a y
m ad e — Th e y we n t s till furth e r, an d e nq u i re d i n to the m ov i ng
r i n c ip l e , the efi c i en t c a u se , t h at i s to s ay , t h at c a u s e , w hi c h
p
as s oc i ate s , t he e l e m e n ts of n atu ra l subs tan c e s , a nd w hi c h e m
p l oy s th e m w h e n ass o c i ated , ac c o rdi n g to t he i r v ari o u s and
p e c u li ar c harac te rs T hi s m ov rng p ri nc i p l e t h e y c all e d the
.

A n i m a M a n i, d t h e S ou l of th W l
e
’or d .

G
T H AL ES , one o f the s e v e n w i s e m e n o f re e c e , m ai ntai ned ,
t h at Wa te r was the s ub tl e p rin c i p l e t h at m o v e d al l t hi n g s . H e
c o n c l u d e d t h at m atte r was c h i efl y d eal t ou t in m oi s t ure ; th at

t he s ee d s o f p lan ts so l ong as th e y are in a g row i ng state , are

m oi s t ; and t h at a v e ge tab l e wil l g row to a co n s id erab le s iz e
fro m w ater al on e ; t h at the e arth i s refre s h ed , re c r u i ted , and
mad e fru i tfu l b y water —t h at the air i ts e l f i s b u t an e x p ans i on ,
o r e x p irat i o n of w ater. H e re mi nd s u s of the i m me n s e q u an ti
t i e s in t he s u b te rr an eou s re ig n s , w h e n c e fou n tai ns , an d ri v ers,
l i k e so many v e i ns in t he b ody, con v e y wate r o v e r the su r
fac e , an d t h rou gh the b o we l s of ou r gl ob e , to v i v i fy and sus tai n
th e w h ol e .
I
H ERA C L T U S mai n tai ne d a v ery d iffe ren t d oc tri ne. H e
t au gh t t h at fi r e was the v i v i fyi n g p ri n c i p l e of all t hi ng s .He
all o w e d t he tru t h of Th a le s d oc tri n e , b u t o bs e rv e d t h at
’
fi r e had
s uc h a n u n i ve rs al s way i n n at u re , t h at w ate r i ts e l f was n ot w i th,

ou t a m ix t u re of it ; for t h at wate r g ro w s h ard and c on g e al s

i nto ic e when fi re l eav e s it, and i s on l y res to red to its flu idi ty
b y e n te ri n g it ag ai n . H e re mark ed th at the w h ol e m ass of we
t e rs in the sea, was ac tu al ly an oce an of fi re , s ee i n g t h ere we re
n ot two di s ti nc t d rops of wate r w hi c h d o not owe th e i r flu idi ty .

Th e sun.
24 TH E TH O M S ON IAN
to so me po rti on of fi re e nc l os e d wi thi n th e m S o d ee p ly roo t .

e d w as t he d oc tr i ne t h at fi re w as the fi rs t or an i m ati n g p ri n c i p l e
,
t hat t he re w ere a nd s til l are w h o l e n ati ons w ho wors hi p i t as
, ,

a d e i ty *
.

A NA M E N E S co ntradi c ted bo th th e se p hil os op h e rs and con

XI
te nd e d th at A ir w as the v i v i fyi ng p r i n c i p l e a nd fi rs t m o v e r of
al l t hi ng s H e obs er v e d th at al t h ou g h t he w ate r o f T/za l es ‘
.

cou ld n ot su bs i s t w i th ou t t he fi re of I I er a cli tu s y e t fi re i ts e l f ,

c o u ld no t e xi s t wi t h out A i r w hi c h was t he v e r y sp i ri t o f fl am e
, ,

an d t he b reat h o f l i fe t h at n o s ee d o f v e g e tab l es e g g s of an i ,

m al s b e the y e v e r so ri p e or p re g n ant an d c h e ri s he d w i t h e v e r
, , ,

s o ki ndl y a warm t h w il l e v e r b ri ng fort h the e m b r y os c o n tai n

,

e d ih th e m if t h e y b e total ly d e p ri v e d o f ai r
, We s h all see .

h ere after the n e c e ss i ty of atte ndi n g to th e s e po we rfu l agen ts ,

fi r e an d a i r i n th e re su sc i tati on of t h os e a pp are n tly d e ad b y

,

s usp e n s i o n s u b m e rs i o n o r fros t
, ,
.

L e t u s n ow e x am i n e t he subj e c t of an i mati o n wi th t he ligh t

aflord e d u s b y m ore m o d e rn P hil osop h e rs .

F ro m t h e m we l e arn th at m atte r i s i ne r t ; th at an y one par ~

t ic le of m atte r l e ft to i ts e l f w il l c o n ti n ue al way s i n th e s ame

s tate w i th re gard to its m oti on or re s t Th e re are h o we v e r
,
.
, ,

c e rtai n p o we rs w hi c h two p arti c l es of m atte r h ave o f ac ti ng on

,

o n e an oth e r as in g rav i tati o n and c oh e s i on

,
We l e arn al s o.

t h at t h e re i s an attrac ti o n of cry sta lliz a ti on b y w hi c h bo di e s ,

w h e n flu id b ec o m e in ti m e s olid an d ass u m e a p arti cu l ar fig u re ;

,

t h at t h ere i s an a ttrac ti on of m ag n et ism b y w hi c h a p i e c e of

,

i ron i n c e rtai n c i rcu ms tan c e s attrac ts an o th e r p i e c e of i ron

,

t h at th ere i s an attrac ti on of e le c tr i c i ty b y w hi c h a su bs t an c e
,

c h arg e d w i t h m o re e l e c tri c m atte r fl i e s to an o th e r c h arg e d wi t h

l e ss T h e re i s m o re ove r chem i ca l a ttr a ction b y whi c h two

.
, ,

p arti c l e s of di ffe re n t bo di e s rus h toge th e r and form one I f we

,
.

add t h at m os t o f th e s e h av e t h e i r opp os i te re pu l s i o ns w e c an ,

say t h at th e y are al l the k n o w n p rop e rti e s of m e re m at te r ; and

t h ere i s n o thi n g in th e m t h at c an m e ri t the n ame o f v i t a li ty .

B u t th e re i s in a g ro wi n g v e g e tab l e a po we r b ey ond all t hi s ,

v iz : a p o we r w hi c h rs t m ov es a nd th e n con d u cts t h at l ate n t

fi ,

p roc e ss b y w hi c h a s ee d b ec ome s a pl ant .

N o w e ve r y b ody c ap ab l e of g ro wi ng has a c e rtai n i n te rn al

, ,

P lsp s bl s
T hat v ener a e ec t of hi o o h e r , th e S toi c s, tau g ht that th e r e was one
fi l l s l s
i n nit e , e te r n a , a m i g hty m in d , w hi c h, diff u e d t hr ou g h the w h o e u niv er e
l l l sp s
o f w e l ord er e d an d r e g u ar y d i s p
o e d m at ter , ac t ua t e e v er y ar t of i t, and

s l s p s sb
i s a s it w e r e t he ou o f t h i v ast b ody . T h e art of t hi o dy t h e y say , ar e

s s pl s fi s s
of tw o ort , v i z th e C el esti a l , as t he a ne t an d xe d tar an d t he T er ms
l ls l
.

s b
tr i a l , a s th e e ar th, a nd a l l t he othe r e e m e nt a ou t i t . T he c e e tia c on tinu e
l s bl
with ou t c h a n g e , or v a r ia t ion l l
B u t the w ho e u un ar y w or d , i s n ot on y l ia .
ss l s l ss l
.

f b
b l e t o d i o ut ion, b u t o te n hat h ee n, a nd ha l ag a in b e di o v e d b y fi r e ;
p l s ss l s
a n d that t he rec i roc a d e a t h , di s s s pp
o u tion an d d ig e tion , w hi c h u or t b y
s
tur n al l the u s bs s
ta nce whic h w e se e , ar e t he e ff ec t of fi r e .s
26 TH E T H O M S ON IAN
d ep ar ti n g the bo dy c e as es to l iv e and the me mb ers so on p ass
, ,
i n to pu tre fac ti on and d e c ay ”
.

F ro m an atte nti v e obs e r v ati on of an i mate d n atu re w e di s

, ,

cov er th at l i fe i s c au s ed and co n ti n u e d b y s o me thi ng w hi c h

,

ac ts fro m wi t h ou t a nd t hi s s o m e thi n g i s as far as w e c an di s

,

cov er hea t ac ti ng on the s eed or e g g I say he a t ac c o rdi ng

, , .
,
to t he co m mon a cc e p tati on of the term : b u t to sp e ak m ore p hi
losophic al ly it i s tha t su b tl e el ectr i c f l u id whi ch fi lls th e i m
, ,

m en s e sp a c e o
f the whole u n i ve rs e ,
p er v a d es a ll b od i es , a n d
a ctu a tes ev er
y p a r ti c l e f
o m a tter . H ea t i s o nly on e e ff e c t of
i ts moti on .
I n wh ate v e r m an n e r su s c e p t i b l e or i rri tab l e b ody i s ope
a ,

r ate d u po n b y t hi s e x c i ti n g p o we r a c ertai n q u an ti ty of it o r a , ,

c e r tai n e n e rgy i s ass ig ne d an d b e l on g s to e v e r ndi vid ual sys

, y i
te m u pon t he c o mme n c e me n t of its l i v i n g s tate .

N o w a l i v i n g an i m al has b es id e s the se attri b u te s c o m mon to

,

al l bo di e s as s o l idi ty e x te n s i on a nd g rav i t y a ecu l i a r som e

, , p ,

thi ng w hi c h di s ti ng u i s he s it fro m a d e ad o ne
, for a m u s c u l ar
fi b re will c o ntrac t and t h at n o t b y th e p owe r of g rav i tati on se
, ,

h esion c ry s tall iz ati o n m ag ne ti s m or c h e m i cal attr ac ti o n

, , ,
.

T h at s tate o f a n an i m al fi b re in w h i c h a c on trac ti o n or os , ,

c illation i s p rod u c e d b y t he i n fl u x o r c on tac t o f a s ti mu l u s i s

, ,
c all e d i rr ita bi l ity or s u s c ep ti b i l i ty an d ex ci ta b ili ty
, , .

T h at p ri n c i p l e i n an i m als o n w hi c h s e n s ati on m o ti on and

. , ,

all t he an i m al po w e rs d e p e n d i s c al l e d t he V i s V i t a l is ,
.

B y t he a c ti on o f s ti m u l i o n the s ol id s p arti c u l arly hea t the , ,

v is v i ta l is i s e x c i te d an d p re s e rv e d w h e n di m i n i s he d it m ay
b e i n c re as e d an d whe n s u sp e n d e d i t m a y b e r es tor ed
, .

Wi thi n e v ery one of u s t h e re i s an i n n a te and a c tiv e p ower

, ,

whi c h c e as e s n ot i ts work w h e n s e n s e and a pp e ti te are as l e e p ;

,

w hi c h w i th o u t any c on sc i o u s c o O p e rati on o f the m an h i m s e l f -

c arri e s h im from a s ee d or e mb ry o to h i s d es ti ne d mag n itu d e , .

Thi s i s s tri c tl y sp e ak i n g the A n i m a l (Ec on om y and i s as pe r ,

fe e t i n the b r u tal H otte n tot as in the b rig htest ge n ius of h u m an

,

ki nd .

A l l th i s
d e pe nd s on a p ri n c i p l e w hi c h so me c al l the V is
A c tu osa oth e rs the I m p etu m F a c i e n s
,
Thi s po we r i s i n n a te . .

and i s th at b y w h i c h m an l i v e s it fo rm s him it n o u ri s h e s him , ,

m o v e s hi m an i mate s him ,
B y it he feel s h e d e s i re s re fu s e s
.
, , ,

s l ee ps and wa k e s n e v e rth e l e ss it i s to tally di ffe re nt from the ,

M in d F or,
I n o u r b odi es i s fo u n d s o me th i ng o f q u i te a di ffe re n t nat u re
‘

fro m w h at has be e n m e n ti on e d ; a o we r of thi n ki n g , r efle c t p

i ng , c o m p ari n g , c h o os i n g , an d re p re sen ti ng to i ts e l f p as t, pre
s e n t and to co me . Thi s p owe r in re l at i o n to its s e v e ral o p e ra
t i o ns , i s te r me d c o m p re h e n s i on , u n d e rs tan di n g , re aso n , m i nd ,

S ee p ag e 14 .
 M A TE RIA M EDI C A . 27

wi ll , free d o m or co l l e c t i v e l y b y the s i n gl e wor d S OU L B ut

, ,
.

to re t u rn to t he i n nate p ri n c i p l e o f an i m ati on i n m an .

Ev ery b od y k n o ws th at al th ou g h the c hild i s fo rmed and ,

l i v es and g rows an d m o ve s in t he wom b of its m o t h er it n e ver

, , ,

b re ath e s t he re It re c e i ve s its an i mati n g p ri n c i p l e l tS h e at

.
, ,

m o t i o n and li fe, fro m t he m o th e r b y a n e rv e an d arte r y w hi c h , ,

e nte rs at i ts n a v e l and c on v e y s the b l ood to t he h e ar t of the ih

fan t wi th ou t e v er p ass i ng thr ou h the lu ng s

,
T h e b l oo d in g
.

t hi s c as e g oe s di re c tly o n t h rou gh t he body of the h e ar t b y an ,

o p e n i ng c all e d t he F or a m e n O v a l e an d fro m t h e n c e to the ,

A or t a or g re at arte ry b y w hi c h it i s d ri v e n to e v ery p art of

, ,

i ts b ody ; so t h at the c i rc u l at i on n u tri ti o n and l i fe are k e p t u p , ,

w i th the m othe r as if t h e y were n ot two b odi e s b u t on e

,
It i s .

re m ar k ab l e th at t he fru i t o f v e g e tab l e s i s i n li k e m ann er nou r , ,

ishe d an d s u ppo rte d b y a s l e n d e r s tal k i ss u i n g from the p ar e n t

,

s tock .

Wh e n c h ild i s bo rn it b e c om e s d e p e n d e n t on a n ew p ri n
the
c iple for t he co nt i n u an c e of its e xi s te nc e Wh e n it p ass e s fro m .

t he wate ry h ab i tati o n i n to t he at m osp h e re a n e w d e te rm i n ati on ,

t a k e s p l ac e ; an d i n s tead of t h e u m b il i c a l cor d fro m the m ot h e r ,

t he c o m m on ai r b e c o me s t he m a i n sp r i ng of all its ac ti on s an d -

fu n c ti o n s Wh e n t he c hild o p e n s its m o u t h to c ry in r us h es
.
,

t he ai r a nd e x p and s the l u n g s T he b l ood w h i c h had hi t h e rto

*
.
, ,

p ass e d thr oug h t he h e art no w ta k e s a w id e r c i rc u i t and the , ,

or a m e n ov a le c l os e s fo re v e r T h e l u n g s w h i c h had ti ll t hi s
f .
,

t i me b e e n i n ac t i v e n e w fi rs t b egi n th e i r fu n c t i on s an d th e y
, , ,

c e ase n ot t h e i r m oti on as l on g as l i fe c on ti n u e s .

H e n c e t h e n it app e ars th at ne x t to the e x p an di n g po wer of

h e at Resp i r a t i on or b r ea thi ng i s the p r im um m ob ile i n the
, ,

h u m an m ac hi ne .

A tmosphe ric a ir c ontai n s a c e rtai n v i v if y i ng sp i r i t w hi c h i s ,

n ec ess ary to c o n ti n u e t he l i v e s of an i m al s a nd thi s in a g all o n , ,

o f air i s s aid to b e s u ffi c i e n t for o n e m an d u ri n

, g the sp ac e of a
m i n u te a nd not m u c h l ong er
, A ir th at h as l os t its v i v i fyi n g
.

s pi ri t d e ad e n s fi re e x ti n g u i s h e s fl am e and d e s troy s l i fe
, , , .

I t i s we l l k n o wn th at t h e re i s a se t of v e ss e l s i n the l un g s
w hi c h c o ntai n air an d anothe r w h i c h c on tai n b l ood
, .

T he air in t he l u ng s i s in c ons tan t m o ti on ; for e i th er t h at

w hi c h i s at p re s e nt c ontai n e d in the c e l ls i s p as s i n g th ro u gh ,

t he w i nd p i p e i nto the atm osp h e re

; r a fre s h p arc e l i s p ass i n g
'
-

fro m t he e x te r n al a tmosp h e re th rou gh th e w i nd p i p e i n to th os e

c e ll s T he wh ol e o f t his c o m p ou nd m o ti on I S c al l e d r esp ir a ti on
. .

I f the ai r c on t i n u e at re s t in the l un g s for m an y m i n u te s ; or

i f a m an c on t i n u e to re sp i re the s am e air o r i f he b reath e air
;
t h at has s e rv e d for the i nfl am m a ti o n of fu e l o r pu re fix ab l e
;
ai r or any oth e r v ap o u r e x c e p ti n g r e sp i rab l e air he di e s
, .
, ,

S ee p ag e 14, atm o sp h er i c p s
r es u r e .
28 TH E T H O M S O N IAN
F ro m the o rgans o f re sp i rati on or rath e r fro m wh at may b e
c al l ed the sy stem a sp i r i t u a le p n eu m on ic um all the ac ti on s of ,

the bo dy a nd all the po wer w hi c h it e x e rts are u l ti m atel y d e

,

r i ved .

I t app ears fro m a tr ai n o f e x p e ri me n ts th at the co mm on air ,

c o m mu n i c ate s a v i v i fyi ng s ome th i ng to t he b l ood wh e n d rawn ,

i nto the l u n gs and gi v e s to it a s ti m u l ati n g q u al i ty b y w hi c h

, ,

it i s fi tte d to nd t h at t he c h e m i c al
q u al i ty whic ,
t h rou gh t he l u ng s ,

i s n e ce ss ary rt an d c o n s e q u e nt ,

l y t he h eal t h a re t he l u n g s q u i

e sc ou t t h an the c o n trac t the b l o od s tops all t he , ,

i nte ll e c tu al ope e n sation an d v o l u n tar y m o ti on

are s usp e nd e d an d ,
ai s ig n s o f li fe di s app e ar A ll .

wh i c h are ad mi rab ly e x p l ai n e d b y D r Ed m u n d G ood wi n . .

Wh en t he flu id s i n the lhu man m ac hi ne are th u s at re s t w h at

'
,

d o we s ee l A me i e c arc hse — w e se e the p ers on d e ad B u t

. .

afte r w h at m ann e r Z
’
.

too . Wh at the n i s
th e flu id s a ,
fo r le t there b e b y
w h at m e an s ss i on o r e x c i te m en t ,

of th e n e rv e he fl u id s to m ov e the
l un g s an d h w i t h t he u su al c i re n
l ati on of the b l ood an d o the r fl u id s h e at c o l o u r agil i ty c og i ta
‘

, , , ,

t ion and e v e r y v i tal n atu ral a nd h u m an ac ti o n

, , , .

I f it b e as k ed wha t i s tha t v i v if y i ng s om ethi ng whi ch

, ,

thr oug h t m edi u m of the a tm osp her e, g iv es this osci ll a t iori

’
te

or c on c u s s i on , a n d c on ti n u es l if e 7 .

I an s we r i t is a p orti on of th a t s u b ti l e el ectr i c fl uid , whi ch

e i m m e n s e s a c e of the w hole u n i v er s e, p e r v a d es a ll b o
fi l l s t h p
d i es, a n d a c tu a tes ev e r y p a r ti c l e of m a tter . B y i t the p he n o
m en a of m ag n eti s m , fi r e, a n d li g ht a r e p r od u ce d a n d on i t
th e v a r i ous a n d a ston is hi n g p he n om en a of V EG ET A T O N a n d I
N A ON
A IM T I d ep e n d If it b e as k ed fu rth e r, wh at and w h e re
.

i s the s ou rc e of thi s all po we rfu l ag e nt l I ans we r, the S U N is "

.

the efi ci c n t c a u se of the m ot i on s of this j lu id , a n d the v a r i ou s

h en om e n a of ou r s s tem a r e th e e e c ts o th es e m oti on s
p y j f .

I a m aware th at an al og i c al arg u m e n ts are p rob ab l e , b ut n o t

p
co n c l us i v e ; and th at l au s i b l e i n fe re n c e s f1 om w e l l k now n
fac ts i n b ru te s , h a v e o c c as i on e d m an y e rro rs re sp e c ti ng m an .
Y e t I c an n ot b ut b e li e v e fro m w h at we o bs e rv e i n the re s u sc i ta
T h er e ar e s ev era li s n tanc e s of p pl b
eo e urie d a li v e, ev en i n thi s c ou ntr y .

O h r e ad er ! B u t t ha t I a m or id f b
ll s s
T o t e t h e ec r e t of the r i on ho u e d p s s
l l fl s l
-

I c ou d a, t a e u n o d , w ho e ig ht e t w or d s
l
Wo u d h ar ro w u p thy ou , re e e t hy y ou ng ood ,s l f z bl
k s
M a e t hy t w o e y e , i e tar , tar t r om t he irlk s s s f
her e sp s .

I T h G RA E
e V .
 M A TE RI A M EDI CA. 29

t i o n of s wallows after l yi n g fo u r m ont h s in the bo tto m of a

,

p on d ; of s n ak es froze n s ti ff as a s ti c k ; of fl i e s co r k e d u p i n a
bo ttl e o f M ad e i ra 1 n V i rgi n i a and b ro u gh t to l i fe ag ai n in G reat
, 0

B ri tai n ; I say I c ann ot he l p b e li e v i n g fro m t h e s e an d s i mil ar

,

fac ts th at it i s p oss i b l e to 1 e s tore to li fe a h u m an b e i n g who has

b e e n froz en s o m e d ay s We h a v e we l l au t h e nti c ated acco u n ts
:

o f n ot o n ly b i rd s froz e n to d e at h (as it i s c a ll ed ) b u t o f t he hu

m an spe c re s too w ho we re e v e n for d ay s w i th o u t p u l se b reath

, , ,

i ng or the l e as t n atu ral h eat an d y e t re sus c i tate d

, ,
.

I n t hi s c as e t he app li c ati o n o f h e at s h o u l d b e co n d u c te d s ay s
, ,

Dr G ood wi n on t he s ame p l an w hi c h n at u re p oi n ts ou t for

. , ,

t he h y b e r n a tin g o r tor p id an i m al ; t h at i s to say

,
it sh o u ld b e
a pp l i e d g rad u al ly an d u n i form l y I t m ay b e r ai s ed to 9 8 de .

g ree s o f F a re n h e i t b u t n ot ab o v e 1 0 0 T o b l o w on e s own
’
.
,

breath i nto the l u ng s o f anot h er i s a n abs u rd an d pe rn i c i o u s ,

p rac ti c e .

T he c o ns id erat i on of t he fac ts j us t r e l ated h av e l ed so me to ,

c on c e p ti on s o f the S ou l w h i c h h ave pu zzl e d t h e m and c re ate d

, ,

d oub ts rath e r u n fav o urab l e to the o p i ni on s e n te rtai ned b y the

m aj o ri ty o f C h ri sti an s What i s the c on di ti o n say th e y o f th e
.
, ,

s o u l all thi s ti m e —I n an i m al b odi e s th e re are on ly two g ener

”
.

al c o ndi ti o n s l i e and d ea th ; an d i f b y d e a th w e u n d e rs tan d

f ,

t he p ri v a ti o n of l ife t he re c an b e n o i n ter m e di ate s tate b e twee n

,

t h e m s ay s Dr G oo d wi n ; for n o h u m an a rt c an c om m u n i c ate
,

li fe to d e a d m atte r D r Why tte t hi n k s it i s n o t on l y p rob ab l e

. .
,

b u t e v e n d e m on s trab l e t h at t he s ou l d oe s n ot i mm ed iate l y leav e

,

the bo d y u p on a tota l s te pp ag e of t he h e art s m o ti o n a nd 0 1 the

’
,

c i rc u l at i o n o f the b l o od t h at i s u p on what w e u su all y c all

, ,

d ea th b u t th at it co n ti n u e s for s o me ti m e at l e as t p re s e n t w i t h
,

i t and re ady to ac tu ate it

, H e t hi n k s w i t h G as se ndi Dr H
.
,
. .

M o re S ir I s aac N e w ton D r S C l ar k e and s ome o th e r of the

, , . .
,

g reate s t p hil os op h e rs of the l as t and p res e nt age th at the sou l ,

i s e x te nd ed .

T he app are ntl y d e ad c arc as e t h e re fore w hi c h has l ai n th ree , ,

o r fou r h ou rs u nd er w ate r i s as m u c h al i ve as a sou nd h e n s ,

’

e
gg ; t h e y w ou ld b o t h p u t rify a n d di ss o l v e i f l e t a l o n e ; b u t a
p
p ly a d ue and u n i form d eg ree of he a t to e i th e r and y ou c h an g e ,

t he se e m i ng ly d ead bo dy i n to a l i v e an d ac ti v e an i m al .

T he u ni on of s ou l w i th bo dy i s the m os t abs tru s e c onte mp l a ,

t i o n t hat c an e x e rc i s e the m i n d of m an H ow I S it th at one .

p ai nfu l id e a al ter the c ou i se of the b l ood ! Who c an e x p l ai n

ho w t he b l ood i n re tu rn c ar ri e s i ts i rre g u l ar i ti e s to the m i n d !
Wh at inc om p1 e he nsib le m ec h an i s m has subj e c ted the o rg ans to
, ,

s enti m e nt and t h ou g h t Wh at s ay s V o l tai re i s th at u n k nown

.
, ,

fl u i d w, hi c i s q u i c k e r and mo re ac ti v e th at ligh t and fl i e s in

h~
,

S t h w iti g s f Rd i
ee e r n d Why tt o T h Fl
e S ib i
an Al s P ye. e ora er ca . o e et
K na tom .
30 TH E TH O M S ON I AN
the t w i n kli n g of an e ye th rou gh all the c h ann e l s o f li fe ; pro
,

d uces m e mory s o rrow o r j oy re as o n o r fre nzy rec al l s w i th hor

, , ,

ror wh at o ne w o uld w i s h to fo rg e t an d m ak e s of a t hi n ki ng b e ,

i ng an o bj e c t o f ad mi rat i on o r a su bj ec t o f p i ty and te ars

, ,

T he i nte ll e c tu al s c h e m e s ay s t he au th o r o f H e rm es w hi c h
, ,

n e ver forg e ts D EI T Y p os tp o ne s e v e ry t hi ng c orp or e a l to the

,

P RI M A RY M E N T A L C A U S E I t i s h e i e it l ook s fm t he origi n of
.

i n te lligi b l e i d eas e v e n o f t h ose w hi c h e xi s t i n h u m an c ap ac i

, ,

t i es .F or th o u g h s e n s i b l e o bj e c ts m ay he t he d e s ti ned m edi u m ,

to a wa k e n the d orman t e n e rg i e s O f m an s u n d e i stan d inw

’
g y e t ,

are t h os e e n e rg i e s t h e m s e l v e s n o m ore c o n tai ne d i n s e n s e than

, ,

the e x p l os i o n o f a c an n o n in t he sp ar k w h ic h g av e i t th e .

Thi s th e n l ik e all o th e 1 s ou n d p h il os op hy l e ad s u s at l ast

, , ,

u p to t he G REA T F I RS T C A U S E the EN S EN T I U M t he S U P REM E , ,

A U T H O R O F ALL w ho i s e v e r to b e ad o red w i t h t he m os t pro

,

fo un d re v e re nc e b y t he re aso nab l e p art of th i s c re ati on .

’
6

B O TA N Y
OR, VE GETA B LE M A TTER A N D G
O R A N IZ A TI O N .

Wh o er e t he m or n of t im e ,
s bl
,
s
O n w i n g o u tstr e t c h ’d , o ’e r Chaos h un g u im e ;
l f b s E GG N I G
Wa rm d i nto i e t he ur t ing
’
of H T,
N L
A n d g av e y ou n g a t ur e to a d m i r in g ig ht .

We s h al l n o w p re s e nt ou r read e rs w i th a c o n c i s e H istory of
B ota ny from t he e arl i est age s u n t il t hi s S c i e n c e c ame fi ni s h e d,

fro m the h and s of o u r g re at m as te r L i n n ae u s .

l s
I t w ou d e e m t ha t t h e ar en t o P
f U n i r ei sa l N a tu r e has or da in ed , t hat t o a
c er tain d e g r e e o f e xq s
ui it e or g an i a tion th e ou z s ls l
h o u d a d h e r e , f or e tw e e n b
z f
or g ani at ion a nd u n c t ion t he r e e i t a c o n n e xi on xss p p
r o or tio ne d a n d i n se p ara

b le . s b l
Whe n t ha t u t i e or g an i at ion i s r u i ne d, t he ou l ie ac a g a i n, i e
z s fl sb k lk
q u e n c h e d fi re , to t h e s
our c e w he n c e i t c a m e . so, t h e n a r e n o t ou rIf od ie b s
ve ss l s s
e , i m m er e d i n t h e v iv i y i ng f sp
i r i t , t he a nim a m u n di I f t he m a t e
ls
r ia , w hic h c om o e t he e v e p s e s ss l s f
b e a rra n g e d a te r a c e r ta in m a nn e r , i e , or lf
t he sp s
ir i t a d h e r e t o u s ss l k
If th e v e e i s c r a c e d , t o a c er ta i n d e g r e e , it c a n ho d l
l lf
.

n o w at e r . b
If t he od y b e to a c e r tai n d e g r e e m arr e d , i t c a n h o d n o i e If
b s lf fif
.

z
t he d er a ng e d org a n i a t ion a n i h i e , f or te e n o r t w e n t y m i nu te , as i n p e r. s
s l
son w ho h av e a in th a t t i m e u n d e r 1 1 a te r ; a n d if , b \ c omm u n ic a ti on of w ar m t h ,
l s
an d a g itation o f t he u n g , a n d of the h e ar t, i e lf s l
h ou d b e r e st o1 e d , w ha t ha s ll
w e say th e n ? w h ere ? a nd i n w ha t tat e w as t he ou , or im m or ta ar t ? We
s s l lp
l
c an o n y sa y , t hat eing b s ll s
ti i m m e r e d i n th e a n im a m u n di , t h e od y i s r e n b
s s p bl
d e re d, b y th e m e a n u e d , c a a e o f im hib i ng a g a i n the n ee d u o rt i on O f t ha t f lp
sp ir it i n whic h
“
w e i v e ,
m ov l
e , a n d h a v e o u r e i n
g
”
b
I sa y i m i in g ag ai n, . bb
b “
f or i n the e g inn ing H e b r ea thed i nto ma n the b r ea th of l if e, a nd t he c ou e
“
s
q u e nc e was , he b ec a me a l iv ing ou ls
”

fi
.

We ar e c on d e nt that t he r e is something 1 11 u s that c an b e w ithou t u s, an d

ll f bf
wi b e a ter u s ; wh at it w as e or e u s w e n ow n ot ; nor c an we te l h ow it k l
enter ed u s.
 M A TE RIA M ED I C A . 31

k l ang u age m e an s a n her b wh e nc e i s de

13 0 17 5111 7; i n t he G re e ,
‘

r i ve d b otany w hi c h at t hi s d ay s ig n ifie s t he sc i en c e re l ati ng to

,

v eg e ta b l e s for w hi c h t he an c i e n ts had no n am e ; as it was not

,

i n t he i r d ay s e re c ted i n to a re g u l a r s c i e n c e .

A l th o ug h b o tan y as a sc i e n c e m ay app e ar to so me a s tu dy
, ,

t oo d u ll fo r an e x a lte d a nd re fi ne d g e n i u s ; y e t i f w e c as t ou r
e y e s b ac k o n t he e arli er ag e s an d t rac e t hi s b ran c h of k no wl
,

e d g e d o w n to o u r o w n t i me s we s h al l fi nd th at i t has b ee n c u l
,
~

tiv a te d b y t h os e o f t he b righ te s t p arts and fos tere d b y m e n of

,

g re at d is ti nc ti on We nee d o nl y m e n ti on him w ho is c alled b y

.

way o f p re e m i ne nc e T h o u gh b orn to a
”
the wi se m a n
“ .

t h ron e a n d d e s ti n e d to r u l e o v e r a p o we rfu l p e o p l e y e t was ,

S O L O M O N so c ap t i v ate d wi th t he c h arms O f bo tan y th at he i s ,

s aid in t he s c ri p tu re s to h av e k no wn p l an ts f r om the c ed a r “

a t sp r i n g e th ou t o h
o
f L e b a n on t o t h e h y s so
p th f t e

a nd w e fi nd in hi s b oo k O f w i sd o m , t h at he n ot o nly “ kn ew
”

t he d i v e r s it ies of p l a n ts , b u t the v ir tu es of thei r r oots

”
.

S O L O M O N fl ou ri s he d ab o u t 1 7 0 y e ars a fte r t he s i ege of T ro y ,

o r i n t h e y ear o f t he w o rld 2 1 2 9 , a n d i s s aid to b e t h e fi rst b o

tani s t o n ou r rec ord s o f m an ki nd B u t o n e x a m i ni ng the old

.

e st b oo k w e h av e , t he B i b l e , we fi nd a n ac c ou n t of a p l an for

e s tab li s hi n g a B ot a n i c a l G a r d e n as e a rl y a 8 9 9 y e ars b e fo re
C h ri s t T he ac c o u nt o f it i s c o n tai ne d in l e ss th an t h ree v er
.

ses i n t he fi rs t b o o k o f K i ng s ; — A n d i t c a m e t o
p a
f
ss , a ter

t h ese thin g s , tha t N A B O T H , th e Jez re eli te , ha d a v i n ey a r d ,

whi ch wa s i n Jez r eel , ha r d by the p a l a c e of A H A B , ki ng of
S am ari a . A n d A H A B sp a/re u n to N A B OT H , s ay i ng , G i ve m e
thy v in ey a r d tha t I m a y ha v e i t f or A G A RD EN O F H ERB S ,
b ec au se i t i s n ea r to m y hou se. A n d N A B O T H s a i d to A H A B ,
G od f or b id ! B u t in o rd e r to forc e i t fro m him , they s et two
B el i a l t o b e a r wi t n e ss a g a i n st hi m , s a y i ng , Thou
s on s o f
d id s t b l a sp hem e G od a n d the k i ng : a n d they s ton ed hi m so
t h a t h e d ie d . B u t di v i ne j us ti c e , w hi c h fo re v er pu rsu e s d is
h on orab l e and b as e d eed s , a v e nge d the c aus e of p e rs ec u te d N a
bo th fo r the d og s in the s tre e ts li c k e d u p the b l oo d of the two
p ri n c i p al co nt ri v e rs o f t hi s p l ot .

W e fi nd n o m e n ti o n o f a b o tan i s t, from the gl o r i ou s OLO S

M O N d own to t he v e n erab l e fat h e r of m e di c i n e , H ipp ocr a tes .
H e g iv e s 11 s t he n am e s a nd v i rt ue s o f t wo h u n d red and th i rty
fo u r p l an ts , b u t n o d esc ri p ti on b y w hi c h w e c an asc er tai n w h at
t h e y we re . C ote m p orary w i t h the fat h e r of physio, l i v ed C r a
t av a s , w ho he c all s the p ri n c e o f b otan i s ts . A co n s id e rab l e
s p ac e atte r him app eare d The op hr astu s w ho wro te te n b ook s
o n p l an ts , o f w hi c h n i n e h av e reac h e d our h an d s . Th e s e meri t
t he hig he s t e nc o m i u m s .

The op hr a s tu s w as a di s c i p l e of A ri s to tl e , and flou ri s h e d in

j
t he t hi r d c e n tu ry : he m ay u s tly b e cons id er ed as the f ather of
 32 TH E TH O M S O NIAN
b otany . H e tr eats of the v e g e tab l e l i fe ; and the an ato my and
c o ns tr uc ti on of p l an ts , an d o f t he i r o rigi n and p rop ag ati o n . H e
di v ides v e ge tab l es i nto s e v e n c l ass es , whi c h di v i s i on i s fou nd e d
on the ge n erati o n of p l an ts , t h e i r p l ac e of g ro w t h , t h ei r s iz e , as
tr e e s an d s h ru bs , t h e i r u se , and th e i r l ac te sc e n c e , w hi c h l as t
c i rcu ms tan c e re sp ec ts e ve r y ki nd o f liq u or, of w h ate v e r c o l o r,
t h at flo ws in g re at abu n d an c e fro m t h e m w h e n c u t Thi s .

gold e n monu me nt of bo tany c anno t b e too s trongly rec omm en d

ed to the cu ri ou s .
T he Ro mans were d e vo te d to V i c tori a a d e i ty so ad o re d b y
t h at rou gh p e op l e t h at t h e y p aid l i ttl e atte nti on to n atu ral h i s
,

to ry P l i n y s ay s t h at th e y we re s tran g e rs to b otany t il l P o m
.

pey c o nq u ere d M i thr i d a te s t he mos t p h il os op hi c ki ng of t he

a e
g . H i s o bs e rv at i o n s o n t he m e di c i n al v i r t u e s o f p l a n ts fa ll

i n g i nto the h and s of P o m p e y we re b y h l s ord ers tran s l ate d , , ,

i nto L ati n D ioscor id es tho u g h b y b i rth a G rec i an l i v e d u n

.
, ,

d er the Roman e m p i re H e was the n e x t b otan ist of n ot e afte r

.

Th eop h ras tu s I t i s highl y p rob ab l e t h at s e v e ral b otan i s ts

.
,

l i ve d b e twee n the ti m e o f Th e o p h ras t us an d D i os c o rid e s a ,

sp ac e of nearly 4 0 0 y ears ; y e t if w e e x c e p t A n ton i u s M u s a ,

Eu phorb ius and [Em ilius M ac er w ho w as a s oldi er p o e t and

, , , ,

bo tan i s t and the fi rs t w ho c l ot h e d b otany in po e try we fi n d n o

, ,

men ti on of any one who p aid atten ti o n to t hi s sc i e n c e Di os .

c orid es me nti on s abou t s ix h u nd re d p l an ts ; fo u r h u nd re d and

t en of wh i c h he d e sc ri b e d tog e th e r w i th t h e i r m edi c i n al v ir
,

t u e s ; ab ou t fi ve h u n d re d o f t h e m a re m e n t i on e d b y t he fat h e r
of b otan y D i os c orid e s arrang e d p l an ts fro m th e i r u se s in
.
,

m edi c i ne and d o mes ti c e c on om y i nto fo u r c l ass e s v iz ar om a t , , .

i cs a l im e n t a ry v eg eta bl es m ed i c in a l an d v i n ou s a v ag u e
, , ,

and fall ac i ou s di s ti nc ti on .

P l in y i n hi s i m me n s e co m p il ati on c all e d the hi s to ry o f the

, ,

wo rld men t i o n s fo u r h u n d red p l ants m ore t h an are to b e fo u n d

,

in D i osco r id e s ; an d y e t he l i v e d b u t ab ou t fo rty y e ars after

him . H e w ho w i s h e s to see all t he n at u ral hi s tory o f t he e u
,

c ie nts at a gl an c e m ay co n s u l t P li n y to ad v antag e
,
.

T he famous G a l en flou ri s h ed ab ou t 1 3 0 y e ars afte r C h ri s t .

H e was for t h at d ay a g re at trav e l e r an d m igh t hav e i nc re as

, , ,

a d the c atal o g u e of p l an ts ; b u t he co n te nte d hi ms e l f i n d e s

c anti ng on t he m e di c i n al v i rtu e s of th os e me nti o n e d b y hi s

p red e cessor .

A fte r the s ix t h c e ntu ry l e arn i ng w as al mos t e n ti re ly ab ol i s h

,

ed b y t he G o th s Whil s t a s warm of n o rt h e rn b arb ari ans we re

.

d es tro yi ng tas te and learn i n g in the wes tern e m p i re the A ra ,

b ians who we r e foll owe rs of the re n ow ned M ah o me t o v e r ran ,

-

the eas te r n B y con q u ering G reec e th e y m onopo liz e d al l the

.
,

wr it i n gs of th at famou s n ati o n D u ri ng 4 0 0 y ears th e re was

.

no atte mpt to d raw fro m its obscu ri ty the bo tan y of the anc i ents .
3 41 TH E TH O M S ON IAN
i n Engl an d T h os e at C h e l s e a and O x ford are the mos t ah
.

c i e nt A b o u t the s ame ti me b otan i c g ard e n s we re for me d i n

.
,

H o l l an d T he g ard e n at L e yd e n i s the m os t c e l e b rated T he

. .

g reat B oerha av e w as p rofess or of bo tan y th ere at the s ame ,

t i me t h at he fill e d Euro p e w i th h i s fa m e as a p ro fe ss or of
i

phyfl c .

P r or i hi s p e riod t wo il l us tri ou s b ro th ers app e a red who

to t ,

a l one h av e d o ne m ore fo r t h e ad v an c e m e n t o f b o tan y t ha n a ll ,

t he res t toge t he r who p re c ed e d a n d fo ll o we d t h e m u nti l T o u rne

, ,

fo rt . Rare g e ni u s e s ! s ay s the c e l e b rate d Ro uss e au w h os e v as t ,

k no wl edg e and so lid l abo rs c ons e c rate d to b otan y 1 e nde1 e d , ,

t h e m w o rthy o f t h at i mmor tali ty w hi c h t h e y h av e ac q u i re d .

F o r t il l t h i s p art o f n at u ral hi s to ry fal l s 1 11 to O b l i v i on t he ,

n ames of John and C asp a r B a uhi n wil l l i v e al on g wi th it in

t he m e mor y of m an ki nd Eac h of t h es e i nd e fatig ab l e m e n
.

”
,

p a r n ob il e
f r a tr u m u n d ertoo k an u n i v rs a l hi s tory of p l an ts
,
e

a nd to ad d to i t a s n on m
y y y o r e x a c t li s t of t he nam e s t h at
,

e v e ry p l an t b o re i n all t he w ri te rs w hi c h p re c e d e d t h e m .

Joh n n e a1 ly co m pl e te d h i s u nd e rtaki ng i n t hre e v ol u m es

f ol i o b u t did not l ive to p u b li s h t he w ho le
,
C a sp a r l a b or e d .

fo rty y e ars b u t t he l i fe o f m an i s too s h o rt fo r the e x e c u ti on o f

,

a p l an so e x te ns i v e Th e i r work s are s till t he g u id e to all

.

t h os e w ho w i s h to c o ns u l t an c i e n t a u t h o rs o n b otan y
,
J oh n .

B au hi n w as bo rn at L y on s i n 1 5 4 1 an d di e d i n 1 624 C asp ar ,
.

was b o rn 1 5 60 and di e d 1 624 ,

'
.

A fte r t hi s p eri o d s c a rc e ly an au th o r w ro te on m e di c i ne b u t
, ,

w ro te m ore or l e ss o n b otan y ; of th e s e w e m u s t n ot o m i t F u ch
s i us w ho i n 1 5 3 0 p u b li s h e d fi v e h u n d re d a n d te n fig u re s O f
,

p l an ts nor Ron d eletia s a p hys i c i an of M o n tp el i e r N or m ay, .

w e fo rg et Tu r n er a l e ar ne d Engli s h p hy s i c i an who p u b li s h ed ,

the fi rs t hi s tor y o f p l an ts in Engli s h wi t h m os t of t he fi g u r e s ,

o f F u c hsi u s H e g av e t he n ame s of the p l an ts in L ati n G r ee k

.
, ,
G erm an an d F re n c h in alphab e tic al o rde r
, ,
.

H y eer on y m u s B on e a G e rman was the fi rs t of the m od e rn s

, ,

w ho h as gi v e n a m e t h o di c al d ist1 ib u tion of v e g e tab l e s In h i s .

h i s tory of p l ants p u b li s h e d 1 5 3 2 he di v id es t he e igh t hu nd re d

s p e c i e s th e re d e sc ri b e d i n to th ree c l ass e s ,
fo u n d e d on t h e i r ,

u al i ti e s h ab i t fig u re a h d s iz e C l i e nde av o1 e d so on afte r
q , , ; u s a s

t o e s tab l i s h t he n at u ral di s ti nc t i o n of Th e op h r as tu s w hi c h w as ,

i nto tree s s h rubs and u nd e r s h r ubs O th ers atte m p ted to c h ar

, ,
.

a c te rize p l an ts b y the r oo ts s te m s an d l e av es b u t all we re fou n d

, ,

i nsu ffi c i e n t .

I f N atural H i s to ry for ms as Lo rd B ac on s ay s the b asis of , ,

a ll the sc ien ces i t i s c e rtai n ly a s tu dy of the fi rs t i m p o rtan c e

,
.

I t i s o f mo re i mp o rtan c e t h an e v e n N atu ral P hil os o p hy wh i c h ,

o n ly aim s to te ac h t h os e q u i e sc e n t form s o f N at u re w hi c h all ,

b o di e s i n di scr i mi n ately poss ess as e x te ns i on fig u r e d ur ab ili ty, , , ,

 M A TE RIA M EDI CA . 35

an d v is i n e r t ia ; w h e re as the n at u ra l h i s to r i an d e sc ri b e s an d
a i m s to e x p l ai n t he g ro wi ng or l i v i n g s ta te of org an iz e d b od i e s ,

as we l l as t h e i r s tru c t u re a fter li fe h as d e p arte d .

I t 13 n ot, as t h e y c o nc e i v e m e re ly , a d ry d e sc 1 iption of t h at
w hi c h s t ri k e s the e ye on l y o f t h e sp e c tato r . T he N at ural H is
tori an i s le d to e x p l ore t he o rigi n , o r pr im ord iu rn o f org an i z e d
bodi e s ; a nd t o trac e t h e i r g rad u al d e v e l op e me n t to a p e rfe c t
p l ant or an i mal , and to e x p ati ate 0 11 t h e i r ac c re ti on or g ro w th u p
t o th e i r d e s ti n e d m ag n i tu d e ; an d from t h e n c e to the i r di s sol u
t i on . T he n aturahst tre ats n ot o nl y o f m a tte r , as a n e le
p
me n tary c on s t i tue nt in c o m pos i te s u bs tan c e s , w h i c h ap e rtai n s
i n c omm on to all b odi e s , b u t he i s c o m p e ll e d to i n v e s tig ate al so
t h at ej i c ie n t c a u s e , o r m ov i n g p r i n c ip l e w hi c h ass oc i ate s th e s e
e l e m e n ts and w hi c h e m p l oy s t h e m w he n ass oc i ate d , ac c o rd
'

in g to t h e i r v ari o u s and p e c u li ar c h a rac ters . Wi thi n t hi s w id e

v i e w o f N atu re , i ts h i s tori an d i s c ov ers , or i magi n e s t h at b e d is
cov ers a d i v i s i on o f t hi ng s , w hi c h he c all s the T H REE K N G I
D O M S O f N a t u r e , n am e l y— t he M i n er a l , the V eg e t a bl e . an d t he
A n im a l . O n e o f t h e m on l y attrac ts ou r atte n ti o n , at t h i s ti m e,
v iz t he V e g e tab l e .
.

We wi s h to gi v e to the te rm B ota n y a w id e r scop e th an i s ge n

e rall y all o we d t o it. We w ou l d d e fi ne B ota n
y o b e th at
t
b r an c h of N at u ral H i s tory w hi c h teac h e s the an atom y, p hy si
o l o gy and e c o n o m y o f v e g e tab l es .
We s h al l gi v e ou r d oc tri ne a d re ss p artaki n g m ore of the
popu l ar, t h an of the s c i e n t ifi c g ar b as m u c h o f t he fo rm e r, as
not to d is g u i s e t hi s b ea u t i fu l h and m aid o f M e di c i n e ; a nd y e t
n ot so di v e s te d o f t he l atte r, as to di sp l e as e t he e ye o f t he m os t
r igid di s c i p l e O f the L innman s c ho ol . We a v ow L I N N JEU S to
b e o u r l aw fu l c hi e f ; a nd his P h i l os op hi a B ota n i c a o u r rally
i ng po i n t and s tan d ard . I n ac k n o w l e dgi n g hi m o u r te ac h e r
a nd l e ad e r i n t he fi e ld of B o tan y , w e w i s h to re fe r the l e arn e d

r e ad er to hi s ad mi rab l e w ri ti ng s for the reaso ns O f th i s ou r at

t ac hm e n t.
W h oe v e r cas ts hi s e ye s 0 11 the s u rfac e o f t h e e arth , in J u n e ,
wil l se e th at it i s c o v e 1 e d an d ad o rn e d w i t h a b e au ti fu l g ree n
c arp e t of v e ge tab l e s w hi c h c arpe t i s spi e ad ane w e v e ry y e ar.
I f afte r v i e w i n g and ad m i r i n g i ts ag re e ab l e e ffe c t, and afte r re
flee ti n g on its ann u al re n ov ati on , t he s tud e n t O f n atu re s h ou l d
t ak e t he p ai n s o f e x am i n i ng a ny i ndi v id u al p l ant, of w hi c h
t hi s c ar p e t i s co m pos e d , he w ill fi nd th a t t he s te m, or tr u n k of
e ac h v e o getab l e i s n ot li k e a l u m p of c l ay , or p i e c e of d o u gh ;
b u t t h at it has an i n te rn al adj u s t m e n t, arran g e m e n t, O r di sp os i
I
t i on o f i ts m atte r i nto t u b e s a nd v e ss e l s , w hi c h s c all e d fo r t h at
r easo n , org a n iz a ti on If b e V i e w t he p l ant t h rou gh a m i c ro
.

scop e , he wil l di sc o v e r in it di ffe re nt o rd ers of v ess e l s , l ik e

t h os e of an an i mal , a nd s h ou ld h e su b mi t it to a c are fu l and
36 T H E TH O M S ONIAN
n i ce an ato m i c al i nv e s ti g ati on he wil l b e c o n v i nc e d th at a p l an t
,

ossese s a v asc u l ar s y s te m I f he c o m p are s it w it h t h os e thi ng s

p .

w h i c h b e lo ng to the o ther t wo ki n gd o ms h e w il l see that a ,

p l a n t o c c u p i e s a m i ddl e s p ac e b e twe e n an i m al s and m i n e ral s .

O n s til l c l o s e r e x ami n ati o n h e wil l fi nd t h at it p artak e s o f t he

n atu re o f b o th I f he p l u c k it u p b y t he roo ts he p e rc e i v e s
.
,

t h at its a pp earan c e i s di re c tly c h ang e d fo r i t l os e s i ts t u rg es

c e n c y c ol o r and sp e c ifi c od o r ; o r in o th e r w o rd s i t fad e s Wil t s
, , ,

and d ie s an d i s fi n al ly d e c om pos ed H e n c e t he i n q u i re r l earn s

“

.
,

t h at a g ro w i n g p l an t i s n ot o n ly a reg u l arl y org an iz ed bo dy ,

p osse ss i n g a v ascu l ar s y s tem b u t i s w h il e attac h ed to the g rou n d

, ,

b y its ro ots a l i v i n g one Th at t hi s v i e w o f a p l an t i s ag re e a

,
.

b le to tru t h m ay b e i n ferre d from c on su l ti n g the b e s t au th o r s

o n B o tan y . t h u s t he il l us tri o u s B oe r/w a v e d e fi n e s a p l an t
to b e a hyd ra u li c b ody co n tai n i n v e ss e l s re p l e te w i th di f
,
g ,

fe re n t j u i c e s b y m eans of w hi c h i t d e ri ve s the matte r of its

,

n utri me n t and g ro w th ; to w hi c h he mi g h t h av e add ed pos ,

s e ss i n g the p o we r o f p ro d u c i n g its ki n d fore v e r b y s e ed .

A l t ho u g h ag ri c u l tu re an d g ard e n i n g are of p ri me i m por

t anc e to c i v iliz e d m an t h e y h a v e c on t i n u e d to b e o n l y ar ts
, ,
co ns i s ti ng o f d e tac h e d fac ts an d v ag u e op i n i ons wi th ou t a , ,

t r u e h i s tor y to c on n e c t t h e m A nd t he fi rs t s te p to w ard s
.

gi v i n g B otan y the s tab ili ty o f a sc i e nc e i s to s u b m i t a p l an t

to an ato m i c al i n v e s tig ati o n as we d o an i m al s , ; t h a t b e i n g ,

s ay s D r A . H u n te r the o nl y rati on al me th o d o f arr i v i ng at

.
,

an y c e rtai n t y c onc e r n i n g t he l aws o f t he v e g e tab l e e c on om y ;

an d w i th o u t i t ag ri c u l tu re t h at u s e fu l i m p ortan t and h on
, , , ,

o u rab le p rofess i on m us t e ve r re mai n a v ag u e and u nc ertai n

,
-

s tu d y
I n teac hi ng B otan y di ffe re n t au t h o rs h av e ad op te d di ffe re n t
,

p l ans S om e b egi n wi t h a d e sc ri p ti o n of t h e l e af ; t h e n of t he
.

s te rn ; n e x t the fl o we r ; afterward s the fru i t s tri c tly so c all ed , ,

and l as tly t he s e e d O th e rs c o mm e n c e w i t h the flo wer t h e n

.
,

t h e y d e sc ri b e t he fru i t and s e e d c onj u n c tl y an d l as tly the roo t , .

We s h al l pu rs u e a di ffe re n t ord e r We s h al l b e gi n wi th d es .

c rib ing a s e e d ; afte r d e m o n s trati n g i ts s tr u c tu re we s h al l ,

s h o w t h at ev ery s ee d c ontai ns u n d er s e v e ral memb rane s the , ,

fut u re p l ant i n m i ni atu re Th e re we m ay see b y t he h e l p of a

.

m i c ros c op e th at the e m b ry o p l an t h as n ot on ly a l i ttl e radi c l e

, , ,

w hi c h is h e reafte r to b e co me t he m e t b u t al so two di m i n u ti v e ,

l eav es w hi c h h e re afte r b e c o me the h e rb We s h al l th e n e n

,
.

d e av o1 to s h o w ho w the e mb ry o p l ant w h e n p l ac e d i n a d ue ,

d eg ree o f m oi s tu re and a j u s t d e g ree of h e at and at su c h a

, ,

p ro p er d e p t h 1 11 the g rou nd as not to e x c l u d e it fro m the v i v i

fyin g i nflu e n c e of the ai r g rad u all y u n fold s i ts e l f ; the r adi c l e
,

e x te ndi ng i ts e l f i n to a r o ot w hi c h attac h e s i ts e l f to the e arth ,

We s h all s h o w how
,

and the l i ttl e l eaf as p i ri n g i n to a s te rn .

 M A TE RIA M ED i C A . 37

the fmtal p l an t su ppo rted b y t h at p art of the s e ed whi c h ah

rs ,

s we rs to the a l b u m e n o r w hi te of an e g g u n til it i s a b l e t o a
, p ,

p ear ab o v e g ro u nd w h en t hi s te m po rary n u tri ti v e p art d rops

,

O ff a nd d e c ay s l e a v i ng t he p l ant in fu tu re
,
to g ro w an d to
, , ,

flo u r i s h b y i mb i b i ng s olid n o u ri s h me n t fro m its moth e r e ar th ,

,

and b y rn spi ring v it a l a i r a nd b y i n h ali n g the c e l e s ti al ligh t

, D
.

De l i gh tfu l as N atu ral H i s tor y re al ly rs t he s t u dy of it i s n ot ,

h e re re c o m me nd e d to am u s e the idl e 0 1 g rati fy the fanc i fu l , .

We A me ri c ans d we ll in an ag ri c u l tu ral c ou ntry and ag ric u l

t ur e i s t he su re and c er tai n s u pp ort of a n at i on I t gi v e s to a .

c o un try t he o n ly r i c h e s t h at it c an c al l i ts o wn T a c i tu s say s .
,
t h at the R
‘
o m ans we re s e v e ra l ti me s re d u c e d n e arl y to fam i n e

b y de pend ig on Egy pt and A fri c a for g r a in ; i ns tead of re l yi n g

o n the p ro l ifi c v ig o r of t h e i r ow n I tali a n s o il : a nd t h u s s ay s

t hi s c e l e b rated h i s tori an w e re the li v e s o f t he Ro m an p e op l e

,

co m mi tte d to the c ap ri c e of the wi nd s an d w av e s I f c om me rc e .

b i n d t he w orld toge th er in a g old e n c h ai n t h at c h ai n i s fre ,

q u e ntl y b rok e n b y the w ars of m e n and b y the w ars of the e le ,

m e nts ; w hil e ag ri c u l tu re gi v e s u s the s taff O f l ife an d the c h i e f '

s u pp o rt o f o u r i n d e p e nd e n c e .

C O M M ERC E i s c onge n i al to all of u s w ho s oj ou rn n ear the

se a ; an d i s i n d ee d t he g ran d sou rc e of w e al th
'

c om fort an d ,

po we r : b ut w i t h r i c h e s c omm erc e too O fte n i m p o rts e ffe m in at

,

ing l u x u ri e s ; w h e re as ag ri c u l t u re i s an athl e ti c t as k k i n d l y ,

i m p osed u p on m an b y a b e ne fi c e n t C REA T O R as the b es t m e ans ,

of p re s e rv i ng his h e al th an d h i s i n n oc e n c e .

N o w the g rou n d w or k o f this s al u ti fe ro us an d h o n orab l e pro

-

fessio n i s the s c i e nc e O f B otan y in the enl arg e d s e n se w hi c h

, ,

we h av e gi ve n to thi s b r an c h of N at u ral H i s tory .

S ome c o m pl ai n th at t he s c i e n c e of B otan y i s i n c u m b ered ,

and o v e rl o ad e d w i th tec h n i c al te r m s O u r g re at m aste r L I N

.

N E U S w rote in L ati n S o meti m es he gi v e s g e ne ri c n ame s c om

.

p ou nd ed o f t wo e n ti re L ati n word s ; b ut he u s e s c o mm on ly ,

s uc h c o m p ou n d word s in the G re e k l an g u age as are m o re e x ,

p ress i ve as we l l as m o re b e au ti fu l B e gi n ne rs are some ti me s

.

d au nte d b y t hi s terrifi c s tyl e Th e y are apt to c on c l u d e t h at

.

goo d s e n se has n ot fai r p l ay w h e n th u s o pp re ssed b y h ard

wo rd s . T he y d o not p e rh aps k now t h at L I N N ZEU S has simp l i
fi ed t he b otan i c a l l ang u ag e o f hi s p re de c e ss ors B efo re his d ay .
,
w e had I I y d r op hy lloc a rp od en d r on , an d S tachy a rp og oyrhora .
T o c on v e y b otan i c a l d e s c ri p ti on s i n a p l ai n , s i m p l e , y e t in te lli
gi b l o l ang uag e to t he m e re l y Engli sh re ad e r i s a di ffi c u l ty s til l
to b e e nc ou n te red . T h ere i s an ot h e r d i ffi cu l ty of a m ore d e l i
c ate n ature . T he s ea u a l s ys te m of B otan y rs fo und e d on a
d i s c o v e ry t h at t h ere i s i n v e g etab l e s as i n an i m al s , a di s ti nc ti on
of s e x e s . B ut t h e re a re t h os e w ho t hi n k that L i nn ae u s has
d rawn the an al ogy too c l os e and con ti n u ed it too l on g . T he
38 TH E T H O M S ON IAN .

an a l o gy b e twee n the s tru c tu r e and fu nc ti on s of the high er c l ass

o f an i m al s a n d v e ge tab l e s i s re m ote b u t the an al ogy b e t wee n ,

t he high e r o rd e r of v e ge tab l e s an d th os e ou ts ki rts of a ni mated

nat u re t he V e r m es an d I n s e c ts
,
i s c l os er than i s co mmon l y
, ,

k n o wn .

S EED A N D F O OD O F P L AN T S .

In d e sc ri b i ng a P l ant we s h al l ad op t a d i ffe re n t o rd er fro m

,

t h at c o mm on l y pu rs u e d b y b o tan i s ts We d ee m it m o re ag re e .

a b l e to t he l aw s o f b o tan i c al p hil o sop hy to b egi n w i th t he de ,

s c ri p ti o n o f a s ee d and to trac e its g rad u al d e v e l o p m e n t i n to

a p e rfe c t p l an t p rod u c i ng s ee d ag ai n t h e n to re v e rs e t hi s p ro
, ,

c e d u re as i s c o mmon l y d o ne b y t re at i ng o f t h e s e e d l as t
, , a
.

A se e d o f a p l an t a nd an e g g of a b i i d are so a nal ag ous in

‘

t h e ir s tr uc tu re and e c on om y t h at we ma y wi th o u t i m p ro p ri e ty
, , ,

u se the s a me te rm fo r e i th e r B y a s ee d t h e n we m e an an o r
.

an ized p a rt i c l e p ro d u c e d b y a p l an t o r a ni m al f rom w hi c h
g , , ,

n e w p l an ts and ne w an i mal s a re g e n e rated

, A ll s e e d s of p l an ts .

a nd al l e g g s o f a n i m al s h a v e e ss e n ti al ly the S ame s tru c t u re and

t he s a m e m
,

od e o f d e v e l o p me n t .

A p e rfe c t o r fe c u nd ate d h e n 8 e g g i s an org aniz e d bo d

’
,
y per ,

v ad e d b y v ess e l s and e nd o we d wi th t h at h u m b l e p orti on o f

,

l i fe or c ap ab ili ty of l i v i n g w hi c h in the s c al e of v i tal i t y we

d e rio te b y t he te rm e x c ita b il ity ; a nd is re ple te w i th a rnov e a
, b , , ,

b le fl u id and i n c l os i n g u nd e r d i v e rs m e m b ran e s the an i mal 1 11

, , ,

m i n i atu re T he e g g s h e l l i s al mos t e n ti re l y fill e d wi th a g lu

.

t iuous su bs tan c e l aid u p fo r t he n o u ri s h me n t of t he foe tal ani

,

m al the o n e i s c a ll e d t he a l b u m en o r w h i te t he o th e r v itel , ,

or y o l k 1 11 t he l atte r is the c rc a l r i c u l a o r p u n c tu m v i tae

.
, ,

w h i c h i s ab o u t the s iz e o f t he s e e d o f the v e tc h o r s ma l l pe a .

and has a c o ns id e rab l e re s e m b l a nc e to t he pu p i l o f t h e e e It

y .

i s in thi s sp o t th at t he fi 1 st pa lpitation o r s ig ns of li fe app ea r , ,

i n c o n s e q u e n c e o f t he app li c ati o n o f h e at .

I f t he e g g b e k e p t 1 11 a c e rtai n d e g re e o f w a rmth w h e th e r b y
: ,

t he n atu ra l h e at of the p are nt ani m al o r b y art as in sto v e s , , ,

it oc c as i on s an i nc re as e d ac ti o n of t h at v is v i l ce o r l i v i ng pow ,
~

e r w hi c h e v e ry o rg a niz e d b ody s u s c e p t i b l e o f s ti m u l u s n atu r

, ,

al ly p oss e ss e s ; and w h i c h b e i n g a m om e ntar d iste nsio n o f th e

y,

s mal l e s t v e ss e l s i s s i m il ar to a b l us h o r rath e r t h at s tate o f

, ,

t h e m w h i c h i m m edi ate ly p re c e d e s t he s ligh t es t i nfl amm ati on

, .

M oti o n th u s b e g u n the v e ss e l s s u rro u nd i ng and pe r v ad in g t he

, ,

u n c tu m v ita} e x p a nd an d t he e m b ry o ap p e ars sp o ntan e ou s l y

p ,

to u n fold i ts e l f u ntil b y s l o w d e g re e s it d e v e l ops l i k e a flo we r

, , ,

an d b e co me s a p e rfe c t a n i mal c ap ab l e o f pro d u c i n g a s i m il ar

,

e g g.

N ow e erv y s e ed of a p l an t i s , i n li k e m an n e r , an o rg an i zed
 M E TE RIA M E DI C A . 39

bo dy end o we d w i th v e ss e l s and c ontai ns un d e r s e v e ral mem

, , ,

b rane s t he p l an t i n m i ni atu re w hi c h s ee d req u i r e s a d u e por

, ,

t i o n o f m oi s t u re and a j u s t d e g re e o f h e at for e x c i t i n g t he d o r
,

man t v eg eta t iv e l i fe w h i c h di s ten di n g g rad u all y the v e ss e l s

, ,

e x p an d s t he s e v e ral m e m b ran e s and d e v e l o ps the p l an t T he ,

.

e m b ry o pla nt l i e s i n a s l e e p i ng s tate t h o u gh al i v e b u t e x erts ,

not i ts li fe u n ti l it i s pu t i n p ro p e r c i rcu m s tan c es w hi c h pro

, ,

r c i rc u ms tan c e s are m oi s tu r e h e a t and so me e x pos ur e to t he

p e , ,

i n fl ue n c e o f th e a ir .

Ev e ry s ee d o f a v e ge tab l e and e v e ry egg of an an i m al hith ,

e rto e x ami n e d a re i n s t ru c tu re e ss e n ti ally t he s am e T o g row .

,

th at i s to n o u ri s h i ts e l f b y c h an gi n g a fore ig n m atte r i n to its

, ,

o wn s u bs tan c e an d to c ont i n u e its ki nd

,
i s the end and aim of ,

e v e ry l i v i n g o rg an iz e d b o dy L e t u s e x ami n e the s e e d of a
.

ve g e tab l e t h at we m ay see ho w far s u c h a bo dy is ad ap ted to

,

e ff ec t th e s e i m p ortant pu rp o s e s T he Wi n d so r b e an or as we .
, ,

c a ll i t in t hi s c ou nt ry t he Eng l ish b e a n fro m its s i z e an d

, ,

s h ap e afford s u s the fai re s t e x am p l e I f w h e n s u c h a b e an i s

,
. .
,

fu l ly ri p e y ou c u t th ro u g h its m e m b ran e s l e n g th w is e in the

, ,

d i re c ti on of t he e ye kil u m or l i ttl e s c ar it w il l n at u rall y s e p a

, , ,

r ate i nto h al v e s S i m p l e mac e rati o n w il l h av e the s am e e ffe c t

.

w i t h o u t c u tti n g Th e s e s moot h and e q u al p arts of the b e an

.

a re c all e d s e e d l ob es b y g ard e n e rs an d c oty l e d on s b y b o tan i sts , .

O f t hos e s e ed s t h at we use fo r food t h e y fo rm the m ore fari n a

, ,

c e o us o r n u tri ti v e p ar t : t h u s i n w h e at r e and I n di an co rn
y . -

, ,

t h e y fo rm the m e al w hil e t he i n v e s ti ng m e m b ran e s fo r m t he

,

b ran .

T he m os t i m po rtan t p art of the s ee d i s t he e m b ry o and

the mos t i m p o rta nt p a rt o f t he e m b ry o i s t he c or ca lu m o r l i ttl e
'

h eart p u n c tu m v i tae or sp e c k of l i fe b ec au se at thi s p oi nt in

, ,

t he l i e n s e gg t he fi rs t pu l s ati o n o f l ife i s di sc o v e re d b u t i n the

’

s ee d of a p l an t t h e re i s no p alp ab l e moti on T he w h ol e s em i .

n al a a r a tu s c on tai n ed w i thi n t he e x te r n al m e mb ran e o f t he

pp
b e an a n d w hi c h c o rre s p ond s wi th the a lb u m en and v i te l l u s
, , ,
in t he b i rd s egg c on sp i re s w h e n ac te d u p on b y h eat to e li c i t
’
, , ,

t he l ate nt sp a rk of v e g e tati v e li fe a n d to n ou ri s h fter w d s

; a ar
t he u n b orn p l an t .

Whe n t he m i ni atu re p l an t i s s ep arated fro m the s eed l ob es ,

w e c an e as ily di sc e rn the l e af w hi c h i s c al l ed t he p l u m u l a or ,

t h at p a rt w hi c h i s h ere afte r to b e c o me t he herb of the b e an

a nd li k e w i s e the r os te llu m o r r a d ic l e w hi c h c ree p i n g d own
, ,

ward s b e c o me s t he roo t T he c oty led on s or l ob e s of t he b ean

.
,
t a k e n c ol l ec t i v e l y wi th o u t an di s c ri mi nat i o n of al bu m e n or
y , ,

v i te l l us app e ar t h rou gh a m i c rosc o p e t o b e of a gl and u l ar s tru e

, ,
t ure an d to h a v e a re g u l ar s y s te m o f v ess e l s re s e mb li n t h e
g ,

p l ac e ntal v e i ns i n q u ad ru p e d s and to r un t oge th er lik e t h e m, ,

i n a fe w tru n k s pre c i s e ly at t h at po i n t of the l ob e whe re the

,

e mb ry o ro ws to the co tyl e d ons

g .
 40 TH E TH O M S ON I AN
B otani s ts d e fi ne c oty l ed on s to b e the l ate ral b i b u l ou s, per .

ish ab le l o b e s o r p l ac e n ta of the s ee d , d e s ti n e d to nou ri s h

t he c or on iu m , an d t h e n to fal l off . N o w, t h e s e l ob e s aff o r d
a n u tri ti v e j
u i c e , re se mb l i n g m il k , for t he s us te n an c e of the

u n bo rn p l ant : b u t w h e n the te n d e r v e g e tab l e i s so far ad ’

v a n c e d as to m eri t the n ame of an i n fan t il e p l an t, t h e s e e v an

,

e sc e n t l ob e s are c o n v erte d i nto a p ai r of t hi c k s e ed le a v es,

w hi c h c o m p os e a s hi e ld of d e fe n c e , u n til the p l an t has fai rl y
an d fi rmly ta k e n root i n the e ar th t he n t h e s e t w o p rote c t~
,
ing l e a v e s d rop off an d d ec ay . A n d n o w the l i ttl e , e re c t p l an t,
j
d e p e n d s , lik e the us t bo rn i nfan t, on a n e w ri nc i p l e for i ts p
f u t u re e x i s te n c e .
F ro m w h at h as b ee n s aid , it i s app are n t, t h at w h e n a
h e n s e gg i s al i v e , it i s fi t to b e eate n , b u t if k il l ed , whe th e r
’

by t oo muc h h e at or b y too g re at c old or b y v i ol e nt c on

, ,

c rrssion or b y b e i ng sat u p o n b y the b i rd

,
and t he n ab an ,

d o u ed i t so on b e co me s rotte 11 S o in l ik e m an ne r a s e ed
, .
,

t h o u gh k e p t s e v era l y ea rs i s n ot a d e ad s u bs tanc e l ik e a
.
,

p e bb l e o r a p e arl b u t is a b ody re g ul arly o rg aniz ed and

, O ,

arr a ng e d h arm o n i o us ly i n to a s y s te m o f v e ss e l s gl an d s and , ,

m e m b rane s and it is m o reo v e r l ik e a p rolifi c e g g al i v e or

, , , ,

at l e as t i n a s t ate o r fi tne ss to b e ac ted u p on b y c e rtai n e x

tern al ag e n ts wh i c h ag e n ts a re F I RE A I R and W A T ER
CD , ,
.

S ome seeds wil l retai n the veg e tati ve li fe a g re at n u mb er

o f y e ars I ndi an c o rn has v ege tated a fte r k e e p ing it u p ward s
.

o f se v e n ty y e a rs We n egl e c te d to men tion t h at th e re was

.

a s m al l q u an ti ty of v i tal ai r i n a s ac k b l ad d e r o r p arti ti o n
, , ,

at the b ig e nd o f e v e ry b i rd s e gg ; an d we p re s u m e t h at
’

t h e re i s a p o rti on o f t he s a me krrrd of fl u id in e v e r y s ee d ;
o r it m ay b e o xyg e n i n a c o nc e ntrate d s tate w hi c h i s afte r ,

w ard s c o m b i n e d w i t h c a l or i c in t he p roc e ss o f inc u b at io n It .

app e ars al s o t h at the m os t i mp or tan t n ay t he e ss e n ti a l p art

, ,

o f t h at o rg a niz e d b ody d e no nrin ated a s e e d i s the e m b ry o ; ,

.

for i t i s t h at p art al on e w h i c h g ro ws i n to a n e w p l ant b e ,

gi n n i n g ag ai n a ne w p rog e n y l t l ik e wi s e app ears t hat all

. ,

t he o t h e r p arts o f t he s e e d a re s u bs e r v i e n t to this a n d t h at
,

t h e y are e m p l o y e d c h i efly i n c o n v e r ti ng t he far i n a or me aly ,

s u b stan c e o f t he s e e d i nto a l ac tes c e n t fl uid w hi c h i s c on ,

v e e d b y t he l ac ti fe rou s v e ss e l s to the e mb ry o fo r its n o u r

y
i sh me n t w hi c h l i k e t he i n fantil e an i m al i s su pp li e d wi t h
, ,

m il k u n ti l it c an s tan d al on e m t he g rou nd
,
.

A l th ou g h n at u re has e s tab li s h e d a m ark e d u ni form i ty 1 11 the

i ntern al s t ruc tu re of s ee d s she n e v er th el ess di sp l ay s an as
,

t onish ing v ari e t y in t h e i r e x ter n al app e aran c e N e i th e r math .

e m atic iau n or p ai n te r c an e v e r c on v e y ad e q u ate i de as of th e i r

di ffe re n t s h ap e s and v ari e g ate d c ol ors S om e s hi ne lik e s il
.

v e r and s o m e l ik e g o ld w hil s t o t h e rs app e ar l ik e li ttl e b all s

,

of fire I t rs r e mark ab l e th at s ee d s are s e ld o m of the s ame co l or

,

.
11 2 TH E T H O M S ON I AN
s h ou ld g o o n th rou gh l i fe as mos t o f th e m do w i th ou t on c e ,

stopp i n g to i nq u i re i n to the l a w s b y w hi c h t he a co rn b e c o me s
a n o ak i s to t he b otan i s t su rp ri s i n g !
,
Th e re are fe w l i ttl e
t h i ng s i n n atu re m o re wo rthy o f atte nti on t h an a s e e d It i s a .

sy s te m or c orrrple te w h o l e w ro u gh t u p i n to a n arrow c om p ass

, , ,

r e tai ni ng a l iv i n g p ri nc i p l e B y s ys te m we m e an a c o m b i n a
.

t i on o f m an y t hi n g s re d uc e d to reg u l ar d e p e nd e n c e an d c o op -

c rati on I f we c o nte m p l ate c l o s e ly the v e g e tat i v e l i fe an d

.

g ro wth i n a s eed ou r ad mi rati on wi l l i nc re as e at e v e ry v i e w

, ,

so t h at o u r b afll ed reas o n w ill b e c o m p ell e d to s e e k a s ol u ti o n

of its di ffi c u l ti e s i n a P o we r an te r i or to Wa te r — A i r F i re
or L i ht
g . S o me o f th e w i s e an c i e n ts w e re so i m p re ss e d w i t h

t he p h il os o p h y o f t he e o r s ee d t h at th e y tau gh t t h a t t he
~
cr u
O D , ,

m u n d a n e sy stem i ts e l f s p ru ng fro m an e h atc h e d b y N ox g g .

I t i s o n ly o rg an iz e d b odi e s t h at are c apahle o f g row th Ev e r y .

org a n iz e d bo dy g ro ws ; an d b e s id e t he m n on e T he re are .

a cc re ti o n s am o n g m i n e ral s ; a n d c o n c re ti o n s an d c r stalliza
y
‘

t i o n s w i th o u t e nd ; b u t t h e s e d o n ot r i s e u p to o u r id e a o f

g r ow t h w
,
hi c h i m pl ie s m atte r o rg a n iz e d i n to v e ss e l s c o n tai n i ng ,

a m o v eab l e su c c us or j ui c e
,
o p e ra te d u p o n b y a v ery g e n tl e
,

h e at ; w h e re as t he c h ange s wro u gh t in the m i ne ral ki ngd o m ,

are c om m o n ly b y a v e r y v i o l e n t o n e I f we k ne w h o w a s i n gl e
.

fi b re g re w we c o u l d te l l ho w the w h ol e p l an t or an i mal g ro ws ;
,

for the b odi e s o f b o th o f t he nr a re o n l y as s e m b l ag e s of fi b res d if

fe re n tl y fo rm e d and c o m b i ned G ro wth al ways o p e rates b y
.

n u t ri t i on ; and n u tri ti on i n c orp orate s i n to the fi b re e x te rn a l ,

m atte r o r m atte r ta k e n i n a b ex tr a and t hi s p roc e ss al ways

, , ,

r eq u i re s h e at N o w a ll b odi e s in n atu re are i mb rre d s u r ro u nd

.
,

e d a nd p en e trate d i n e v e r y wa y b y fi re o r rath e r c a l or ic w h i c h
, , ,

i s a b e tter and m ore e x p re ss i v e te rm fo r th at al l p ow e rfu l ag e n t

w hi c h tran s fo rm s s ol id s i n to flu id s and fl u id s i n to v ap or , .

A l th ou gh h e at or c al o ri c w hi c h i s t he fl u id m atte r o f h eat
, , ,

e x p and s t he e g g and c a us e s i t to g ro w U p in to a li v i n g a n i m al ;

a nd al t h o u gh i t agi tate s and g e n tl y u n fold s the an t c au s i ng

pl ,

i t to g ro w fro m an aco rn u p to t he m ag n ifi c e n t o a k y e t t h is
’

q u e ry ari s e s natu rally in the m i n d of the y ou n g s tu d ent of na

t u re wh a t i s the p a b u l n m or m a tt er w h i c h add s to the b u l k
, , , ,

and i n c reas e s to a c e rtai n s iz e t he v e g e tab l e and t he an i mal 2

, ,
?

F or it i s e v id e n t th at h e at o n l y c aus e s an ab so rp ti on of a fo
r e i g n m atte r N u tri ti o n or g ro wth i m p l i e s l i fe b u t in so me
.
, ,
'

v e ge tab l e s t hi s l i fe i s so low in the sc al e of v i tal i ty as to b e

,

a l m os t d o w n to w h e re N atu re h as m ar k e d her d e g re e of o .

T h at an an i m al re c e i v e s its p ab u l u m or m atter of n ou ri s h
m e n t an d i nc re as e fro m w i th ou t i s k no w n to e v e ry o ne fro m
,

t he i rre s i s ti b l e c all s of h u ng e r an d the d e s t ru c ti o n t h at fo ll o w s

,

fam i n e B ut t h at p l an ts we re n ou ri s h ed and s u s tai ned b y

. ,

f o o d
,
i n n e ar ly the s ame way , has n ot b ee n so g e n e rall y u n d e r
 M A TE RIA M ED I C A .
s too d . T he an i mal has w arm r e c e p tac l e , or s to mac h, of abou t
a

98 d e g ree s o f h e at, w i th a d u e q u an ti t y of m o i s tu re , an d pe c u
l i ar c om pou nd mo ti o n ; wh e re as t he p l ant has n o su c h re c ep
t ac l e , n o r a n y o t h e r s tom ac h t h an t he c o l d e a rth , wh i c h i s abou t
5 3 d e g re e s o f F a h re n h e i t T he p oss e ss i o n of a s tom ach l ay s
.

t he di s c ri m i n at i n g li ne b e twee n t he a n i m al an d v e g e tab l e k i n g
d o m. A ll o th e r di s ti nc ti on s fai l us .
B e s id e s ai r and water, to w hi c h w e m ay add fi re , an i m al s
s tan d i n n e e d o f al i me n t, or food tak e n b y t he mo u th , dig es te d
b y t he s to mac h , form i ng th e re a m il ky l iq u o r , c all e d c hyl e .
T he c on s t i tu e n t p arts of the c lryle o f q u ad ru p e d s and b i rd s , as
we l l as m os t o th e r an i mal s , are , wa ter— s ug a r— m u c i l ag e
o i l — c a r b on — p hosp hor u s , and c a l c a r e ou s e a r th. T he c o n
stitu e n t p a rts of t he s ap j u i c e , w h i c h i s the c hyl e of v e ge tab l e s ,
-

i s , i n li k e m an ne r , w ate r— su ga r— m u c il age — oil— c arb on

p h osp h oru s , and c al c are o u s e art h *
N ow , sap j u i c e , or the
.
-

c hyl e of v eg e tab l es , i s abs orb e d fro m the e arth , b y the roo ts ,

w hi c h h av e a p ec u l i a r s tru c tu re , ad ap ti n g th e m to th at o p era
t i on and f ro m t his~ j u ic e , far th e r e l a b o r a te d , re fi ne d an d e x a l t ~

e d i s for me d t he v a ri ou s fl u id s i n t he s te m , l e af, fl o we r , fru i t

a n d s e ed . S o nre p l an ts c an e x trac t, o r c o m p o s e t h e s e n u tri ti v e

su bs tan c e s fro m wate r, and a pp are ntl y fro m t he air al on e We .

h owe ve r fi nd b y re p e ate d e x pe ri me nts , th at th e re are c e rtai n

s u bs tanc e s , w h i c h c o ntri bu te m ore to the p rod u c ti o n of thi s
v e g e tab l e c hyl e th an o th e rs . L e t u s t h e n i nq u i re wha t these
m a te r i a ls a r e , tha t af or d the F O O D of p l a n ts 2 T he s ub e c t j
i s n ot me re l y c u riort s, b u t of high i m p o rtanc e to ou r c o u ntr y ;
for i f w e c an as c e rtai n t he app ro p ri ate al i m e n t or fo od o f any
p arti c u l ar fa m il y o f ou r m os t u se fu l v e ge tab l e s , we s h al l b e
a b l e to i n c re as e th e i r s iz e w i t h as m u c h c e rtai n t y as a far me r

fatte ns h i s c attl e b y g iv i ng t h e m c o rn
I t i s k n o w n fro m e x p e ri me nt th at a p l an t w il l g ro w in s a n d
a lon e m o i s te ne d w i t h wate r, p u rifi e d b y di s till ati o n fro m al l c ar

t hy p arti c l e s , an d i n t he pu re s t a ir.
B u t a p l an t w il l g ro w b e tte r i n a m i x t u r e o f sa n d a n d c l a ,
'

y
in wh i c h the te n ac i ty i s ad ap te d to the pu s hi n g po wer of i ts
roo ts , th an in s an d al one ; and it w ill g ro w b e tter s till , i f a pro
pe r q rran tity o f water b e app l i e d . B ut wi t h b oth th es e ad van
tag e s i t w ill not flou ri s h so we l l as in a r i ch soil .
I f a plan t b e pu t i n a prope r m i x t u re of s an d an d c l ay , and
d u ly su pp li e d wi th wate r, it will g row b e tte r t h an in the s ame
m ix tu re , e x p os e d to the h az ard s of t he we ath e r, and the c h an c e s
o f b e i ng too m oi s t or too d r
y b u t i t w ill g ro w s t il l b ette r in a
r i c h so il Th ere i s, th e re fo re , in a r i ch soi l , S M T H I G i nde
. O E N
C a l c a r eous ear ths ar e
m ar e l of all s ts
or l im s
e to n e , c halk , p l aster of P is
im l s sp ll ll s
, ar
and all e ar th , s f f
orme d r om t h e b od ie s of an a , e e c ia s
y th e h e of fi sh
,
.
4 41 TH E T H O M S ONIAN
p nd
e n t of tex tu r e or the rete n ti on of wate r, w hi c h con tri bu te s
e ,

to the flou ri s h i n g o f p l an ts .

F ro m obse rv i ng the fe rtili ty afte r the g rou nd w as di v id e d b y

th e p l ou gh s o me h av e i m agi n e d t h at t he e a r th w as the fo o d of
,

p l ants T o thi s O p i n i on s u c c eed ed anoth e r eq u al l y erro n eou s

.
,

t h at w a ter w as th e i r al i m e n t w h e n i n fac t it i s o n l y the v e hi c l e

,

of th e i r n ou ri s h m e nt .

T he u pp e r s tratu m o f e arth or g ard e n m o u ld c on tai n s so me

, ,

arti c l e s t h at are so l u b l e i n wate r an d s o m e t h at a re n ot

,
T h os e .

w hi c h are i nso l u b l e i n w ate r a re ac c ordi n g to F O RD Y C E s a n d ,

, ,

c l a y c a l c a r eou s e a r th m ag n e si a ox y d e s of a l u m e a r th o
, , , f ,

m eta ls p arti c u l arl y of i r on

,
T h e s e c an not e n te r t he v e ss el s o f
.

the ro o ts o f p l an ts b u t t h e y m ay c o ntri b u te to t he p rod u c ti o n

o f s ubs tan c e s w h i c h are s o l u b l e i n w a te r an d t h at m a e n
, y
h
te r t e m .
S u bs t an ec s fo un d i n hi s b l ac k g ard e n m ou ld th at are so l u
t ,

b l e in wate r, are , s ay s the s ame au th or m u c ilag e n i tr ou s am

, ,

m on i ac , n i tr ou s s el e n i tes , c om m on a m m on i a c and fi r e d a m m o
n ia c. We fi nd all t h e s e s al ts in t he j u i c e o i v e g e tab l es ; a p roof
t h at th e y p ass i n to t he p l an t a l o ng w i t h t he w ate r .

F ro m n u m e ro u s w e l l co n d u c te d e x p eri m e nts , it app ears t h at

I
a M U C L A G E, p r od u c e d b y t he d e c o m p os i ti o n o f v e g e t a b l e an d

an i mal r e c re me n ts , c o n s ti tu te s t he fo od , o r ali m e n t of p l an ts .

T h i s m u c il ag e rs form e d from s tab l e m an u re ; fro m rai n w a ter

rrtre fi ed , fro m d e w , as we ll as fr o m d e ad an i i n als, an d v e g e ta
p
b l e s B u t m u c il agi no u s j u i c e s are o f t wo ki n d s ; o ne , w he n
.

di sso l v e d in wate r, form s a s o rt of j e lly , and is an i m m ed ia te

ali m e nt : the o th e r for m s a g u n rm y , o r rat h e r sac c har in e liq u id ,

an d m u s t pu tre fy b e fore 1 t c an b e co me a p ro p e r foo d o r

m an ure .

T o re co n c il e the d oc tri ne tau gh t b y s ome , th at s a lt i s the ao

t i v e p ri nc i p l e in m an u re s , it s h ou ld b e r e me m b e re d t h at p u tre
fac ti on has two s tag e s ; th at the fi rs t c o n v e rts an i mal an d v eg e
tab l e su bs tan c e s i n to a m u c il ag e ; a n d the s ec o n d c on v e rts that
m u c il ag e i n to on e or m o re sp e e re s o f s al t
A s m u c il agi no u s su bs tan c e s w e re k n o wn to i n v ig orate roo ts ,
b y affordi ng t h e m g oo d n o u ri s h me n t, i t w as n atu ral for agri
c u l tu ri s ts n ot e n ligh ten ed b y c h e m i s try , to i n fe r that s te ep in g
s ee d s i n m u c il agi no u s , o r ol e ag i no u s l iq u o rs w o u ld i nc reas e
t h e i r po we r s of v e o ge tati on , e sp e c i ally if a po rti on of n i tre , c o m
m orr s al t, and l ime we re add ed . Thi s o p i n i o n p re v ail e d a mon g
t he an c i e n ts , as we l e ar n fro m P li n y , an d rs al s o re co m me n d e d
b y L ord B ac o n A b e l i e f in t he e ffi c ac y of the fru c ti fyi ng l i
.

uors s t il l p re v ail s in m an y p ar ts of Eu rop e , n o tw i th s tan di n g

q
D u h amel in F ran c e, and Dr. A . H un te r in Engl and , h av e e x
p ose d th e i r fu t il i ty .
p
Dr . Hu n te r assu r e s us, th at he s rou ted all ki n d s of g r ai n in
 M A TE RIA M EDI C A . 45

a v ari ety p of E
s t ee s, so c all e d
ngl an d ; and al way s fo u n d rn

t h at t he rad i c l e a nd g e r m o f t he e nrb ryo p l an t n e v e r app e are d

so h e a l th y as wh e n sp rou te d b y p u re w ater
,
H e tell s u s t h at .

b e c ons tan t l y o bs er v e d t h at s tee ps c on tai n i n g n i tre se a s al t an d ,

-

l i me re nd e re d the radi c l e and ge rm y e l l ow and s i c kl y H e

,
.

t h e n s te e p e d a v a ri e ty of s e e d i n b ro th as c om i n g n e arer to the ,

n ature o f the m uc il ag e b e fo re m e rrtione d and at t he s am e t i m e , , ,

t an e q u a l n u m b er o f t he s ee d s i n p u re wate r T h e re su l t
p u .

was th at the radi c l e and g e rm p rod u c e d b y the b ro th we re

, , ,

we ak e r and l e ss h e al thy th an t h os e sp rou te d b y s i m p l e water

,
.

H ere t he sc i e n tifi c ag ri c u l tu ri s ts h av e b e e n led fro m the p at h

o f t ru th an d n at u re b y fol l owi ng so me erron e o u s n o ti on s of the
,

p hys i c i ans w ho c on c e i v e th at if t h e y gi v e t h ei r we ak e m ac i
, , ,

a te d h ec ti c p ati e n ts m il k b ro th or j e ll ies t h e y w ill p ass as su c h

, , , ,

i n to t he b l ood v ess e l s w i th ou t gi v i n g any l ab or or trou b l e to

,

t he d e b ili tate d o rg a ns o f dig e s ti o n ; n ot c on s id e r i ng t h at m il k ,

for e x a m p l e rs fi rs t h ard e ne d m t he s to m ac h b y the co ag u l ati n g

, ,

p rop e rty of its i nte r n al c o at i n to a c u rd a nd t h e n g rad u all y , ,

d ig e s te d a nd in a d eg ree an i m aliz e d b e fore it e n te rs the b l oo d

, , ,

v e ss e l s and t h e s e m e s se s oc c as i on m o re trou b l e to the s tomac h

t h an a p i e c e o f b e e f T he m il k w h i c h n o u ri s h e s t he e m b ry o
.

p l an t i s as far di s tan t fro m t he s te e ps u s e d b y Dr H un te r as

,
.
,

e gg s a nd m il k are fro m t he a n i m a l iz e d ly m p h in t he b l o od
v e sse l s T he s anro p h il osop hi c al p hy s i c i an p rov e s th at the
.

o p i n i o n i s e rr o n e o u s w h i c h i s e n ter tai ne d b y sorrre g ard e ne rs

a n d far m e rs th at s mal l t h i n g rai n m ay b e so i m p re g n ate d b y

s tee ps as to i
,

,
rrake t h e m e q u al i n v e g e tati v e forc e to t he l arg e s t
, ,
.

H e fo u n d b y re p e ate d e x p e ri m e nts t h at the l arge s t an d p l u m p

, ,

e st se ed s fro m the s a me h ea p were su p e r i o r in g oo d n e ss to the

, ,

s mal l t hi n o ne s t h o u g h s tee p e d e v e r so c are fu ll y

, , .

I f w h at w e h av e s aid o f t he o ffi c e of t he s e e d l ob es b e j us t , ,

t h at the far i n a or m eal of w hi c h th e y are co m p o s e d i s c on v e rt

, ,

e d i n to m il k ; t h at it s e r v e s to n o u r i s h t he i nfan til e p l ant u n ti l

i ts roo ts are l arg e e n o u gh to i m b i b e m u c il agi n o us foo d fro m the

e art h i t fo ll o w s
,
t h at t he v e g e tati v e p ow e rs o f s e e d w il l b e in
,

p ro p orti o n to the qu a n ti ty of t he i r me al y subs tanc e I f so th e n .

,

i t w i l l re m ai n an e s tab l i s h e d tr u t h t h at P L U M P seed s p l a ced a t , ,

u st d e th se a son , wi ll
a
j p i n a g o od s oi l
, a n d a t a r
p p o e r ,

n ev e r d is ap p oi n t the g ar d en er .
F rom the p rec edi n g d oc tri ne it al so foll o ws , th at the f ood of
p l a n ts , or m a n u r es , are of two k in d s ; the o ne add s n ou ri s h
m e n t to the so i l ; su c h as all an i m al and o th er pu tre sc i b l e sub ,

s tan c e s , fro m w hi c h a m u cil ag e i s fo rmed : t he o th er gi v e s no

nou ri s h m e nt to the so i l ; b ut f or ces it, b y agi tati n g and p re par
i n g the n ou ri s hme n t al ready th e re . H e nc e we see how su b
s tan c e s , of o pp os i te n at u re s co n tri b u te to the g ro wt h o f v eg e ta
,

p
b l e s — u tre sc e n t an i mal su bs tan c e s on one h an d , and li me,
mar l e, and p l as te r of P ar i s on the o th e r .
46 TH E TH O M S ON IAN

P L AN T S PA SS I N T O EA CH O T H ER B Y
D EC O M PO S IT I O N .

A nd so e a c h p w he n odie di e ,
a r t r etur n s b s
What c am e ro ear t h to ear th, wha t r om the sk y
f m f
p s s
Dr o t d ow n , a ce n d ag a i n , a n d m o u n t o n h ig h . s
A
F or D E T H d oth n ot d e troy b u t di u n i te s s
s s
T h e e e d , a n d c h a n g e the ir or d e r , a n d t h e ir i te s
ks
.

T h e n m a e n ew c omb i n a ti on s , w h e nc e ar i e s
b s s s
I n odi e all t ho e g r e a t v ar i e ti e
Of s p l
h a e a n d c o or ” ’
C r eech s T r a nsl a ti on.
.

Ev e ry t h i ng g en erated b y n at u re or m ad e by art i s g e ne r ate d , ,

or m ad e ou t of so m eth i ng e l se and thi s s o me t hi n g e l s e rs c all

ed its su bs tan c e or m a tt er B u t t h e re c an b e n o c h an g e o f
,
.

o ne t hi n g i n to an o t h e r w h ere t he t wo c h an gi ng b e i ng s d o n ot
,

p arti c i p ate the s am e m atte r H e n c e w e re t h e re n ot a c on g e .

n ial ity b e twee n the fo od an d the p l an t an d t he food an d the ,

an i m al th e s e t w o org a ni z e d b o di e s c o u ld n o t b e n ou ris h e d ;
,

b ut the m ate r i al i m b i b ed wo u l d o p erate as a m edi c i n e i n s te ad

, ,

of b e i ng ass i m il ate d as a n al i m e n t .

Wh oe ver atte n d s c l os e ly to the o p e rati on s of n atu re w ill b e

co n v i n c e d t h at e ver y re c e n t p rod uc ti o n w h e th e r v e ge tab l e o r
,

an i m al t h at d aily oc c u rs
,
i s not absol u te l y a fre s h c re ati o n an
, ,

e voc ati on o r c al l i n g o f s o m e t hi n g o u t o f n othi n for t h at is

, g
i m poss i b l e Ex n i hil o n ih il fi t
.
“
Wh at t h e n i s it Ti s a .
”
.
’

c h an ge or a m u tati on o f s o me t h i ng w h i c h b ef or e ex isted
, .

Ev e ry t h in g arou nd u s i s i n m ot i on N o te rre s tri al t hi n g is .

s tati o nar y O n e v e ry e arth l y t hi ng m u tab ili ty rs w ri tte n and

.
,

subs tan c e s o f e v e ry ki nd e i th e r i m m e d i a te ly or i n ter m e di a te

, ,

l y p ass i nto o ne anoth e r ; an d re c i p roc al d eath s di ss o l u ti o ns ,

an d dig e s ti o n s su ppo rt b y tu rn s all s u bs tan c e s o u t of e ac h

, ,

o th e r.
‘

We h av e s aid that e v ery l i v i ng thrn or org aniz ed b e i n g de cr

, ,

r i v es its o rigi n fro m a n e g g or see d a ri d t hi s d o c tri n e m a

, y be
e x te nd e d b e y on d t he o bj e c ts o f s igh t Whe n the S UP REM E .

C REA T O R s ay s the e l o q u e nt C ou n t B ufi on formed the fi r st in

, ,

div id uals o f e ac h sp e c i es of v e g e tab l e s an d an i m al s he g av e a ,

c e rtai n d eg ree of ani m ati o n to w h at has b e e n c all ed t he d u s t “

f
o the e r th a b y i nfus i ng i nto it a g re ate r or s mal l e r q u an ti ty ,

of l ivi ng org a n i c p a r ti c l es or s e ed s w h i c h infi nite ssim ally , ,

small s e e d s o r p arti c l e s are i nd e s tru c ti b l e an d c ommon to e v e r y

, ,

o rgan iz ed b e i n g T h e s e p arti c l e s or or ig in a l s eed s p ass fro m

.
, b ,

bo dy to b ody and are eq u al ly the c au se o f li fe n u tri ti on and

, ,

g ro w th Wh e n an o rg aniz e d b ody di e s t he o rg ani c p arti c l es

.
,

s u rv i v e for d eath has n o p owe r o v er th e m b u t t h e y c i rcu l ate

t hroug li the u n i v e rs e p ass i n to o th er b e i n g s p rod u c i n g l i fe and
, ,

, ,

n ou ri s h ment A g ro wi ng v eg etab l e re c e i v e s th e s e i n v i si b l e
.

seed s or or g an i c p ar ti c l e s fro m the e ar th fro m wate r and fro m

, , ,
 M A TERrA M ED I CA . 21 7

t he air ;a nd h i
t e r r e c e p ti on p e rfe c ts t he p l an t; A q u ad ru p ed
re c e i v e s t he p l an t i n to i ts s to m ac h fo r fo od w h e n i ts d ig esti v e
po we rs d e s tro y its v eg e tati v e l i fe sh o u ld an y b e re mai n i n g and
, ,

t h e n t he dig e s t i ng a pp aratu s an i maliz e s the v e g e tab l e an d g ra,

d u all y c o n v e rts rt i rrto the n at u re and su bs tan c e of the c reat u re

,
.

A n d w h e n th is an i m al di e s his c on s ti tu e n t p arti c l e s fl y off i n

,

v apou r t h es e are abso rb e d b y the g ro wi n g p l an t w i th av i d i ty ,

t h e y b e i n g i ts a pp ro p ri ate fo od a nd t hi s a bs or p ti o n o f p u t ri d

v ap o u r c aus e s the m to g ro w and to flou ri s h ; a nd t h u s d o ani

,

m al s and v eg e tab l e s m u tu all y n o u r i s h an d su pp or t e ac h o th e r ;

so that w h at was y e s te rd ay g rass i s to d ay p ar t of a s h e e p and
, ,

t omorrow be c o me s p art of a m an .

F ro m the fore g oi n g d oc tri ne m ay b e d ed u c e d the tru e th eory

o f h e a c ti o n of m a n u r es ; or the s us te n tat i o n o f a p l an t b y its
‘

t
a pp ro p ri a te foo d . Th i s i s the c orn e r s ton e in the fo u nd ati on
o f t h at T e m p l e o f C e r e s , w hi c h we h o p e t o se e re are d i n A M E r
-

Rl C A . I t w ill m oreo v e r ill us trate th at d oc tri ne w h i c h teac h e s ,

t h at i n t hi s w o rl d w h i c h we in h ab i t, t h e re i s an u n i v ers al
c h an g e , o r m u tati o n o f a ll th i n g s i n to al l t h at n o t hi n g i s l os t,
;
b u t t he s u m total o f m atte r i n the u n i v e rs e re m ai n s p e rfe c tly
t he s a m e ; a nd th at w h at s o m e c o n s id e r as fre s h c re at i o n s , or
c al li n g o f so m e t hi n g o u t o f n o th i n g , i s o n ly a c h an g e or m u ta

t i on o f s o m e t hi ng w hi c h b e fore e xi s te d .
F rom t he e x p e ri me nts p re v i o u s l y re c ord ed , we l earn, th at
t h e re is s om eth in g i n a r i c h s o i l b es id e w ate r, w hi c h c o n t ri
b u te s to the g ro wt h o f a p l ant ; an d i t app e ars th at t h e re i s a
m u c il ag e p ro d uc ed b y t he de c o m p os i ti o n o f v e ge t ab l e and an i
m al re c re me n ts w hi c h affo rd s the m atte r, p a b u ln m , o r p ro v e n.
d e r for t he s u pp o rt o f p l ants . I f it b e i n q u i re d farth e r— o f wh at
i s t hi s m u c il ag e c o m p os ed l
'
We ans we r, t h at its b as e i s a gl u
te n re s e mb li n g t he c oag u l a bl e ly m p h in o u r o wn b l oo d v e ss e l s .
T he o xyg e no u s princ iple c on c e rne d in g e r m i n ati on wil l b e
s po k e n o f h e re aft e r.

T he g ro w t h o f o rg an iz ed bod i e s i s a my s ter i o u s p roc ess .

P h il os o p h e rs w ho b e li e v e w i t h L u cr e tiu s and B ufi on , in t he
r e xi s ten c e o f g er m s , o r s ee d s , o rg an i c p art i c l e s , or m ol ec u l ce
p o
-

,
d e no m irrate t he m w h i c h y ou w rll, h av e e n d e avo re d to s oo th the
i m agi n ati on b y an hy p oth es i s T h e y h ave su pp os e d th at t h e s e
.

v e ry s u bt l e g e r ms , or see d s o f th i n g s , we re m ere l y su sc e p ti b l e
o f l i fe b y the a pp l i c ati o n o f a d ue de g re e o f h e at
; and th at th e y
w e re , at t he c re ati o n of t he w orld , d ispe rsed u n i v e rs al ly i n to al l
p arts o f t his te rraq u eo u s gl o b e , th at are ac c e ss i b l e to air, an d to
ligh t ; so th at th e y are in the wate rs, as we l l as i n the e arth .
S o th at t he p rod uc ti o n of v e g e tab l e s or any ot h e r o rg aniz e d
b o dy i s o nly a d i ss e m i n a ti on o f w h at b e fore e xi s te d . T he y
g re w o r u n fold e d the m s e l ve s o n l y w h en t h e y fe l l i n to a p rop e r
pp
m at r i x , or n id u s , ad ap te d b y nat u re to th e i r su or t and g ro wth .
48 TH E TH O M S O N IAN
T h u s for e x am p l e , i f the e gg s of c e rtai n i n s e c ts fall on m y
'

wri ti ng d e s k , t he y p e ri s h ; b ec au s e the c l o th w hi c h c ov ers i t,

is not the p rop e r n id us , or m atri x for th e m ; b u t if th e y are d e
p os i te d on a p i e c e of c h ee se , t h at b e i ng th e i r p re p e r m atri x ,
t h e y s o on b e c o m e a n i m ate d . Thi s d o c tri ne op e n s to o u r v i e w
an h os t o f co m forti n g fac ts , t h at b an i s h e n ti re l y the di s m a l on e

of e q u i voc al ge ne rati on . N o w w e p re su me t h at w hil e a v e g e

t ab l e i s g ro w i n g an d fl o u r i s hi ng , it attr ac ts an d abs orbs th e s e
o rigi n al s eed s , o r m o l e cu l es , from the e a r th, an d fro m the w a te r,
a nd fro m t he a ir , a n d th at t hi s i m b i b i t i o n i s c on ti n u e d u n ti l t he

p l ant attai n s its fu ll p e rfe c ti o n ; and w h en it has ri s e n to its

j
a c m e , i t re e c ts t h e i r fu rth e r ad miss i o n i n to al l i ts p ar ts an d

th e re fo re i n s te ad of b e i n g di s tri b u te d as h ere tofore all o v e r the

p l an t, t h e y now te nd to t he s e e d v e ss e l s on l y , and t h e re fo rm
an d pe rfe c t t he s ee d , w hi c h i n c re as e v e ry ra p idly an d b ec om e

a n or a n i c r t i c l e o a l a r e r s iz e N arl y t he s am e p ro c es s
g p a f g e .

tak e s p l ac e i n ani m al s .

T o sc ru ti n ize o rg an iz e d bo dy fi rst b e g an i s pe r
ho w an , ,

h aps a p re su m p tu o u s atte m p t b u t to i nqu i re a fte r w h at m an

, ,

n e r w h e n on c e b e g u n t h ey h av e b ee n c o n ti n u e d is a w o r k
, , ,

m o re su i te d to h u m an ab il i ti e s an d i s g rati fyi n g to t he tow e r

,

i ng facu l ti e s o f re as on and h o n o ra b l e to r e ligi o n p ro v i d e d w e

,

s u bs ti tu te for t he di sco ns ol ate d oc tri ne o f b l i n d an d v ag u e

c h an c e consp i cu o u s in L u cr eti u s t h at o f an in te l lig e n t and
, , ,

so v ere ign C r e a tor and L eg is l a tor o f the u n i v ers e t he A l ,

m i g h ty D i re c to r an d m e rc i fu l C on trol l e r of t h at n e v e r c e as i n g
,

c h an g e or c i rc u l ati o n t h ro u gh w hi c h ev ery thi ng on t hi s

, ,

e v a n e sc e n t gl ob e i s d oo m e d to p ass .

F ro m w h at has b e e n s aid it app e ars th at a s ee d the g ard e n

, ,

b e an for e x am p l e i s a b ody re g u lar ly o rg anized and ar ran g e d

, ,
'

i n to a sy s tem o f v e ss e l s gl an d s an d m e m b ran e s ; an d th at it i s
,

i n a d e g ree ali v e ; so fa r at l e as t as to b e in a s tate o r fi tne ss

, , ,

to b e ac te d u po n b y c ertai n e x tern al a g e n ts w hi c h ag e n ts are , ,

r e a i r and wa t e r or to s p ea k m ore c o rre c tly a c ertai n v i v i

fi , , , ,

fyin g p ri n c i p le i n t he air and in t he w ate r c all e d ox yg e n

, , , ,

w hi c h i s th e v e ry sp i ri t of fi re an d fl ame Thi s o xyg e nou s .

p ri nc i p l e l ie s i n a d orman t s tate in the h e n s eg g u n til it i s a ’

,

wak e ne d b y fi re or c al ori c w hic lr c om b in in g wi th i t e x p an d s

, , , ,

and agi tate s the su b tl e fl u id s an d t he v e r y m i nu te v e s se l s o f

,

the e gg so th at the w h e e l of l ife b e g ins to osc ill ate

,
a nd t h e n

sl o wl y to ro tate and at l e n g th the m e mb rane s th i c k e n and al l ,

t he p arts g rad u al l y u n fold th e m s e l v e s : t he s am e thi ng t a k e s

pl ac e in the s eed or b ean w h e n p l ac e d in t he e arth
, ,
.

B ut we c ann ot ad v an c e w i th c o n fid en c e a s te p farth e r w i th
ou t so me k no w l edg e of the p ro p er ti e s of the wo n d e rfu l ag e n tfi r e
Whi c h al ik e an i mate s and su s tai n s the g reat s y s te m of the w o rld ,

and the di mi n u ti v e s y s tem i n a s eed Wh at s h al l we say on th is .

50 TH E T H O M S ON IAN
c eive t h at the d e c ay of an i mal s i nc re ase s the q u an ti ty of s uc h
m atter as i s fi tte d to b e c o me the food o f v e g etab l e s and v i c e ,

v e rs a . C al c areo u s e art h i s p rod uc ed b y the e x u v i ae re c re me nts ,

or re m ai n s o f a n i m al s e sp e c i ally t h e i r she lls w hi c h s h e ll s l e ft

, , ,

a t the b o tto m o f the o c e an u n til th e y h av e b e co me wo nd er fu ll y

,

accu m u l ate d an d s i n c e e l e v ate d b y s u b m ari ne fi re s c on s t i tu te

, , ,

at t hi s d ay t h os e i mm easu r a b l e s trata of c h al k
,
m arb l e and , ,

l i me s ton e w hi c h are fo u n d h ere and th e re th rou g hou t

-

, ,

the e art h T he s t rata i n c u m b e n t o n t h e s e c on s i s ti n g o f c oal

.
, ,
i ron c lay an d m arl e are p ri n c i p all y p ro d u c ts of the v eg e tab l e
, , ,

k i n gd o m T h u s are al l th e s e s trata of m ate ri al s fab ri c ate d

.
,

c ir c ul a t e d a nd i n the c o u rs e o f c o u n t l e ss ag e s re fa b ric ate d

, , , ,

an d r e c ir c u l a te d b y th e p ro c e d u re o f v e g e tab l e an d a n i mal li fe ,

a nd d e c ay H e nc e m ay we n ot co n c l ud e w i th t he m o d e rn L u
.

cr eti us ,
th at v e g e tab l e s a nd an i m al s d u ri n g t h e i r g ro w th ih , ,

c re as e t he q u anti ty of m atte r w hi c h i s fi t or c ap ab l e o f b e i n g , a

fi tted fo r the food of e ac h o th er w hil e t h e y e l abo rate a p art o f ,

th e m ate r i al s o f w hi c h t h e y c o n s i s t fro m t he s i m p l e e l e me n ts ,

o f hyd rog e n n i troge n c arb on ,

p h osp hor u s an d o xyge n i nto
, , ,
,

w hi c h mod ern c h e m i s try has re s o l v e d t h e m b y a n aly s i s 7

T h i s tran s m u tati on of an i mal to v e g e tati v e n atu re ; and of
t he v e g e tab l e ag a i n to a ni ma l m a y b e re nd e re d p e rh a ps m o re
,

i n te lligi b l e b y the fol low rn e x a mp l e from D arwi n I n a n i m a l

cr .

n u tri ti o n t he o rg an i c m atte r o f d e ad an i m al s an d v e g e ta b l e s
, ,

tak e n i n to t he s to m ac h i s t h e re d e c o m pos e d ; an d the m os t n u

tri tiv e p art s a re a b so1 b e d b y the l ac te al s and so b e c om e p art o f ,

t he c re atu re I n v eg e ta b l e n u tri ti o n the org an i c matter of d e ad

.
,

a n i mal s a n d v e g e ta b l e s s uffe r s l i k e w i s e d e c o m pos i ti on an d u h ,

d erg o es n e w c om b i n ati o n s o n o r b e n e at h t he su rfac e o f t he

, ,

e art h w h il e the m o re n u tri ti o u s p arts are abs orb e d hy t h e roo ts

,

of th e p l an t i n co ntac t W i th it .

T HE S EED OF P LA N TS .

We h av e s aid th at th e r e are fe w li ttle t h i ng s in n atu re mo re

tr u l y s u rp ri s i ng t h an a s ee d t h at e ac h s ee d w as a s y s te m o r ,

c o m p l e te w h ol e w ro u gh t u p i nto a n arro w co mp ass and re

, ,

ta i n i n g a l i v i n g p ri n c ip l e .

T he an c i e n ts fro m the sc arc i ty of b ook s an d so m e o th e r

, ,

c au s e s had t h e i r atte n ti o n l e ss d i v id e d th an t he m o d e rn s Th e y
,
.

t h ere fore v i e w e d N at u re w i t h k e e n e r e y e s an d m o re c onc e n ,

~

t r te d a tte n ti o n th an t h o s e w ho h av e li v e d s i n c e the mu l ti p l i
a
,
c at i on o f b oo k s b y t he di sc o v ery o f the a rt of p ri n ti n g Th e y .

w e re o f o p i n i o n t h at e v e r y t hi n g e v e n the g re at gl ob e i ts e l f , ,

s p rang fro m an EG G w h i c h e gg th e i r po e ts say was h atc h e d

, , ,

b y N ox n ig ht o r ob s c u r i ty ; o r so me t hi ng b e hi n d a d ar k v e il
, , ,

w h i c h t h e y co u ld not see th rou gh .

 M A TE RIA M ED I CA . 5 1

Som l e, e ss di ffid en t th an the s ag ac i o u s an c i e n ts i magi n e th at ,

t h e y h av e p e ne trate d t hi s v e il a nd ill u m i n e d t he obsc u ri ty b y

,

s ayi ng t h at fi r e i s the p ri mar y c au s e o f the d e v e l op me nt o f a

s ee d . B e it s o
. B ut w h at d o we me an b y j l r e or c a l or i c Is ,

it h e re an y thi n g m ore t h an a m e re w ord d e not i ng t h e last te rm

o f o u r a naly ti c al re su l ts ? We mod e rn s h a v e d e c om p os ed su b
s tan c e s w h i c h u nd e r t he an c i e n t d oc tri ne s of p h il os o p hy had
, ,

p asse d fo r e l e m e n ts n ot susc e p ti b l e of d e co mp os i ti on We h av e
,
.

b ee n ab l e to di ss e c t L I G H T analyze A I R and d e c o m p os e WA
, ,
°

T ER a nd h av e di sco v e re d s u bs tan c e s w hi c h a ll p re v i o us i n ves

,

t i ation had fo u n d too su b tl e for t he d e te c ti on o f t he s e n s e s ;

g
b u t w e h av e n ot y e t d e tec te d the ess e n ce O f fi re Wh e n t h e re .

fo re we atte m p t to i n v e s tig ate t he p ri ma ry m o ti o n i n s e e d s we

, ,

s ho u ld n ot s top at the v i s i b l e e ff ec ts b ut pu s h for ward to the ,

i n v i s i b l e c ause Th us w h e n we sp e a k of the m o ti v e po we rs of
.

m ag ne ti s m, or e l e c tri c i t y w e s h o u l d s tri v e to rai s e o u r m i nd s

,

b ey on d t h e se v i s i b l e e ffe c ts to t he c au s e of th e m I n s u c h an .

i n ten s e v i e w of things we m u s t e x c l u d e the word sp on ta n e i ty

'

fro m t he b oo k O f N at u re We m u s t not g ran t it e v e n to fi re

.
,
w hi c h c on s ti tu te s fl u i d i t y .

p rou d sc i en c e b e h u mb l e d b y sp ec u l ati o ns O f thi s s ort the ,

ag ri cu l tu ri s t m a i nd u l g e hi s p r id e b y c o ns id e rati o ns O f e u
y
o th e r ki n d b y re fle c ti ng th at he i s in s ome d e g re e a p ar tak e r
, ,

i n the p o we r a nd p ri v il e ge of the C REA T O R w ho has e nab l e d

h im to re ar fro m a fe w o rg an iz e d p arti c l e s a fi e ld of v e g e tab l e s , ,

a v ari e g ate d g ard e n o r a fo re s t o f t re e s

, M an al on e s ay s the
.
,

c h e m i s t C hap ta l poss ess e s the rare ad v an tage O f k nowi n g a

,

p art of t he l aws of n atu re ; O f p re p ar i n g e v e n ts ; o f p redi c ti ng

r e s u l ts ; of p ro d u c i ng e ff e c ts at p l e as ure ; o f re mo v m g wh at
e v e r i s n o xi o u s ; o f a p ro p ri ati ng w h ate v e r i s b e n e fi c i al ; and
p
o f c o m osm
p g s u bs ta n c e s w hi c h,
n atu re h e rs e l f n e v e r fo rm s :

i n thi s p oi nt O f V i e w hi ms e l f a c re ator he ap p ears to p arta k e

, ,

wi th the S UP REM E i n the m os t e mi ne n t of hi s p rerog ati v e s !

F ro m thi s dig re ss i on we t u rn agai n i n to the p at h w h e nc e ,

w e m u s i ngl y w an d e re d Whi c h p at h i s to l e ad u s to a fu l l v i e w
o f t h at N em or a l e Te m l u m w hi c h c h ri s ti an p hil os o p hy c on
p ,

se cr e te s to t he h ono r of the P A REN T O F U N I V ERSAL N A T U RE

Of the A n a tom y f o a V eg eta b le .

T he p ri n c i p al v e ss e l s o f p l a nts are o f t wo ki nd s tu b es and ,

c el l s .T he t u b e s r u n fr o m the roo ts to the di ffe re n t p arts of

t he p l an t i n s e p arate bu ndl e s co mm u n i c a ti n g w i t h e ac h ot h e r
, ,
b u t n ot b ran c h i ng an d j oi n i ng or an as to mos i n g as in an i m al s
, ,
T h e s e tu b e s c on tai n the sap j u i c e or c hyl e of the p l an t Wh e n
-

,
.

i m me rs e d in a w ate ry flu id th e y fi ll t h e m s e l v es on t he p r i n c i
,

pl e, s o me s u ppos e , O f c ap ill ary attrac ti o n b u t as thi s p ri n c i p l e

is not ye t c l ear ly s ettl e d amon g p hil osop h e rs , we are i n c li n ed to
52 TH E T H O M S ON I AN
b e l i e v e w i th F or dy c e th at it i s fro m a p owe r s i m il ar to the mus
,

c u la r po we r in an i m al s b y whi c h t h i s a bs or p ti o n an d al l o th e r
, ,

m o ti o n s o f v e g e tab l e s are p e rforme d Th e s e tub e s te rm i n ate in .

ce lls wh i c h c e l l s c o n tai n the pec u liar j u ic e s o f the p l a nt

, .

In t he roo t o f a p l an t c e rta i n c e ll s s u r ro u nd the tu b e s ; w hi c h

a re o p e ne d o n ly at t he e x t r e me p o i n t o f th e m and fl u id s c an

n ot b e a bs o l v e d an y w h e re e l s e T he t u b e s are n o t s i m p l y .

o p e n at the e nd O f t h e s e radi c l e fi b re s b h ere i s a

; u t t p a r ti cu
l a r s tr u c tu r e or con g u r a t ion w hi c h ad ap ts t h e m to the im
,
.
,

b ib ition O f fl u id s ; so t h at if the e n d s O f all the fi b re s O f the

ro o ts O f an y v e ge tab l e b e c u t O ff t he g ro w t h O f th at v e ge tab l e ,

i s s to pp e d u n ti l a fre s h c onfig u rati on i s fo rmed A s roots c an .

o nl y abs o rb n u tri m en t fro m the v e ry p oi n ts of th e i r fi b re s the ,

c o n fig u rati on j us t m en ti on ed de fe n d s the abso r b i ng tu b e s fro m

, ,
a su p e ra bu n d anc e o f w a te r T he ro ots o f s o me p l an ts w il l
.

b e ar w i th ou t i nj u ry a g re ate r q u an ti ty o f m oi s tu re th an o th e rs .

T h os e of aq u ati c p l ants h av e a p e c u li ar l y fi rm s tru c tu re for ,

d e fe nd i n g th e m from the e ffe c ts of l on g m ac e rati on .

L I N N /B U S h as n ot rej ec te d the id e a o f c e r tai n p hil osop h er s ,

Who d e fi n e d a p l ant to b e an i n v er ted a n i m a l H e c o n s id ers .

»

i ts roo ts as i ts l ac teal s ; t he e ar th as its s tom ac h ; t he tru n k

a n d b r an c h e s t he b on e s an d the l e av e s its l u n g s
,
T here i s .
,

h o we v e r th i s di ffere n c e b e twee n th e m ; an an i mal i s an org an

,

ize d b od y o r a k i n d O f hyd rau li c m ac hi ne n ou ri s h e d b y ro o ts

, , ,

or s y p h o n s o r i n o t h e r w o rd s t he l ac teal s p l ac e d wi thi n him

, .

A p l an t i s in l ik e m an n e r an org an iz e d b ody or ki n d t d
y rau ,

l ie m ac h i n e n o u ri s h e d b y me an s o f ro o ts mad e u p of l ac te al
, ,

v e ss e l s o r s y p h ons p l ac e d o n the ou tsi d e O f it M ore o v e r i s

, . ,

n o t t he l on g c yl i nd ri c al abso rb e n t v e ss e l w hi c h ru n s from the ,

r oo ts of t ree s u p to t he c a u d e x O f e a c h bu d an d w hi c h e n ter s ,
‘
a t t he foo t s tal k of e ac h l e af an al og o u s to the thor a c i c d u ct i n

a n i m al s
.

Ev e ry p art o f a p l an t th at i s u n d e r g rou n d i s n ot its roo t .

S ome v e g etab l e s as the oni on the t u l i p and al l the t ri b e O f

, , ,

l ili e s te rm i nate in a l arge b u l b B u t thi s b u l b i s not the r oot ;

, .

b u t t he hy b er n ac u l a or w i nte r q u arte rs O f t he v e g e tab l e en s

,
.

I t i s a s ub te rrane o u s b u d i n c l os i n g the e m b ry o p l an t an d pro

, ,
tee ti n g i t f ro m t he d e s tru c ti v e e ff e c ts of fro s t T h e 1 ad ic l e s .
,

o r s tri n gy app e n d age s i o c e di n from the bu l b as i n the

p e
g , ,

o n i o n and tu li p are i n fac t the r oo ts ; b e c au s e t h e y al one con

,

t ai n t h os e a b so1 b in tu b e s th ro u gh w hi c h n u tri m e nt i s i m b i b e d
g ,

fro m t he e art h T he M arqu i s d e S t S i m o n h owe v er c on tro

. .
, ,

v e rts t hi s d o c tri n e ; and i m p u te s the abso rb i n g po we r to the

m iddl e p ar t o f the bu l b T he abso rb e n ts i n a plan t d ifler fro m
.

t h os e i n an i m al s in t he fac ility w ith w hi c h t h e y c arry flu i d s

'

e ith er w ay I n v ert a p l an t and its ro ots n ow i n the air w il l

.
, , ,

p rod u c e l e ave s ; and its b ran c h e s now in the g rou n d wil l s h oo t , ,

fo rth i n to roo ts or r at h e r r adi c l e s , or lig n e ou s abso rb e n ts .

 M A TE RIA M EDI CA . 53

T he ro ots of p l an ts s h o w a r e mar k ab l e i ns ti n c t i n s e ar c h i ng
for foo d , b y c re e p i n g to wa rd s co ll e c ti o n s o f wate r, an d i n to a
r i c h so i l . T he roots of p l an ts , s ay s B ishop Wa ts on , s e e m to
t u rn aw ay wi th a ki nd O f ab horre n c e , from w h ate v e r t h e y m ee t
w i th , w hi c h i s h u r tfu l to t h e m ; and to d e s ert t h e i r o rdi n ary
di re c ti on and to te n d wi t h a k i nd o f i rre s i s ti b l e i m p u l s e to
w a rd s c ol l ec ti o ns o f w ate r, p l ac e d w i t hi n t h e i r re ac h .T h us
t he w il l ow c re e p s i n to o u r we l l s , afte r w ater ; and h as b e e n
k no wn to form a mat, or n e tti ng ac ross the m . T he L om b a r dy
o l a rs , w hi c h n o w o rn am e n t m os t O f t he c i ti es , an d m any O f
p p
t he v ill ag e s i n A m e ri c a, h a v e v e ry e x te ns i v e roots , r nn i n g
u
h o riz on tall y at a s mal l di s tanc e f ro m t he s u rfac e of t h e g ro u nd .
T h e y i nj ure ou r g ard e n s , an d d am ag e o u r p av e m e n ts i n t he
s tree ts , in s earc h Of wa te r, or o f air Thi s g ro w i ng e v il , w il l
.

p e rh aps c o m p e l u s to e radi c ate thes e h and som e tre e s from the

s tree ts , whi c h th e y at p re s e n t ad orn .

I n s u mmi n g u p all t h at h as b e e n sa1 d i t a pp e ars th at a s ee d

'

i s the s e x u al O ffspr i n g of a p l an t c on tai n i ng n ot o nl y the r u di

,

m e n ts of the fu tu re v e g e tab l e , b u t a l s o a q u an ti ty of ali m e n t l aid

u p w i t hi n i ts m e m b ra ne s for i ts e ar l y n ou ri s h m e n t . A w hi ti s h
"

s u bs tan c e o f a d el i c ate n at u re form s the s u bs tan c e o f the s eed .

S mal l v e ss e l s , w h i c h p roc e ed from the g e rm are in e v e ry p art
O f t hi s su bs tan c e , d i v idi n g , an d su b di v i d i n g i t e v e ry w he re .

A fte r t h e s e e d has l aid in t he g ro u n d , m o i s te ne d an d warm e d

to a c e rtai n d e g ree , it g e n tly e x p a n d s , an d th e n b e gi n s to s h oot
fo rt h ; the radi c l e d o wn ward s , an d the p l u m ul a u p wa rd s T he .

wa rm th w hi c h h ad p e n e trate d i ts ou tw ard fold s , O p e rate s on

t he i r m o i s t u re , a nd di ss o l v e s t he m e al y subs tan c e of the s ee d
l ob e , and mix e s w i t h it. O f t hi s m ix ture i s form e d a ki n d of
m il k , w hi c h b e i n g c on v e ye d to the i n fan til e p l an t b y a c on
c ou rse O f v e ss e l s , ter m i n ati n g i n a li ttl e p rotu b e r an c e or p ap il l a
f u r n i sh e s it w i t h n o uri s h me n t, ad ap te d to its te n d e r ag e , and ex .

tre me d e li c ac y.

B y t h e s e m e an s the radi c l e o r i nc i pi e n t roo t u nfold s i ts e l f

, ,

and i n c re as e s in bu l k a nd e x te n t e v e r y d ay I n a s h o r t ti m e
.
,

it s e e m s to b e c o m e l ik e t he c hi c k e n in the e gg s e ns i b l e of too
, ,

c l os e c o n fi ne m e n t and i t m ak e s a n eff ort to co me for th

, T he.

s mal l o rifi c e w hi c h m ay b e obs er ve d on the ou ts id e of the b e an

, ,

a nd e v e r y o th e r s ee d f ac il i tate s i ts e g r e ss
,
Th e n t he radi c l e
.

c reeps d o wnward s i nto the e arth a nd soon afte r the p l u mu l a

,

s tre tc he s u p w ard s to tas te the air w h il e the s ee d l ob es e m ulat

, ,

i n g l e av e s s e rv e as s hi e ld s to d e fe nd the i nfan t p l an t fro m h arm

, .

A s t he p l an t ac q u i re s s iz e and s tre ng t h t h e s e are n o l on g e r

,

u s eful b u t d ro pp i n g off p er i s h ; and from thi s ti me forward the

, ,

p lan t d e pe nd s for its c oars er n o u ri s h men t on c e rtai n fl u id s i n

t he e arth ; and on mo re s ub tl e and re fi n e d on e s from the a tmos
h e re F or it i s wi t h pl an ts as w i th o urs e l v es w hil e our sto
p .
,
54 TH E T H O M S O N IAN
m ac h s dige s ti n g c oarse r foo d ou r l u n g s are dige s ti n g air
are ,

so th at w h il e p l an ts are re c e i v i n g m uc il ag e fro m t he e arth t h e i r ,

l e av e s or l u ng s i nsp i re the o x yge no u s or v i tal p r i n c i p l e fro m

, , ,

the at m O S
plze re .

F ro m thi s v i e w gi v e n o f the se e d and i ts e cono m y , the as se r

p
ti o n w ill n o l o ng e r ap e ar s tr an g e , t h at the s ac i ous oak onc e p
e xi s te d in an ac o rn .

T HE A N A TO M Y EG ET A B LE ; B EI N G T H E
OF A V
EXA M IN A T I ON O F A T RU N K O F A T REE
F RO M WI T H O U T I N WA RD S .

T h ia u p lpy a c or n, e e r
’
it s w ll se c o nta in s
T he oa k s st b
s i it m ilk y i s
’
va r a n c he n s
,
ve n .

G i withi g i s ss i h s ts dw ll
ra n n r a n, u c ce ve arv e e
d l ss f s ts s l m b i s h ll
,
A d b n ou n e o re u er n a e .

We l e ft the i nf antil e p l ant s tru ggl i n g for l i fe and e x te ndi n g ,

it s roots w h i c h c o n tam t h os e v e ss e ls t rat an s we r to t he l ac te

i
-

als i n a n i mal s i n o rd e r to i m b i b e n u tri m e n t fro m its mo the r

,

e arth ; w hil e the p l u m u l a or l i ttl e s te m and l e af we re asp i ri n g

,

to d ri n k t he v i tal a ir w hi c h s oo n c h an g es it fro m a y e l l o wi s h
,

w h i te to a b e au ti fu l g ree n c o l o r Th at l e av e s d o n ot ac q u i re .

t hi s sp l e ndid g re e n b e fore th e y e nj o y t he ligh t o f h e av e n i s ,

k no wn to e v e ry o ne w ho has no ti c e d p l ants g r ow i ng i n d ark

c e l l ars or c o v e red o v e r w i th b oard s or O th e rw i s e s e c l u d e d fro m ,

We s h al l re su me thi s s u bj e c t w h e n we spe ak
,

t he s u n s r ay s
’ *
.

o f the o ffi c e o f the l e av e s i n c l e an s i n g a fo u l a tm osp h e re fro m

pu trid e xh al ati ons .

I n c u tti ng t he t ru n k of a tre e fro m the c i rcu mfe r e n c e to the

c e ntre the i n s t ru me nt p asse s th rou gh s e v e n di s ti nc t p ar ts in
, ,
the fo ll owi n g o rd er

I T he EP I D ERM I S
. .

II T he C O RT EX . .

III T he L I B ER . .

I V T he A L BU RN U M
. .

V T he V A S C U L A R S ERI ES
. .

V I T he L G N U M .
. I
V II. T h e M ED U LLA , or P i th.
U d
n er wh ic h
h es e h e ad s m u s t we plac e the s il v e r g rai n
Of t
,
o r t h os e b ri g h t radii w hi c h p ass fro m t he c e n tre to t he c i rcu m
fe ren c e ? A re th e s e an y t hi n g more t h an mec h an i c al b rac e s o f
t he [ig ne o us p art O f the tree a so rt O f d o ve tail id to p re s e rv e
,

g ,

t he li m b fro m b re a ki n g i n to co nc e n tri c c i rc l e s on s u ffe r i n g v io ,

T he o p e r a t io n c a ll ed
b l eac hi ng , or etiol a tion , render s pl ant sls
e s acr id ,
and i s u s ua ll y p fer or m e d on e n div e an d c e er .
y l
 M A TERI A M ED I CA . 55

l e n t flexures i n high wi nd s and s torms ? O r d o th e y con tai n the

air v e ss e l s p ass i n g fro m t he e p i d e r m i s to t he c e n tre ?
,

T he Ep id er m is i s a d el i c ate b ut fi rm transp are n t m e m , ,

b rane c o v e ri n g the p l ant e v e ry w h e re I t i s i m p en e trab l e to

,
.

wate r an d li k e t he c u ti c l e of the h u m an bo dy i s soo n e r e le

, ,

v ate d i n t he for m o f a b li s te r t h a n d e s tro y e d b y any c orros i v e

,

flu id T he e p id e rm i s of v ege tab le s i s as i n the h u man sc ar f

. ,

s ki n a s i ngl e m e m b rane al th o u gh Du harne l s ay s th at he cou nt

, ,

e d s ix i n t he b i rc h tre e and o u r co u n t ry m an ,
Dr B arton di s ,
.
,

l i ng u i s h e d t wi c e t h at n u m b e r N ot w i t h s tandi n g t hi s re sp ec ta
.

b le a u th o ri ty we appr e h e nd th at b ot h t h e s e n atu rali s ts were

, ,

d e c e i v ed We ad mi t as a we ll e s tab l i s h ed O p i n i on th at t he
.
, ,

e p id e rmi s o r cu ti c l e of a tree i s re ne we d e v e r y y e ar ; and t h at

, ,

w h e re we di sc o v e r s e v e ral l ay e rs th e y are o n ly the old on e s , ,

b eneath the re c e n t one S om e tre es s ay s D ar wi n h av e as .
, ,

m an y c u t i c l e s as th e y are y e ars old ; o th e rs c as t the m m ore

,

e as ily as a sn ak e c as ts i ts s ki n
,
H e n c e the s e rv i c e of cu rryi ng.

o r s c ratc hi n g tree s ?
T he use O f the e p id er mi s i s to p ro te c t t he u l ti mate ramifi c a
ti o n s o f t he aeri al and aq ueou s v e ss e l s ; t h os e m i nu te v e ss e l s
b y w h i c h t h e y are e nab l e d to absorb ae ri for m fluid itie s w h i c h ,

a re n e e d fu l to the l i fe h e al th an d b e au ty O f t he p l an t
, ,
.

O n re m o v i n g t he e p id e rmi s ,

T he C or tex o r h id e O f the p l an t as the wo rd i m p orts ap

, , ,
~

p ears Th i s i s the p art k n o w n to e v ery one b y the n ame of

.

b a rk . I t c ons i s ts o f v e ss e l s gl an d s and U tr i c l es w hi c h are

, , ,

l i ttl e b ag s o r c e ll s i n osc u l ated c o nt o rte d i n te rwo v e n an d c om

, , ,

ac te d i n s u c h a m ann er as to re nd e r i t v e r y d ifli c u l t O f d e
p ,

m on s trati o n It i s amon g t hi s c o m p o u n d e d s tru c ture o f the

.

c orte x or b ar k t h at the w o rk of dig e s ti on i s p e rfo rm ed ; and

, ,

t he p rod uc t O f t hi s dig e s ti o n i s c on v e y e d th r o u gh the w h o l e v e

e tab l e ti l l at l e ng t h t he l e af a nd the fl o wer t he fi rs t the l u n g s
g , , ,

t he l as t the fac e m o u t h and e n trail s p e r fe c t the p l ant

, It i s in , .

t he b ar k O f the p l an t t h at the me di c i na l v i rtu e s p ri nc i p ally re

s id e In t hi s re ti c u l ar su bs tan c e are fo u nd the O il s r e s i ns
.
, ,

g u m s b al s ams and m o re occ u l t v i rtu es so p re c i ou s to the

, , ,

h e ali ng art T he P e ru v i an b ark and the c i n n amon have

.

stam p ed c e l eb ri ty o n thi s p art of v e getab l e .

A fte r the b ar k is s t ri pp e d off we di sco v e r the th i rd integu ,

m e nt n ame ly the l i b er
, w hi c h cons i s ts O f l am i n ae o r p l ate s , ,

b ou n d to ge th e r b y a c e ll u lar matte r w hi c h wh e n di s o l v ed b y , ,
s

s s
I t is a id , if y ou c ontinu e t o c ra tc h t he cu r v a ture of a c r oo e d tre e , i t w il k l
b
in tim e e c om e tr aig ht s s bl s s
I t r e e m e in t hi r e spe c t s c ontr a c te d l e g or a rm,
W s l fl
.

s
w hic h i s om e tim e r e t ore d b y r i c ti on . s s e f
hou d b e c ar e u n ot t o c r a t c h s
s s
t r ee tha t e x u de a g uru , u c h as eac h tr e e . A n i n ec t w i p s s
om e tim e i nj u r e ll s s
b k p s f
t h e ar o f t he e a c h tr e e n ear t he ur ac e of t he g rou nd , whi c h o c c a ion an s s
x
e u da ti on of g um , an d oon a ter the tr ee s
e c om e f b ss
ic y a nd at e ng th dies. kl l
56 T H E TH O M S ONIAN
m ac erat i o n in wate r, d etac h es th e s e p l ates or co ati n g s fro m eac h '

o t h e r ; w h e n th e y r e s e m b l e the l e av e s of t he b ooks of the an

c ie n ts w h e n c e a ros e the n ame of l ib e r T he l i b e r i s so fte r
.

a nd m o re j u i c y t h an t he c orte x I t g ro ws h o we v e r h ard e r
.
, ,

a nd h ard er u n ti l it assu me s t he q u ali ty and n ame of lig n u m

, ,
or w ood .

B e t wee n the l i b e r and l i g n u m l s i n terp o s e d a p e c u li ar su b

s tanc e c al l e d a lb u r n u m b y L in n wu s b l e a b y the B ri ti s h a r e
, ,

b i er b y the F re n c h arrd s ap wood b y the A me ri c an y e o m an ry

,
-
.

I t i s w hi te r and so fte r th an e i th e r the co rte x or l i b e r I t is Ii ot .

at al l ti m es e as y to di s ti ng u i s h b e twee n the a l bu rn u m an d the

wo od the s tru c t u re b e i ng s i m il ar I nd eed the al b u rn u m ap

, .
,

p e ars to b e b u t the i nfant il e s tage of the wo od p rog ress i ng from ,

a m uc il a e n ou s to the ad u l t s tate
g .

We h a ve s aid th at the l i b e r g ro ws h ard er and h ard e r til l it

assu m e s t he a i ty a nd n am e o f lig n u m l y
q lu ; b u t D u H a m e s a s
t h at m c e rta i n c i rcu m s tan c e s t he wood 1 8 c ap ab l e o f p r od u c i n g
n e w b ar k .A c h e rry tree s tri pp e d o f its b ar k e x u d e d f ro m the
w h ol e s u rfac e o f its w ood i n li ttl e p o i n ts a g e l ati n ou s m atte r
, , ,
w hi c h g rad u al ly e x te nd e d o v e r the w h ol e an d b e c am e a ne w ,

b ark ; u n d e r w h i c h a l aye r o f n e w w o od was spe edil y fo rme d .

T hi s g el ati nou s s ubs tan c e or m atte r of org an iz ati on i s c all e d

,

C a m b i um (fro m I p re s u m e the I tal i an wo rd c a m b i o or c a m

, , , ,

b ier e t o ex cha ng e o r c omm u ta te ) w hi c h M i rb e l s u pp ose s to

, , ,

p rod uc e the l i be r or y o u n g b ark ; an d at t he s am e ti me b y a

, ,

p e c u li ar arran ge m en t of t he v as c u l ar p arts the al bu rnu m or , ,

n e w w ood I s t hi s a p roc e ss s i m il ar to the e x u dati o n of t h at

.

p ar t o f ou r b loo d c al led c oag u l ab l e ly m p h i n c o ns e q u e n c e o f i n

fi am mation in the h u m an bo dy ? Wh e n b y i nfl am m at i on a , ,

v ascu l ar p art of the b ody i s rou s ed to an e x traordi n ary ac ti on ,

t h e n m ill i o n s of ve ss e l s are c all e d i n to e xi s te n c e a nd gl and s

, ,

a l s o w h i c h s e c re te the c oag u l ab l e ly m p h o r m atter of o rg an iz a

, ,

t i o n w hi c h i s o ne l i n k in t he c h ai n of re n ov ati on
,
O r i s i t lik e .

t he e x u d ati o n t h at r e p a i rs t he b ro k e n s h e l l of the s n ail ? Or

t he e x u d at i o n w hi c h form s the c all u s th at re u n i te s a frac t u re d
b o n e.
B e t wee n the al bu rn u m and t he woo d l i e s a fi ft h ri n g , or c i r
c le of v e ss e l s , c al l e d t he v a s c u l a r s e r i es I ts s tr u c t u re i s sim
.

l e , b e i n g a s i ngl e c ou rs e o f g ree n i s h v e ss e l s , l od g e d b e twee n

p
t wo c e ll u l ar m e m b ra ne s . I t te r mi nate s , s ay s D r H u nte r , i n
t he n e c t a r i n o f t he fl o we r . S
om e b otan i s ts c on s id e r the v asc u

l ar s eri e s as p ar t of the al bu rn u m .

T he s ix th p art in o rd e r i s the l g n u m , or w oo d , w hi c h i s the

i
m os t s olid part of the tru n k , and I S d e fi n e d b y o ur g reat m as te r
t o b e th e al bu r n u m an d li b e r o f the p r e c e di n g y e ar, d e p ri v e d of
th e i r j u i c e , h ard e n e d an d fi rml y aggl u ti n ated . T he w o od i s
c o mpos e d of conc e n tri c r i n g s . T he c e n tre of th es e c i rc l es rs
 5 8 TH E TH O M S ON IA N .

I f the p i th b e the br ai n o f a tree may it n ot b e wi th s ome tree s ,

as i n s o me an i mal s i n w h i c h the b ra i n is not c onfi n e d to t he

,

h ead b u t sp re ad all o v e r t h e m as i n t he e art h wo rm and po

, ,

l ypus the p arts of w h i c h t h o u gh ou t in p i e c e s l i v e and b e co m e

, , ,

t
e n re i a n im a ls Z S ome an i mal s li k e s ome v ege tab l e s are more
'
.
, ,

v i v ac i o us t h an o th e rs A tortoi s e w il l l i v e and c raw l s e v e ral

.

d ay s afte r d e c ap i tati on ; b e c au se h is b ody i s re p l e te w i t h g a ng

l i on s w hi c h are s u b ordi nate b ra i ns h av i n g a n i n n ate e n e rgy
, ,

i n d e p e nd e n t in s o m e m e asu re o f t he c ap i tal po rti on in the s k u ll .

A fte r all the o ffi c e o f t he m e d u ll a o r p i th i n v e g e tab l e s i s am on g

,

t he d e s id e rata in the sc i e n c e o f b otan y

*
.

T h e re i s n o p ar t of the an ato m y o f a v eg e tab l e i n vo l v e d i n

m o re i ntri c ac y and u n ce rtai n ty t h an the V a s c u la r S y stem .

L i nn ae u s sp eak s o f t h re e k i nd s of v ess el s ,

I T he S ap v ess els
. .

II T he V a sa p r op r i a or p r op er v essels and
. , ,

I II T he A ir
. v essel s

b u t l ater bo tan i s ts h av e 1 n c rease d t h e i r n u m b er to s e v e n .

T he s ap v ess els c on v e y the s ap j u i c e o r c hyl e o f t h e v e ge ta
b le . Th e y r i se p e rp e ndi c u l arly, and p ass p ri n c i pally th rou g h
an d b e tw e e n t he w oo d an d t he b ar k ; an d t h o u g h i m e rc e ti
p p
b le , th e y m u s t p e rv ad e th e o t h e r p arts of t he p l an t..

T he v a sa p r op r i a , p rop e r, o r p e c u li ar v e ss e l s , are so c al l e d
‘

b e c aus e t h e y co ntai n t he p e c u li ar o r sp e c ifi c s e c re te d flu id s , as
t he g u m in the p e ac h tre e , a nd t he re s i n i n t he fi r I n t h ese .

v e ss e l s are fo u n d the m e di c i nal q u al i ti e s p ec u li a r to a p l an t .

T he u tri c l e s are s mal l re p os i to ri e s , w hi c h c on tain the c ol ori n g

m atter of the p l an t In th e m the n u tri ti v e j u i c e o f the p l an t is
.

l o dged , j u st as the m arrow i s p re s e rv e d i n b one s , w h e n c e it i s

tak e n b ot h i n an i m al s and v e g e tab l e s , w h e n th e y are n ot su fh
c ie ntly s u pp l i e d w i t h c hyl i ferou s n u tri m e n t.
T he a ir v ess els are c all e d tr a chea , f ro m the i r re s e mb l anc e
to the re sp i rato r y o rg an s o f i ns e c ts T h e y are fou nd i n the
woo d an d i n t he al bu rn u m , b u t n o t in the b ark . I n o rd e r to
d ete c t th e m , y ou m us t tak e a y o u n g b ran c h of a v i ne and c l e ar
aw ay the b ar k , an d t h e n b re ak. it b y d ra w i n g the t wo e xtre i -
m
t i e s i n oppos i te di re c ti o n s , w h e n t he ai r v e ss e l s m ay b e s e e n i n
t he form of s m al l co rk s c re w s S e e e ng rav e d re p re s e n tati o n s
.

o f th em i n G r ew s A n a tom y of P l a n ts, and D a r wi n s P hy to

’ ’

l og i a .
T h e s e trac h eae, or air v ess e l s, c ar ry o th er flu id s b e s id e air.
Darw i n s ay s t h e y are abs orb e n t v e ss e l s of the ad tt l t v eg e tab l e,
and t he u mb ili c al o n e s o f the e m b ry on bu d .

S om e h av e c on ec t ur e d
j p s
t hat t h e it h w a s a r e e r v oir of s
m oi tur e , ag a in st
a d ry s s e a on , l ik ee dep
th b
ost te s of m arr o w in the on e s ,
t h e f at i n
o r r athe r

ou r b di s
o e ,
an d on whi c h i t is s upp s d w s bsi t d
o e e u s uring th e e m ac ia ti ng tart: s
o f f s
ev er .
 M E TE RIA M E DI C A . 59

A s to the a b s or b en t, the ex c r e tory , an d the s ecr etory v e ss e l s ,

we s h al l sp eak o f t h e m w h e n we d e s c ri b e t he l ea v e s .
T o t he fo reg oi ng de s c ri p ti on of t he p a rts o f a p l ant, s h ou ld
b e add ed t hat wh i c h c on te m p l ate s it as a w h o l e . L i nn aeu s in
s om e m eas u re h el ps u s to th at v i e w of it, w h en he s ay s , th at
t he c or t ex o f t he fl owe r te rm i n ate s in the C A L Y x ; t he l ib e r in
t he P ET ALS , o r p ai n te d l e av e s : t he l ig n u m in t he S T A M N A I
th e v a sc u l a r se r i es i n the N EC I A RI A ; an d the p i th i n t he
‘ '

S EED s
It i s v e ry difli c u lt to c on v e y a c lear id e a of th e s e di ffere n t
p arts of a p l an t ; w e wo u ld th e re fore re fe r the r e ad e r to G re w s ’

a d m i ra b l e e n g ra v i ng s c o p i ed afte r mag n ifi e d sp e c i me ns of v a
, .

r i on s p arts o f a v e g e tab l e w h i c h th ou gh e x e c u te d m o re t h an a
, ,

c en t ury ago h av e n o t b e e n s u rp ass e d

,
.

D r G r ew and M a lp ig hi b e g an th e i r an atom y of p l an ts ab o u t
.

the s am e ti m e u n k n o wn to e ac h ot h e r— o n e i n En gl and the

, ,

o the r in I tal y M u c h p rai se i s d ue to t he I tal i an b u t m o re to

.
,

t he En g li s h ma n S o fi n i s h e d are h i s d e sc ri p ti o ns th at he has
.
,

l e ft b u t li ttl e to hi s s u cc e s sors b tt t ad mi rati o n .

T he b e s t s ol ar a n d l u c e rn al m i c ro s c op e s o f the p re s e n t d ay
s er v e to i nc re ase ou r ad m i rati on o f the ac c u rac y and i nd u s try
o f Dr N e h e m i a h G re w i n t he a
. n atom y of p l an ts H i s e x c el .

le n c ies a re n u me ro u s an d h is m i s tak e s fe w ,
D a rw i n e o n .

t e n d s t h at w hat G re w an d M al p igh i c al l e d b r on c hi a or air

, ,
v e ss e l s a re reall y abs orb e n ts ; t h at th e y hav e b e e n errone ou s ly
,

t h o u gh t air v e s e l s in the s am e m a n ne r as the arte ri e s o f the

s
,

h u m an b ody w e re su ppos e d b y the an c i e n ts to c o n v e y air til l ,

t he g reat H ar v e y b y m ore e x ac t e x p e ri me n ts and j us te r re ason

,

i ng e v i n c e d t h at th e y w e re b l oo d v e ss e l s
,
.

We are not e n ti re l y s ati s fie d wi t h the acco u n t he re gi v e n of

t he an atom y o f a v e ge tab l e fro m t he e p i d e r m i s to the c e n tre
, .

G re w H ale s D u H ame l L i nn ae u s and D arwi n wi t h many

, , , , ,

l i v i n g nat u rali s ts h ave e x am i ne d the mi nu te s tru c tu re of a

,

p l an t b u t e v e ry on e of t h e m has l e ft a w i de fi e ld for d i sc o v a
,

r i e s t o hi s s ucc e ss o r We in A me ri c a h av e n ot all the m e ans

.

fo r e x am i n i n g t h e s e t hi n g s as h av e o ur e ld e r b re th re n in Eu
,

r op e . It i s b u t l ate l y t h at we h av e b eg u n to c on s t ru c t m i c ro
s c o p e s b y w h ose m agi c al po we rs me n h av e c al l e d thi ng s th at
a re n ot i n to e xi s te n c e as we l l as e s tab li s h e d the e xi s te nc e of
,

o th ers th at were d ou b tfu l .

 60 TH E T H O M S ON IAN
F ORM S T RU CT U RE O F P L A N T S
AN D .

Wh d j i s s w ll h l fy i
e n c ru t e ea
er v e n,
u ce e
S i h y g g m h
t n t t e ou n er d b l ss m s i ;
, t
e ten e r o o ta n
O h l pp d s h
n e ac o
’
f s s i bi d
oot a o t e r c on n

Pi h p d p i h d i d pp l i d i d
,
’
t re ss to t , an r n a e to r n .
S s h ll h
o a k wi h l f i s s d
t e tr u n t o t er c r e t a c e n ,
A d wid
n i b s ms d
e i n a r r o u t e r ar ex te n ,
N s h w b ds d m i h l
ur e t e ne u a s k w
r e t e e av e u n n o n,
A d b l s hi g b d w i h f i g
,
n u n en t i w
r u ta e n o t ts o n.

S e v eral p hil osop h ers di s ti n g u i s h e d for s ag ac i ty and i n d us t r y

h av e d e v ote d a con s id erab l e p ort i on of t h e i r l i v es to t he e x am
i nation of t he s tru c tu r e of p l an ts an d to the s tu dy o f t he pro ,
.

c e ss of v e ge tati on ; y e t t he su b til e org an iz ati o n of v e g e tab l e s

h as b afll ed t h e i r s igh t t h o u gh arme d w i th the m i c ros c op e , and
,

the l a ws of v e g e tati on h av e b ee n b u t i m p e rfe c tly e x p l o re d .

Who has b e e n ab l e to di sc ri m i nate t h at p e c u li ar o rg aniz ati on i n

e ac h ki n d of p l an t w hi c h gi v e s t he sp e c ifi c m edi c i na l q u al i ty to
eac h ? I f m atte r co n s id e re d as m ere m atte r gi v e n o t the pe
, ,

c u l iar q u al i ti e s t o b odi e s t h e y m us t re su l t fro m t he di ffere n t ar

,

r an ge me nt of the s am e m atte r in di ffe re n t v eg e tab l e s I t 1 s .

fro m the di ffe re n t m odifi c ati on o f v e g e tab l e m atte r w hi c h pro ,

d u c e s th os e v ari o u s and o pp os i te q u ali ti e s obs e r v ab l e in two ,

p l an ts gro wi n g in the s ame b e d of a g a1 d e n and b re at hi ng t he ,

s ame ai r and w hi c h p ro d u c e s b oth b re ad and po i s o n ou t o f t h e

,

s am e so il I t I S s ay s D1 H u n te r fro m the di ffere nt e l ab o rati on

.
,
.
,

of a m ass of i nnoc e nt e ar th t h at gi v e s li fe an d v ig o r to t he b it ,

te r al o e s an d to t he s u g ar c an e to t he c oo l h o u se l ee k an d to ,
-

t he fi e ry m u s tard to the n o u ri s hi n g g ra i n o f w h e at a nd co rn
, ,

to t he d e adl y n igh t s h ad e and t he s til l m o re d eadly u p a s

-
f
.

I t 1 3 i mc o mpatib le w i th ou r p lan to e x e rc i s e m uc h atte nti o n

i n d es c ri b i n g the d i ffe ren t forms and stru c tu i e o f t he tru n k s or
s te ms o f p l ants S e ve n are e nu m e rate d b y L i n nae u s
. .

.1 T he c a u li s o r s te m p r o p e rly so c al l e d , b e a1 ing the l e av e s

,

and the flo we r .

2 T he c u lm u s or s tr aw, w hi c h s p e c i e s of s te m i s g e nerall y
.
,

h o l l o w as in g ra ss e s
,
.

3 T he sc ap u s or s tal k w hi c h b e ars the fruc ti fi c ati on o n l y ,

.
, ,

the l e av e s n ot b e i n g rai s e d abov e the g ro u n d as in t he d and e ,

lion .

4 T he p ed u n cu l u s or flo we r s tal k w hi c h b e ars the fl owe r

.
, ,

or fru c t ifi c ation fro m the c au li s I t i s the s tal k o r i mmedi ate .

su ppo rt of a s i ngl e fl ower o r fru i t .

5 T he p etiol u s or s tal k of a l e af
.
, I t fas te ns the l e av es b ut .
,

not the fru c tifi c ation .

6. T he f r on s , a s ig n i fy t h at
v ag u e te r m, ge n erall y u s ed to
the ro ot s te m l eaf and fruc tifi c ation a re all in one as in ferns
, , , .

7 T he s t ip es w hi c h i s t he s tal k or tru n k of a frons and i s

.
, ,

a p p l i e d o n l y to p a lm s fi l i c es and f u ng i , ,
.
 M A TE RI A M ED I C A . l

T u rn i n g fro m th e s e th in g s , l e t u s e x am i n e so me o th e r ob

Jec ts, of m or e i m po rtanc e , V l z.

B UD S TH E .

A b ud i s a p ro tu b e r anc e h ard bo dy or po i n te d b u tton b e i n g

, , ,

a co m p e ndi u m or e p i to me o f its p are n t p l an t j u tti n g out fro m ,

i ts s te m o r b ran c h e s A b u d i s c o m pose d e x te rn al ly of sc al e s
. ,

w hi c h are e l o n g ati o n s o f t he i nne r b ar k I t i s co m mo n l y c o .

v ere d w i t h a re s i no us v a rn i s h to pro te c t it fro m c old i ns e c ts

, , ,

a nd mo i s t u re ; a n d it co ntai n s the r u di me nts of t he l e a v e s or ,

fl owe r or b oth w hi c h are to b e e x p an d e d or e x fo li ate d the f l

, ,
o

l o wi n g y e ar .B u d s a re c all e d b y V i rgil g e m m ce A s m an y .

p l ants h ave no b u d s and so m e th at h ave are di vested of th em

,

w h e n re m o ve d fro m co ld to warm c li mate s it i s e v id e nt t h at ,

the bu d s a re n ot p arts e ss e n ti al to a v e ge tab l e T h e y are h ow .

e v e r so ve ry co m mo n i n t h e s e no rt h ern s tate s t h at mt F l ora ,

w ou l d app ear aw k ward wi th o u t he r g e ms O f the arb o re sc e n t .

p l an ts g ro w i n g a m o n g 11 s w hi c h h av
, e n o bu d s a l l of t h em
,

h ave b ee n b rou gh t from warm c li mate s as the ora ng e lem on , , ,

a c a c i as , er a n i u m s, t he O le a n d e r
d g u ia c u m . an
g
I f y o u e x am i ne a twig o f al most an y o f ou r tree s i n D e c e m
be r, e sp ec i all y the h o rs e c h e s n u t, y ou w i ll fi nd th at th a bu d i s
ro ote d in o r p ro t ub e rate s fro m the p i t h Y o u wil l al s o fi nd , .

t h at w h e re v e r a n e w bu d i s ge nerate d in t he s te m or tw ig , o r in
the b os o m o f a l e af, t h e re a m e m b ra ne ou s di a p h rag m di v id e s
t he c av i ty . T hi s di v i s i o n , w h i c h i s c o v e re d wi th a me d u l l ar y
o r p i thy su bs tanc e , d i s ti ng u i s h e s t he i n se r ti on o f o ne bu d fro m
a no th e r. B es id e the sc al e s of t he b ark , an d t he r u di me n ts of
the l e av e s , we di scov e r b y s e ar c hi n g d e e p e r, t h at the b u d , ll ke
the s e ed co n tai n s the p are n t p l an t in m i n i at u re .
S ee d s a re v e g e tab l e e gg s , and b ud s a re foetal p l an ts , bo t h

e q u al ly ad ap te d to c on t i n u e th e i r sp e c i e s fo re v e r. A bu d on
the s te m o r t wig o f a tre e i n w i n te r , as w e l l as the bu l b of a
t u li p, i s the hy b e r n a cu l a , or w i nte r q u arte rs , of the v e ge tab l e
e ns, w h e re t he e m b ry o p
l an t s l ee ps in s afe ty d u ri n g the s e v e
r i ty of w i n te r, s e cu re fro m the d e s tru c ti ve effe c ts of fros t, m o i s t
u re or i ns ec ts .

T h e re are th ree ki nd s of bu d s ; one con tai n i n g a flo we r an ,

o th er c o ntai ni ng on l y l e av e s and a t hi rd co ntai n i n g bo t h A
, .

j ust di s c ri mi nati on o f t h e s e t h ree k i n d s of bu d s i s i m po rtan t to

g ard e n e rs . L e af bu d s s h o u l d b e al way s s e l e c te d for i noc u l a
-

t i o n al t h o u gh flowe r b u d s are c om mo n l y c h os e n for th at u r

p
-

p os e
, b e c au se th e y are fu ll e r t hi c k e r l e ss po i nte d and re s e mb l e
, , ,

p l u mp s eed ; w h e re as if t h e y s h o u ld b e transp l an te d i n to the

b ar k of a tree t h e y are m ore apt to di s appo i n t the e x p e c tati ons
, ,

o f t he i ng rafte r t h an if he u s e d t he l e af bu d s A n accu r ate -

.

kn o wl edge of th es e thi n g s will ten d to e x p l o d e the v ag u e te r ms

62 TH E TH O M S O N IAN
of “
b arre n b u d s and fe rtil e b u d s”
A n oth er il l u s trati o n o f
“
.
”

o u r fo rm e r ass e rti on th at a n ato m i c a l i n v e s tig ati on i s t he o nl y

,

c e rtai n and rati on al me th o d o f arrivmg at c e rtai n ty in the l aw s

of v eg e tati o n .

B y t he te rm F O L I A T I O N b otan i s ts me an the c omp l i c a ti on or

, ,

fold ed s tate o f t he l e a v e s w h il e c o n c e al e d wi t h i n t he b u d s T hi s .

i ntri c ate and c o mp l i c ated s tru c t u re was fi rs t e v o l v e d an d d is

p l ay e d b y ou r g reat m as ter L innmus w h o h as tau gh t u s th at , ,

t he l e av e s in b u d s a re e i th e r
I N V O L U I E th at is r ol l e d i n w h e n t h e i r l ate ral m argi ns are
'‘
, , ,

rol le d sp i rally i n ward s o n b ot h s id e s .

REV O L U T E r oll ed b a ck w h e n t h e i r l ate ral m argi n s are roll

, ,

ed s p i ra l l y b ac k w ard s o n b o th s i d e s .

O B V O L U T E r oll ed a g a i n s t e ac h o the r w h en t h e i r re sp e c t i v e
, ,

m argi n a l te rn ate l y e m b rac e the s traigh t m argi n o f th e oppo

s i te le a;
C O N V O L U T E r olled tog ether w h e n the m argi n of on e s id e
, ,

s u rro u nd s the o t h e r m a rgi n of t he s am e l e a f i n th e m an n e r o f ,

a c aw l o r h o o d .

I M B RI C A T E w h en t h e y are p a r a ll e l w i t h a s traigh t s u rfac e

, , ,

an d lie o ne o v e r t he o t h e r .

EQ U I T A N T r i d ing w h e n the s i d es of the l e av e s l ie p aral l e l

, , ,

and a pp roac h i n s u c h a m an n e r as th at the o u te r e m b rac e t he

i nne r w h i c h i s n ot t he c as e w i t h t he
,

C O N D U P L I C A T E o r d ou b led tog ethe r t h at i s w h e n the s id e s

, , ,

o f th e l e af a re p a rall e l a n d a pp roa c h e a c h o t h er .

P L I C A T E p l a ite d w h e n t h e i r c o m p l i c ati on i s in p l ai ts
, ,

l e n g th wi s e .

REC L I N A T E r ec l in ed w h e n the l eav e s are refle xed d o wn

, ,

w ard s to ward s t he p et iol e .

C I RC I N A L c om p a ssecl or in r i ng s wh e n the l eav e s are ro l l

, , ,

e d i n sp i rally d o wn ward s .

A l th o u gh L aef l i ng s n atu ral h i s tory o f b u d s h as n ot b e e n

’

su rp ass ed as an y n at u ral i s t w il l b e c o n v i n c ed if he p e ru s e s his

,

p ap e r e n ti tl e d G em m ce A r b or u m i n t he A m ce n i t a tes A c a d ,
”

e m ir ce y e t D a r w in i s mo re t o o u r pu rp os e w h 1c h i s to m ix t he
, ,

u t i le wi t h t he d u lc e .
D r. D ar wi n, i n h i s P hilosop hy of A g r i cu ltu r e a n d G a r
“

d en i ng , s ay s , if a b u d b e to rn fro m a b ra nc h o f a t re e , o r c u t
”

o u t, and p l an te d in t he e a rth , w i t h a g l ass c u p i n v e rte d o v e r i t,

t o p re v e n t the e xh al ati o n fro m b e i n g a t fi rs t g re ate r tha n its

p o we r o f abs orp ti o n or i f it b e i nse rte d i nto the b ar k o f ano
t h e r t re e , i t w il l g ro w, an d b e c o me a p l an t in e v e ry re s p e c t l ik e
i ts p ar e nt. T hi s e v i n c e s , t h at e v e ry b u d of a tre e i s a n i n d i

I n th i ss
itu at ion , a g r e a t er h e a t m ay b e g iv e n t he m t han in h o t h o u e s, s
s q p sp
w ithou t i nc r e a ing t he ir u a n t ity of e r ira ti on, w hic h c ea e a s o on a s the ss s
air i n the g a l ss s
is atu r ate d Wi th m oi tur e . s
 A TE RIA ED I C A 63
'

M M .

v id u a l v e ge tab l e b e i ng ; a nd t h at a tre e t h er e fo re 18 a famil y or

s war m of i nd iv id u al p l ants, l ik e t he p oly p us , w i t h its y o u ng
ro wi ng ou t o f i ts s id e s o r l ik e t he b ran c h i n g c e ll s of t h e c oral
g ”
i nse c t .
“
Wh e n the old oak s o r w il l ow s l os e b y d e c ay al mos t all th e i r
s o lid i nte rn al w oo d i t fre q u e n tly h ap p e ns t h at a p art of the
,

s h e l l of the tru n k o r s te m c o n t i n u e s to fl o u ri s h w i t h a fe w h e al
t hy b ran c he s Wh en c e it app e ars t hat n o p art of the tre e i s
. ,

a l i ve b u t t he b u d s a n d t he b ar k and the ro ot fi b re s ; t h at the

,

b ark i s o nl y an i nte rte xtn re o f the c au d e x e s of t he n u me ro u s

b u d s as t h e y p ass d o wn to s h o ot t he i r radi c l e s i nto the e art h ;
,

a n d t hat the so lid t i m b e r c e ase s to b e ali v e a nd i s t h e n o n l y of ,

s e rv i c e to s u pp o rt the n u m e ro u s f am ily o f b u d s in the air ,

a bo v e t he h e rb ac e o u s v e g e tab l e s i n t h e i r v i c i n i t y .

“
A bu d o f a t re e t h e re fo re l i ke a v e g e tab l e a ri s i ng f 1 o m a
, ,

s e ed c o n s i s ts of th 1 e e p arts — the p l u m u l a 0 1 l e af the radi c l e or

, ,

r oo t fi b re s a nd the p a rt w hi c h J oi ns t h e s e t wo to g e th e r w hi c h
, ,

i s c all e d c a u d e x b y L in nmu s w h e n app l ie d to e nti re p l an ts ; ,

a nd m a
y t h e re fore b e te r m e d c a n d e m g e m m a e w h e n app l i e d to ,

b u ds .

A n e m b ry o n b u d w h e th er i t b e a l e af b u d or a fl owe r b u d
, ,
i s the v iv i p a r ou s off sp ri ng of an ad u l t l e af b u d : and i s as i n
d i v i d u a l as a s e e d w h i c h i s its ov ip a r o u s off sp ri ng
,
.

“
A s t he s e as o n ad v an c e s t he l e af b u d p u ts fo rt h a p l u m u l a , ,

l ik e a s e e d w hi c h s ti m u l ate d b y t he ox y g e n o f the at m osp h e re

.
, , ,

r i s es u p ward s i n to l e a v e s to ac q u i re its ad apte d p abu l u m w hi c h ,

l e av e s co ns ti tu te its l u ng s T he fl o we r b u d u nd e r s i m i l ar c ir .

c u m stanc e s p u ts fo rt h i ts b rac tes o r fl oral l e av e s w hi c h s er v e , ,

t he o ffi c e of l u n gs to t he p e ri c ar p an d t he c a lyx a n d e x p and its ,

p etal s w hi c h ag ai n s e rv e t he offi c e o f t he l u n g s to the anth ers

,

a nd s ti g mas ; a nd t h u s l ik e t he l e af b u d it b e c o mes an ad u l t
, ,

v eg e tab l e b e i n g w i th t ii e p o we r o f p rod uc i n g s e e d
,
”
.

C l os e o bs e rv e rs o f n atu re h a v e re m a1 ked th at ab o u t mid ,

s u m m e r t h e re 13 a ki nd o f p au s e i n v e g e ta ti o n fo r p e rh ap s a ,

fo rtn i g h t ; an d i t i s b e li e v e d t h at l e af b u d s m ay b e c h ang e d i nto

fl o we r b u d s and flo w e 1 b u d s i n to le a f b ud s T he p rob ab ili t y
,
.

o f t hi s id ea o f t ran s m i t ti ng fl o w e r b u d s a n d l e af b u d s i n to e ac h

o t h e r i s c on fi rm e d s a y s t he i n g e n i o u s a u t h o r of
, T he Fl o we r “

G ard e n b y the c u ri ou s c o n v e rs i on o f the p arts of the flowers

,
”

o f s om e v e g e tab l e m on s te r s i nto g ree n l e av e s if th e y b e too *

,

w e ll n o u ri s h e d afte r t h e y are so far ad v an c e d as to b e u n c h ang e

a b l c i nt o l e af bu d s I nstanc e s of thi s l u x uri anc e a re s o me ti mes
.

y s c al e s o f the c alyx of the e ve r l a s ti ng i n

'
s ee n i n t h e c ha fl ,

t he p i n k an d i n t he r ose w ill ow
, T he artifi c i al me th od of .

Do u bl e , or v e r y lx
u ur ia n t fl ow er , s h oweve r b eau ti u f l 1 11 th e e y e of the flo~
r is t, ar e ca ll ed s s
m on te r b y b otan i t . ss
64 TH E T n o n s o n u n

con ve r ti n g leaf bu d s i nto flo we r bu d s i s b y d i s tu rb i n g the n atu ,

ral cou rs e of v e g e tati o n b y b i n di ng s o me o f t he m os t v ig orou s
,

s tal k s or r oo ts wi th s tro n g w i re T he su cc e ss of th i s o p e r ati o n .

d e pe nd s o n weak en i n g or s tr en g th e n i n g the g rowth of the l as t

year s bu d s
’
.

I ns tead o f p l an ti n g b u d s in the e arth we p l an t th e m withi n ,

the b ar k o f anot h e r t ree taki n g c are to p l ac e th e m so th at t he

pi t h of t he b nd c o mes i n c l ose co n tac t w i th the p i th of the
'

br an c h in wh i c h the s li t i s mad e T h i s m o de of p rop ag ati on

, .

is c all e d i no c u lati on
A n arg u m e n t amon g o th e rs t h at the C hi ne s e had n o c om
, ,

m u nic atio n w i th e i th e r G ree k s o r Ro m ans i s t h e i r to tal ig no ,

r anc e of the art of i ng r afti n g or i n o c u l ati o n
u

TH E L EA F .

S o f r om th e r oo t
S p r ing s l i g ht er t he g r e e n ta ; s lk f r om t he n c e th e L EA V ES
M ore a ir y
; ls
a b
t, t he r ig ht con s u m m a te fl ow e r .

s
H is p ra i e , y e w ind , t ha r o sou r uar te rt f m f
ow , q s bl
s f l
B r e a t he o t or ou d ; a n d w av e y o ur to , y e i n e ps p s
pl s
“f i t h e v e r y an t, i n i g n of w o r hi , w av e ? s p
0 , u n iv e r a s lL
or d ? b e o u n te ou ti , b s s ll
T o g i v e u s on y g ood l
a n d i f t h e n ig h t
H a v e g a t he r ’d a u g h t o f ev i l
sp s sp l s l
D i e r e i t, as n e w ig ht di e th e d ar k — M i l ton .

B y f ol i a ti on Engl i s h b otan i s ts m e an the c omp l ic a t ion or

,

fo ld e d s tate of l e av e s w h il e c o nc e al e d in the bu d ; b u t thi s

,

te r m e x pre ss e s n ot t h at p ro c e d u re o f n atu re b y w h i c h t he
l eav e s a re re n e we d and d e v e l op e d e v e ry sp r i ng so acc u ratel y ,

as d oe s t he L at i n w o rd v e r n a t i o .

We h av e s h o wn th at the b ud sp ri ng s fro m the med u l l a o r

, ,

p i t h o f t h e p l an t ; an d b y searc hi n g i n to the b u d we h av e s ee n

t he ru di me nts o f t h e l e av e s and w h e n w e p e n e trate s til l d ee p

e r we d i sc o v e r t h at t he b u d l i k e t he s ee d con tai ne d t he e pito

, , ,

m e of the fu tu r e p l an t ; b u t d u ri ng w i n te r i t wan ts t he p o w e r
o f u n fo ldi n g its p ar ts B oth s e ed s and b u d s co ntai n the p r i
.

m or d i a p l a n t a r a m b u d s t h e re fo re d i ffe r fro m s e ed s o nl y as
the l i v i ng foet u s di ffer s fro m the e g g of the an i m al ; so t h at
bu d s are s ee d s i n a m o re ad v an c e d s tag e of v e g e tati on We .

h av e al re ady re mar ked t h at s o me bu d s c on tai n fl ow e rs s ome

, ,

l e av e s and so me bo th ; an d th at an accu rate d i sc ri mi n ati on of

,

t h e m w as of i m po rtan c e i n the p roc e ss of b u dd ing T o w atc h

“

the v er n a t ion o f the e mb ry o b u d the g rad u al u n fo ldi n g o f t h e ,

foetal l eav e s and i n fan til e flo we r i s a p l e as i n g sp e c ul ati on for ,

F
I n r anc e and i n S w it er an d the y im r ov e the z l p f r u i t of a tr e e b y i n g r a t f
s f
i ng it w ith a c ion r om i ts ow n ranc h e T his i s b s f ou n d to
“

l
am e ior a te the
l
.

q u a i ty of t he f
ru it, and i n cr e a e the S i e of i t. s z o
66 r u n TH OM S O N IAN
e u latin
g fl uid to t he foot s tal k , -

j us t
v e i n ope as the arte r y an d

r ate in o u r l u ng s I t i s h ardl y fai r to c o m p are the l eav e s o f a

.

pl ant w i t h the re sp i rato ry o rg ans o f the m o re p erfe c t an i m al s ;

b ut rat he r to the b re at hi ng ap paratu s o f i nse c ts o r w h at i s per , ,
h aps mo re to o u r p u rp ose to the g il ls o f fi sh , .

Wh e n t he s tru c tu re o f an y o rg aniz e d b ody 18 too s u b tl e to

co m e w i thi n the sc ru ti n y o f t he h u man s e nse s we m u s t h av e ,

r e c ou rs e to anal ogy an d fro m the tru th s w e di s c o ve r and the ,

o bs e r v ati ons w e m a k e w e m u s t j u dg e o f t he o p e rati o ns i n si m

,

ilar b od 1e s : fo r we c an fo rm o u r o p i n i o n o f t h at w e k n ow n ot ,

o n ly b y p l ac i n g it in c om p ari s on w i th s o me th i ng s i mil ar to
w h at we d o k no w T h e s t ru c tu re o f c e rtai n l a rg e l e a v e d
.

p l a n ts t h at g ro w in wate r i s re m ark ab l y c o nsp i c u ou s ; a nd the

g i ll s o f fi sh re se mb l e i n s tr u c tu re a nd o ffi c e t he l e av e s o f t he s e
, ,

aq u ati c p l an ts D u v e rn y and M on ro h a ve sc ru t i n iz ed the gill s

.

o f fi sh the for me r f ou n d t h at t h ose o f a c arp c on tai n e d f ou r

t hou s a n d thr ee hu n d r ed a n d e ig hty s ir: b o ne s w hi c h we re -

m ov e d b y s ix ty n i n e m us c l e s a nd t he l atte r i n fo r m s u s t h at in
-

t he gil l s o f a s k ate fi s h t h e re e xi s ts on e hu n d r e d a n d f or ty
ou r thou s a n d fold s or s u b di v i s i o n s T hi s m an i fold s tru c tu re
f , .

g i v e s t hi s re sp i rato ry org an a s u r p r i s i n g e x te nt o f su rfac e .

T h es e su b di v i si ons te rminati ng i n i nn u merab l e po i nts 1 e s e m D ,

~

b l e fri ntg e b u t w h e n e x am in ed b y t he m im osc o pe a pp e ar l ik e

D ,

d own y e t i s e v e ry p art c ro wd e d w i th b l ood v e ss e l s b e i n g ra ,

mifi c ation s o f the p u l mon ary arte ry and v e i n T he w h ol e e x .

te n t of t he gil l s i s c o v e re d b y an e x c e e di n gl y fi n e m e m b ran e ,

i n w hi c h t he m i c ro s c o p e di sc o v e rs a s til l fi ne r n et wo rk o f ve s - ~

e e ls. B y su c h a s t ru c t u re t he fi s h e x p ose s a g re ate r s u rfac e of

b l ood to the wate r th an i s e x p os e d to the air b y t he i n te rn al
,

m e mb rane of t he air c e ll s of the l u n g s o f q u ad ru ped s and t h at

for the s ame pu rp os e n ame ly i mb i b i n g u nc o m b i n e d o xy g e n
, , ,

w hi c h i s t he m ate 1 ial o r p a b u ln m v it cc e q u al ly n e c e ss ary to

, ,

fi s h as to l and an i mal s N ow if we c om p are t he st t uc tu 1 e of

. ,

t he gill s o f fi s h w i t h t h at of the l e af of aq u ati c p l ants w e c an ,

di s c e rn a g reat s i mil ari ty .

T he g ill s of fi sh p re s e nt an i mm e n s e s u rf ac e to t he w ater i n
w h i c h th e y li v e i n c o n s e q u e n c e of t h e i r i n n u m e rab le fold s of
,

n e 1 v e s b l o o d and a ir v e ss e l s
, T he di v i s i o ns an d s u b d i v i si on s
.

o f t hi s o rg an are so fi ne t h at t he r s e m b l e a mos t d e li c ate

y e

fri nge I n li k e m an ne r c e rtai n aq u ati c p l an ts g ro w i n g i n t he

.
,

p o nd s i n t hi s v i c i ni ty h av e s u b aq u ati c l e av e s re s emb li n g
, ,

fi ne m oss o r rath er t h at ki nd o f s il k c all e d fl os s t he s t ru c tu re

, ,

a nd u se o f w hi c h are t he s a m e as t he g i l l s 1 11 fi s h Whil e thos e .

l e ave s wh i c h a re g ro w i ng u nd e1 wate r ha v e thi s d eli c ate

, ,

s t ru c t u re t he l e a v e s o f the sa me p l a n t w h e n it h as s h o t u p o u t
, ,

o f t he water b e i n g p rod u c e d w h o ll y in air b e c o m e e n ti re a n d

, ,

fi rm h av i ng non e o f t h os e s e g me nts or s li ts w h i c h di s ti ng u i s h
,
 M A TE RIA M EDI CA . 67

t h e m w h e n s ub aq u ati c so t h at l e af u n d er w ate r has

the on e
t he s tru c t u re a nd fu n c ti o n o f gill s w h il e the n e x t a b o v e i t i s a
,

fi rm l e af or l u ng s b y re as o n of its b re ath i n g the o p e n air

’

.
, ,

H e re a c h ange tak e s p l ac e in a n am p hi b i o u s p l ant li k e th at ,

w h i c h i s obs e r v e d i n an a m p hi b i o u s a n i m a l o n its p ass i n g fro m

t he tad p o l e to the fro g s tate for i n t he form er s tate it has gill s
a nd in the l at te r l u ng s .

A s a tre e c an no t g o i n s e arc h o f foo d l i k e an an i m al i t i s , ,

fo rc e d to d raw its no u ri s h me n t fro m w i th i n t he n arro w sp h e re

o f i ts e xi s te n c e i t t h f x t d s i ts roo ts th ro u gh the su r
; e re o re e e n

r o u ndi ng e a rt h ,
b y w hi c h it d raws in s u s te ntati o n as th ro u gh ,

so m an y s y p h o n s . Th e s e i m b i b i n g v ess e l s o f the ro ots m ay b e

c o m pared to the l a c te a ls in a n i mal s T h i s c h yl e or sap as .
, ,

c e n ds to t he l e a v e s ,
a nd i s t he re c h an g e d i n to a m o re p e rfe c t

flu id ans we ri ng to the b lood o f an i m al s ; i t i s s til l fu rt h e r e x

, ‘

al te d i n t he flo we r i n o rd e r to p e rfe c t t h e s e e d a nd c o n ti n u e i ts

ki nd T he roots are su ffi ci e n t to s u ppl y nou ri s h m e nt to a

.

l arge tree d u ri ng wi n te r w h e n d i v e s te d o f its l e av e s an d wh e n

, ,

the v e g e tat iv e li fe re p os e s i n w i n te r q u arte rs : b u t s ti mu l ate d b y

t he w a rm th o f sp ri ng t he v e g e tab l e e n s a w a k e s a n d w h en t h e
'

p roc e ss of c ar n a t ion has fai rl y b e g u n t h e n t he tre e has n o mo re ,

t o d o t h a n m e re l y to su pp o rt its o w n e xi s te nc e and t h e re fore i t ,

sp re ad s t hro u g h the air its n u m b erle ss l e av e s w hi c h are nearly ,

e q u i v a l e n t to t he s to m ac h a n d l u ng s o f a n i m al s .

Th at th e sap asc e nd s to t he l e av e s i s p ro v e d b y the b l eedi ng

, ;

o f v i ne s e arly i n t he s pri n g b e fo re t he l e a v e s a re form ed t he re

, ,

b e i ng n o l e av e s to rec e i v e it ; b u t wh e n t h e s e e l ab orate o rg ans

a re fo rm e d the v i n e c e as e s to b l e e d b e c au s e t he sap fl ows i nto
,

t h e m for r ec tifi c a ti on fo r w hil e a v e ge tab l e is g ro wi ng i t is

co nti n ual ly g oi n g th rou h a r e g u l a r s e ri e s o f c h ang es l os i ng
cr
,

t he p ro p e rti e s of o n e su bs tan c e an d ass u m i n g t h os e of a no th e r

t h u s m u c il ag e i n a y o u n g p l a nt b e co me s s ta rc h in the o ld ; w h at
i n g re e n fru i t i s ac id i n a ri p e fru i t i s su g ar
,
.

B u t the fu nc ti o n of t he l e af i s n o t p e rp e tu al and u n i for m as ,

in t he l u n g s of the m o re p e rfe c t an i m al s ; its o p e rati o ns d iffe r

i n the d ay and in the n i g h t I n the d ay the leav e s o f p l an ts
.
,

e xh al e m o i s t u re and ox b d u ri n g the n i h t t h e y
“

yg e n g as u t g ,

e m i t c a r b on i c a c i d a n d a bs o rb ox en I n p l ai n e r
g a s , yg g a s .

te rm s t h e y e x h al e i n t he l igh t o f t h e s u n s al u ta ry or v i tal a ir ;
, , ,

b u t in t he d ar k th e y e m i t a n o xi ou s ai r O n e o f th e s e o p e ra
.

ti o ns i s p e rforme d b y the v arn i s h e d s id e of the l eaf and the ,

o th e r fr m the rou gh o r u n d e r s id e Thi s v arn i s h of the l e af

o .

is fo u nd to b e b ee s wax -
.

A s air and h e at are n e c e ss ary to the l i fe of a pl an t so i s l ig ht ,

fi
i l s
l l ed ij c a tion i n t he a ng u ag e of c he m i ts, m ean drawin g s a ny thing ov er
,
ag ai n b y d i st1 llati on, t o m a e i t k
y e t hig her and ner . fi
 68 T H E TH O M S O N I AN
T he wan t of l igh t p re v e n ts a p l an t s for mi n g
‘
to its h eal th .
’

its p ro p e r j u i c e s d e p ri v e s it o f its g re e n co l o r and p re v e n ts the

, ,

i mp reg natio n o f its se e d It i s the s moo t h s id e o f the leaf t hat

.

i s ac te d u pon b y the l igh t and i s th at p art b y w h i c h a p l an t

i n a g re at measu re li v e s ; h e n c e the l e a v es of man y d e l i c ate
p l ants s h u t u p so as to c over th i s s moo th s id e on e x p osu re to
,
n o x iou s v ap o r or d ark n e ss o r to scr ee n it f ro m an e x tre m el y
, ,
fi e rc e s u ns hi ne In o rd e r to m ak e a di s ti nc ti o n b e twee n the
.

s e ns a ti on o f he at a nd the c a u se o f it the w o rd c a l or i c has b ee n

,
a d op te d C al o ri c i s a bo dy and so i s l igh t T he su n i s the
. .
,
s o u rc e o f b o t h fo r he e m i ts two k i nd s o f r ay s o ne c a lor ific , ,
t he o th e r c ol or fi c h fi s cc s i on s he a t the o th e r c ol or
i t e r t o a ,
.

Wi th w h at di ffe re n t e y e s d o the p h il os op h e r and the u n i n

fo rmed h usb and man V i e w a tree wav i ng i n the fu ll gl ory of its ,
l u x u ri an t fo li age A sk the woo d s man fo r wh at a tre e was
m ad e — he w ill te l l you to b e ar n u ts to b e c u t i nto bo ard s to
, , ,

b u rn to k e e p him war m,and to c oo k h i s v i c t u al s A sk t he n a .

t u ra lis t a nd he w il l te l l y o u t h a t t h e y are an i m po rta n t n ay

, ,
,

in di sp e ns ab l e li n k i n t he c h ai n o f h u m an exi s te nc e ; i ns o m u c h
t h at we re t he P a re n t a nd L e gi s l ato r of n atu re to c a u s e e v e r y
v e g e tab l e o n e a rth a t o n c e to b e an ni h il ate d t he atmo sp h eri c ,

a ir wo u ld di re c tl y b e c o me a p u trid m ass o f e v e r y th i ng t h at i s

n o xi ou s and m an a nd o th e r te rre s tri al a n i m al s of s i m il ar co n

, ,

stru c t i o n wou ld so on t u r n i nto a m o rtifi e d l u m p of c orr u p ti on .

,

T he l e av e s of all so rts o f v eg e tab l e s are i n fac t so man y l abor

atorie s for pu ri fyi n g t he air w e b re at h e .

D u ri ng wi nte r w h e n t he s u rfac e of the e arth i s bou n d u p

,
wi th fros t e n c r us te d wi th ic e and cov e re d w i th sn o w l i ttl e or
, ,

n o pu t re fac ti on tak e s p l ac e t h e n t he v e g e tab l e ki n gd o m ap

;
p ears as if d ead the tree s d i ve s ted of l eav e s s e e m l ik e so ma
, ,

n y d e ad s ti c k s b u t w h e n t he su n b e gi ns to di ffus e its warmth

ov e r the e arth p ro moti ng t h at ge n e ral ten d e nc y to c orru p ti on
,

to w h i c h all d e ad b odi e s are l i a b l e t h e n the t re e s soon e x hi b i t

,

k bl l s
I t is r e m ar a e , tha t th e eav e ca nnot r o er wi thou t l i ht ;
g p sp
y e t e e ds s
b s
g e rm i n a te e t i n t he d ar k .
LIG ls fl
H T is an e a t ic fl
uid , t h a t i s r e ec te d r om c e r ta i n f
odi e w h ic h i t c an b s
n otp e n e tra t e l s p ss ss
i t i s a o o e e d o f c he m ic a a ffi n i t ie , b y w hic h i t e n te r s l s
b s s s
m to c o m i na tion w i t h o the r u b ta nc e
; om e tim e s
oc c a i o nin g t h e ir d e c oms s
s s x f
p osrtt on , a n d om e tim e i t is e tric ate d rom i t s c om i na t io n . I t g i ve to b s s
ls
v e g e ta b e l b s
th e ir c o or , and c on tr i u t e to th e ir m e , a n d a am ic p r i n c i pl e . s ll b ls
g l s
e na b l e s th e e av e
l ai r
bl s
of v e g e ta e s
t o e m it tre am of ox yg en g as, or ur e v i s p
O YG p pl l
.

X f
EN , or the a c id if y i ng r i nc i e i s ou n d on in its c om in ation . T he
y b s
s l x xss
,
oxyg en b
g a s i s t he r e u t o f t h e c o m in at ion of o yg e n w ith c al or i c . I t e i t
sp
i n a tm o p p
he r ic a ir, i n the r o or ti on of 27 t o 100 , a nd is h e a v i e r than th e a ir
sp
o f t he a tm o bs l l ss
h e re . I t i s a o u te y n e c e ar y t o r e ir ation— henc e ter m e d sp
I A
V T L A I R. b
D ur in g t he a c tion of re a th in g , it e nte r ou r oo d b y t he v e s
e s bl ss l
l s
o f t he un
e r s.
l l
g , g iv ing to i t a v e rm il ion c o or , and an au gm e nta tio n of v ita p ow l
 M A TE RI A M ED I C A . 69

a pl s i n g sc
ea r y and the l eafl ess b ran c he s b y b u rs ti n g th ei r
ene , ,

b u d s and b y di sp l ayi ng al l at o n c e th e i r fol i ag e i n c re as e th e i r

, ,

su rfac e s m an y t h o u s an d ti me s T he l e av e s are so arrange d on.

the b ran c h e s as to e x p os e t h e i r v arn i s h e d s u rfac e to the d i re c t

i n flu e nc e of the sun ; and if forc ed ou t of t h at p os i ti on t h e y
w ill t u rn t h e m s e l v e s ; for l eave s are mo re g ree dy for the l igh t
of t he su n th an for the i nflu e nc e of h eat .

I t i s tro m t he u n d e r or r o u gh s id e o f the l eaf t h at the a z oti c ,

or rathe r c a rb on i c a c i d g a s or u n wh ole so m e air i s e m i tte d ;

'

, ,

w hil e t he ox yg e n g a s o r pu re v i tal air e m an ate s fro m the u p

, ,

e r o r s m o o t h v arn i s h e d s u rfac e ; b u t n ot b e fore the su n has

p
s h one s om e t i me U p o n it T h i s di s till ati on of p u re v i tal air b y
.

t he l e af di m i n i s h e s to w ard s the c l os e of d ay a nd c e as e s alto ,

.

g e t h e r a ft e r su n s e t w h e n u n w h o l e s om e air i s e m i t ted b y the

,

r ou gh s id e of t he l e af ; and the ne x t d ay soo n after the ri s i n g ,

o f t he su n t he s m o ot h or u pp e r s i de re co m m e n c e s i ts fu nc t i on
,
.

H e n c e w e see the re as o n w hy i t i s u n h eal thy to tarr y i n t he

d e e p s h ad e o f th e fo re s t d u ri n g the n igh t S u rg a m us s ays .
,
”

the s h e p h e r d in V i rgil “
s ol et esse g r a v is c on ta n t ib u s m n
,

bra ”
. L et i ts r i s e f or the e v e n i ng sh a d e i s u n he a l thy to
.

s ing e r s ; a nd he add s e v e n t he j u n i p e r i s n ow n o x i o u s
,
I ll .

sc e nted and e v e n p o i so nou s p l an ts e q u all y afford s al u b ri o us air

in su n shi ne .

I t is re m ark ab l e h o we v er th at wh il e l eav e s are p e rfor mi ng

, ,

t hi s sl al u ta ry proc e ss j lowe r s re nd e r the su rrou ndi n g a ir n oxi o us

,

e v e n i n the d ay ti m e T he efli u v ia o f a l arg e q u an ti ty of g ath

.

e re d fru i t has a t al l ti me s a d e l e te ri o u s q u ali ty

,
A p e ac h i n a .
,

fe w h ou rs re n d e red a b ody of air s i x ti me s its o wn bu l k so e u

, , ,

t ire l y p oi s o no u s th a t an a n i ma l c o u l d n ot b re a the n or a c an d l e
,

b u rn i n i t A rose k e p t i n a gl ass so m u c h i n fe c ted the air as

.
'

to re nd e r it u n fi t fo r re sp i rati o n P e rs on s h av e b e e n fou nd d ead

.

i n t h e i r b ed s w h ose l od g i n g r oo m s had b e e n c ro w de d wi th flow

,

e rs ; o thers h av e b ee n s u d d e nl y affe c te d w i t h d izzi n e ss n a u s e a , ,

a nd h e ad ac h e on g o i n g i nt o a g re e n hou s e o f fl owe rs th at had

,
-

b ee n s h u t u p c l os e l y d u ri n g the n igh t Wh il e a g ro wi ng v e “
.

e ta b l e i s c a p ab l e o f t hi s t wo fold o p e rati o n it a bs orbs w h ate v e r

g
-

pu tre sc e n t p ar ti c l e s it fi nd s in the su rroun di n g eart h and air .

A sp rig o f m i nt pu t i nto a j ar of ai r re nd e re d fo u l b y an i mal

p u tre s c e nc y th ou gh faded will re v i v e an d g row su rp ri si ng l y ;
, , ,

a n d will m ore ov e r co r r e c t air, so th at an an i m al s h all b e a b l e to

b re ath e in it .

H e re i s the p rop e r p l ac e to re mar k t h at t he oc e an whe n agi ,

tated b y w i nd s yi e ld s o xyge n ou s g as ; and the az o ti c , m e p h i ti c

, .

I ng e nho u z pl
a c e d t we nt
y ou r r e nc h f F b ea n si n a q uar t j ar , w hi c h r e n d er
k
-

e d t h e a ir , i n o n e n ig h t, so p
oison ou s, t hat a c hi c en , p u t in to i t di e d i n a ou t b
s
t we n ty e co n ds .
70 T H E TH O M S ONI AN
or n o xi ou s air, i s co rre c te d b y b e i ng s tron gly s hak e n wi th
w ater . H en c e we l earn t h at the t wo g ran d co rre c to rs of the
atm osp h e ri c air a re fi rs t the ag i ta te d oce a n and s e co ndly
, , , ,

l iv ing v eg e ta b l es whi l e op er a te d up on b y the r ay s of the s u n .

I f we re fle c t u p on w h at has b ee n s aid it w i ll a p p ear t h at ,

p l an ts h av e th e i r p r iv a te v ir tu es and th e i r p u b li c o ne s B e
, .

s id e s the p e c u li ar m edi c i nal and n u tri ti v e q u ali ti e s w h i c h so me

p os se ss the g reat family b f p l an ts or wh at i s c all e d t he v ege
, ,

t a b l e k i ngd o m c on sp i re to fo rm o ne g ran d app aratu s for pu rr

b ,

fy ing t h e atmosp h e re and re n d eri n g 1 t fi t fo r r e sp i rati o n t h e s e ,

m ay b e c all e d t he i r p u bl i c v i rtu es I n th i s v i e w no v eg e tab l e

.
,
g ro ws in v am wh e th e r 1 11 the i nte ri or o f t hi s v as t co nti ne n t or
i n t he w ild s o f A fri c a ; for th e l e av e s o f all wh e th e r i l l sc en te d , ,

a c rid or p oi son o u s e l abo rate t he air t h e y co ntai n

,
an d pou r ,

d o wn a s h o we r of d e pu rate d o xy g e n on s or v i tal air w hi c h , ,

d i ffus i n i ts e l f t h ro u gh t he co m m o n m ass o f t he atm osp h e re ,

g
r e nd e rs i t m ore fi t for an i m al li fe I n thi s s al u ti fe ro us p roc e ss
.
,

t he frag r an t i o s e an d t he v i o le t the d e adly n i ht s h ad e and the

,
or

s t il l m ore d e adl y l au re l c o op e rate T he an i m al and v e ge ta

,
-
.

b le ki ngd om o p e rate o n e ac h o the r P u trid an i m al e ffl u v i a .

,

n o xi o us to m an i s food fo r p lan ts ; w h il e p l an ts trans mit a sal

,

u ta r y air to m an .

T he w i n d s c o n v e y v i ti ate d ai r fro m u s for ou r re li ef ; and ,

t h e y re tu rn s al u b ri o u s g al e s for o u r re fre s h m e n t
,
an d if th ese “

s al u tary al e s ri s e to s tor m s and h u rri c ane s l e t u s t rac e and r e

g ,
.

v e re the way s o f a b e n ifi c e nt B EI N G who n ot for tu i tou s l y b u t , , ,

w i t h d es ig n n ot in w rath b u t in m e rc y s h ake s the w ate rs and

, , ,

t he ai r toge th e r to b u ry 1 n t he d ee p t h os e p u trid a n d pe s tile n

t i al e ffl uv ia w hi c h the v e g e tab l e s 0 11 t he fac e of the e art h had
,

b ee n i n su ffi c i e nt to co nsu me ”
.

T hes e trai ts of w i s d o m v i s i b l e in the e c ono m y of th os e d e

,

artme n ts of n at u r e w hi c h h ave c o m e u nd e r ou r s c r u ti n y c l e ar
p ,

l y i n s tru c t u s ho w ki n dly P RO V I D EN C E re s trai n s i m p e l s an d , ,

d i re c ts all t hi n g s to a b e ne fi c e n t e nd b u t i n n o i ns tan c e i s i t ,

m o re ap pare n t t h a n i n t he ray s of the su n c o rre c ti n g t h rou g h ,

th e ag e n c y o f the l eav e s of v e g e tab l e s the no x i o u s i nflu e nc es ,

e f the n igh t .
 M A TE RIA M ED I C A . 71

WA T ER .

Re s is tl e ss r oa i t c om e ,
r ing d r ead u , d o wn f l s
F ro m
,
m o y w i d,
t he r u d e m o u nta in , an d th e s ss l
bl k b p
T r e m i ng t hr ou g h roc s a r u t, a nd ou ndin g f ar ; s
s
T h e n o e r t he and y v a e y o a tin g
’
ll fl
rea d , sp s
Ca m,l sl
u gg i h, s sl
i e nt ; t i a g a in c o n str ain d
’
ll
B e tw e e n tw o m e e ti ng hi , i t u r t a w a y ll s b s s
ks s
Wh e re r oc a nd w ood o e r hang t he t u r b id tr eam ,
’
s
pl f
T h e r e g a th e r ing t r i e or c e , r a id a n d d ee , p p
b ls ls f
I t o i a nd w h e e , a nd oa m a n d t h u nd er t hr ou g h ; s s
ll p
Ti ou r in g o n , i t r ou d y ee p the d e e ; l s ks p
Who e v an q u ish d t id e , r ec oi ing rom t he hoc ,
s ’
l f s k
Y l s slq
i e d t o t hi i u i d w e i g ht of h a the g l o e . Thomson . lf b
It i s as k e d I s this s ea son
,
“
f ull of the b l oom of n a t u r e”
, so ,

u np r op i ti ou s to the u nf ol d i ng of th e p e ta ls of e l ocu ti on ? f
L e t t he g re at M on te s q u i e u ans we r the q u e s ti on P u t a m an .
,

s ay s th i s s age i n a warm c o nfi n ed p l ac e an d he w il l fe e l fai n t

, , ,

n e ss a nd l ass i t u d e Th u s c i rc u ms tan c e d if y o u p rop os e a b old

. .

e nte rp ri s e to him y ou fi nd hi m v e r y l i ttl e di spos e d to w ard s it

,
.

H i s we ak ness w il l i nd uc e a d esp on d e n c y ; he w il l b e afraid o f

e v e ry t h i ng b e c au s e he fee l s hi ms e l f Cap ab l e o f n ot hi n g
, F ai n t .

n e ss o f b ody p rod u c e d b y the h e at of the c li m ate i s so on c om

, ,

m u n ic ated to the m i n d an d t h e n t h e re i s n o c u ri os i ty n o nob l e ,

e n te rp riz e n o g e n e rou s s e n ti m e nt T he i n c li n ati on s are pas

'

.
,

s i v e a nd i n d ol e nc e c o ns ti tu te s hi s u tmos t h app i ne ss
,
.

A l t h o u gh the b otani s t has b e e n re ad y to e x c l ai m w i th T h o m

so n ,
A ll q -
c on ue ri n g he at, oh i nte rm it th y wrath !

ye t he h as n o t b ee n idl e sp e c tator o f the trans i tory b l oss om s

an ;

F th l
or a s w k d th t p id
e v e r na p su n a a
’
e or sa ,

he w atc h e d the i n fan t b u d and e m b ry o fl o we r ; and m ar k ed as ,

t h e y g rad u ally u n fo ld e d t he b e a u t i e s o f the b reathi n g l e af

, .

A n d w h e n t he b u r s ti n g c al yx g a v e t he s tr u ggl i n g p e tal s to the

ad m i ri n g s igh t he h u n g o v er t h e ir e l eg ant fo rm s a nd r e s len
“

, p
d e nt h u e s e n rapt u re d B u t w hil e g azi ng at the gl ori e s of the
.

f u ll b l o w n fl o w e r a nd c on te m p l ati n g its wo nd ro us e c o no m y it
, ,

s h ru n k fro m the in tru s i o n and l i k e the h o p e s of m an w i th e red

, , ,

o n t h e s tal k S o p ass e th away the sp l e n d or o f thi s wo rld

.

D uri n g d ry and fe rv id s e as o ns the v e g e tab l e r ac e h as a ,

m ore m e l an c h o l y asp e c t th an i n the froz e n gl oom of w i n ter

, ,
w h e n the v e g e tati v e e n s n atu ral ly re ti re s to its c radl e hy b er n a ,

c u l a o r w i n te r q u a rte rs a nd i s r esu s c i tate d b y the ne x t v ernal

, ,

su n . B u t i n t hi s arid and ad u s t s tate o f th e e art h an d the air ,

e v e r y an n u al p l an t i s t h re ate n e d w i t h sp ee dy d estrue tl on F or
wan t of the c h eri s hi n g i n flu e n c e of s u p e rn al r ai n ,

Di s t ssf l t p ts re u na u r e an
ms l k l g id f m f
.

Th y st e v er re a Th m oo an u ro a ar . o son .

T o the l abo ri ou s h usb an d man the g ard e ne r and the b otani s t , , ,

t he d esc e n t o f rai n on the p arc h e d so il and t h i rs ty p l an ts is the

72 T H E TH O M S ON IAN

m os t g ratefu l p h en o me n on in the w h o l e e cono my of n atu re .

L e t u s pu t b y o u r fl o we t s th e n fo r the pr e s e n t t h at we m ay
, ,

c o ns id e r t he n atu re and c onte m p l ate t he s o u rc e o f thi s

, pre
c io us fl u id ,
wh i c h gi v e s h eal t h b ea u ty and v ig or to all t h at
,

li v e s.

I nd e e d wate r i s a wo n d rou s e l e men t ! Wel l migh t the G re

c i an s ag e co nte nd ,
t h at w ate r w as t he o rigi nal m a tte i o r p ri n
,

c i ple of al l t hi ng s ,
and t h at e v e n t he air was b u t an o ffsp ri n g
,

e x p ans i on o r e x pi rat i o n o f wate r

,
. We ac tu all y fi nd t h at wate r
b ears a p art in t he fo r mati o n o f e v e ry b ody 1 11 t he t h re e ki n g
d o m s of n at u re . I t e nte rs i n to al l t he fo od of e v e r y an i m al an d
,

e v e ry v e g e tab l e 1 n c reati o n . I t I S n e c e ss ary to t he f ree e x e rc i s e

o f e v e ry an i m al fu n c ti on a nd ac t i o n : an d a l th o u gh i t i s the

c o m m on c e m e nt o f all te rre s t ri al bo di e s it n e v e rt h e l e ss h as te ns
,

a nd fac il i tate s t he re q u i s i te d i ss o l u t i o n of e v e ry an i m al an d ve

e tab l e w h e n l i fe h as d e p arte d ; a nd i s t h e re fo re an i m pe t ta n t
g ,

ag e nt i n th at n e v e r c e as i ng p ro c e ss o f m u tat i o n b y w hi c h o ne
,

t hi n g 18 c h a ng ed ou t of and i n to e v e ry o th e r i n c re ati o n
, .

C a n a N at ural i s t d o b e tte r th an s o li c i t t he atte nti o n of his

,

y ou n g l e ad e rs of b oth s e x es to t he me an s n atu re u s e s to p rov id e

,

t he e a rth w i th ri v e rs of wa te r ; b eas ts w i t h r unn i n g b i ooks ;

p l an ts w i th refres hi ng sh o we rs ; and m an wi th e v e ry thi ng z It ’
.

i s p oss i b l e t h at t h e y m ay n e v e r o nc e h a v e reflec te d o n the c on

n ex i on b etwee n the s ea a n d v eg e ta ti on — b e twee n the m ou n

t ai n s and t he o c e an —b e twe e n the ri v e rs u n d er g rou n d an d the
a t m osp h e re a b o v e it .Th e y m a y ne ve r h a v e c ons id e red , th at
t he A tl an t i c o c e an c o n sp i res wi t h o u r l o fti e s t m o u n tai n s to fur
n i s h us w i t h an e l e m e n t i ndi sp e n s ab l y n e c e ss ary to t he li fe , to
t he h e al t h , a nd to t he b e au t y o f p l a n ts , as w e l l as o f m e n .
T he c l o ud s d i sp e nsi n g re fre s hi ng s h o we rs , tu r ni n g the
'

wild e rne ss i nto a s tan di ng wate r, and t he d ry g ro u n d i nto w ate r

’

s p ri n g s , t he flo w o f r i v e rs , wi th t h e i r l on g t rai n o f b e n e fi c i al
c o ns eq u e n c e s , c o u ld hardl y e s c ap e the n o ti c e o f a ny t hi n ki ng
b e i ng i n an y age o f t he wo rld . We acc ordi ngl y fi nd the su p~
p l y o f wate r fre q u e n tl y me n ti on e d in t he old e s t boo k w e h ave ,
,

a m on g t he m os t w on d erfu l , as w e l l as v al u ab l e o f H e a v e n s
’

b l e ss i n g s ; w h il s t the h e at h e n w orld i magi ne d e v e ry r i v e r to be

u n d e r t he g u ardi an s hi p o f so m e p arti cu l ar d e i ty , w ho t h e y b e
l ie v e d c re ated i t, b e c au s e th e y k n e w a r i v er of wate r to b e o f
more t h an m ortal fo rm ati on .

I t has p rob ab ly i m p re ss e d oth ers , as we l l as the wri te r, w i t h

s o me thi n g bo rd e ri ng o n w o nd er, th at d u ri ng s e v e n an d twe n ty
c e n tu ri es , t e re in t he me m e 1 y and l earni n g of m ank i nd h av e
b e e n e x e rc i s ed , t h e re has n ot b ee n fou n d one p hil osop h e r so w e l l
i n s tru c ted i n the l aws o f n at u re , as to b e ab l e to g i v e a c omp l e te
h i s to ry and s ati s fac tory e x p l a nati o n of the a s cen t of f r esh wa
ter f r om th e s a l t oc e a n ; the su sp en si on of v ap or s i n the a i r;
74 TH E TH O M S ON I AN
w i th ha il ston es a n d fi r e.
“
T he o rigi n and t he c o u rs e of
”

t he w i nd s , whe n ce they c om e, a n d whither they g o, w ere all

“ ”

for th e s e re as on s d ee me d m y s te ri ou s . H e n c e , i n s te ad o f sc r u
t inizin g t he c a u s e , t h e i r p i ou s m i nd s , o v e rw h e l me d w i t h aw e ,
s u n k i nto u n di s c ern i ng am az e men t U nd e r su c h s ol e m n im
.

p re ss i o ns I
,
c ea e s w o n d e r, t hat h e w ho w ro te t h at an c i e nt
to
d rama, t he b oo k of Job , p u ts , am ong t he m os t di ffi c u l t of hi s
q u es ti on s , ht a t w hi c h d em and s an x p l e a n a t io n o f “
the b a l a n c
”
i ng of the c l ou d s .
T he n e v e r c e as i n g c i r cu l ati o n o f w ate r b e twe e n the o c e an
-

and terr a l r m a h as, it s ee ms , b e e n c o nte m p l ate d fro m t h e e ar

j
l i e s t ag e s wit h g ratefu l ad m i rati on b u t n ot b e i n g al tog e the r an
o bj e c t of s igh t, w as ran k e d a m on g the i n e x p li c ab l e w or k s of

De i ty .
D es C a rtes, N iewen ty te , H a lley , and a fe w ot h ers amo ng
the m od e m s , h av e am u s e d t he li terar y p u b li c w i t h t h e i r hy po
t h e s e s ; b u t o f t he i r l e a rne d t h e ori e s , w hi c h of t he m i s n o t c l og
e d w i th obj e c t i on s T h at al l t he r i v e rs of fre s h w ate r are d e
g
r i v e d f ro m t he s al t o c e an , n o o n e d o ub ts ; b u t ho w it ri s e s from

t he se a i s t he q u e s t i on S
om e c o nte n d , t h at th e p arti c l e s o f
.

w ate r a re fo rm e d i n to h ol l o w sp h e ru l e s , o r di m i n u ti v e b al l oon s
w hi c h b e i n g l igh te r t h an c o mm o n air, as c e n d an d are b u oy an t
in i t ; an d t hat t h e y r i s e o r fall o r m o v e h oriz o n tall y , ac c ord
,

i n g to the i m p u l s e gi ve n b y at trac ti on , re p u l s i o n , b y w i n d s , o r
b y el e c tr i c i ty T he pu b l i c h av e ge n e rall y ac q u i e s c e d in the
.

t h e o r y of D r H all e y , as t h e y c o mm o nly d o wi th e v ery hy po th e s i s

.

p res en te d th e m in t he i m p os i ng g arb of mat h e mati cs Dr H al . .

l e y too k a v e ss e l of c ertai n di me n s i o n s , fill e d to a c e rtai n d e p th

w i t h wate r, an d warme d to s u c h a d e g ree as th e ai r i s i n t he
h o ttes t s u mm er m o n th s A fte r s tand i n g two h o u rs , he fo u nd
.

o n we igh i ng it w h at it had l os t b y e v a po rati on F ro m t hi s d a .

t u m he p roc ee d e d in h i s c al cu l at i o n s , a nd fou n d t h at a s q u are

m il e yi e ld s s i x t ho us an d n i n e h u nd re d and fo u r tee n to n s , and
co n s e q u en tly th at a d eg re e s qu are w il l e v ap orate ab ou t thi rty
t h ree m ill ion o f t o n s H e c al c u l ate d the s u rfac e o f t he M e di
.

te rrane an , a nd e s ti m ate d t h at it m u s t l o s e in v a p or e v e r y su m
me r s d ay fi v e thou sa n d two hu n d r e d a n d e ig hty m i l l i on of
’ '

ton s . D r H all e y co n s id e rs a c e rtai n g rad e o f he at abso l u te l y

.

n e c e ss ary to t he asc e n t o f v apo rs fro m the oc ean ; b u t we fi nd

t h at t hi s e v apor ati o n g o e s fo rward w i th e q u al r ap idi ty in t he
co ld es t we ath e r, n ay in c av e s at the c old e s t s easo n, in the fro
ze n r e gi o n s of the n o rt h .

S t r an g e w h a t e x tr em e s sh ould h s p s
t u r e e rv e t he s n ow,
A l ps in d
H ig h on th e , o
r e ee WA ER
p sb l w
c av e o .
-
L L .

We m u s t th en s ee k so me o th er c aus e b e s id e hea t and the

c he mic o p hil os op h e rs h av e t ri e d to soo th e di spu tan ts b y an hy
-

othesis whi c h i s vord of i t T h e y cons id e r t h at the air i s a m en

p .
 A TE RIA EDI C A . 75
'

M M

s tr a u m , c ap ab l e of di ssol v i ng sus p e ndi n g and i n ti mate l y mix

, ,

i ng the p arti c l e s of wate r w i t h i ts e l f T h at as a gi v e n q u an ti

.

t y of wate r w il l ta k e u p j u s t so m u c h s al t an d n o m o re w i th o u t ,

b e c omi n g t u rb id and at l e n g t h p re c i p i tati n g it to the b ot to m so

, ,

a ir t he mos t po we rful so l v e n t in na t u re n e x t to fi re
,
will tak e ,

u p i nti m ate ly mix and s usp e n d j us t so m u c h wate r and re

, , , ,

m ai n c l e ar T he m ix tu re w il l c o n ti n u e tran sp are n t j u s t t hi s
.

s id e s atu rati on w h e n s a tu r a ted the abu nd an t w ate rs fl oat ,

in fo rm o f c l o u d s ; b u t w he n s u p ers a tu r a t ed i t l e ts g o the ,

w ate r w hi c h l i k e a s u p e rs at u rate d s o l u tion of s al t fall s fro m

, , ,

t h e c l o u d s on t he e ar th in t he form of ra i n .

I s the p rob ab ili ty of thi s t h eory di m i n i s h e d b y the n e w c h e m

i c al d o c tri ne w hi c h teac h e s t h at wate r i s forme d b y an u ni on
,

o f hy d r og e n an d ox yg e n 2 T he p n e u mati c c h e m i s ts h av e b y ,

t h e i r c u ri o u s di s c o v e ri e s re m o v e d t he b o u n d ar i e s w h i c h se p a
,

r ate d ,
as we o n c e t ho u g h t air fro m w ate r,
an d h a v e l e d u s t o,

re sp e c t t h at v e ry an c i e n t id ea w hi c h c on c e i v e d t h e m to b e on e

l
e e m e n t.

T he s al t oc e an
,
w h i c h c o v e rs b y fa r t he g re ate s t p art of thi s

g l ob e h as a t h re e fol d m o ti o n -
T h e fi rs t i s g e n tl e , lik e t he
.

b re athi ng o f an an i m al ; b y it the se a s we ll s an d r i s e s u p
a g a i n s t t he s h ore s , a n d e n te rs g rad ually the b ay s an d m o u th s of
.

r i v e rs , d u ri n g t he sp ac e of s ix h o u rs . Th e n i t s e e m s to re s t for a
q uarte r o f an h ou r, and th e n as g rad u all y s lid e s d o w n ag ai n ;
w h e n, afte r a no t h e r p au s e o f a q u arte r o f an h o u r , it b e gi n s to
flo w ag ai n as b e fore . T h e s e c on d m o ti on i s m ore v e h e m e n t
a nd i nc e ss an t, a nd i s l ik e th a t o f the h e art, c i rc u l ator y ; w h ere
‘

a s t h at o f t he tid e s i s m e re l y b ac k w a rd an d fo r ward . I t c o me s
i n the co u rs e o f t h e trad e w i nd s , w hi c h b l ow e v e rl as ti ngly from
'

e as t to w es t —ru n s p as t the We s t I ndi a i s l and s — p ou rs i n to the

b ay o f M e xi c o — an d r us hi n g rap idly o u t fo rms the g u l f of Fl o

r id a ; w hi c h s wee p i n g al on g the A m er i c an s h o re c arri e s the
w ate rs o f t he A t l an t i c i n to the N ort h S e a, w h e n c e th e y p ass i n
a n e v e r c e as i n g c i rc u l ati on a rou n d th e gl ob e .
-

T he o the r m oti o n i s f ro m t he atm os p h e re , w h e n agi tate d b y

wi nd s . I t i s l oc al a nd v ari ab l e , a n d s e e m s su bs e r v i e n t to the
t ran s pi rati o n o f the oc e an . I t r u ffl e s t he s u rfac e me re l y , and
fro m t hi s su p erfi c i al agi tati on b egi n s that h i th e rto i n e x p li c a b l e
d ist ill a ti o p er a scen s u m .
B y w h ate v e r m ean s t he wate r asc e nd s i n to the air fro m the
o c ean , thi s i s b ri e fly the c o u rs e of it i n ri s i n g fro m the o c ean
i t l e av e s t he s al t b e hi nd , as in the c o m mon p roc ess of di s till a
ti on . T he as c e nd e d v ap o r i s p ro b ab l y d ec om p os ed , wh en it
fo rms c l ou d s w hi c h are di s ti n c tl y v i s i b l e ; th es e fl oat in the
ge neral atmosp h e re , w h i c h app ears to b e th en a di ffe ren t flu id
f ro m th e s e c i rcu msc ri b e d c l o u d s . A n tiq u i ty co nc e i v ed a c l o u d
to b e a con g eri es of water y v apor , a cons er v ato ry, in w hi c h the
 76 TH E TH O M S ON IAN
ra ni i s k ept in b o ttl e s
as “ A s c l ou d s b e co me f u ll e r of wate r
”
.

t h e y g r av i tate or are attrac te d b y t he l o fti e s t m ou n tai n s w h e n

, ,

th e y pou r u po n t h e m the i r abu n d ant r ai ns B u t acc ordi n g t o .

,

an i n g e n i ous c h e m i s t t h e re are t wo s te ps i n the p ro c e ss b e

,

t we e n e v apo rati on a nd rai n of w hi c h at p r e s e n t we are c om

,

ple te ly ig no ran t
1 st Wh at b e co me s of the v apor afte r it e n te rs i n to the at
.

mosphe re 2
2d . What m ak e s it l ay s id e the
a ne w wh i c h it m us t
fo rm ,

h a ve assu med , and re t u rn ag ai n t o i ts s tate of v ap o r, and fal l

'
d o wn in rai u .l
A nd til l t h e s e two s te ps b e di scov e r e d b y e x p e ri m e nt s and
obse rv at i on s, it wil l b e im p o ss i b l e for u s to g i v e a satisfii c tory or
a u s e fu l t h eo r y of r ai n . T h e re are m o u ntai n s so v e ry l arg e ,
t h at e v en p ro v i n c es are fou n d e m b o s ome d n e ar th e i r su m m i ts,
as th os e of Q u i to . T he t0 ps of s u c h mo u ntai n s are cons tan tl y
e n v e l op e d w i t h c l o u d s , e s p e c i al ly d u ri n g t he n igh t ,
*
an d t he

w ate rs are c o n s tantl y d ri pp i n g d o w n t h rou g h the c ran n i e s and

cre v i c e s of the s ton e s , fo rm i n g ki nd re d b ro o k s ; w h e n , u ni ti ng
Wi t h o th er s tream s , it r u s h e s w i th ac c e l e rate d forc e to the
p l ai ns b el o w, forc i n g a p ass age t h ro u g h e v e ry p l i ab l e t hi n g in
its w ay .
T he r i ve r, afte r r o ll i n g its waters i n to t he o c ean , i s d e s ti n ed to
b e ag ai n e x h al e d in v ap o rs , and to re en te r afre s h the c h ann el s -

of t hi s m ag n ifi c e n t c i rc ul ati o n
F L O WERS .

L s t th b ight s m m t F WER
a , e r
, c on u a e L O ,
S p ts d s b th s M il t
i ri o or ou rea e
”
.
-
on .

We h ai l wi th g rati tu d e the re tu rni ng of sp ri n g ! I n wi nte r

wh e n the e arth i s b o u n d u p wi th ic e and c ov e re d wi th a b ed ,

of sn o w ; w h e n t he tree s are di ve s te d of t h e i r le av e s and ap ,

p ear d ead an d the v ery h erb age see m s annihil ated th e n the
, ,
l or d o f the so il c as ts h i s e y e s ov e r the b arre n was te w i t h a s igh
”
.

A s hi s r eason al on e co u ld n ot l e ad h im to b e li e v e t h at the t re e
wo u ld e ve r ag ai n b loss o m or the e ar th b e ag ai n c l oth e d w i t h a
,

b eau ti fu l c arp et of v eg etab l e s so h i s h e art s i n k s wi thi n h im from ,

a fe arfu l app re h e n s i on th a t t he L O RD O F A L L i s u n mi nd f u l of hi s
n e c e ss i ti es T hi s ye L e gi s l ato rs ! i s the p e r i od wh en y ou
.
,

s h o u ld i n i m i tat i o n of t he c h u rc h es of Ro me and of Engl and

, ,
app o i n t y ou r d ay s of h u m i l i a ti on and s olem n f i s
f as t s o r i t
at t hi s gl oo m y s e aso n t h a t m an fe e l s h i s d e p e n d e n c y o n a o w
p
er a b ove him B ut w h e n the su n so di ff us e s its war mt h t h rou gh
.

the air as to l oos e n the fi in ty b roo k and edg e it w i t h g re e n , ;

and w h e n the fu l l b l ad e d g r ass ap p e ars and awak e n e d n atu re
-

It rains p per etual ly am ong the A ndes , whi l e in E gypt seld om or never .
 M A TE RIA M ED I C A . 77

s ee s c re ati on th e n the h u sb an d man e x c l ai ms w i th e x u l t

a ne w ,

a ti o n M a n i s n ot f org otte n for h ere and th e r e are p l e dg es

,
o f an ad o rab l e re mi ni sc e n c e and trai ts o f a won d e rfu l r e n ov a ,

i
t on
I f i n w i nte r the h usb and man
M ar k s t th M I G Y IL
no e HT L N D
T h at, ever b s y wh l s th
u
,
ee e s i e nt l sp h s er e ,

he c ann o t m i ss it in
Th i p f si th t e f
a rp d th sp i g
ro u on a
’
o er s re a s e r n .

T he po e ts h av e c on v e ye d t h e i r id e a o f sp ri n g b y d esc ri b i n g ,

t hi s g e n i al s e as on as a y o u t h o f m os t be a u t i fu l ai r and s h a p e ,

w i th a b l o o mi n g c o u n te n anc e e x p re ss i v e of sati s fac ti o n and ,

j oy and c l oth e d in a flo wi ng m antl e of gre e n i nte r wov e n wi th

,

flo we rs ; a c h ap l et o f ros es on hi s hea d a n a r c i ssu s i n his ,

‘
h and w hil e p ri mrose s and v i o l e ts sp ri n g u p u nde r hi s fe e t
,
.

T he o rnam e nt and p r id e of sp ri n g M il to n s b righ t c onsu m ’ “

, ,

mate fl o we r m us t th e re fo re b e ou r p re se n t t h e me
,
”
.

Eve r y one m ay t hi n k he k n o ws p re c i s e l y w h at i s a f lo wer

i t i s h o we v e r re m ar k ab l e t h at b otan i s ts h a v e be e n n ot a li ttl e
,

p u zzl e d in fixi n g t h e i r d e fi n i ti o n o f i t T h e c e l e b rated F re n c h .

bo tan i s t T o u rn afo rt te l l s u s th at a flo we r i s a p art o f a p l ant ,

“
,

v e ry ofte n re m ar k ab l e for i ts p ec u li ar co lo rs fo r the mos t p art ,

a dh eri n g to the y o u n g fru i t to w hi c h i t se e m s to a ffo rd the fi rs t ,

n ou ri s h me n t in orde r to e x p li c ate its m os t te nd e r p arts I s thi s

,
.
”

a d e fi n i ti o n ? P o n te d ra i n hi s A n th o l ogy te l l s u s t h a t
,
a fl ow e r ,
“

i s a p art of a p l an t u n l ik e the re s t i n form and n atu re

,
Ju s ”
.

s i e u s ay s t h at is p rop e rly a flo we r w h i c h i s c o m pos e d o f sta

,
“
,

m i n a a nd of a pistil lu m . B u t so me flo we rs h a v e n o pistil lu m
”
. .

V aill an t ad v an c e d one s te p b e y o n d hi s p red ec e sso rs and ass erts , ,

t h at “ the fl o we r ou gh t s t ri c tl y sp e aki ng to b e re c k on e d t he
, ,

o r g an s w hi c h c on s ti t u te the di ffe re nt s e x es i n p l a nts ; for t h at

,

t he p e tal s w hi c h i m m e di ate l y e n v e l op e t h e m are o nl y t he c o ats

to cove r and d e fe n d t h e m b u t he ad d s th e s e c oa ts are t he ,

m ost co nsp i cu ou s and m os t b e au ti fu l p arts of the c o m po s i ti o n ;

a nd t h ere fo re to t h e s e acco rdi n g to th e c o m mo n id e a s h al l I
, ,

g i v e t h e n am e of fl o w er M ar t y n we n t a li tt l”
.e farth e r an d ,

d e efi ned a fl o we r to b e the o rg an s o f g e ne rati o n o f bo th se x

e s adh e ri ng to a c o m m o n p l ac enta to g e th e r w i th t h e i r c om
, ,

m on c o v e ri ng s N ay if we c on su l t J o h nso n s D i c ti o nary fo r
”
.
,
’

a d e fi n i t i on we s h al l fi nd th at , a fl o we r i s t h at p art of a p l an t “

w hi c h co ntai ns the s ee d s —wh i c h d efi n i t i on i s m or e app li c ab l e

”

t o a pe a pod -

T he e arl y b otan i s ts me an t b y the te r m a n thos

.
,

p s
T he o e t hav e des cr i e d S r in g ; a c c o m a n i e d b y b p p Fl ora on on e han d and
'

s
V ertum nu on th e o th e r , a nd i mm e diat e y o owe d b y l f ll st fig
a ern u r e i n h in s
. s
i n g a r m or T hi i s M o r e, who, th ey say, ha s on g u ur l s p d pl e a ac e among th e
a tte ndan t of S ring . s p
78 TH E TH O M S ON IA N

f los or flower w h at i s n o w u n d e rs too d in co m mon co n v e rs a

, ,

t i on b y t h at te r m n a m e l y the ri c h a nd d e l i c ate p ai n te d l e a v e s
, ,

or p e tal s w hi c h adh e re to t he s e e d v e ss e l o r ru di me n t of the ,

fu tu re fr u i t I n tr u th bo tan y w as u n k n o wn to t he an c i e nts as
.
,

a sc i e n c e Th ey h ad no d i s ti n c t te r m to e x p ress t he p e tal s o f
.

a flo wer so as t o d is t i n g u i s h it fro m t he re e n l e av e s o f t he
, g
p l an t V i rgil in d es c ri b i ng hi s a m el l u s w hi c h i s a sp e c i es of
.
,
‘

as ter the fl o we r o f w hi c h has a y e ll o w di sk a n d p u rp l e ray s

, ,

c al l s it a g o ld e n fl owe r su rro u nd e d w i th p u rp l e l e av e s A ll hi s .

t ransl ators e x c e p ti n g M ar ty n t he bo tan i s t h a v e m i sta k e n his

, , ,

d esc ri p ti o n .

A ddi so n m a k e s the l e a v es of the p l ant pu rp l e D ryd e n m ak es ,

t he b oug h p u rp l e an d T r a pp gi v e s t he s te m a g old e n hu e
,
A ll .

t hi s c on f us i on h as a ri s e n fro m t he w an t o f a w ord in t h e L ati n

l ang u age to e x p ress t he p et a ls of the c orol l a as di s ti n c t from ,

the c o m m on l e a ves of t he p l an t .

S i nc e the ad op ti on of the s e x ual s y s te m the p etal s w hi c h , ,

e x c i te t he ad m i ra ti on of the fl ori s t are c o n s i d e re d b y the b ota ,

n i s t as c o v e r i n g s o n ly to t h e e ss e n ti a l p a rts o f t he flo w e r A .

fl o we r t h ere fo re i n m od e rn b otan y di ffe rs from t he s am e te rm

, , ,

i n for m e r w ri ters an d fro m t he c o m m on ac c e p tati o n of it ; fo r

,

the c alyx the p e tal s n ay t he fil am e n ts o f the s ta m i n a m ay all

, , , ,

b e wan ti n g ; an d y e t i t i s a fl o w e r p ro v id e d the an t h e rs and ,

s tig ma c an b e t rac ed T he ess e n c e o f a fl o we r t h e n c o n s i s ts

.
, ,

i n t he an th e ra an d the s tig m a ; an d t h e y c on s ti tu te a fl ow e r
.
,

w h e th er th e y b e s u pp orte d b y a c al yx o r s u rrou n d e d b y a pe ,

t al or pe tal s form i n g t h at C h a p l e t c oro ne t or li ttl e c row n d e n o

, , , ,

m in ated i n L a ti n c or oll a A p ati e n t obs e r v er m ay fi nd t h e s e

.

n i c e d i sti n c ti o n s ill us trate d i n f er n s m os s es m u s hr oom s l i n , , ,

c he n s and s e a wee d s
-
.

L et u s n o w e x am i ne a co m p l e te or p erfe c t flo we r and le t us

fi rs t l oo k at

T he C AL Y X :
w hi c h or igi n all y m e an t the g re e n bo ttom of a
rose b u d ; b u t it is n e w e x te n d e d to t h at g re e n fl ow e r cu p ,
w hi c h i s g e n e rally c o m p os e d o f fi v e s m all l e av e s , an d w h i c h
e n c l os e s , sus tai ns an d e m b r ac e s the c o roll a, o r p ai n ted p e tal s , at

th e bo tto m o f e v e ry flo we r , a n d i n d e ed e n v e l o ps it e n ti re l y b e
fo re it o p e n s , as i n the ros e . T he c alyx w hi c h acco m p an i es
al mos t al l o th e r fl o wers , i s w an t i n g i n t he tu l i p , th e hy ac i n t h ,

t he n arc i ssu s , and i nd e e d t he g re ate r p ar t of the lili ac eo u s tri b e .

T he ad m i rab l y ac c u rate G r ew c al l ed th i s p art of the fl o we r the
emp a le m e n t, an d d e fi n e s it to b e t he ou termo s t p a rt of t he fl ow
e r, co mp ass i ng the o th er t wo n ame l y , the co roll a, or w h at he ,

c all ed the f oli a tu r e , and the s tami n a and pistill u m, w hi c h he

c all ed the attir e.
 M A TE RIA M ED I C A . 79

T he te rm s p er i a n thu m , i n vol u c r u m , a m en thu m , sp a tha ,

l u m a cal t a an d v ol v a , are b u t di ff e re n t a pp e ll at i o n s o f t h e
g , yp r

v ar i e d c al yx . L i nnae us te ll s us , t h at t he c alyx i s the te rmi n a ~

t i o n O f t he c orti c a l e p id e r m i s , o r o u te r b ar k of t h e p l a n t, wh i c h ,
a fte r ac c o m p an yi n g t he t ru n k o r s te m t h rou g h all its b ran c h e s ,

b re a k s o u t a t the b o tto m O f the fl o we r, in the fo rm of the fl owe r

cup . I n t he s e x u al s y ste m , o r, as s om e w ill h a v e it, the all e
S
g ory o f the ill us tri o us we d e , the c alyx i s rare ly o f one e nti re
p i e c e , b u t o f s e ve ral , o ne l aid o v er t he o th e r Thi s s tr u c tu re .

s e rv e s to k ee p the w h ol e fl o we r o r c om p os i ti on tigh t, and at the

s ame ti m e al l o ws it to re c e d e as t he parts O f fruc tifi c ation in
c re as e i n s iz e . It i s l ik e s l ac k e n i n g t he l ac e s of the s tay s , sto
m ac h e r s , or b odi c e s , i n c ase s an d c i rc u m s ta nc e s n ot e n ti re ly
di ss i m il ar Fl o we rs s tandi ng on a fi rm b as i s , as t u li ps , h av e
.

n o c al yx ; b u t w h e re t he foo t o f e ac h p e ta l i s l on g , s l e n d e r an d
n u m e ro u s , as i n p i n k s , t h e y a re k e p t w i thi n c om p ass b y a d o u

b le c alyx I n a fe w i n s tanc e s , t he c alyx i s ti n c t u re d w i th a

.

di ffe re nt c ol o r t h an g re e n , and t h e n it i s not e asy to di s ti ng u i s h

t he p ai n te d c aly x fro m t h e p ai n te d c oro l l a L i n nae u s , h o we
.

v e r, gi v e s t hi s s i m p l e r u le — t he c o ro l l a, in po i n t o f s i tu ati on , i s
r an g ed a lter n ate ly w i th t he s tam i n a, w h e re as t he s e g me nt O f
th e c al y x s tand s opp osi te to the s ta m i n a. Th us m u c h for the
c al yx .

T he C O RO LL A i s the c i rc l e of b e au ti fu l c o l o re d l eav e s w hi c h
s tan d w i th i n t he c a lyx form i n g a c h ap l e t c om p ose d o f a p e tal
, ,

o r p e tal s ; fo r so we c a ll th os e d e li c ate l y p a i n te d l e av e s w hi c h ,

e x c e l i n b e au ty e v e r y o t h e r p art o f t he p l an t I n the p i o n y.
,

t he p e tal s a re b l ood re d ; in ou r g ard e n l ily a r i c h an d d e l i c ate

,

w h i te ; an d i n t u l i ps and v i o l e ts c h arm i ngly v ari e g ated

, T he .

n u mb e r of p e tal s in a flo we r i s to b e rec k on ed fro m the b as e of

t he c orol l a an d the n u m b er o f t h e s e g m e n ts fro m the m iddl e O f
,

it. I f t he p e tal s a re q u i te di s ti nc t at the b otto m t he fl ow e r i s ,

s aid to b e p ol y p e tal o u s or to c o ns i s t of m ore pe tal s th an on e ;

,

b u t if th e p e tal s b e u n i ted a t b otto m t h o u g h e v e r so s l igh tl y

, ,

t h e n the flo wer i s mo no p e tal o u s or c o n s i s ti n g of on e p e tal on

,

l y ; t h u s the c ran b e rry i s m o no p e tal o u s an d n ot tre tape talou s

, ,

b ec aus e . t hou g h the pe tal s fal l O ff i n fo u r di s ti nc t p arts t h e y ,

w ere o rigi n al ly u n i te d at t he b as e A b e l l s h ap e d fl owe r c on

. -

s i s ts O f o n e p e tal an d i s d e n o m i n ate d c or oll a c a m a n u l a ta

, p ,

a n d a fu n nel s hap e d fl o we r c or ol l a i nf u n d i b u l
-

, if or m i s a g ap
i n g flo we r cor oll a r i ng e n s
, b u t t he c or ol l a c r u c if or m er is
c o n s i s ts o f fo u r p etal s ; and the b u tte rfly s h ap ed flo we r or c o-

r ol l a p a p ili on ac ea c on s i s ts o f fi v e p e tal s as i n the pe a b l oss om

, , .

T he n u m b er fi v e i s m os t re m ark ab l y p re d o m i nan t in the p e tal s

o f flo wers .

T h e re are moreov er i rre g u l ar flo wers cons i s ti ng O f d issimi

, , ,

l ar p ar ts wh i c h are g e n erally acco mp an i ed wi th a n ectariu m,

,
 80 TH E TH O M S ON IAN
as i n the l ar k spu r T he n e c tari u m so c al l e d fro m n e c tar the
.
, ,

fab l ed d ri n k O f the g o d s i s th at p art o r app en d ag e of the p e tal s

,

ap p rop ri ate d fo r c o n tai ni n g i f not s e c re ti n g the h o n e y w h e n c e

, , ,

i t i s tak en b y the b ee s A l l flo we rs are n ot p rov i de d w i t h t hi s

.

re c e p ta c l e fo r h o ne y al t h ou gh it i s p rob ab l e t h at e v e ry flo wer
,

h as a h on e y s e c re ti n g gl and T he i rre g u l ari ty of the form and

.

pos i ti o n O f t hi s re c e p tac l e freq u e ntl y p u zzl e s y ou n g b otan i s ts .

S o me ti me s the ne c tari u m mak e s p art of th e c alyx so me ti m e s it

is fix e d in the c ommo n b as e or re c e p tac l e of the p l an t P l an ts in .

w hi c h the nec taria are d i s ti n c t from the p e tal s th at i s .no t l odge d ,

wi th i n t h e i r s u bs tan c e a re g e n e rall y p oi so n o u s
, I f the n ec ta .

riu m d o n ot e xi s t as a di s ti n c t v i s i b l e p art i t p rob ab l y e xi s ts as

,
‘
a po re o r p ore s i n e v e r y p l an t I t may h e re afte r b e d e mon
.

strate d t h at thi s s e c re tor y app a ratu s i s p ri m aril y ne c e ss ary to

,

the fruc tifi c atio n o f the p l an t i ts e l f Ro u sse au s ay s th at the .

,

n e c taria are o ne O f th os e i ns tr u m e n ts d e s ti n e d b y n at u re to u n i te
the v e g e tab l e to the an i ma l ki ng d o m and to m ak e t h em c i re n ,

l ate fro m o ne to the o th er A fl ow e r an d an ins e c t h av e g re at

.

r es e m b l an c e to e ac h o th er A n i n s e c t i s n ou ri s h e d b y h on e y
. .

M ay i t n o t b e n e edfu l t h at the fl o we r d u ri n g the p ro c ess of ,

fr uc tifi c atio n s h o u ld b e n o u ri s h e d b y h o ne y fro m the n e c ta

,

ries z S u g ar i s fo r me d in t he j o i nts of the c an e s for p er h ap s a

'
.
,
s i mil ar p u rpos e .

ST AM I N A A N D T H E P I S T I L L A
TH E ,
.

Wi thi n the c oro ll a s tan d s wh at G re w c all ed the a tti r e b u t

w h at are no w c all e d the s ta m en s an d p i sti ls w hi c h in t he sex ,

u al s y s te m a nd L i nnaea n h y po th e s i s O f g e nerat i on are the m os t

i mpo rtan t org an s O f a p l an t ; for on the n u m b er and resp e c ti v e
pos i ti on of the s tame ns an d p i s til s th at p ri n c e of b otan i s ts h as ,

foun d e d h i s famous s ex u a l sy s tem .

T he s t a m i n a are fil ame n ts or th re ad s i ssu i ng from abo u t

the m i d dl e o f the fl o we r Eac h s tam en or t h re ad i s s u rmou n t
. ~

e d b y a pr om i n e n c e o r b u tton co ntai n i n g a fi n e p o w d e r,
Thi s .

p ro tu b eranc e i s c all e d the an th e re w hi c h is a c apsu l e wi th one , ,

t wo or m o re c av i ti e s
, T he su mm i t of e ac h s tam i n a i s c all ed
.

b y way O f pre e m i n e n c e a n the r a or fl ower

-

,
I t c on tai ns the ,
.

ol l en w h i c h te rm me an s i n L ati n t he v ery fi n e d u s t i n a m ill

'

p , .

S o me con c e i v e th i s d u s t to b e infi nitessimally s mal l e gg s o r

s ee d s or r ath e r or g an i c p arti c l e s or m ol ecu les Ot h ers c om
, ,

p are it to the se mirial flu id in an i m al s T hi s p oll e n or fe c u n .

,

d ati n g po wd e r i s v ery c on sp i cu ou s i n the tall wh i te g ard e n

, ,

l ily . T hi s p o wd er i s co ll e c te d b y the b ees and i s forme d b y ,

so me s e cr et p roc e ss i n t h e i r bo di e s i nto wax w hi c h i s a s i ng u ,

A ll the gr asses hav e n ec tar i e .s I n the P s a sion flw o er it i s a tri pl e c rown

or l
g ory .
8? TH E T H O M S ONIAN
and popp i es . v ege table b l oo d i s c oll e c ted at the e xtre mi
T he
t i e s of wh at D arw i n c all s the c oral ar te ri e s a n d i s re tu rn e d b y
,

c orre spo nd e n t v e i ns e x ac tly as he d e s c r i b es it in the g re e n fo

,

l i age .
I t i s p re su m e d , t h at thi s b re athi ng and c i rc u l ati n g s tru c tu re
h as fo r its e n d t he s us te n an c e O f t he an th ers an d s tig m a, as
we l l as for t he e l abo rati on o f h on e y , wax an d e ss e nti al O il, an d
fo r p e rfec ti n g the p rolifi c p owd e r . T he p oe t i c al au t h o r O f t he
B o tani c G ard e n i m agi n e s , t hat as t he gl and s w hi c h s e c re te t he
'

h one y , and p e rfe c t the po ll e n, and p re p are and e x alt t he O d or

i fe ro us e ss enti al O il, a re attac he d to t he p e tal s , an d al wa y s fal l
o ff and p e r i s h wi t h th e m i t i s a n e v id e n c e t h at t he v e g e tab l e
,

b l o od i s e l abo rated and ox yg en a ted i n t hi s p u l m o n ary sys te m

o f the fl o we r for t he e x p re ss p u r p os e o f t h e s e i m p ortan t se c re
,
ti on s . We l e av e to the hilO S O hic b otan i s t to d e te rm i n e , w he
p p
th er t h e re b e m ore of hy po t h e s i s t h an d e mo n s trat i o n i n t hi s as .

s erti o n . We s h ou ld , ho we v e r, b e ar in m i n d th i s fac t, that as

t he g re e n l e av e s c o n s t i t u te t he o rg an s O f re s p i rat i o n to the
l e af bu d s , so the b r a ctes p e rform t he s ame O ffi c e to t he flow e r
~

bu d s “

A ss ure dl y t h ere are fe w th i n g s i n n atu re th at d el i g ht t he

e y e a nd re gal e the s m el l l i k e w h at M il ton c all s “ th e b r igh t,

co nsu m mate flower ”

. S
o me O f t h e m fa r e x c e e d the fi n es t fe a
t he rs, t he mos t b ril li an t s h e ll s , o r t he m os t p re c i o u s s ton e s , o r
c o s tly di amon d s Thi s app e ars to h av e b e e n the j udg m e n t of
.

t he l e arne d an d tas te fu l in all ag e s T he te rm fl ower h as b ee n

.

a l way s u s e d to e x p re ss t he m os t e x c e l l e n t an d v al u ab l e p ar t o f

a t hi ng
; i t i s s y non y mo us w i th e m b e l li s h m e n t, or o rn am e nt ;
i t i s us ed to e x p re ss t he p ri m e , ac me , o r p erfec ti on , of an i nd i
v id u al in the an i mal ki n gd o m, as we l l as the mos t di s ti n g u i s h
e d and m os t v al u ab l e m e n tal ac q u i re m e n t s t h e fl owe r o f t he
; a

fam ily , the flo we r of the arm y , the fl o we r of c hi v al ry . T o say

t h at “ h e c rop t t he fl owe rs o f e v e ry v i rtu e ,” i s to e x p re ss al l
t h at c an b e c o n c e i v e d O f h u m an p e rfe c ti on .

B y t he e x p re ss i v e te rm o f f r u c tifi c a ti on , b otani s ts m e an ,
*

n ot o n ly the e v ane sc e n t fl o we r b u t t h o g re e n or i m p e rfe c t fr u i t,

,
for th e y c an n ot wel l b e s e p arate d ; as a g ro wi n g p l an t, lik e a
l i v i n g an i m al , re mai n s n ot a mo m e nt the s am e , b u t i s c o n ti n u
al ly c h angi n g ; h e nc e fruc tifi c atio n i s d e fi ne d b y L i n nae u s to
b e a te m po rary p ar t O f p l an ts , term i nati n g t he O ld v e g e tab l e ,
and b e gi n n i ng t he n e w. T he p e rfe c ti o n of the v e g e tab l e c on
s i s ts i n its fru c tifi c ation ; the e ss en c e of the fru c tifi c atio n c on
si s ts i n t he flo we r an d fru i t the e ss e n c e O f the flo we r c on s i s ts
i n the an the rae and s tig ma ; and the e ss e n c e of the fru i t co ns i s ts
F r uc tifi c ation p
c om reh e nd s th e n ow st ate of t he flw
o er , a nd th e f u t unl
f
t ion of the r uit.
 M A TE RIA M EDI C A . 88

in the s ee d and the e s se n c e O f the s e e d c o ns i s ts i n the c orc u

'

l u m , wh i c h i s fas te ne d to t he c otyl e d on ; and t he e ss e n c e o f

t he c orc u l u m c o n s i s ts in the p l u m u l a, in w hi c h i s the p u n c tu m
v i tce o f t he p l an t i ts e l f ; v e ry m i n u te i n i ts di m e n s i ons , b u t c a
pab le , b y the c o m b i nati o n of i n tri n s i c ca l ori c w i th i ts i n n ate
o xyg e n, of i n c re as i ng l ik e a b ud , to i nfi n i ty .

F rom th i s v i e w o f the p rod uc e O f fruc tiflc ation, the di sc i p l e s

O f L i n nae u s h a v e l e ar n e d t he fo l l o w i n g p r i n c i p l e s .

g
l st T hat e v e r y v e e tab l e l s furn i s h e d w i t h fl o we r and fru i t ;
.

t h e re b e i n g no sp e c i e s w h e re t h e s e are w a n ti n g .
2 d Th at th e re i s n o fruc ti fi c ation wi th o u t an the ra, s tig m a,
‘

an d s e e d .

3 d Th at the an the ra an d s tig ma c on s ti t u te a fl o we r, wh e th e r

.

the p e tal s o r c or o ll a b e p re s e n t or n ot .
4 th T h at the s ee d c ons t i tu te s a fru i t, w h e th e r th e reb e a pe
.

ric ar iu m or n ot.
p
L i nnae u s ss t heory of fruc tifi c ation i s thi s : he su pp os e s t h at
’

t he m e d u l l ar y p art of a p l an t t h at 1 s to sa , the p i th , m u s t b e
, y
j oi ne d wi th the e x te rn al , or c ort i c al p art, fo r the p u rp os e of
p rod u c i ng a n e w o ne I f t he med u ll a b e so v ig5 o rou s as to b u rs t
.

t h ro ug h i ts c onta i n i ng v e ss e l s , a nd th u s m ix w i t h t he c orti c al
p art, a b ud i s pi od u c e d , e i t h er 0 11 the b ran c he s o r th e roots of
I
v e g e tab l e s : othe 1 wise the me d u ll a S e x te nd e d til l i t te 1 m 1 n ate s
i n the pistill u m, o r fe mal e p art of the fl o w e r ; and t he c o rti c a l
'

p art is l i k e w i s e e l on g ated , till it ter m i n ate s in the anth era o r

m al e p art of the fl owe r ; a nd t h e n t he fec u n d at i n g d u s t, f1 o rn
t he l atte r, b e i n g j o i n e d to t he p rolifi c u i c e s o f t he f0 1 m e r, pro
j
d u c e s the s e ed s , or n e w p l ants ; at the s am e ti m e the i nne r r i n d
i s e x te nd e d i n to the p e tal s or c oroll a, and the ou te r b ar k i n to the
c al yx . Thi s v i e w o f a p l an t w ill ill u s trate ou r asse rti on , th at
.

t he s e v e n e ss e n ti al p arts , di s c o v e rab l e in t he s e c ti o n of a tr u n k
O f a tre e , m a
y b e di s c ern e d in i ts b l oss om .
P lan ts , m
ore e sp e c i a lly “ the b righ t, co n su m m ate fl o we r,

s i r i ts od or ou s b r e a the
p
”
. O n W h at d oe s th i s ag re e ab l e o d or
d e p end 2 T he c h e m i s ts say, on the O il ; b u t th i s i s not g oi ng
'
.

far e n ou gh .

ESS EN T I A L O IL S OF P LA N TS .

T he b righ t co n su m mate FL O W ER
, ,
os t l e arn ed O f
say the m
po s sp i r i ts od or ou s b r e a thes
e t ,
“
L e t 11 3 n ow e n q u i re on
.
”

w h at t hi s O d or d e p e n d s T he c h e m i s t tell s u s t h at i t d e p e n d s
.
,
o n th e oi l of the p l ant B ut w e are di ss ati s fi e d w i t h thi s v ag u e
.

an s we r A v e ge tab l e di s til s two ki n d s o f o il di ffe ri n g v e r y

.
,
m u c h fro m e ac h oth e r ; the o n e is fi x e d and t he o th er v ol a ti l e
,
.

T he fix e d o il i s c omb i n e d w i t h m u c il ag e ; the v ol atil e w i th the ,

ar om a, or s i r itu s r ec tor O f th e p l an t T he fi x ed o il i s fou n d

p .
 8 4. TH E T M O M S O N I A N .

o n ly i n the s ee d s ; and i s con fi ne d al mos t e n ti re ly to th os e

'

w hi c h h av e two c otyl e d on s as i n the flax s eed al mon d s and ,

-

B u t the vol a ti l e o il i s fo u n d in e v e r y p art of a p l ant

,
ra p e s ee d
‘

.
-

,
e x c e p t the c otyl ed on s o f t he s e e d s w h e re it ne ve r occ u r s
; an d ,

is di s ti n g u i s h e d pre e m i ne n tly i n M ilton s b righ t con su mmate

’
-

flo we r .

Wh e n we say th at the fi ne frag ran c e of a fl owe r d e p e nd s on

i ts v ol a til e o il ; o r th at its a r om a t ic v i rtu e i s co n tai ne d in it ,
a nd h e n c e c all e d i ts e ssen ti a l o il w e d o no t o q u i te far e no u gh
g , .

We are so far fro m b e i ng ad mi tted s ay s the p ro fou nd L O C K E , ,

i nto t he s ec re ts o f natu re th at we sc arc e l y app ro ac h the fi rs t
,

e n tran c e We o v e rl oo k the o p e rati ons of t h os e i n v i s i b l e flu id s ,

.

w h i c h e n c o m p ass th e m u po n w h os e m o ti on s and op e ra ti ons

,
d e p e nd th os e q u al i ti es fo r w h i c h t h e y are m os t r e mark ab l e
, .

T h u s t hi s e ss e n ti al o il co n tai ns so me thi n g m o re su b til e and ac t

i ve th an i ts e l f ; a sp i r i t an e x c ee di n gl y mi n u te v o l atil e an d
, , ,

s c arc el y p ond e rab l e sp i ri t w hi c h wh en s e p arate d leav e s n o

’

, , ,
t hi n g p ec u li ar in the re mai ni n g o il Thi s i s the sp i r i tu s r e c .

t or of the o ld c h e mi s ts the p red o mi n an t p re v aili ng p aramou n t

'

, , , ,
or ru l i n
g sp i ri t o f th e p l an t T hi s ae ri fo rm flu idi ty .
g ,
a s or ,

s p i ri t d e no m i nate it w hi c h y ou w ill and whi c h i s i n i mi tab l e

, ,

b y art i mp arts th at s m e ll tas te and medi c i n al v i rtu e to t h at

, , ,

p e cu li ar sp ec i e s of p l ants and i s fou n d in no o th e r T he fi x ed

,
.

o i l of a p l an t i s i nnate ; b ut th e essen ti a l o il i s the effe c t or ,

t he re s u l t of t he v e g etab l e e c ono m y O p e rati n g i n p erfe c t h e al th , ,
a n d in fu ll p e rfe c ti o n w h il e d rawi n g its su s te n tati on from its
,

n ati ve e arth and air .

T he e ss e n ti al o il s of p l an ts h av e th e i r r e sp e c ti v e c harac teris
t i cs f ro m the ir a r om a or sp i ri ts T h e vo l atil e o il s er ve s i n
'

.
,
s o me d eg re e fo r e n v e l o p i ng
,
ar re s ti n g and p r e v e n ti n g a too
, ,

s u dd en and too cop i o u s e x p e n di t u re o f th e m

, ; whil e the fix ed
o il s e r v e s o nl y for con n e c ti n g t he s ol id p arts to ge t h e r l i k e the ,

o il or fat i n an i m al s T he di ff e re n c e i n the n atu re of these two

.

o il s i s t h e re fo re v e ry w id e H ow d i ffe re nt m us t b e the m e di
, .

c i nal v i rtu e s o f the roo t — the w oo d — the l eaf— the flo wer— t he

'
f ru i t and the s e ed of t he s a me p l an t 2 Y e t p hy s i c i an s hav e
, .

b e en i n the h ab i t of p o u ndi n g u p an e nti re v e g e tab l e i n a mor

t ar an d s q u e e zi n g out the j u i c e s of it and of gi v i n g thi s m ix
, ,

t u re o f e v e r y th i ng to the s i c k ; an d f ro m its op erati on s we p ro

n o u n c e o n its p re d o m i n an t m edi c i nal v i rtu e .

T h os e w ho fill e d o ur s y s te ms o f M a teri a M ed ica wi t h G a

l en i ea l p re p arati o n s had n o id e a of the s u b til e s tru c tu re an d
,

e co no m y o f a v e g e tab l e Whil e trans form i n g a p l an t i nto an

.

o i n tme nt w ho e ver th i n k s o f its s tru c tu re ? A nd who t h at has

,

a tte nd e d c l o s e l y to its s tru c t u re a nd e c ono m y c an r e ly on its ,

a n aly s i s b y i r e
f w h i c h red u c e s e v e r y p l an t to the s ame c oo l,
,

the s ame earth, an d the s ame s a lt 2

 M A TE RIA M EDI C A . 85

S om of ou r re ad e rs m ay b e of the o p i n i o n th at b y fixi ng
e ,

our e ye s too i n te n tly on the po e ti c al fl owe r o f M il ton w e h av e ,

straye d f ro m the e n ligh te ne d p at h of mo d e rn c h e m i s tr y i nto ,

s uc h a thi c k e t of o d o ri fe rous fl owe rs as to b e c o me if n ot s tu p i , ,

fi ed at l eas t so far b e wild e re d as not to b e ab l e to fi nd o u r w ay

,

out . We are aware th at the te rm sp ir i t i s n ot fas hi o n ab l e .

We mean b y it the fi ne s t and mos t su b til e p arts of b odi e s the

,

m os t ac ti v e p art of m atte r w i t h re g ard to its fac i l i ty of m o ti on ,

,

i n co m p ari s on w i t h the g ross e r p arts we m e an th at w h i c h i s

di scov erab l e b y its s m artness to the s me l l and th at w hi c h r i s e s ,

fi rs t in di s till ation T he n ame of sp i ri t was formerl y gi v en to

.

an
y s u b til e v o l atil e s u bs tan c e th at e xh al e d from bo di e s in a
, ,

gi v e n d eg ree of h eat ; and b y a so rt of i magi n ary an al ogy was , ,

t rans fer re d to the h u man s y s te m ; h e nc e the term a n im a l sp i

r i ts w hi c h was i nge n i ou s l y suppos e d t o re s i d e i n the n er v ou s
,

flu id as the sp i r itu s r ector r es id es in the ess e n ti al oil of

,
-

p l an ts .

I f the te r m sp i r i t s h o uld di sp l eas e t he fas tidi ou s c ri ti c we ,

wo u ld r e m i n d him t h at sp i r i t in t he G erm an l ang u ag e i s

, , ,

scht w h e n c e i s d e ri v e d the Engl i s h wo rd h os t o r s i r i t ;

g u g p ,

and h e n c e our fas hi o n ab l e word g as or g az b y w hi c h we ,

are to u n d e rs tand an e xc e d ing l y rare highl y e l as ti c a n d in v i , ,

s i b l e flu id not co nd e ns i b l e b y c old S h ou l d the c ri ti c p ers i st

,
.

i n refus i n g hi s i m pr i m atu r to the ter m sp i ri t or sp i r itu s r ec ,

tor w e wil l c o mpo u nd w i t h him b y gi v i ng hi m i n its s te ad the

,

wo rd qu in tessen c e ; b y w hi c h w e m ean the sp e c ifi c e ss e n c e ,

the ac t i v e p ri n c i pl e b y the po wer of w hi c h m e di c i ne s ope

,

r ate B y t hi s te rm was me ant the p red o m i nan t r u li n g or d is

. , ,

ti ng u ishi ng p art of me di c i n a l s i m p l e s w hi c h c an b e s e p arate d ,

in i m agi nati o n from the tan gi b l e b ody l e av i n g U s or an izatio n ,

e nti re . T o b e s till mo re p arti cu l ar : the a nc i e nt p hi osophe rs ,

and afte r t h e m ou r o ld c h e m i s ts c o nc e i v e d t h at fi re— a i r — wa ,

t er an d e a r th c o n tri bu te d to t he co m p os i ti o n of al l v e g e ta b l e s ;
,

t o al l w hi c h w as add e d a fif th t hi n g or en s w hi c h e n ri c h ed , ,

and di s ti n g u i s h e d t he w h o l e b y its o wn p ar ti c u l ar e ffi c ac y ;
,

an d on w hi c h the o d o r tas te and v i rtu e of e ac h p l an t d e p e n d

, ,

ed t h e y t h ere fo r e ass e r te d t h at e ac h sp e c i e s o f p l an ts was

,

m ad e u p of the f ou r co mmon e l e me nts b u t to t h e s e w as add

e d a fi t h w hi c h t h ou gh s m al l i n q u an ti ty w as the m os t o w
f , , p ,
e rfu l e ffi c ac i ou s and p re d o m i n an t of its c o m p o n e n t p arts
, ; t hi s ,
t h e re fore t h e y c al l e d t he e ss en c e— or, as e x pr e ss e d l n L a
, fif th
t in, the q u in ta ess e n ti a .

T he k no wl edge of q u i n tessen c es was c ons id ere d t wo h un

d re d ye ars ago as u tmos t bou nd s the n a p lu s u ltr a of
, t he ,

c h e mi c al p e r fe c ti on I s not t hi s p re c i s e l y t he c ase at p res e n t

.
, ,
wi t h the k no wl edge of g ases or sp i r i ts ?
We h ave s aid th at all aro mati c p l an ts con tai n a vo l atil e o il ;
,

,
 86 TH E TH O M S O N IAN
b ut thi s aro mati c oil d oe s n ot r e s id e i n the s ame p art i n e v e r y
k i nd of p l an t : so me ti me s i nd e e d w e fi nd i t di s tri bu te d t h rou g h
t he w h ol e p l an t, as in the B ohe m i a n a ng e li c a : s ome ti me s i t
e xi s ts o n ly i n t he b ar k , as i n c i n n am on B a lm , m i n t, r os e .

m a ry , an d wor m wood c ontai n th e i r e s sen ti al o i l in th e i r l e av e s

and s te ms ; w hil e the e l ec a m p a n e and fl or e n ti n e i r i s d e p os i te

it in t h e i r roots . A ll the ter e b i n then a te, or re s i n b e ari ng tree , -

h av e it in th e i r yo ung b ran c h e s ; w hil e t he cha m om ile and the

r os e h av e i t in t he i r p e tal s . M an y fru i ts c on tai n it t h rou gh o u t
t h e i r w h ol e s ubs tan c e , as p ep p er a nd j u n ip e r . O r a n g es a n d
l em on s co n tai n it i n t h e i r mu d o r p e e l . T he n u tm eg tr ee -

b e ars its e ss e n ti al o il in t he n u t, and its i mm edi ate e n v e l op m e nt,

o r r at h e r i ts s ec o n d e n v e l op m e n t, w hi c h i s m a ce. T he s ee d s
o f t he u m b e l l if e r ou s p l ants , su c h as f e n n e l , c u m m i n and a n i se

h av e the v e s i c l e s of e ss e nti al oil al ong t he p ro ec ti ng l i n es of j

t h e i r s ki ns .

P as si n g fro m the a r o m a of p l an ts to t h ose q u ali ti e s w hi c h

p ow e rfu ll y affe c t t he o rg ans of ta ste w e re m ar k th at t he tas te ,

o f e ss e n t i a l o il s i s p u n g e n t o r h ot B u t i t i s c ur i o u s t h at th e
.

t as te of t he p l ant d oe s n ot a l way s i n fl u e n c e that of i ts e ss e n t i a l

o il for t he o il o f p e p pe r has n o e x traord i n ary ac ri m on y ; and
t h a t w h i c h i s o b tai ne d from wor m woocl i s n o t b i tte r an d so of

c ol or : the o il o f r e d ros e s i s whi te ; t he oil o f l a v e n d e r y ell ow

a n d t h at o f c h am o m il e a fi ne b l u e T he o il of p a rs l e y i s of a
.

b r i g ht g r e e n an d th at o f m il le fo il a sea g r een
, T h is is a v a . ~

i n ab l e p ar t o f b otan y and o u gh t to b e dilig e ntl y p u rsu e d i n

, .

t hi s co u nt ry ,

T O OU R F A I R C O U N T RY WO M EN .

If l ov e be any r e fin e m e n t , j
c on u g a ll ov e s
m u t he c e r ta in y so in a m u c h l
h ig he r d e g re e p s bs l s
I t i s t h e a r e n t o f u t a ntia v i rtu e a nd a g r eea e u a i tie , bl q l s
l l
.

a n d c u ti v a t e s p s
the m i nd w hi e i t im rov e the e h av i or . b
S ec ta tor , N o . 5 25 . p
We d edi c ate the p re s e nt c h ap te r to s u c h of o ur fai r c o u n try
wo me n as h o no r t he s e e ss ay s w i t h p e ru s al
,
O u r FL O RA 0 1 1 .

t hi s oc c as i o n has b o u nd he r c h e e rfu l b ro w w i th m y rtl e a nd

,

p l ac e d the white r ose in he r b osom We h av e moreov er se .

*

lec te d fo r a m otto a p ass ag e fro m th at ac co m p li s h e d s c h ol ar

,

a nd fri e nd o f t he se x A D D I S O N as c o n tain i ng a c h a rm ing se n

,

t im e nt e v e ry w ay p ro p e r to p re c e d e t he hi s tory o f a fe m al e
, ,

w ho n ot o n l y s h on e w i t h u nc o m m o n sp l e n d or as an aritst an d
a b o tan i s t b u t w as re n d e re d s til l m ore c on sp i cu o u s b
, y the ad
d itio n al l us tre o f c o nj u g al affe c ti o n w h i c h v i rtu e she e x e rc i s e d
,

at t he d ar k es t p e ri o d s an d d u ri ng t he m o st di s tr e ss fu l p ang s of
,

h u man c al am i ty .

Pl t s d t l ani i t m y th l g y
sacr e o ov e n a n c en o o .
 n s r e a t x n nn rc a . 87

O ur fai r r e ad e rs w ill p ard on u s if w e s h ou l d fail in c e l eb rati ng

,

c o nj ug al affe c ti o n the g rou n d wor k o f al l the d o me s ti c v i rt u e s

, .

T e ac he rs of r igh teo u s ne ss t h e m s e l v e s m ay e x cus e u s i f we ,

c as t a l oo k o f re g re t to t hi s too m u c h n e gl e te d po r ti on of m or
c
a l p hil os o p hy We h ave c oll ege s for te ac hi ng e v ery art an d
.

s c i e n c e We h av e m i n u te di re c ti on s in g ard e n i n g and ag ric ul

.

t u re . We h av e n u mb e rless b oo k s on the d oc tri ne of b u s i ne ss ;

o n s e l f p oli c y o r t he a rt o f r i s i n g in l i fe ; on o r atory
,
an d o n ,

p oli ti c s ; w hil e t h at w hi c h i s w ort h th e m all the d oc tr in e of ,

d o m esti c h app i n ess i s l e ft c o mp arati v e l y u n c u l ti v ate d ; y e t

,

t hi s i s t h at p h il os o p hy s p o k e n of b y L ord B A C ON w hi c h of all
, ,

o the rs “ com es hom e t o m e n s b u si n ess a n d b osom s ’ ”

.

T he h i s tory o f e v ery c i v iliz ed n ati o n n ay e v e r y m an s own ,

’

re c oll ec ti on affo rd s a b u n d a n t p roofs th at t he fe m al e m i n d is

, ,

e q u ally c ap ab l e w i t h t h at o f t he m al e I t is s i tu ati o n and c ir

.

c u m stanc es t h at ro us e t he l ate n t e ne rg i e s of the fe m a l e s o u l

’

Wh e nc e i s it th at t he c hild re n o f w id o ws b ec ome g e ne rally

b e tte r m e n and b ette r w o m e n t han c hi ld re n b ro u gh t ti p in c o n
,

j u n c ti on wi th t he fath e r ? I t is b e c au s e afli ic tive c irc u mstan

c es h a v e c all e d fo rt h t he d o rm an t e ne rgi e s o f h e ro i c w o m an
,

a n d p e rfec te d a v i rt u e p e c u l i a r t o t he se x a v i rt u e w hi c h o r i ~

i n ate d in c o nj u g al affec ti on C an t hi s e v an e sc e n t worl d t hi s

g .
,

a n xi ou s s c e ne e xhi b i t a m o re i n tere s ti n g s igh t to a

, philoso
p h e r t h an a v i rtuo u s w id o w w e e p i n g o v er he r “ hou s e l ess
c h ild of wa n t ? Y e s ; th e re i s o n e p i c tu re s til l m o re affe c t
”

i ng . It i s w h e re t he fath e r an d h u sb an d i s w o rs e t h an d e ad ,
t h ro u gh hi s fo ll y a n d h i s c ri me s H e re if c onj u g al l o v e has
.
,

not b ee n r i p e n e d i n to m ate rn al affe c ti on an d g ro wn u p i n to ,

t he high es t o f s toi c al v i rt u e s n ay more s u b li me d i n to re li

, ,

gi on t he wretc h e d wo m an s i n k s i n to i nte m p eran c e or is l os t i n

, ,

d e sp ai r A n o ve r an xi ou s and u nre s trai n e d fond ne ss i s n ot

.

tru e m ate rnal affec t i on T he fo w l s of t h e air an d t he b e as ts of

.

the fi e ld h av e al so a b li n d and fu ri o u s fon d ne ss fo r t h e i r y o u n g .

M ate rnal aff e c ti on i s w h ere j u dg m e n t d raws m o re c l os e l y the

b o nd s of n atu re .

T he h app i n e ss o f t he c onj u g al s tate app e ars h e ig hte n e d s ay s ,

A ddi s on to the hi g h e s t d e g ree it i s c ap ab l e of wh e n w e se e two
, ,

p e rs on s of ac c om plished m i nd s n ot on ly u n i te d i n the s ame in

te re sts an d affe c ti o n s b u t i n the i r tas te of t he s am e i m p rov e
,

m e n ts p l e as u re s and di v e rs i on s P li n y on e o f t h e fi n es t e n
g
.
, , ,

t l e m e n an d p o li te s t w ri ters am o n g t he Romans h as l e ft u s in , ,
h is l e tte r to H ispu l l a hi s w i fe s a u nt o n e of th e m os t ag ree ab l e
,
’
,

fam ily p i ec e s o f thi s ki n d e v e r s ee n We re fe r ou r re ad e rs to

.

t he 5 25 th n u mb e r of t he S p e c tato r for t he l e tte r i tse l f and has ,

te n to gi v e an acc ou n t of an i ng e n i o u s and e x c e ll e n t w oman ,

who e n li v e n e d the d u n geon of her h usb an d wi th fl owe rs , and

e ntwi n ed h i s fe tte rs w i th the whi te r ose and the m r tle
y .
 88 m s TH O M S ON IAN
It i s a s i n g u l ar fac t, s ay s D r. P u l te n e y , t h at hy s i c i s i n d e b t p
e d for the m os t co mp l e te se t of fig u re s o f the me di c al p l an ts to

t he g e n i u s and i nd us try of a l ady , e x e rted on an occ as i on t h at t e

d o un d ed highl y to her p r ai s e T he n ame o f .

L I Z AB ET H BLA C K WELL
M RS . E
is we l l k no wn b ot h fro m he r ow n m e ri t and the fate of he r u n
,

for tu n ate h usb an d who co nd e m ned for c ri me s of state s uffe red

, , ,

d e ath o n t he sc affo ld i n S we d e n i n t he y ear 1 7 4 7 , .

We are i n forme d she was t he d au gh te r of a m e rc h ant i n the

n e igh b or h o od of A b erd ee n of w hi c h c i ty Dr A l e x and e r B l ac k
, .

we l l he r h usb an d was a n ati v e and wh e re he re c e i v ed a u n i v e r

, , ,

s ity e d u c ati o n an d w as e ar ly di s ti n g u i s h e d for hi s k n o wl edg e

, .

A fte r h a v i n g fail e d in hi s atte m pt to i n tro d u c e hi m s e l f in prac nc e ,

fi rs t i n S co tl an d and afte r ward s i n Lon d on he b ec ame c orre c tor ,

to a p ri nt i n g p re ss and so on afte r co mme n c e d p ri n ti ng h i ms e l f

, .

B u t b e i ng p ros e cu ted b y the trad e and at l e ng t h i n vo l v e d in d e b t , ,

was t h ro wn i n to p ri so n T o re li e v e t h e s e di s tre ss e s M rs
. . .

B l ac k we ll h a v i n g a ge n i u s fo r d raw i n g and p ai n ti ng e x e rte d ,

a ll he r tal e nts an d u n d er s tan d i n g t h at an h e rb al of m e di c i n al

,

l t s w g t ly w t d h x hi b i t e d to sir H an s S l oan e
p a n as rea an e s e e , ,
D r M ead and o th e r p hy s i c i ans so me sp e c i me n s of he r art in
.
, ,

p ai n ting p l an ts who app ro v e d so highly of th e m as to e n

, ,
?

cou rage her to p rose c u te a wo rk b y the p rofi ts of w hi c h she

i s s aid to h av e procu re d he r h u sb and s li b e rt y after a c on
’

fi ne men t o f t wo y ears D r I s aa c Ran d was at t h at ti me

. .

De m o n s trato r to the C o m p any of A po th e c ar i e s i n the g ard e n ,

at C h e l s e a B y hi s ad v i c e she too k u p he r re s id e n c e O pp o
.

s i te t he P hy s i c G ard e n in o rd e r to fac il i tate he r d e s ig n b

, y
r e c e i v i n g t he p l an ts as fre s h as p oss i b l e H e n ot on l y pro .

mote d her w or k w i th the pu b li c b u t t og eth e r wi t h the c el , ,

e b rate d P hil i p M ill e r afford e d he r all poss i b le di re c ti o n an d

,

a ss i s tan c e i n t he e x e c u t io n of it A fte r she had c o m p l e te d .

t he d rawi n g s she e ng rav e d

,
t h e m o n copp e r an d c olo re d ,

t he p ri n ts w i t h he r o w n h and s D u ri ng h e r ab od e at C h e l .

se a ,
she was fre q u e n tly v i s i te d b y p ers on s o f q u al i ty and ,
m an y sc i e n t ifi c p eo p l e who ad m i re d her p erfo rm an c e s and
, ,
p atroniz ed he r u nd ertaki n g .

O n pu b li s hi n g the fi rs t v o l u me i n 1 7 3 7 she ob tai n ed a re c om , ,

me nd ation from Dr M e ad D r S h e rard D r Rand and o th e rs

.
, . ,
.
, ,
to b e p re fi x ed to it A nd b e i n g al l o we d to p re s e n t in p erson
.
, ,
a c o p y to the C o ll e ge o f P hy s i c i an s th at b ody m ad e he r a pre
. ,

s e nt and g av e he r a pu b l i c tes ti mo n i al of t h e i r ap p ro b ati on ;

,

w i th l eav e to p refix i t to he r bo o k T he s e c on d v o l u me was .

fi ni s h ed in 1 73 9 and the w h o l e p ub li s h ed u nd e r the fol l owi n g

,

t i tl e A c u r iou s H er b a l c on ta i n i n g 5 0 0 c u ts of the m ost u s e

,

ul l n ts whi ch a r e n ow u sed i n the p r a cti ce f k i

f p a o /
p g c,
s en
90 T H E TH O M S ON IAN .
agi n g the p e nc il ,
and d e l i c ac y
o l o ri n g S he was partic u
of c .

l arl y fond o f p ai n ti n g su bj e c ts o f n atu ral h i s to ry s u c h as p l an ts , ,

r e p til e s an d i n s e c ts w h i c h she m os t c o mm o nl y d re w from n a

, ,

t u re : at t he s am e t i me s he s t u di e d t h os e o bj e c ts w i t h a cu r i
osity an d w i t h the i nq u i s i ti v e spi1 it o f a n atu r ali s t ; so t h at h er
k no wl edg e of n atu re and the w or k o f her h an d s re nd e i e d he r
e v ery d ay m ore and m ore c e l e b rate d S he m os t c om mo n l y
p ai n te d her subj e c ts on v e ll u m and in water c ol o1 s and she , ,

fi n i s h e d an as ton i s hi n g n u m b e r S he p ai nte d the c ate rp i ll ar

.
,

i n all its v ari o u s c h an ge s an d fo rm s i n w hi c h t h e y s u c c e ss i v e

l y app ear fro m th e i r q u i esc en t s tate til l th e y b ec o me b u tte rfl i e s
,
.

N ot co n te n te d w i t h p ai nti n g t he p l an ts i ns ec ts and re p til e s o f , ,

he r o wn cou n try t hi s e n te rp ri s i n g wom an c ross e d the A t l anti c

,

a nd v i s i te d S u r i nam t o p ai nt th os e p l an ts i n s e c ts a nd r e p til e s
, , ,

w hi c h we re p e c u l i ar to t h at c l i m ate A t h e r 1 e tu r u t o Et1 1 o p e
. ,

she p ub li s h e d t wo v o l u m e s o f e ng r av i n g s w hi c h she e x e c u te d ,

fro m he 1 o wn p ai nti ng s and w hi c h h old a high ran k in t h at

,

art . B ut t h e y are n ot e q u al to he1 p ai nti n g s ; fo r h e 1 gli s te n i ng

s er p en ts he r w e t f ro g s and her c raw li n g sp id e rs a 1 e e x e c u te d
, , ,

w i th h o rri b l e pre c isw n Thi s c e l e b rate d w o m an di ed i n 17 1 7

. .

S he l e ft a d au gh te r w ho p ai nte d i n the s am e s tyl e and w ho

, ,

h ad ac c o m p an i e d h e r m oth e r to S u ri n am T hi s yo u n g l ady .

p ub li s h e d a t hi rd v o l u m e 1 11 foli o c o ll e c te d f1 o m the d es ig n s O f
,

he r m ot h e r wh i c h co m p l e te w o rk h as b ee n a way s ad m i re d b y
,
l
the l e arn ed as we l l as b y t he p rofe ss ors of p ai nti ng
,
.

We c annot too s tro ngl y re c om m e n d to ou r fai r readers the

art o f d e li n e at i on or d ra wi n g Wh at a d e c id e d s u p e ri ori ty d o es
.

a fac ili ty i n t h i s art gi v e to the p ers on w ho p o ss e s se s it o v e r ,

the on e who d oe s n ot ? If the ti m e c on su m e d b y o u r y o u n g

l adi e s i n l e arn i ng to p l ay to l e rab ly il l on su nd ry m us i c al i h
,

str u me n ts were d e vo te d to t he c h arm i ng art o f co p yi ng n at u re ,

and ac q u i ri n g s o me k n o w l e d g e o f h e r w ork s ho w b e au ti fu l ly ,

wo u l d i t e mb e l l i s h ou r s y s te m of fe male e d u c ati on Th i s art

i s not me re ly m i ts e l f a m u s i ng b u t m ay b e hi g hl y u s e fu l and
,

i m pot tan t i n a c h an g e O f fort u n e an d u n de i t he p re s su re o f ad

v e rse c 1r c u mstan c es as has b e e n ill u s trate d i n the h i s tor y o f

,

the amib le b u t u n fortun ate Eliz ab e t h B l ac k w e ll .

C L A SS I F I C A T I O N O F P L A N T S .

T he i nd e fatig ab l e John and C a sp er B au hin u nd e rtoo k o n

u n i v e rs al hi s to ry of p l ants w i th a s y no ny my or e x ac t li s t o f
, ,

t he n ame s t h at e v ery p l an t b o re i n a ll t he w ri te rs who p re c ed e d

th em . T h e i r w o rk s w h i c h are e x am pl e s of v as t k no wl e dge
,

and so l id l ab ors are s t il l the g u id e to all t h os e who w i s h to c on

,

s u l t an c i en t au th o rs o n b otan y A fte r th ei r d e at h w h i c h hap

.
,

p en e d betwee n the y e ars 1 624 and 1 63 0 sc arc e ly any au th o r ,

w ro te on medi c i n e, b u t w ro te more or l ess on bo tan y .

 M A TE RIA M EDI C A . 91

H y er on y m u s B one, a G e rman , was t he fi rs t O f the mo d e rn s

who has g iv e n a m e thod ic a l di s tr i b u ti o n o f v e ge tab l e s . I n hi s
hi s tory of p l an ts , p u b li she d i n 1 5 3 2 , he di v id e s the e ig ht hu n
d re d sp e c i e s th ere d e sc ri b e d i nto t h ree c l ass es, fo u nd e d on th e i r
q u al i ti e s h ab i t, fig u re and s i ze C lu s i as e nde av ored soo n af
,
.

te r to e s tab li sh t he nat u ral d i s ti n c ti o n o f T h e op h ras tu s , w hi c h

w as i n t o tre e s , s h ru bs , and u n d e rsh r u bs O th ers atte m p te d to
.

c h ar ac te riz e p l a n t s b y the roots , s te m s , a nd l ea v e s , b u t all we re

fo u n d i ns u ffi c i e n t I t w as t hi rty y e ars fro m t hi s ti me th at G es

.

n e r s u gg e s te d t he fi rs t id e a O f a s y s te m fo u nd e d o n the fl ower
and
f r u i t B u t the app li c ati o n of t his s u gg es ti on w as n ot
.

m ad e t il l twe n ty y e ars a fte r w ard s b y C ce s a r a lp i n u s, a p hy s i c i an

a n d p ro fe ss o r O f b otan y at P ad u a Y e t th is s ys te m of C ee saral
.

p i n u s , fo u nd ed o n s c i e n tifi c p ri nc i p l e s , p e ri s h ed , or rath e r s l ep t
fo r n e arly a c e n tu ry , w h e n it w as a wa k e n e d b y Dr. M ori s on of
A b e rd e e n T h e n e x t s y s te m ati c a l ar ran g e m e n t of p l an ts w as
.

gi ve n b y the l e arne d and p i o u s M r Ra y H i s ge ne ral h i s to ry

. .

o f p l an ts c on tai n s e igh te e n t ho u s a n d s ix h u nd re d and fi ft fi ve

y
-

s p ec i e s v ar i e ti e s H e a ll o w s o n e di v i si o n to su c h p l ants as
and .

g row at the b o ttom o f the se a ; or u po n roc k s th at are s urro u n d

e d b y t h at e l e m e n t ; b u t n atu ra l i sts h a v e no w re m o v e d t h e s e

fro m t he v e g e tab l e to the a n i m a l ki ng d o m T h e n H er m a n of

.

L e yd e n p u b l i s h e d h is s ys te m ati c arran g e me nt ; and so on after

t h e fa m ou s B oer h a a v e fa v ore d t he p u b li c w i t h hi s p l an A b ou t .

t hi s ti m e o r a li ttl e an te r i o r v iz t he y e a r 1 7 0 0 t he c e l e b r ate d
, ,
.

Tou r n ef or t c a m e fo rth w i th his l e a rne d a nd e x te ns i v e b otan i c al

s y s te m ; t h e n K n a u t L u d wig
,
P on t e d r a an d M ag n oli a s
, It .

a pp e ars t h at C msaral pin u s foll o w e d G e sn e r M ori s on C msaral ,

p i nu s ; Ray i m p ro v e d u p o n M o ri so n ; K na u t ab rid g e d Ray ;

H e rm an fo rm e d himse lf pa rtly o n M o ri son and p artly on Ray ; ,

w hil e B oe r h aa v e too k the i n d e fa tig ab l e H e r m an for hi s g u id e .

B u t it w as Tou r n ef or t o f F ra n c e w ho s u rpasssed all hi s p red e

c e sso rs i n s u pp lyi ng a c l u e to t he v e g e tab l e ki ngd om I ntri c ate
.

a s i s t his sy s te m ,
it w as t he m o st c o m ple te t he w orld had e v e r
s ee n T he F re n c h n ati o n w e re p ro u d o f i t ; an d gl o ri e d in
.

g i v i n g an e v e rl ast i ng b o t a n i c a l s y ste m to an ad m i r i n g w orl d .

Y e t T u rne for t did b u t c l e ar the w a y f or o ne s til l g re ate r th an

o

h i m se l f ; fo r in the y e ar 1 7 3 5 a rose the su n of t he b otan i c al

w orl d L I N N ZEU s ; o f w h os e s y ste m we c a n gi v e h ere on l y a
,

m e re s k e tc h o r ou tl i ne .

Ex c e p ti n g A r is totl e the an c i e nt w ri te rs on N atu ral H i s tory

,

h ad n o s y s te m ati c al arran g e m e n t b u t de sc rib e d p l an ts and an i

m al s as th e y c ame to h an d . T he b ou nd a ri e s of n atu ral h i s to ry
h av e b e e n so e nl arg e d b y m od e rn e n te rp ri s e and i nd us try th at ,

i t has b e c o m e n ec e ssary to c l ass an d so rt thi s v as t m u l ti t u d e or ,

t he s t u d e nt o f n at u re wou ld b e l os t i n t he e x u b e ran c e b e fo re
,

h im . I t i s n atu ral e no u gh s ay s t h at p l e as an t wr i te r G o ld
, ,
92 T H E TH O M S ON I AN
s mi th for ig no ranc e to l ie d o wn i n h op e l e ss u n c ertai nty ; and
,

to d e c l are t h at to p arti c u l ariz e e ac h b ody i s u tte rl y i m p oss i b l e

, ,
b u t i t i s o the rw i s e w i t h t he ac ti v e s e arc h i n g m in d : n o w ay i h
,

t imid ated w i th the 1 m me nse v ari e ty i t b e gi n s the tas k O f n u m ,

b eri ng g rou p i ng and c l ass i ng al l the v ai l ous k i nd s t h at fal l

,

w i thi n its n oti c e ; fi n d s e v e r d ay n e w r e l ati on s b e twee n the

y
s e ve ral p arts of c re ati on ac q u i re s the art o f c on s id e ri n g s e v e ral
,

at a ti m e u nd e r on e p oi n t O f v i e w a n d at l as t b e gi n s to fi nd
,

t h at the v ari e t y i s n e i th e r so g re at n or so i n s c ru tab l e as w as

,

fi rs t i magi ne d I t i s a d ifii c ul t tas k to fi nd ou t a p arti c u l ar m an

.

in an i mm e n se c row d or mo b of p e o p l e ; b u t i f t his pro misc u

,

ou s j u m b l e of p e op l e b e syste m atize d o r arran ge d i n to b rig ad e s , ,

r egi m en ts co mp an i es and p l ato o ns we s h al l b e a b l e to fi nd the

, , ,

i n di v id u al w i t h o u t m u c h di ffi c u l ty I t i s t h u s i n a s y s te m ati c al
.

arran ge me n t of v e g e tab l e s B on n et h as i n a g re at m e asu re

.
, ,
di s re g ard e d s y s te m ; and B aj on has t re ate d i t wi th c on te m p t .

B u t t he e l oq ue n t au t hor O f the “ H is tor y of the Ea rth a n d

A n i m a ted N a tu re j u s tl y re m ar k s t h at b oo k s are w ri tte n w i t h
”

o pp os i te v i e ws s om e on l y to b e r e ad a n d s om e o n ly to b e o cc a
, ,

sion al l y c o nsu l te d ; t h at t he m e t h odi s t s h a v e s ac rifi c e d to o rd e r

a l o ne al l the d e l igh ts o f th e s u bj e c t al l t he ac ts o f h e i hte nin

,g g ,

awa k e n i n g o r c ont i n u i n g c u ri os i t y
, B ut h e add s t h at s y s te m
.
,

atic al ar ran e m e n ts
g h av e t he s a me u se i n s c i e n c e t h at a d ie

t ion ary has i n l an g u ag e b u t w i th t hi s di ffe re n c e th at m a di c ,

tion ary w e p roc e e d fro m the n ame to t he d e fi n i ti on i n a s ys

te m o f n at u ra l h i s tor y w e p roc e e d fro m the d e fi n i ti o n to fi nd
o u t the th i n g Wi th ou t t he aid of s y s te m N atu re m u s t s til l
.
,

h av e l ai n u ndi s ti ng u i s h e d lik e fu rn i tu re in a l u m b e r roo m ;

,

e v e ry t hi n g we w i s h for i s th e re i n d ee d b u t w e k no w n ot w here ,

to fi nd
”
i t.

T he O p i n i on J ose p h B an k s had no s mal l i nflu e n c e in

of S ir
d i v e rti n g a c e l e b rate d B ot an i s t from hi s p roje c t ; for w hil e u nd e r
the i nfl u e n c e o f it he had w ri tte n to t h at c e l e b rate d N at u ral i s t
, .

H e i n an s we r s ay s : ‘ H o w c an ou an d I c orresp o nd ab ou t a
y
p l ant w hi c h y ou m ay h av e fou n d 1 11 A m e ri c a or l i n Eu rop e and
, , ,

i s k no wn to b u t o ne o f 11 s u nl e ss w e h av e ag re e d o n a te c h n i c a l
,

l an g u age b y w hi c h we c an d e sc rib e to e ac h o th e r the c o nstitu

,

e n t p arts ; an d b y t h at m e an s ag re e to w h at k n o w n p l an t i t

b ears t he g 1 e atest res e m b l an c e T he L inn man s y ste m i s not

.

c ertai nl y to b e c ons id ere d as free fro m fau l ts A ll hu man c on .

triv an c e w ill ab o u n d w i t h t h e m B u t s till I c ann o t h e l p all o w

.

i n g th at as far as I knew it i s the b es t h i th e rto i n v en ted b y a

, , ,

g r eat i nterv al ; and as s u c h i s n o w i n a m ann er i n v ari ab ly re

, ,

c ei v ed b y the w h o l e l earn e d world

”
.

We thet efore p r esen t o u r r e ad e rs wi th a s k etc h of thi s famo us

s y s tem .
94» T H E TH O M S ON IAN
E N T A N DRIA
P
CON TA IN S R ERS v1 O D .

Fi ve S tamen s i n the H er map hr odi te Fl ower .

O r d er I. M on og yn i a
O r d er II . D ig y n i a
C l ss V
a
O r der 111 . T r i g yn i a
.
O rder IV . T etr ag yn i a
O rd e r V P . e n t ag y n i a
O r d er VI . P ol yg i n i a

EX A N DRI A
H
CON TA IN S R ER v O D S .

S is
: S ta men s i h t he H er map hr od i te Fl ower .

(If of thi s, two opp osite S ta mens are shor t er , i t b el ong s to C l ass X V .)

O r de r I. M o nog yn i a Am ar y ll is .

O rder II D ig y n i a O yzr a.
l ss V I G x
.

C a O rd er III T r ig yn i a E. Rum e
P
. . . .

O rder IV T et r ag yn i a e t iv er ia .

A l is m
.

O r d er V . P ol yg i n i a a.

E P T A N D RIA
H
CON TA IN S R ERS Iv O D .

S even S t amens i n the sa me Fl ower wi th the P i sti l l u m.

O r d er I. M on og yn i a

C l ss V II O r d er II . D i cr yn i a
E.
a ’

O rd e r I II . T elr ag i r i ai G .

O rde r IV . H ep tag yn i a

O C T A N DRI A
CON TA IN S RDER Iv O S .

Eig ht S tamen s i n the same Fl ower wi th the P isti l l um .

O r de r I. M on og yni a

C l s V III
a s
O rder II . D ico yni a
'
O rd er III . T r ig y ni a
O r d er IV . T etr ag yn i a

E NNE A N DRI A
CON TA IN S III RDERS O .

N i n e S tamens i n the H er m a hr odi te p F ower .

O r de r I M onog yn i a
l ss IX G
.

C a . O r d er II . T r ig yn i a E. .

O r de r III . H ex ag yni a

E C A N DRI A
D
CON TA IN S RDERS v O .

T en S tamens i n the H em aphr odi te Fl ower .

O de r r I. M on og yn i a
Od r er II D i gyn i a
l ss X
.

C Od r er III T r yg i ni a
a
P
. .

Od r er IV . e n t ag y n i a
O r de r V . D ecag yni a
 M A TE RIA M ED IC A . 95

O E C A N DRI A
D D
CO N TA IN S R ERS v O D .

S ta mens , f r om twel ve to ni n eteen i n the H er ma hr odite p Fl ower .

O r d er I M g y ia
. on o n

O r de r II D ig y i n a

l ss XI G
.

C a . O r de r III T ig y i. r n a E. .

O r d er IV P nt g yni
. e a a

O rder V . D od ec ag y nia

I C O S A N DRI A
CON TA IN S R ER V O D S .

T he S t a mens i nser te d (n ot i n the Rec e ta c l e . b u t ) i n the ins ide p of the C al yx .

C ommonl y twen ty, of ten mer e.

Or d er I . M on og yni a
O r de r II D i g yni a
l ss XII
.

C a O r d er III T r ig yni a E. G
P
. . .

O r der IV . en ta g y n i a

O r d er V . P ol yg i ni a
‘
P O L Y A N DRI A
C ON T AI V II R ER
N S O D S .

T he S t amen s i nser ted i n the Rec ep t a c l e f r om twen ty to an hu ndr ed , i n the same

wi th the istil i n the l ower . P F
O r d er I . M on og yn i a
O r de r II . D i g yn i a
O r de r III T r ig yn ia
l ss XIII G
.

C a O r de r IV . T etr a
g yn i a E.
P
. .

O rder V . en ta g yn i a
O r d er VI H ex a g yn i a
.

O r de r V II . P ol
yg n i a

I Y NA M I A
D D
CO N TA IN S II R ERS O D .

F ou r S ta mens , f whic h two

o a r e c l ose tog ether , a nd ar e l ong er .

C l ss XIV
a
SO r der I. G y mnosp er mia
2O r d er II
'

.d
.
g i osp er mi a

E T RA DY N A M I A
T
CONTA IN S II RDER O S .

S ix S t a mens ; f our of whi c h ar e l ong , the two o pp osi te short.

l ss XV I
gO g
or d e r . S il i cul osa L u n ar ia .
C a E. G
‘
rder II . S il i quosa
.
C h e iran thu s.

O NA DE L P H IA
M
CON TA IN S v RDER O S .

T he Fil amen ts o
f the S tamens g r own tog ether i n to on e B ody

O r de r I P nt
. e and r i a

O rd er II E nn ean d r i a

l ss XVI
.

C a . III D . ec a nd r i a E. G .
IV D d . o ec an d r i a
V Pol y
. a nd r i a
96 TH E TH O M S ON IAN

I A DE L P H IA
D
C ON TA IN S RDERS Iv O .

The Fi l amen ts o f the S tamens g rown tog ether i n to two B odi es .

O r der I P . en tan d r ia

Cl a S S XV H ‘
O r der II H . ex a n d r i a
E‘ G .
O r d er III O . c ta n d r i a
O rde r IV D . ecan d r i a

P OL Y D EL P H I A
CON TA IN S III O RD ERS .

The Fil amen ts o f the S tamens g r ow t og ether imto thr ee or mor e B od ies

O rd I P er en t a n d r i a
l ss X V III G
.

C a . O d II Ir er . c osa n d r i a E. .

O d e III P
r r . ol y a nd r i a

G E NE S I A
SY N
CO N TA IN S V I R ER O D S .

The S tamens wi th the .d nther as g r own tog ether i n the f or m of a cyl i nder

(hav i ng r a r el y Fil a men ts. )

O r d er I P lyg o JEqu a l i s
ami a
II P l yg
.

O rder . o a mi a S ap evyta a

O r d er III P l yg o a mi a r u str an eaF

IV P lyg
.
E. G .
O r d er . o a mi a N ec essa r ia

O r de r V P . ol yg a mi a S eg r eg at a
O rder VI . M onog ami a .

G Y N A NDRI A
CO N TA IN S V III R ER O D S

The S tamens i nser td e th P i t i l ( t

on e s no on the Rec ep ta cl e ).

O r de r I . D i a n dr i a
O r d er II . T r i an d r i a
O rd e r III . T etr a n dr i a
O rd e r IV P en ta n d r i a
Cl ass XX
.
E' G ‘
'
O r d er V . H ex a n d r ia
O r d er VI . D ec a n d r i a
O r d er VII . D od ec a n d r i a

O r de r V III P . ol y a n d r i a

M O N OE C I A
C ON T AI N S X I O RDERS .

The M al e and F e ma l e Fl ower s on the same Pl a nt .

O r d er I. M on an d r i a
O r d er II . D i an d r i a
O r d er III . T r i an d r i a
O r d er IV . T etr a n d r ia
O r d er V P en tr a nd r i a
l G
.

C ass XXI. O r d er VI . H ex a n d r i a E. .

O r der V II H ep tandr i a
.

O r d er VI I P I ol y a n d r i a

O r d IX er . M on a d el p hi a
O r d er X . S y ng en esi a
O r der XI . G yn andr ia
98 TH E T H O M S O N IAN
S U P EREL U OU S

Tha t i s T h at w h e n th e fl o we rs o f t h e h e r map h rodi te di s k are

f urn i s h e d w i t h a s tig m a, a nd p rod u c e s e e d s , t he fe m al e fl o wer s
a l s o, th at c o ns ti t u te the radi u s , p rod u c e s ee d s in l i k e m ann e r.

F RU S T RA N EO U S .

Tha t i s Wh e n the fl o we rs O f t he h e r m ap h rodi te di s k are f u r

,

n ishe d w i th a s tig m a an d prod u c e s ee d s ; b u t t he fl osc u l i

,

c on sti tu ti ng t he radi u s b ei n g d e p ri v e d of a s tig ma c an n ot ,

p rod u c e s ee d s .

N EC ESSA RY .

Th a t i s Wh e n the h e r map h rodi te fl owe rs th rou gh a d e fe c t of

, ,

t he s tig m a o r p i s til c a n n o t p e rfe c t t h e i r s e ed s ; b u t fe mal e

,

flo we rs in the radi us p rod u c e p e rfe c t s e e d s .

S EG REG A T ED .

Tha t i s, Wh en s e v e ral fi o rife rou s c alyx e s are c o n tai ne d i n a

c al yx co mm on to all , so as to fo rm on ly o n e fl o we r .

T he y o u ng s tu d e n t Of b otan y w il l d e rs tand the p re c edi ng un

s k e tc h o f t he L i n nae an S y s te m i f h e h av e r e c ou rs e t o the,

L e tte r s on the El em e n ts of B ota n y a d d r e ss ed t o a L a d y b y , ,

t he c e l e b rate d J J Ro u ss e au t ra n s l ate d b y D r M a rti n

. . , I f to . .

t hi s p l e as a nt g u i d e he s h o u l d add J o h n M ill e r s e ng ra v e d il
’
,

l us trati o n s o f the s e x u al s y s te m o f L i nnae u s he w i ll b e s o o n ,

a b l e to p roc e e d w i th ou t t he h e l p o f b oo k s as I t re g a I d s t he ,

s y s te m I t I S s u p e rfl u o u s to ad d a w ord to w h at has b e e n s aid

.

r e sp ec ti ng the bo t an i c al w ri ti ng s o f L i nnae u s B u t b otan y .

“

i s n ot to b e l e arn t i n the c l os e t : y ou m us t g o i nto the g arde n or

the fi eld s and t h el e b e c o m e fam ili ar w i t h N atu re h e rs el f ; w i t h
,

t h at b e au ty o rd e r re g u l a ri ty an d i ne x h au s ti b le v ari e t y w h i c h
, , , ,

i s to b e fou nd I n the s t ru c tu re of v e g e tab l e s an d t h at wond er ,

fu l fi tn e ss to its e nd w hi c h we p e rc e i v e i n e v e ry w o r k of c re a
,
t i on
.

L I N N ZEU S
T he fig u re w hi c h th i s l e ar ne d p hy s i c i an an d ill u s tri ou s n a ,

t ural ist m ad e w h il e l i v i ng a nd t he g re at re pu tati o n o f his w o r k s

.

n o w he i s d e ad w ill j u s ti fy u s i n d e vo ti ng so me sp ac e to h i s
,

h on o n
C H A RL ES V O N L I N N E or as the l earn e d th rou g ho u t the wo rld
,

h av e L ati niz ed it C A RO L U S L I N N /B U S w as b orn at S m al an d i n

,
‘

S wed e n in the y e ar 1 707 I t has al mos t al way s h app e ne d th at

, .

t h os e w ho h av e o c c u p i e d s o m e o f t he high e s t s e ats i n the te m

p l e of fa me h av e b e e n o b li g e d to c l i m b u
p to it th ro u gh the

rou gh di rty and di ffi c u l t r o ad of p o v e rty c al u m

,

,
ny and oppos i ,

t i on. I t was r e m ar k ab ly so w i t h L i nnae u s w ho was the son of ,

a n obsc u re c l ergy man , o f an i ncons id e r ab l e v ill ag e i n a gl oo m y

 M A TE RI A M E DI C A . 99

r egi on of the gl ob e . H is fath e r s i n c ome was so s m all , an d hi s

’

fam ily so l arg e and s traigh te n e d in t h e i r c i rc u m s tan c e s , t h at thi s

p ri nc e of n at u ral i s ts was 0 11 t he p o i n t o f b e i n g b o u n d to a m e

c h an i e .T he d e s ig n o f b i ndi n g L in nmus to a s h oe m ak e r was

-

o v e r r u l e d b y h i s u n c l e , and he was s e n t to s c h oo l w h e n he w as
-

te n y e a rs of ag e . A t t hi s e arl y p e ri od , hi s c h i e f am u s e m e n t w as
gath e ri n g p l ant s and h u n ti ng afte r i nsec ts .

A l m os t all y o u n g m e n , w h e n j u s t s te pp i n g o n the s tag e of

bu s y l i fe , p re ss for ward to the ac q u i s i ti on o f ri c h e s , as the su re s t
road to p o we r a nd re pu tati on w h1 lst a fe w, a v e ry fe w , c on s id e r
weal t h as a s ec on d ar y o bj e c t , an d pu rs u e w i th a rd or fa me o r
r e pu tati o n as the fi rs t. H e n c e t h e re h a v e n ot b ee n m an y v e r y
fa mo u s l i te rar y c h ar ac te rs w ho h av e n ot c o m m e n c e d th e i r c a
r e er in po v y ; nd m s t f th e m h av e fo u nd th
e rt a o o a t “
S l ow r i ses
wor th by p ov er ty d ep r es s d . ’

I n t he y e ar 1 72 8 , he re mo v e d to U ps al , w h e re h e o b tai n e d
the p atron ag e of s e v e ral e m i n e n t m e n, p arti c u l a rl y o f O L A U S
I
C ELS U S , at t h at t i me P rofe sso r of D iv i n i ty , an d t he re s tore r o f
n atu ral h i sto ry in S we d e n . U nd er s u c h e n c ou rag e m e nt he
_

m ad e r ap id p rog re ss in his s tu di e s , and i n the e s te e m o f the P ro

fesso rs We h ave t hi s s tri ki ng p roof O f his meri ts an d attai n
.

m e n ts , t h at after o n ly tw o y e ars re s id e nc e , he was th oug h t s u f

fi c ie n tly q u ali fi e d to gi v e l e c t u re s , oc c as i on ally , fro m t he b otan i c
c h ai r, i n the room of P rofe ss or Ru d b e c k .

S
I n 1 73 1 t he Roy al A c ad e m y of c i e n c e s , h a v i n g a d e s i re to
S
i m p ro ve the n atu ral h i s tory o f we d e n , d e p u te d L in nae u s to
mak e the to u r of L ap l and , w i t h t he so l e V i e w o f e x p l ori n g the
n at u ral hi s to r y of t he arc ti c regi on , to w hi c h his re p u tati on , as
’

a sc h o l ar and a n atu ral i s t, and h i s t ou g h co n s ti tu t i on , e q u ally

r e c o m me nd e d hi m H e trav e rse d t he L ap l and d e s e rt, w hi c h

.

w as d e s ti t ute of v il l ag e s , road s , c u l ti v ati o n , or an y c on v e n ie n

c e s. H e sp e n t ab o u t fi v e m o n t h s in th i s to u r, s uffe ri n g i n n u
m er ab le h ard s hi ps and p r i vati ons ; and th at too fo r a v e ry s m al l
p
s ti e nd , s c arc e ly e nou g h to b u y h i m s h o e s , w h i c h m u s t hav e
b e en an i mp ortant arti c l e of c l o thi n g for p oor L i n n aeu s trav el e d
te n d e g re e s of l at i tu d e o n fo ot. S e v e ral y e ars afte r he t rav e l e d
t h ro u g h Ho ll and , B rab an t, and F ranc e , i n the s am e m ann er,
g at h e ri ng p l an ts o n the w ay , an d s e arc hi n g for m i ne ral s .

I n 1 7 3 3 thi s i n d e fatig ab le n atu rali s t w as s e nt b y the g o v e rn

S
m e nt to v i s i t t he m i n e s i n wed e n . O n hi s re tu rn to U ps al , he
'

g av e l e c tu re s o n m i n e ral ogy in t he u n i v e rs i ty In 1 73 5 , w h e n
.

he too k h i s d e g ree of Doc tor o f P hy s i c , he pu b l i s h e d th e fi rs t

S
Sk e tc h of hi s Y S T EM A N A T U RJE, in a v e ry c om p e ndi ou s w ay,
an d in t he for m o f tab l e s i n t we l v e p ag e s o nl y . B y thi s it ap
,

p ears , th at he had at a v e ry e arly p eri o d , b e fo re he w as twe n ty

fou r y ears o f ag e , l aid th e b as i s o f th at m ag n ifi c e n t w o rk , w hi c h
he afte r war d s r ai s ed , and w hi c h w ill e v e r r e mai n a l as ti ng m on
100 T H E TH O M S ON I AN
u me n t o f hi s ge ni u s
i nd us try I n the s ame y ear he r eti re d
and .

t o F a hl u m a to wn in D a l e c a rli a wh e re he g a v e l e c tu re s on
, ,

m i ne ral ogy and the d oc i mas ti c art ; an d w h e re he p rac ti s e d

p hy s i c In 1 73 6 he p ass e d ov e r i nto Engl and c arryi n g l ette rs
.
,

o f r e c o m me n d ati o n fro m the fa mo u s B O ERH AA V E w ho w as at ,

t h at ti me P ro fe ss or o f t he T h e o ry an d P rac ti c e o f P hy s i c at
L e yd e n the gl ory o f the me di c al w o rld and one of t he b es t
,

b otani s ts o f the ag e Th at t he s ag ac i o u s B oe rh aav e p e ne trate d

.

t he tru e c h arac te r o f L i n nae u s a nd p re di c te d h i s fu tu re fa me,

a nd
g re atn e ss app ears b y hi s l e tte r o f i ntrod u c tion to S ir H ans
‘
,

S l oane A l th o u gh B oe rhaave p arti c u l arl y reco mmen d e d him to

.

S ir H ans S l oane P re s id e n t of the Ro y al S oc i ety S ir H an s p aid

, ,

h i m b u t li ttl e atte n ti o n for L i n naeu s w as n ot o ne o f th os e g ay

y o u ng m e n th at attrac t m u c h p e rso n al atte n ti on H e w as ne .

g g e n t o f d re ss and di m i n u ti ve of s tat u re
li T he p atro n ag e of .

s o ill u s t ri o u s a m an re nd e re d L i nnae u s till m o re c o nsp i c u ou s s

B oe r h aa v e h i ms e l f b e i n g a c u l t i v ato r o f n atu r al h i s to ry and

b o tan y t he meri ts of L i nnae u s c o u l d h ardly e sc ap e hi s pe rspi
,

c ac h y .

B oe r h aa v e s fr i e nd s hi p fo r L i nn aeu s con ti n u ed to th e l ate s t

’

pe ri od o f h i s e xi s te n c e Wh e n L i nnae us v i s i te d him in h i s
.

l as t s i c k n e ss and b u t a s h ort ti me b e fore thi s ligh t of t he me di

,

c al w o r ld was e x t i ng u i s h ed B o e rh aav e taki n g an affe c ti o n ate

,

l eav e o f hi s y o u n g fri e nd s aid I h av e l i v e d my ti me ou t and

, ,
“
,

m y d ay s are at an e n d 1 h a v e d o ne e v e ry thi n g t h at was i n

.

m y p o we r M ay G od p rote c t t h ee w i th w h o m th i s d u ty re
.
,

mai n s ! Wh at t he w o rl d r eq u i re d o f m e it h as g ot ; b u t fro m ,

t h e e m y d e ar L i nn wu s it e x pe c ts m u c h m ore l
”
, ,

I n 1 7 3 7 L i n n ae u s pu b l i s h e d the G e n er a P l a nta ru m w hi c h ,

c o m p l e tel y u nfo ld e d t he s e x u al s y s te m as f ar as re l ate d to ,

c l ass i c al an d g e n e ri c al c h arac te rs and i n t he s am e y e ar e xe m

l ifi e d it i n t he sp e c i e s b y t he F l or a L a i d t h H
p pp o n c a an e o r ,

t a s C l iflor ti an u s A t t he s ame ti m e h e d e di c ate d to D I L

.
,

L EN I U S the C r iti c a B ota n ic a i n w h i c h he e x pl ai ns hi s re as on s

, ,

fo r t he c h an g e o f n a me s and fo r t he e s tab l i s h me n t of ne w d is
,
'

t in c tions bo t h of w hi c h he w e l l k n e w w ou ld b e c ons id e r e d as
, , ,
d ang e ro u s i nn ov ati on s .

I n 1 73 8 L i nnae us re al ly i mag i ne d th at he had fix e d d o w n ,

for t he l as t t i me in t he p rac ti c e at S toc kh o l m for b e i n g n ow °

m arr i e d he co nc l u d e d it was ti m e to s e ttl e d o wn for l i fe an d

, ,

g i v e o v e r g at h eri ng p l an ts in the a rc t i c c i rc l e and s e arc hi n g ,

t he b o we l s o f t he e a rt h for mi n eral s H e h o we ve r me t wi th .

re at o pp os i ti on in hi s bu s i n e ss H e w as too l ear n e d and too

g .

e mi ne n t no t to e x c i te al l t hat e n v y a nd j e al o us y co u ld e ng e n d e r

a nd i nfli c t A t S toc kh o l m h i s e n e m i e s o pp re ss e d him wi th

.

m an y di ffi cu l ti e s ; b u t the a b il i ti e s and p e rs e veri n g sp i ri t of

L innwus s u r mo u n ted th e m all so t h at he c ame at l en g t h i n to ,
1 02 TH E TH O M S O N IAN

T hi s e x trao rdi n ar y m an di e d J an u ar y 1 1 th, 1 778 , i n the

7 1 st y ear o f h i s li fe , le av i n g a g l ori o u s r e pu tati o n U n c om~
.

m on resp ec t w as s h o w n to hi s m e mory . A t the c o mm e mo ra.

t i o n o f hi s d e a th , b y the R S
o y al A c ad e my of c i e n c e s , t he ki n g
of S
we d e n h o n ore d the ass e m b l y w i th hi s p re s e n c e ; n ay far
t h e r, i n h i s sp e e c h fro m the t h ro n e to the S
we di s h p arli am e n t,
t h at p hil oso p hi c m o n arc h l am e n te d t he d e at h of L i n n a e us as a

pu b l i c c al am i ty H e s aid , I h av e l ost a m an w h os e fam e was

.

a s g re at a ll o v e r t he wo rld , as t he h o n o r w as b righ t, w hi c h h i s

c o u n tr y d er i v e d from him as a c i tize n . Lo n g w il l U ps al re

m e m b e r the c e l e b ri ty w h i c h it ac q u i re d b y the n am e of L in
n ae u s .

L i n n ae u s had a g o od co n s ti tu ti o n , th ou gh often g ri e v ou s l y
?
a fl ic te d wi t h the he ad ac h e , a nd l n t he l atte r p art o f h i s l i fe w i t h

t he g o u t T hi s reat m an w as o f a d im rn u ti v e s tatu re , h i s
.
g
h e ad l arge , a nd i ts hi nd e r p art v e ry hi g h H i s l oo k was ar
.

d e n t, p i e rc i n g , an d apt to d au n t t he b e ho ld e r ; and hi s te m p e r
q u i c k ; ne v e rth e l e ss h i s c ond u c t to w ard s h is n u m e rou s o pp o
n e n ts s ho w s a di g n ifi e d s p i r i t o f fo rb e aran c e . H e di s av o we d
c o n t ro v e rs y , a nd s e l d o m re p l i e d to t he n u me ro u s attac k s on his

d oc t 1 in e . H e h o w e v e r, w h e n attac k e d b y S i eg es b e clr, an d
s o m e o t he r v i ru l e nt c a l u m n i ato rs , w ro te a re p l y , e n ti tl e d O r bi s

e r u d i t i j u d i c i u m d e C a r ol i L i n n ce i s c r ip t is ; an d w i t h i t

gav e a m e m o rand a o f his l i fe . Th i s S ie g e sb ec k w as a b rot h e r

p ro fe ss or H e l aid i t d o w n as a fi rm m axi m , that e v e ry s y s
‘
-

t e m m u s t fi n ally r e st o n its i ntri n s i c m e ri t ; and he w illi n gly

c o m m i tte d hi s o w n to the j u d g m e n t of p o s te ri ty .

D im i n u ti v e as w as t he s tat u re of L i n umu s hi s m i n d w as of
gig an ti c siz e H e w as p oss ess e d o f a l i v e l y i m ag i nati o n, c or
.

re c te d b y a s tron j u d me n t, a nd g u id e d b y t he l a w s o f s y s te m ;
g g
add e d to t h e s e , a m os t re te n tiv e m e m or y , an u n re m i tti n g i n d u s

t ry , a n d t he g re ate st p er se v e ran c e i n al l his p u rsu i ts ; as i s e v i

d e nt fro m t h at c onti n u e d v i g o r w i t h w hi c h he p ros e c u te d th e
d e sm n , t h at he a ppe ai s to h av e fo r me d so e ar l y 1 11 li fe , of t ot a l
l y r ef or m in g a n d f a b r i c a t i ng a n e w th e whol e s c i e n c e of n a tu
r a l hi stor
y , and t hi s he ac t u all y pe 1 fo rm e d , and g av e to i t a
g
d e ree o f p e rfe c t ion b e fo ra u nk n o wn H e had m oreov e r the
e
.

t he u n c o mm on fe li c i ty o f l i v i n g to se e hi s o w n s t ru c tu re rai s e d
a b o v e a ll o t h e rs , n o twi th s ta n di n g e v e ry d i s c ourag e m e n t its ai r
t h o r a t fi rst l ab ore d u n d e r, a n d t he O pp os i ti o n it a fte rw a rd s
m e t w i th .N e i the r h as an y w ri te r m ore c au ti o us ly a v o id e d t h at
c o m mon e rro r o f b u ildi ng h i s o w n fam e o n the r u i n o f anoth e r
m an s H e e v e ry we re ac k n o w l e d g e s t he s e v e ral ne rits o f e ac h
’
i
.

a u t hor s s y s te m ; and n o m a n a pp ears to b e m ore s e ns i b l e of t h e

’

p art i al d e fe c t o f hi s o w n .
L i nnae u s w as of a n ob l e m i nd ; a nd hi s m i nd was m ad e b e t
ter b y s tru ggli n g w i t h ad v e rs i ty . T o b e p oo r, and to b e at the
s ame t i me s tru ggl i n g 0 11 wi t h so me ne w di scov e r y, or r e c i ou s p
 M A TE RI A M EDI CA . 1 03

i mp ro v e m e n t i s in the s tri c t s e ns e of the word to b e in ad v er

, , ,

s ity fo r o ne t h u s C i rcu m s tan c e d n e v e r fail s to h av e a n u m e r

o u s h o st ag a i nst h i m c h i e fl y c o m p o s e d of t he j e al ous t h e e n v i
, ,
~

ous an d the k nav i s h B u t has ad ve rs i ty n o c on so l ati o ns ? I s

,
.

it n ot the b e st c o u rs e o f d isc ipli ne a w i s e m an c an e n d u re z H e

’

w ho has n e v e r b ee n ac q u ai n te d w ith ad v ers i ty s ay s S e n e c a i s , ,

ig no ran t o f hal f the sc e ne s of n atu re for p rosp e ri ty v e ry m u c h

o b s t ru c ts t he k n o w l e dg e o f o u rse l v e s A nd he w ho was g re at
.

e r t han S e n e c a I m e a n J o h n s o n o bs er v e s
, ,
t h at t h at fo rti tu d e
, , ,

w hi c h has to e n c o u n ter n o d an ge r ; th at p r u d en c e wh i c h has ,

s u r m ou nted n o di ffi c u l ti e s ; t h at i n teg ri ty w hi c h h as b ee n at
,

tac k e d b y n o te m p tat i o n s c a n at b e s t b e co n s id e re d as g old n ot

, ,

t b ro u gh t to t he te s t f w hi h t h e re fo re th e tru e v al u e c an
y e ; o c

n ot b e assig ne d .

Whe n L i nnae u s fi rs t p u b l i s h e d hi s s e x u al s ys te m of b otan y ,

h e e x p e ri e n c e d the s am e tre at m e n t w h i c h g e n e ral ly fall s to t he

l ot of t h os e w ho h av e e nli g h te n e d t he w o rl d b y the ray s o f the ir .

ge n i u s and l e arn i ng : a fe w ad m i red and e x to ll e d him ; o t h ers

r id ic u l e d hi m w hi le s o m e l ab o u re d t o p ro v e t h at he w as d e s t i
,

t u te o f c o m m on s e n s e a n d t h at h e w ro te ab ou t t h at w hi c h h e

did n o t himse lf u nd e rstand Th at t h ose r i v al s w ho d we l t in

.

t he s a m e c i ty s h o u l d v i e w him w i t h a n e vi l
“
t h a t i s an ,

e y e m ad e s or e b y re as o n o f hi s e x traordi n ar y l igh t w hi c h g av e
, ,

it p ai n a nd w hi c h t he y t h e re fo re s ou g h t to v e il o r put o u t i s
, , ,

n o t to b e wo n d e re d at : b u t t h at i t s h ou ld gi v e p ai n to t he e e
y
o f c o u n t B u ffo n an d o t h e r c e l e b rate d n re n i n F ra n c e i s i nd e e d
, ,

p i ti fu l I n Eng l an d an d in s om e o th e r p arts of Eu ro p e t h e y
.
,

re c e i v e d the ne w d oc tri ne wi t h al l th at c a u t i o n w hi c h b ec a me

an e n ligh te n e d a e an d p e o p l e a n d N at u re w as trac e d e x e r i
g p
m e n tall y t h rou g h al l h e r op e rati o n s ih the v e g etab l e e c on o m y
b e fo re t he s e x u al d oc tri ne o f L inn mu s was ac k n owl e d g e d I t .

is n o w fi rml y e s tab li s h e d as an y la w in n at u re .

L i nnae us n o t o n l y s il e n c e d all g ai ns ay e rs ; b u t had the u n

c om mo n g ood fo rtu ne o f l iv in to se e the fru i ts o f h i s o wn g reat
g

e x e rti o n s
. H e l i v e d to see N at u ral H i s to ry rai s e h e rs e l f i n
h is o wn n at i ve c o u n tr y u n d e r hi s c u l t u re an d the fo s te ri n g ,

h and of the g ov e rn me n t to a s tate of p e rfe c ti o n u n k nown

e l se w h e re H e l i v e d to se e i t di ffus ed t h e n c e all ov e r the
.

c i v il iz e d w orld H e l i v e d to se e the sov e re ig n s of Eu ro p e as

.

tab lishing s oc i e ti e s for c u l t i v at i n g t h at s c i e n c e to w hi c h he

h ad so l on g d e v o te d h i s h e ad an d h e art A nd w h e n he .

c e as e d to l i v e the p hil osop h e r saw w i th g rate fu l ad m i rati o n

,

t he s o v e re ig n of S we d e n p ron ou n c i n g the eu lo o f L i n nae u s

gy
fro m hi s t h ro ne and l am e n ti n g h i s d e at h as a p u b li c c al am i ty
, .

L i n nae u s was w ell ac q u ai nte d w i th the art of re c o m me nd

ing s c i e n c e b y e l oq u en c e of l an g u ag e and e m b e ll i s h i n g p hi
,

IOS Ophy wi th p o l i te l i te r atu r e N o m an of the age had a

.
 10 1 TH E TH O M S O NI A N
mo re h app y co mm an d of the L ati n tong u e th an L innmuS °

a nd n o m a n e v e r a pp li e d i t nrore s u cc e ss fu l l y to hi s pu r pos e
,
o r g a v e to d e s c ri p ti o n s u c h c o p i o u s n e ss p re c i s i o n a nd e le , ,

g anc e T he gl ari ng p ai nt of B ufi on s uff e rs in c o m p ari s on

'

w i th t he p l eas i n g b u t s ol id m an n e r o f L i nn ae us ; for t hi s p ri n c e
of n atu ral i s ts p oss e ss e d the s o u nd di s ti nc t an d co m p re h e ns i v e
, ,

k no wl edg e of B ac o n w i t h al l the be au ti fu l l igh t g rac es and

,

e mb e l l i s h me n ts of A ddi s o n H e k n e w th at th os e a u tho rs who

.
,

wo u ld fi nd m an y re ad e rs and t h os e l ec tu re rs wh o wou ld s e c u r e
,

a tte n t i v e heare rs m us t p l e as e w h il s t t h e y i n s tr u c t
, ,
.

P hy s iolog y o we s m u c h to L in nmus B ut P a thol og y the .

,

fo u n d ati o n o f t he w h o l e m e di c al a rt and o f all m e di c al t h e or y

, ,

has b e e n m o re i m p ro v e d b y L i n n ae u s in hi s C l a v is M ed i ci n ce ,

o f e ig ht p ag e s o n l y w hi c h i s a m as te r p i e c e i n its w ay and one

, ,

o f the g reate s t tre as u re s in me di c i ne th an b y a h u n d re d au t h o rs,

a nd bo o k s i n fo l io .

T he M a ter l a M edi c a was i n a con fus e d s tate and m an y

-

arti c l e s w e re i m p e rfe c tl y k no wn u ntil L i nn ae u s re form ed i t

, .

H e was t he fi rs t w ho s aid t hat all o ur p ri n c i p a l m ed i c i n e s are

i son s ; a nd t h at p hy s i c i an s o u gh t n o t to co nd e m n po i s on s
p o ,

b u t to u se th e m as s u rge o n s d o th e i r k n i v e s c au ti o us ly
, ,
.

B e s id e s m e d al s t h e re are s e v e ra l m o n u m e n ts e re c ted to the

h on or of t hi s g re at nat u ral i s t i n the g ard e ns o f h i s ad m i re rs in
di ffe re nt p l ac e s in Eu ro p e I n 1 7 78 Dr H op e l aid the fou nd a
.
, .

t i o n s to n e of a m on u m e n t s i n c e fi n i s h e d i n t he bo tan i c g ard e n
, ,

at Edi n b u rgh to the m e m o ry of L i nn mu s

, .

C O N RA D G ES N ER .

T he s tate o f b otan i c al m e th od w as q u i te u n s e ttl e d w he n

C O N RA D G ES N ER o f S witze rlan d tu rn e d hi s e ye to t he f lowe r
a nd i an d s ugg e s te d t he fi rs t i d e a o f a s y s te m at i c arran g e
f r u t ;
1

men t . I t was in 1 5 0 6 th at G e s ne r p rop os e d to the w orld h i s

id e a o f an arran ge me n t fro m the p arts o f the fl owe r and fru i t .

N o p lan h o we v e r w as e s tab l i s he d b y G e s n e r u p o n t h i s pr i n c i
l h m ere l y s u gg e s te d t h e id e a ; b u t th e a pp li c ati on o f it
p ; e e

w as m ad e t we nt y y e ars afte r b y C ces a r a lp i n u s a p hy s i c i an

, , ,

a nd p ro fe ss o r o f b otan y at P ad u a w ho t h u s f av ore d t he w o rld

,

w i th the fi rs t sy s tem o f b otan y ; w hi c h oc c u rre n c e m ark s the

s ec on d g ran d e ra i n t he hi s to ry o f thi s sc i e n c e .

I t m i g h t h av e b ee n e x p e c te d t h at a m e th od fou nd e d l i k e
, ,

t h at o f Cae sa ral pin u s u po n g e n u i ne sc i e n t ifi c p ri n c i p l e s wou ld ,

h av e b ee n i m me di ate l y ad o p te d b y t he l e arn ed and in e s tab ,

l ishi ng i ts e l f h av e total ly e x ti rp ate d t h os e i n su fli c ie n t c h arac

,

te rs w h i c h d u ri ng so m an y ag e s h a v e di s g rac e d the sc i e n c e
,
.

T h e fac t h o we v e r i s t h at t hi s s y s te m of C aesaralpin u s p e ri s h e d
,

al mos t as s oo n as it h ad e xi s te n c e for wi th t hi s l ea rn e d p hy s i
c ian di e d hi s p l an of arr ange me n t ; and i t was n ot til l n ear ly a
1 06 TH E TH O M S O N I AN
s ix hu n d r ed a n d fif ty fi ve sp ec i e s and v ar i e ti e s . H i s me th o d
-

was foll o we d b y S i r [f a n s S l oan e, i n hi s n atu ral h i s tory of I a

mai c a b y P eti v e r , in hi s B ri ti s h h e rb al ; b y D illen i as, in h is
s yn ops i s of B ri ti s h p l an ts and b y M ar ty n , i n h i s c atal og ue o f
p l ants t h at g row in the n eigh b orh oo d of C amb ridg e, i n Eng
l an d .
Dr. H er m a n , p ro fe sso r o f b otan y at L e yd e n , w as the fi rs t
who i n trod uc e d i n to Ho ll an d a g e n u i ne s y s te m ati c arran g e m e n t
o f p l an ts fro m the p a rts of fruc t ifi c atio n . M or i s o n s m e t h od
’

had b ee n l e ft i n co m p le te ; and Ray s , t h o u gh p e rfe c t fro m i ts

’

fi rs t app e aranc e , did n ot al l at o nc e attrac t the atte nti on of the

l e arned ; and w as i nd e ed for m an y ye ars s tu di e d c h i e fl y i n
En gl an d , the n ati v e co u n try o f its au th o r. Ray l abo re d u n d e r
s ome di s ad v an tag e s ; h e w as not a p h y s i c i an, b u t a di v i n e .
T he d e fe c ts o f Ray s o ri g i na l me th od , and i ts i m p r a c ti c a b ili ty ,
’

did n ot e l u d e the o bse r vati on s o f D r. H erman . H e had app li e d

h i ms e l f wi th u n re m i tti ng ard o r, fro m hi s e arli es t y ears , to the
s tu dy o f p l an ts ; had e x am i n e d w i th atte nti on e v e ry p l an of
arran ge m e n t an d a c tu ally u n d e rta k e n a l on g an d p e ril o u s e x
,

e d ition i n to I ndi a , w i th t he s ol e v i e w o f p ro m o ti n g hi s fav or

p
i te s c i e n c e
. H e r m an e xhi b i te d s u c h m ark s of rrn w earied dil i e

ge n c e , th at he al o ne, it i s s aid , re are d t wi c e as m any p l an ts in

t he g ard e n at L e yd e n as h ad b e e n i n t rod u c e d b y al l hi s p red e
‘

c e ssors pu t tog e th e r, i n the l o n g sp ac e o f an h u nd re d a nd fi fty

y e ars
. S uc h a n ran m e ri te d the a pp l a us e of the pub l i c and ar
,

taine d it.
D r. H e rm an s me th od c on s i s ts o f twe n ty fi ve c l ass e s , w hi c h
’
-

are fou n d e d U p o n t he s iz e an d d u rati o n o f p l an ts ; t he p re s e n c e

or abs e n c e o f t he p e tal s an d c alyx ; the n u m b e r of c a ps u l e s ,

c e l l s and n ak e d s e e d s ; the su b stanc e of the l e av e s an d fr u i t ;
t he form an d c o ns i s te n c e of t he r oots ; the s i tu ati o n an d di spo
sition of the flo we rs , l e av e s and c al yx , and fig u re o f the fr u i t.

T he m etho d p ro p os e d b y H e rm an e x c e l s al l whi c h p re c e d e d it,

i n the u ni for m i ty of its c l ass i c al c h arac te rs.

T he fam ou s B oerh a a v e, t he g l o ry o f the me di c al art, was

appo i nte d p ro fe sso r o f b otan y at L e yd e n in 1 70 9 . H i s m e th od
was a m ix t u re o f Ray s, H e rm an s a n d T ou rne fort s. T he su b
’ ’ ’

m ari ne and i m p e rfe c t p l ants , w hi c h fi nd n o p l ac e in t he s y s te m

o f H e rm an , a re bo rro we d b y B oe rh aav e fro m R
,

y
a . B oe r
haave s c l ass e s are t hi rty fou r in n u m b e r , and su b di v id e th e m
’ -

s el v e s i nto an h u n d red and fou r s e c ti ons , w hi c h hav e for t h e i r

c h arac te rs the fig u re o f th e l e av e s , s te m, c al yx , p etal s and s eed s ;
the n u mb er o f p e tal s , s ee d s an d c a psu l e s t he s u bs tan c e of t he
l e ave s ; the s i tu ati on of the flo we rs , and t h e i r di ffe r e nc e in p oi nt
of se x. B y thi s me th od , B oe rh aav e arran ge d s ix t h ous an d
p l ants , the p rod uc e of the b o tan i c al gard en at L e yd en , w hi c h
p
he c ar efu lly su per i nte n d ed for the s ac e of twe n ty years , and
 M A TE RI A M EDI C A . 107

l e ft to hi s su cce ssor M r A d ri e n Ro ye n i n a m u c h more flou

,
. ,

rishing s tate t h an he had hi ms e l f re c e i v ed it .

B o tani c al wri te rs we re di sp os e d to wal k 1 11 the tr ac k of th e i r

pred e c esso rs F e w had s uffi c i e n t co u rag e to ve n tu re u p on an
.

u n b e a te n p ath M o ri so n fo ll o we d C aesaralpin us Ray i m p rov

.

e d u p o n M ori s o n ; K na u t abr idg e d R a

y ; an d B o e r h aav e m ak e s
H e rm an hi s g u id e Ri v in us a p rofe sso r of p hy s i c and bo tan y
. ,

at L e i ps i c w as t he fi rs t who i n 1 690 re l i nq u i s hi ng the p u rs u i t

, , ,

o f affi n i ti e s and co n v i n c e d o f the i nsu ffi c i e n c y o f t he fr u i t set

, ,

abo u t a m e th o d w hi c h w o u ld ato n e b y its fac ili ty fo r the wan t

,

o f n u m e ro u s re l ati o n s a nd n at u ral fam il i e s A me th o d p u re ly .

a r tifi c i a l a pp e are d to R iv irru s the b e s t ad ap te d for t he pu rp ose

o f v e g e tab l e arrang e m e n t I t re s ts 11 pou t he n u mb e r and e q u al
.

ity of t he p e ta l s ; a s y s te m n o l e ss ad m i re d for i ts s i mp l i c i ty ,

t h an fo r t he r e g u l ari ty and u n i fo rm i ty o f its p l an .

U RN EF O RT TO .

T he c e l e b ri ty of T o u rn efo rt r e q u i re s t h at we s h ou ld d we ll a .

l i ttl e on h i s hi s to ry and c harac te r u

Josep h P itton d e Tou r n e f or t was bo rn at A ix i n P rov e n c e , ,

H e w as e d u c ate d in t he J e s u i ts c o ll e g e in A ix and
’
i n 1 65 6 . , ,

l i k e the g reat B oe rhaave inte nd e d for a di v i ne ; b u t l ik e th at

, ,

g re at m an q u i tte d di v i n i ty fo r p hy s i c I n e arl y li fe he was

,
.
,

n e a rl y as fo nd o f anato m y and c h e m i s try as of bo tan y In .

1 679 he we n t to M on t pe l i e r w h ere he p e rfe c te d hi ms e l f i n e u

,

a to m y and p hy s i c T he b o tan i c g a rd e n e s tab l i s h e d i n th at

. ,

c i ty b y H e n ry I V r i c h as it was c o u ld n ot s ati s fy his u n bou n d

. ,

e d cu ri os i ty H e r an s ac k ed all the trac ts of g rou n d wit hi n

.

m ore th an te n l eag u es of M o nt p e li e r Th e n he e x p l ore d the .

P y re nean m o u n tai ns an d t h e A l ps and afte r ward s e x ami ne d

!

t he v e g e tab l e s in P rov e n c e L an g u ed o c D au p hi ne an d C atal o

, ,

n ia . H e trav e l l e d th ro u gh S p ai n and P ortu g al H e to o k his .

d e gree of d o c to r in p hy s i c in 1 698 wh e n he p u b li s h e d hi s b lis ,

t or y of the P l a n ts whi ch g r ow a b ou t P a r is tog ether wi th a n ,

h i u se i n M e d i c i n e
a c cou n t o f t e r .

1 11 the y ear 1 700 Dr T ou rn e fo rt r e c e i ve d an or d er from

, .

t he ki ng to trav e l i n to G ree c e A s i a an d A fri c a not on l y to d is , ,

c o v e r p l an ts b u t to m ak e o bs e rv ati o n s o n n at u ral h i s tory in e

, g
n e ral u p on an c i e nt and mo d e rn ge o g rap h y ; and e v e n u p o n
t he c u s to m s re l igi o n a nd c om me rc e o f the p eo p l e
, ,
From thi s .

g ra n d t o u r he b ro u gh t h o m e on e thou sa n d thr e e hu n d r e d a n d

s ix ty s i x N EW sp e c i e s o f p l an ts
~
m os t o f whi c h range d th e m ,

s e l v e s 11 nd e r one o r o th e r o f t he s ix h u n d red and s e v e n ty th re e -

e n e ra he had al ready e s tab li s h e d and for al l t he res t he had

g
b u t twe n ty fi v e g ene ra to c re ate wi th ou t b e i n g ob lig e d to aug
-

me nt the n u mb er of c l asse s ; a c i rcu m s tan c e w hi c h su ffi c i en tl y

p rov e s the ad v an tage of a s y s tem to wh i c h so many foreign and
108 TH E TH O M S O N IAN .

u n e x pe c ted p l an ts we re eas il y r ed uc i b l e Wh e n T ou rn e for t .

r e tu rn ed to P ari s he t h ou gh t of r e s u m i ng the p rac ti c e of p hy

,

s i c w hi c h he had s ac rifi c e d to h i s bo tan i c a l e x pe di ti on ; b u t e x

,

e ie n c e s h o ws u s s ay s h i s b i og ra p h e r t h at in e v e r y t hi n g d e
p r , ,

pe ndi ng on the tas te of the p u b l i c e s pe c i ally affai rs of thi s n a ,

t u re d e l ay s a re d a ng e rou s D r T ou rn efort fo u n d i t di ffi cu l t
'

. .
,

to re su me h i s p rac ti c e H e was at the s a me t i m e p rofe sso r of

.

p hys i c ; the fu n c ti on s of the ac ad e my e m p l o ye d s om e of h i s

t i me t he a rr ang e m e n t o f h i s m e m oi rs s til l m o re of i t T hi s .

m u l ti p l i c i ty of b us i ne ss aff e c te d hi s h e al th a nd w h e n i n t h i s

u n c o m fo rtab le s tate he ac c id e n tally re c e i v ed a b l o w o n hi s

,

b re as t w hi c h in a fe w mo n th s pu t an e nd to h i s ac t i v e u s e fu l ,
, ,

and h on o rab l e li fe w hi c h h app en e d i n D e c e m b e r 1 70 8

, ,
.

T ou rn e fort s u rpass e d al l hi s p re d e c ess ors in su pp lyi n g a c l u e

to t he i mm en s e l ab y ri n th w hi c h t he v e g e tab l e ki n gd o m e x hi b i t
ed to the as to ni s he d bo tan i s t H e g av e t he fi rs t c o m p l e te r eg u
.

l ar arrang e me n t an d c l e are d the w a y fo r o n e s til l g re ate r th an

,

h i msel f F o r in 1 7 3 5 ros e the su n of t he b otan rric al wo rld ,

.

L i nn wu s .

A RK C A T ES B Y M

Was (s ay s Dr P ul ten e y ) o ne of th ose me n w h o m a p ass i on

. ,

for n atu ral hi s to ry v er y e arly al l u re d from the i n te res ti n g pu r

su i ts o f l i fe ; and i t l e d hi m at l e n g t h t o c ross t he A tl a nti c th at ,

h e m igh t re ad the vo l u me o f n at u re i n a c o u n try b ut i m pe r

fec tly e x p l ore d and w h e re he r b e au ti es we re di sp l ay e d i n a
,

m o re e x te nd e d and m ag n ifi c e nt s c al e th an t he n arro w bo u n d s
of h i s n ati v e c o u n tr y e x hi b i ted It i s b u t too tru e t h at t he
.
,

w orl d at l arge w ill fo re v e r t re at w i th r idi cu l e an d di s d ai n t h at ,

m an w ho t h us d e s e rti ng t he p at h s th at lead to ri c h es to pre

, , ,

ferme nt o r to h o n o r gi ve s h i mse l f u p to w h at are c o m mo n l y

, ,

d ee med u ni m portant and t ri fl i n g oc c u p ati ons F e w w ill gi v e .

him c re di t for t h at s e c re t s ati s fac ti on for th at i ne x h au s ti b l e ,

p l easu re whic h t he i n v es ti g ati on o f n atu re in all her obj ec ts ,

, ,

i n c e ss an tly h old s fo rt h to hi s m i nd or b eli ev e t h at s u c h e m

p l o y me nt c an poss i b l y c o mpe ns ate for the so l id tre su re s o f a

g ai n .

M ark Ca tes by was bo rn ab ou t the l atte r e n d of 1 679 o r the ,

begi nn i n g o f the n e x t ye ar H e ac q uai nts u s hi ms e l f t h at he

.
,

had v e ry e arly a p ro p en s i ty t o t he strrd y of n atu re an d t h at his ,

w i s h for high e r g ratifi c ation s i n t hi s way fi rs t led him to L on

d on w hi c h he e m p h ati c all y s tyl e s t he ce n tre of s c i e nc e and
“ ”
, ,

afte r ward s i mpe ll e d him t o s ee k f u rt h e r so u rc es i n di s tan t p ar ts

of the gl obe T he res id e nc e of some rel ati o ns in V i rgi n i a fa
.

v ored hi s d e s ig n a nd he w e n t to th at cou n try i n 1 7 1 2 w h e re ,

he s taid s e ve n ye ars ad m i ri n g and c o ll e c ti ng the v ari ou s pro

d uc tions of the cou n tr y w i th o u t h av i n g l aid an y di r e c t p l an for
,
1 10 TH E TH O M S O N IA N

P lants . 1 71
Q uad rupe d s , ,
9
B irds, 11 1
A m phib ia, 33
F i sh es, 46
I nse c ts, 31
I n thi s spl e n did pe rform an c e , the c uri ous are g ratifi e d wi th
the fig ures of m an y of t he m ost b e a u ti f u l tre e s, s h r u b s an d he r
b ac eous plants , t h at ad orn the g ard e ns of the prese nt t i me .
M an y al so of t he m os t u se fu l in t he arts, an d c onv e n i e n c i es of
l i fe, and se ve ral of t h ose use d i n me di c i ne , are h e re f or the fi rst
t i me e xh i b i te d i n t he tru e propo rti on and n atu ral c ol ors. I t is
on l y to b e re g re tte d , t h at i n t hi s w o rk a se arate e xh i b i ti on of
p
t he fl o we r i n a ll its pa rts s h ou l d b e w an ti ng in t he d e fe c t of
w hi c h , se v e ral c u ri ou s arti c l es h ave n ot b e e n asc e rtai n e d . I t
is a re q u i si te of m od e rn d ate , an d w i th ou t it e v e ry fig u re , e spe
c ially of a n e w s pe c i es, m u st b e d ee m e d i mperfec t.

M ost of the pl ates o f pl an ts e x h i b i t al so some su bj e c t o f the

an i mal ki n gd om . T o t h e se o u r pl an d oes n ot e x te n d . A s
C ate sb y e tc he d al l the fig u re s h i mse l f, from his own pai n ti ng s,
and the c o l ore d c o pi e s w e re a t fi rst d one u n d e r h is o wn i nspe c

t i on , and w h e re it was possi b l e e v e ry su bj e c t i n its n atu ral siz e :

t h i s w ork was the m ost spl e n did o f i ts ki n d th at Engl an d had
e ver prod u c e d . We d o n ot k now th at it had b e en e q ual l e d on
t he c o nti ne n t, u nl ess b y t h at of M ad a m M er i a n , w hi c h , how
e ve r, fal l s g re atl y s h o rt i n e x te n t. S e v e nty two pl ates of C ates
-

b y s work w e re c opi e d b y the N ure mbe rg a rti sts, and pub l i s h e d

’

”
in 1 75 0 . H is “
O b s er v a ti on s on C a r ol i n a , doc . were se pa
rate ly pr i nte d i n fol i o, at the same pl ac e , i n 1 7 67 .
C atesb y was the au th o r of a pa pe r, pri n te d in the 4 4 th v ol
u me of P hilosop hi c a l Tr a n s a c ti on s , pag e 4 3 5 , O n B ir d s of
P a ss ag e, in w h i c h, in O pposi ti on to t he opi n i on th at b i rd s lie
’

torpid i n c av e rn s and at the b otto m of w ate rs, he prod uc e s a

v ari ety of re asons, an d se v e ral fac ts w h i c h h is re sid e n c e i n
A meri c a o ff e re d , in su pport of th e i r m ig rati on in se arc h of
p pr o e r food . H is v oyag es ac ross the A tl an ti c had tau gh t h im
t he ab il i ty of t h ese w an d e re rs to tak e l ong fl igh ts. H e me n ti on s
i n anoth e r pl ac e , his h av i ng see n h awk s, swall o ws, and a spe
c i es o f owl , in t we nty si x d eg rees of n ort h l ati tu d e , at th e d is
-

tan ce of 600 l e ag ues fro m l and . H e s h ows, th at b i rd s b e fore

u nknown to the c ou n try fi nd t h e i r way ann ual l y i n to v ari ous
arts of N ort h A m e ri c a , si n c e the i ntrod u c ti on o f se v eral ki nd s
p
of g rai n ; o f thi s t he Ri c e b i rd , Em b er iz a or iz i v or i a , an d the
whi te faced d uc k , A n a s d isc ors , are, among oth ers, i nstanc es
suffi c i entl y k no wn an d fel t b y the i n h ab i tan ts.
C atesb y was e l ec te d a F e ll ow of the R o y al S oc i e ty soon after
his second return from A meri c a, and l i ve d i n ac q u ai ntanc e and
 M A TERI A M ED I C A . 111

f ri e nd shi p wi th m an y of most respe c tab l e m e mb e rs of t h at

th e
b od y b e i ng “ g re at l y e stee me d for his m od e sty , i n g e n u i ty , and

U pr igh t b e h av i o r. ”

He re m ove d fro m H o x ton to F u l h am and afte rward s to L on ,

d on, a nd di ed Dec 23 d 1 74 9 age d 70 l e av i ng a w id ow and

.
, , ,

t wo c h il d re n .

H is w o r k h as b ee n re pub l i she d , i n 1 7 5 4 and 1 77 1 . T o the

l ast e di ti o n a L innaaan i nd e x has b e e n an n e x ed ; b u t it is b y
n o m ean s so c opi ou s o r pe rfe c t as a w ork of suc h m er i t and
m ag nifi c e n c e d e man d s.

B OTA N ICA L G A RDEN S .

S ay s S o l o m on , m a d e m e g a r d en s a n d or c ha r d s, a n d I
a n ted tr ees i n the m o
p l f a ll k i n d s o
fj r u i ts I m a de m e
p ools .

of w a ter to w a t e r th e r ewith th e t r e es
f

T he i sl and o f C re te was t he phy si c g ard e n o f Ro me . T he

e m pe rors m ai n ta ine d in t h at i sl a nd g ard e n e rs an d he r b arists to
ro v id e t he ph ysi c i a ns o f Ho me w i t h si mpl e s. T he e s tab l i sh
p
m e n t o f pro fessors hi ps, g a v e r i se , in mod e rn ti m e s, to B ota n ic a l
a r d e n s ; a n e w spe c i e s o f l u x u ry to the b o tan i st
g .

T he fi rst pub l i c bo tan i c al g ard e n o f t h i s sort w as t h at of P a

d u a, e sta b l i she d in 1 5 3 3 .

T he u til i ty o f t h ese i nsti t uti on s is se l f e v id e n t. B y pu b l i c -

ard e n s m edi c i n al pl an ts a re a t t he c o m m an d o f the te ac h er in

g
e v e ry l esson ; the e y e a n d t he m ind are pe r pe t u a ll y g ratifi e d
‘

w i th t he suc c essi on of c u ri o us sc arc e , a nd e x o ti c l u x uri es

,

h e re the b otani st c an c o mpa re the d ou b tfu l spec i es, and e x am

i ne t h e m , thro u gh a l l the stag es o f g ro wth , w i th t h ose to w h i c h
t h e y are alli e d and a l l t he se ad van tag e s are ac c u m u l ated in a

t ho usan d obj ec ts at the sam e ti m e .

T he fi rst b otan i c g ard e n i n S wi tz erl an d w as c onstru c te d at

Z u r i c h , b y G e s n e r , i n 1 5 60 .

T he b otan i c g ard e n at the U n i v e rsi ty o f O x for d w as fou nd e d

i n 1 63 2, b y H e n ry , e a r l of D a n by ; w ho g av e for t hi s pu rpose
fi ve ac re s o f g rou nd , e re c te d g re e n h ou ses an d stov e s, e n d owe d
-

h and so mel y t he e stab l i sh me n t, and pl an te d in it as su perv i sor,

Rob a r t a G erm an , w ho pub li she d in 1 64 8 C a ta log a s P la n ta
r u m H or ti m ed i c i 0 x on i e n s i s , ( a , w h i c h c on tai ne d , i f we
y
'

re a d righ tly six te e n h u nd re d spe c i es

, .

T he b otan i c al g ard e n at Edi n b u rgh was fou n d e d b y S ir A h

d re w B a lflou r i n 1 6 8 0 ; and m ay b e c on sid e re d as the fi rst ih
t rod u c tion of n atu ral h i sto ry i n S c otl an d T hi s g ard e n was .

s o su c c e ssfu lly c u l ti v ated t hat i t is said to h av e c ontai n ed th ree

,
t h ou san d spe c i e s of plants di spose d ac c ordi n g to M ori son s
’
,

me t h od .

A mon g t h ose pub l i c i nsti tuti on s w h i c h i n a si ng u l ar man ,

~

ner i n v igorated the spi ri t o f n at ural hi story in Engl and , the

1 12 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

Roy a l S oci ety c l ai ms the m ost di sti ng u i sh e d n oti c e I n i ts de .

sig n as 1 11 its rog ress i t w as t he foste ri ng pare n t a nd g u ardi an

, p , ,

o f n atu ral kn o wl edg e S u c h was t he respe c tab il i ty of t h i s so

.

c l e ty b ot h as a b ody an d i n i ts i n di v id u al s t h at th ro ug h its
, , ,

means t he w h ol e n ati o n m ay b e sai d to h ave am pl y c on tri b u te d

to i ts agg ra ndiz e m e n ts U nd e r the au spi c es of th i s i ll ustri ou s
.

soc i e ty the an ato m y a nd hi l oso hy o f l an ts were ill u strate d

, p p p
b y G r e w a nd H a l e s .
We m e nti on , in c onne c ti on w i th the Roy al S oc i e ty, the
P hy s ic G a r d e n a t C hels e a , fou n d e d b y t he c om pan y of apoth
ec aries i n 1 67 3 , b u t w h i c h w as n o t e ffe c tuall y c o n stru c te d ti l l
t hi rtee n y e a rs a fte r so sl o w a nd g rad ua l is t he prog re ss of su c h
i nsti tuti o ns at th e i r c o m m e n c e m e n t .

F ro m t he t i m e o f John son , w ho w as the e di tor o f that c e l e

*

b rated Engl i sh b otan i st, G e r a r d a c usto m h ad pre v ail e d am on g

t he L on d on a pothe c a rie si to fo1 m a soc i e ty e ac h su m m e r, an d
m ak e e x c u i si o ns to i n v e stig ate pl an ts T he I t in er a , pu b li sh e d
.

b y J o h n so n , m ay b e c o n si d e re d as t he f1 u i t o f su c h e x pe d i ti on s
i n his d ay . A fte r t he fou n d at i o n o f C h e l se a g ard e n t hi s l au d a
b le prac ti c e w as fix e d to s tate d pe ri od s, an d pu t u nd e r re g u l a
t i on s, t he h e rb a rizi n g b e i n g n o w di sti ng u i s h e d i n to pri v ate an d
g e ne ral . T hey fi rst b egi n on the se c on d T uesd ay i n A pri l ,
and are h e l d m on t hl y o n the sa m e d a ti ll S e te m b e r i n c l u s i v e
y p
l y, in some o f t he v il l ag es i n the i m m e di ate n e i g hb o r hood of
L ond on . T hese are fo r t he b e n e fi t o f pu pil s A t t he e nd o f
.

t he se aso n the pre m i u m o f H u d s on s F l or a A ng l i c a is p resent

’

e d to the ou n m an w h o has b e e n the m ost su c c e ssfu l i n d is

y g
c ov e r i ng an d i n v e stig ati ng t he g re a te st n u m b e r of pl an ts T he .

g e neral he rb arizatio n is an n u all y 1 n J u l y : whe n th e (l e m on

strator a n d o the rs o f t he c ou rt o f assi st an ts b e l o ngi ng to t he

c om pan y , m ak e an e x c u rs i o n to a c on sid erab l e d i s tan c e f rom

the c i ty , c ol l ec t the sc a rc e pl an ts , an d di n e tog e th e r n e ar L on

d on .
T hi s i nsti tuti on at C h e l sea w as re nd e re d m ore stab l e , and
rec e i v e d pe r m an e n c y fro m the l i b e r a l i ty o f S ir I I a n s S l oa n e ;
w ho m 1 72 1 g av e fo u r ac re s o f g rou n d to t he c o m pan y on c o n ,

di ti on th at t he d e monstrator sh o u ld 111 the n am e of t he c o m pa

n y , d e l i v er to the R oy al S oc i e t y fi fty n e w pl an ts, til l t he n u m

b er s h ou ld a m ou n t to two thou s a n d al l s pe c ifi c al l y d i ffe re n t

from e ac h oth e r ; the l i st o f w h i c h w as pu b li sh ed y e arl y i n the

‘J ohnson r e c e iv e d a d e re e of M . D a t O xfor d m 1 64 3 t he ear f oll ow in

g .
; y g
b e was k ill e d i n a d e s pe r a t e a c ti on w i th t he p ar l ia m e n tar y t r o o p s
. H e wa s
l i eu te na t
n c ol on e l i n S i r M ar m a d u k e Ra w d on
’
s r e g im e nt. B o ta ny on es mu c h
t o t his a c c om plishe d sc ho lar a n d soldi er .

rI n Engl and an a p oth e c ar y 1 5 n ot , a s w ith u s, a r ende r of d r u g s b u t a

’

i
p rac titi on er of p hy sic a nd su r g e r y , a n d diffe r s pr i rc ip ally from a p hy sic ian in
n ot h av ing tak e n a d e gr ee i n m e dic in e .
1 1 4. TH E TH O M S O N I A N

P hil osoph i c al T ransac ti ons H e di e d in 1 78 2, ag ed n in ety .

G ord on w as e m i ne nt for his suc c essfu l c u l ti v ati on of e x oti c s .
H e m ai ntai ned a c o rrespond en c e wi th L i nn aeus, and has a
pl ant name d afte r him .

T he e x traordi nary me ri t o f P hil ip M il ler d e mand s a more

arti c u l ar n oti c e , as he rai sed hi mse l f to an e m i ne n c e n e v e r b e
p
fore eq ual l e d b y a g ard e ner. H e w as b orn in 1 69 1 . H is fa
t h e r was g ard e ne r to the c o m an y o f a oth ec ari e s at C h e l se a ;
p p
and he hi mse l f su c c eed e d in t hat stati o n i n 1 72 2 . I t is n ot u n
c o m mo n to gi v e the n ame of b otan i st to an m an , w ho c an re
y
c i te b y n ame the l n t f h i g d b t M . M il l e r rose
p a s o s a r e n u r
m uc h ab ove t hi s ordi nary attai nme nt. H e add e d to t he kn o w l
e dg e o f the t h e ory and rac ti c e of g ar d i g t h t of t he st r u e
p e n n a
t u re and c h arac te r o f l an ts, and w as e arl y and rac ti c all y v e r
p p
s ed in the me thod s o f R and T o u rne fo rt. T o hi s su pe ri or
a
y
s k il l i n his art we o we the c u l tu re a n d r e se rv ati o n o f a v ar i e ty
p
o f fi ne
pl ants, whi c h , in l ess skil fu l h an d s, wo u l d h av e fail e d to
ad or n the c onserv ato ries of the c u ri ou s.

M r M i l l e r m ai ntai ne d an e x te nsi ve c o rre spond e n c e w i th per

.

so ns ia d i stant arts of the gl ob e , fro m the c a e o f G ood H ope

p p
to S i b e r i a . H e was e m phati c all y styl e d b y fo re ig ners B or t a l a ~
n r um P r in c e s. H i G D w as fi rst pub
’
o
p s a r d e n er s i c t i o n a r y
l ished i n fol i o i n 1 73 1 , an d has b e e n tra nsl ate d i nto v ari ou s lan
g uag es ; t he rec e pti on it has e v e ry wh e re m e t wi t h is a suffi c i
e n t proof o f i ts su e ri or i ty . L i aid o f h is di c ti o n ary ,
p .
n n a e u s s

N on e r i t L ex i c on H or tu l a n or u m , sed B ota n i c or u m . H e w as
n ot o nl y a me m b e r of the R oy al S oc i e ty , b u t of its c o u nc il . T h i s
ri n c e of g ard e n e rs d i e d i n 1 7 7 1 a e d e igh ty y ears.
“ ”
p g
Whil e P a d u a , P a r is, M a d r i d , U p s a l , O xf or d , L ey d en , and
,

M on tp e li er , had fl ou ri shi ng b otan i c al g ard e ns, L on d on , so c e l e

b rated i n the an nal s o f sc i e nc e , c ou l d b oast of no pub li c b o tan i
c al g a rd e n u n til 1 78 0 .

T i s g rd e n is si tuate d at Q uee n s Elm, on the road to F u l

h a
’

h am . T he si te m ust b e all o we d to h ave b ee n w e l l c h ose n , for

t he g rou nd s l ie o e n to the sou t h an d w e st, e x c e pt w h e r e t he
p
pl an tati ons are i n te nd e d to e x c l u d e the sun , w hil e the nort h
e ast w i nd , b b i g i m g t d w i th th i i t d air of t he
y e n p re n a e e g n e
c api tal , l ose s muc h of its sha r ness a nd b ec o mes far l ess e rn i
p , p
c i o ns th an it wo u l d o t h er wi se b e to suc h l an ts as re q u i re a
, p
b l an d and ge ni al c l i mate . I ts e x te n t is ab ou t th ree ac re s and
a h al f, i nc l udi ng the g ro u nd oc c u i e d b t h h o t h ouse , g ree n
p y e

h ouses and l i b rary ; and se ve n ac res more, i m med i atel y adj oi n

in g , and no w in t he oc c upati on of the propri e tor, c an at any
t i m e b e i nc l ud ed .
T he arrang e me nt is stri c tl y L i nnaean ; and e ver y tree , sh ru b
and pl ant, is l ab e l l ed , so as to afford the ad v antag e o f a n eas
y
re fe re nc e to the c orres ond e n t numb ers i n the c atal og ue .
p
 M A T ERI A M ED IC A . 1 15

On approac from F ul h am road , the stranger perc e i ves a

h i ng
d oo r, si tuate d n earl y in the middl e of the pl antati on and , on
r i ngi ng a b e ll
, w
il l b e i mme di ate l y ad mi tted . A b road wal k ,
e x te ndi n g ac ross t he g ard e n
, p
rese n ts a
parter re on e ac h si de ,
in w hi c h all the di ffe re n t v ari e ti e s and b e au ti fu l h ue s of F l ora
a re e xh i b i ted in re g u l ar g rad ati on ac c ordi n g to t he se aso n .
, ,

A l on g th e se b l u sh ing b or d er s, b r ig ht w ith hu e ,
F air hand e d S p r ing u nb osom s e v er y g ra e .
-
c
”

N o 1, . h ose pl ants th at are c onsi d ered u seful in

i
c onta n s all t
ag ri c u l tu re P e rsons skil l e d i n thi s art h av e an opportu n i ty of
.

see i ng d i sti nc tl y arran g ed

,
wi t h t h e i r prope r n am es and spe
,

c i es e v e ry tre e g rass an d sh ru b t h at is c u l ti v ate d as food for

, , ,

b oth m an and b e ast Th i s is a most i mportan t b ran c h of

.

n atu ral e c onom y .

N o 2 is the m edi c i nal q uarter in w h i c h the stud ent wi l l fi nd

.
,

the pl an ts of t he L o nd on a nd Edi n b u rg h D isp e n s a tor i es and

w h e th e r he h i m se l f is d e sti n e d to pre sc ri b e o r to m ak e u p the ,

p r e sc ri pt i o n s o f o t h e rs w i ll h er e h a v
, e an o
pp or tu ity o f b ec om
i ng ac q u ai nte d w i t h the c h arac te rs of th ose h e rb s w h i c h form a
part of the M a ter i a M e di c a .
A mon g t he c u ri o us on es wil l b e fo u nd t he A ss af oetid a ;
w hil e the poi son o us tri b e , on l y t h i rtee n of w h i c h w il l t h ri v e i n
the O pe n air i n B ri tai n , are a rra ng e d so as to b e h ere after de
tec ted b y s i m pl e i n spe c ti on al o ne .
N o. 3 , the fore ig n g rass q u arte r, c on tai n s the L y g eu m , S par
tu rn, the M e l i c a C il i ata, the T r i ti c u m msti v u m , the J u n c u s u i
v e us, & c .
N o 4 , the B ri ti sh g rass q u arte r.
. H e re the ag ri c ultu ri st
w il l , at o ne v i e w , b e h o ld and d i sti ng u i sh t h ose g r a m i n i w hi c h
c o nsti tu te t he re a l w e al t h and fe rtil i ty o f a c ou n try Th ese ih .

c l u d e e ve r y s e c i e s se rv i ng for foo d for the h orse , the c o w, the

p
ass, the s h e e , a n d t he g oat.
p
I n t hi s i nte re sti n g c o ll e c ti o n is to b e fou n d t he M e ad ow F ox
tail , the A l op ec u r u s P r a ten s is of L i nn ae u s, w hi c h is the m ost
( )
fatte n i ng of t hi s tri b e ; al so t he A n thox a n thu m O d or a tu m , or
t he swee t sc e n te d v e rn a l m e ad o w g rass t h at c o n fers a fi ne aro
,
m ati c fl avor on ou r hay , tog e t h e r wi th a c ompl e te c oll e c ti on of
al l the B ri ti s h s e c i es of g ram i n e m a b ee n i n g reat pe rfe c
p , y e s
t o n in t
i hi s q ua rte r .

N o 5 c ontai n s the B ri ti sh pl an ts of l arg e g rowth

.
, .

N o 6 the B ri ti sh Wood
.
, .

N o 7 is d e di c ate d to B ri ti s h ro c k pl an ts an d aq u ati c s
.
, .

N o 8 the hot h ouse and g re e n h ou se H e re may b e fou nd the

.
, .

D ionaea M u sc ip u l a a fi ne spec i me n of whi c h w as l ate l y pre

,
se n te d to the i d t f h L i m S i t y f t h u rpose
pr e s e n o t e nn a n o c e o r e p ,

o f e l u c id ati ng h is l e c tu re s at t he R o y al I nsti tu te T he y h av e al so .

the S tr e li tz ia Re im e so c al l e d ou t o f c om li me nt to the
g , p
1 16 T H E Tn on s o m xn

q ue e n ; the P or tl a n d i a , the P l u m i er i a , the V a n i l l a , C a tesb ea

S p in os a , the Ip om ce a b on a n or t he A m a r l l is r eti cu l a ta to
, y ,
g e the r w i th the C r i n u m c r n b esc e n s , al l i n fi ne b l oo m .
In t he g ree n h o use is to b e m e t w i th , t he d ou bl e C a m ell a
Jap on i c a , the P hor m imn ten a x , wi t h a v e ry e x c e ll e n t c o lle c
t i on o f pl ants fro m the C a e o f G ood H o e a nd N e w H o l l and .
p p
N o. 9 , t he li b rary . T h i s is an o b l ong b u ildi ng , w i th a l atti c e
w ork to ward s t he so u th t h ro ugh w h i c h it is i nte nd ed t h at t he
,
o rn i th ol ogi s t s h o u ld b e re c re ate d w i th t he V i e w o f B ri ti sh b i rd s
,
a nd e nab le d to study th e i r h ab i ts and m anne rs w h il e ali v e .

T he c oll e c ti on c o nsi sts o f u se fu l w o rks e i th e r o n o r i m me

,
d iate ly c on ne c te d w i t h the sc i e nc e of b o tan y i n all ab ou t 5 0 0
,
v ol u mes, i nc l udi ng t he
m ost c e l eb rate d ag ri c u l t ura l w ork s of
Y ou ng , M arsh all , Di c kso n & c .
,
N o 1 0 , a g ree n h ou se e nti re l y d ed i c ate d to h e ath s c h i efl y
.
, ,
fro m t he c oast of A fri c a o f w hi c h t h e re are o ne h u nd re d and
,
fi fty d i ffe re n t spec i es .

N o. 1 1 , is appro r i ate d to b u l b s and fl o we r roots

p .

N o 1 2 , fo re ig n a n n u al l an ts.
.
p
N o 13
. .
T hi s q u arte r c o ntai n s u pw ard s of on e th ousand
di ffe re nt spec i es o f fo re ig n h ard y h erb ac e ous pl ants.
‘

N o. 1 4 , fore ig n A l i ne l an ts.
p p
N O . 1 5 , A me ri c an l an ts, and fore i g n wood q u ar te r
p .

N o 1 6, is a d ou b l e b o rd e r o f fo re ig n tre e s an d s h rub s, e x
.

te ndi ng all ro u n d the b o u nd ari es of the g a1 d e n o n e ac h s id e of

,
the w a lk .

T he ab o v e is i n te nd e d as a o u l ar rat h e r t h an a sc ie n
p p
tifi c d e sc ri ti on o f a s o t w h ere e i th e r the stu d e n t o r t he ad e t
p p , p
m ay sati sfy his c u r i osi ty , b m e ans o f an arrang e m e nt e xe c u ted
y
i n s tri c t c onform i ty to t he syste m o f the g re at S w e di sh n atu ral
1 st.
Th ose , al so, w ho d e l i g h t i n t he c onte mpl ati on of n ature,
a re rec re ate d a t a v e r t i fl i g x e n se n d fl w rs, l a n ts,
y r n e
p ; a o e p
a nd t re e s, at e v e ry se ason o f the y ear re se n t an al most e nd l e ss
, p
v ari e ty of i nte re st i ng o bj e c ts .

M r S al i sb ury i s o fte n h ono re d w i t h t he prese n c e , n o t onl y of

.

so m e o f t he fi rst b otan i sts o f Engl an d and ot h e r c oun t ri e s b u t

,

al so w i th m an y o f t h e B ri ti sh n o b ili ty a n d h e has o fte n b e h e ld ,

;
wi th g rate ful sati sfac ti o n , di ffe re n t b ran c h es o f th e roy al fam i l y ,
w ho hav e h ono re d it w i t h t h e i r patron ag e , wal ki n g al ong t he
aths, a
p ppe ari ng d e ligh te d wi th the arran ge m e n t.
S u c h s, at prese nt, t he B otani c G ard e n at Q ue en s El ms ; 111
i ’

t he fu rt he r i m pro v i ng o f w h i c h n o pai ns or l ab or are S are d to

p
re nd e r i t s til l m o re u se fu l to t he b l i c. I t re main s for a nati on,
p u

not o n l y fon d o f sc i e nc e , b u t e v e r c onsid e re d as i ts m u nifi c en t

a t ro n a nd g e n e rou s prote c to r, to e n ab l e the o ri e tor to c o m
p p p
r

p l e te h is pl ans, e x te nd his v i e ws in fa v or of g e n i u s and fi nal l y

 1 18 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

fere at ki nd s of pl ants as fol l owi ng e ac h o th e r in a reg ul ar suc

c essi on u p the m ou n tai n s .

We are tol d th at the i n h ab i tants of N e w S pai n di sti ngu i sh e d -

t he c u l ti vate d part of the c ou n try i nto t h ree z one s. 1 . T he

t i er r a s c a li en tes , or warm g ro und s, w hi c h n e v er r i si ng ab ov e
o ne t h o u san d fe e t ab o ve t he se a, h a v e a h eat of e igh t y d e g re e s,
a n d yi e ld ab u nd an tl y , s ug ar, i ndig o , c o tton, an d pl an tai n s or

b anan as . 2 T he ti er r as temp l a des , or te mperate g ro un d s

.

w h i c h lyi n g o n the d e c li v i ty o f the g re at ridg e , at an al ti tu d e ,

f ro m fo u r to fi v e t h o usand fee t, e nj o y a m il d , v e rnal te mpera
t u re , o f six ty e igh t, o r se v e nty d e g re e s, t hat se l d o m v ar i e s te n
-

d eg re es t h ro ugh the w h ol e ye a r. 3 T he ti er r a s f r i as, or c old

.

rou nd s, hav i ng a n e l e v ati on of e ig ht t h ou s an d fe e t, and c om

g .

h di g t he high l a i ns or t ab l e l an d , suc h as th at o f M e x
p re e n n p ,

i c o , o f w hic h the te mpe ratu re is g e ne ral l y u n d e r six ty three d e

a
-

g rees, and ne ve r e x c e ed s se v e n ty d eg rees.

A L T I T U DE OR L OC A T I ON
‘
OF P L A N TS .

T he fo ll ow i n g ac c o u n t o f t he s u c c e ss on o f
pl a n ts i
from the
l o w g rou n d s u p to the b o u nd ar y o f pe rpe tu a l c ong el ati o n as
m ar ke d on t he A n d es we e stee m b o th c u ri o us and i nstru c ti v e
, .

T he y are t he re marks of H u mb old t as gi ve n to the Engl i sh

re ad e r b y t he Edi nb urgh R e v i e w fo r 1 8 1 0 .

U nd e r t he e q uato r fro m t he c oast to t he h e igh t of th re e

‘

t h o usan d fe e t g ro w t he sc i t a m i n ece o f Jussie u — the pal m s t he

, ,
,

se ns i t i v e pl an ts and t he m ost od o ri fe ro u s of the l il i ac e o us tri b e

, .

I n t ha t s u l try z one w he re v e g e ta ti on w an tons in the ran kest

,

l u x u ri anc e appe ar l i ke wi se t he theop hr a sl a the hy m en ce a t he

, , ,

c ec r op i a el l a l a , t he a l lion i a , t he c on oc a r u s, the c on v olv u lu s

p p
l ittor a l is the c a ct us p er es lci a , the s es zl v iit m , p ortu l ac a s tr um,
,

t he tol u if e r a b a ls a m u m , an d c u sp a r za f e b r if u g a , or the a i n
’

g
u in a o f Ca ro n y B e twee n th ree t hou san d an d six t h ou sand
q .

fe e t o f e le v ation , oc c u r the m el a sl om ce , t he c l us iu a l b a , t he p r u
n u s oc c l d en t a l is, t he fi cu s, t he m or aza , the c a l i ca rp a , the a c r os

l i c u m , t he sol a n u m , t he d ol ichos c r ol on , and t he p a ss ifi or a t o

'
'

m e n l os a A b o v e t h ose l i mi ts, the se nsi ti v e pl an t c eases to ap

’

e ar. T h e t ee f r n r ang e fro m t he h eigh t o f fi fte e n h u n d re d

p r e s

t o t hat o f fi v e t h o u sa n d fee t. T he t rac ts w hi c h h av e an e l e v a

t i on fro m si x to n i ne t h o usan d fee t , an d e nj o y a m ild te mpe ra
t ure , v a ryi ng b e twe e n thi rty fo u r a nd se v e nty tw o d e g re e s, pro
- -

d uc e the f u chs iaz, t he lob el i w, t he s l y r a x , t he tr op wolu m , t he

b eg on i a , and the c olu m el l a T o ward s the u ppe r part of th at
.

z one , the a ccou a , the d i chon d r a , t he n i er em b erg i a, the hy d r o

c ol il e , the n e r l e r i a , a nd t he a l c he m ill a , c o v e r t he su r fac e w i t h
a fi ne h e rb age . Th i s is the regi o n of the oak, or the qu er c u s
r n a te n si s , wh i c h an n u all y she d s its l e av es and fro m an e l e
g a ,

v ati on of n i ne th ousan d t wo h u nd re d fe e t, ne ve r d es ce nd s near

 M A TERIA M ED IC A . 1 19

the e q uator b e l ow t h at of fi ve th ousand fi ve h u nd re d fee t th o ug h

,

it oc c urs, u nd e r the paral l e l of M e xi c o, at the h e igh t of o n l y

t wo t housa nd six h u nd re d an d t we n t y fe e t. T he c er oa y lon

'

a n d i c ol a , o r wax pal m, w h ose t ru n k is o ne h u nd re d a nd e igh ty

-

fe e t h i g h , g ro ws o n the mou n tai ns of Q u ind iu from six to n i ne

t ho u san d fee t ab o v e the se a. B e y on d th i s l i m i t of n i n e t h ou
sa nd fe e t, the l arge r t ree s o f e v er y ki n d c e ase to appear . S ome
d wa rfi sh pi ne s, i n d ee d , ri se to ne ar t h i rte e n th ousand fee t.
T he se ve ral spe c i e s o f the c i n chon a , w h i c h furni s h es the s al u
t a ry P e ru v i an b a rk, a re sc atte re d al ong the c h ai n of th e A nd e s,
o ve r an e x te n t o f t w o t h ou sand m il es, at an e l e v ati on fro m t wo

t h o u sa nd t h re e h u n d re d to n i ne th ou san d fi ve h u nd re d fee t,
a nd t h ere fore e x pose d to g re at v ar i e ty o f c l i mate . T he l a n c i
'

oli a and
f o l i a a nd c or d z f o l i a p re fe r the pl ai ns ; t he ob l on
gi f
l oug if l or a oc c u r so me w h at high e r ; b u t the note d qu in qu in a
o f L o x a, and w hi c h H u m b ol d t propose s to n am e t he c i n chon a

c o n d a m l n e a , g ro ws at h e ig hts fro m six t h ou san d two h u n d re d

a nd fi fty to e igh t t ho usan d fe e t, w h e re the m e an te m pe rat u re

v a ri e s b e t we e n fi fty n i ne and six ty tw o d e g re e s, on a b otto m of

- -

m i c ac eo u s sc h i st i n t he wood s o f C axan u ma an d U ritu c ing a .

T hi s pre c i ous sh ru b form s o ne c o n ti n ued forest on t he e aste rn

d e c l i v i t y o f t he A n d es, as far as the pro v i n c e of J ae n, an d the
h il l s ab ove the r i ve r A m az ons B ark of a si m il ar q u ality is th u s
.

o b tai ne d fro m v e ry d ist i nc t k i nd s o f t he c i n ch on a in the sam e

m ann e r as the c a ou l ch ou c , o r c o m m on e l asti c g u m , is proc u re d
fro m t he i n spi ssated j u i c e of a v a ri e ty o f di ffe re n t v eg e tab l es
f ro m t he fi c us, t he h ev e a , the l ob el ia , the c a s til l oa , and se ve ra l
spe c i es o f the e up hor b iu m . T he w in ter a and esc a ll on i a oc c ur
a t an al ti tud e fro m n i n e th ou sa nd t wo h u n d re d to te n t h o usan d

e i g h t h u nd re d fe e t, and form sc ru b b y b u sh es in the c old a nd

mo i st c l i m ate at the p a r a m os . A b ov e the h e igh t of te n t h ou

s an d fi ve h u nd red fee t, the arb oresc e nt v e g e tab l e s di sappear.

T he al pi ne pl an ts o c c u py an e l e v ati on fro m six th ousan d fi ve

h und re d to thi rte e n th
g e n t i an s, t he s l ce l l n a ,
l e ave s ofte n affo rd c o
n i g h te d i n t h ose u pl a nd reg i ons .T he g rasses appe ar at a
h e igh t fro m thi rtee n th o usand fi ve h u n d red to fi fteen th ou san d
o n e h u n d re d fe et . I n thi s z one , w h e re sno w fall s at ti mes, t he
a r a v a , an d a m u l t i tu d e o f n e w s e c i es of
j p p an i c u m ag r os ti s ,
a v e n a , and d a c ty li s c o v e r the so il wi th a e ll o w c ar et , w h i c h
,
y p
t he i n h ab i tants c all p a on e l F ro m the h e igh t of a b ou t fi ftee n
j .

t h o usan d fe e t, to the b o u n d ary of pe rpe tu al c o ng el ati on , the onl

y
l ants v i si b l e are t he l inc he n s w hi c h c ove r the fac e of the roc ks
p
and se e m e ve n to pe ne trate u nd e r the sn ow .

I t is a most c u ri ou s fac t, th at t h ose pl ants w h i c h see m to

 1 20 TH E T H O M S O N I A N

c onst i tute the n atu ral r c he s of

i t he e q uatori al gi ons,
re are
n e ve r fou nd g ro wi ng spontaneousl y . T he c a r i c a p ap ay a ,
t he j a tr op ha m a n ihot, or c assav a, t he pl an ta i n a nd m aiz e , fro m
w hi c h t he n ati v e A me ri c ans d re w th e i r pri nc i pal s ub si ste nc e,
we re no w h ere se e n b y H u m b o ld t in the w il d state , n or c ou l d
he d i sc ove r the potato e, th o ugh t hi s v al u ab l e root is, al ong wi t h
t he c he n op odi u m qu in oa , c u l ti vate d in the hig h c ou n try of
N e w G re n ad a. In t he l o we r g ro u nd s b e twe e n t he tro pi c s, the
-

n ative s rai se c assav a, c oc oa, m aiz e , and pl an tai ns. I t is the re

gi on of the m a m m ea , of oranges, pi ne appl es, and the m ost de
-

l ic io us frui ts. T he Europe ans h a v e i n trod uc e d i ndigo , sug ar,

c otton, and c offe e , w hi c h t h e y c u l t i v ate to n e ar the h e igh t o f

fi v e thou san d fee t ab ove the se a, c h i e fl y b y the l ab or of ne gro

s l av es. Indig o and c oc oa req u i re g re at h e at, b u t c otton and
c offee w il l g ro w at a c o nsid e rab l e e l e v ati on , and su g ar is c ul

t iv a te d e ve n w i th su c c e ss in the te m pe rate parts of Q u i to.

T h i s is the h ab i tati on o f the c er e al i a , or b re ad c orn . T he -

i ntrod uc ti on of w h e at i n to N e w S pai n , is trac e d to t h re e o r

fo u r g rai ns w hi c h a n eg ro ser v an t of C or te z pi c ke d ou t fro m
a m on g t he sto res o f r i c e t h at h ad b ee n se n t f ro m Europe ,
for s u b si sti ng the troops. T he m on ks of Q u i to sti l l prese rv e,
as a
pre c i o us re l i c , the e arth e n j ar i n wh i c h F ath e r Ri xi of
G he nt g ath e re d t he fi rst c re p, fro m a s pot of g ro u nd c l e are d
a wa
y i n front of t he c on v e n t W h e at, u nd e r t he e q u ator,
.

w i ll se ld o m for m an e ar b el o w t he e l e v ati on of fou r t h ou

s and fi ve h u n d re d fee t, o r r i pe n i t ab o v e t h at of te n t h ou

sa nd e ig ht hu n d re d . B arl e y is m ad e to g ro w so me w h at h igh
'

e r, b u t t h e n w i th the u t m ost d i ffi c u l t y . B e twee n the al ti tudes

o f six and n i ne t ho u sand fe e t, li es the c l i mate b est su i te d fo r

t he c ul ture o f all k i n d s o f Europe an g rai n . In t he same

t rac t is rai sed the c he n op odiu m gu i n e a F ro m t he e l e v ati on
.

o f four t h ou san d t h re e h u nd red fe e t to th at o f six th ou san d

t wo h u nd red fe e t, g ro ws the e ry thr ox y l u m p er u v i a n u m , w h ose

l eav es, c all e d c occ a , q u i c k l i me , se rv e to sti m
u l ate t he e x hu asted n , d u ri ng his l ong and

t oil so me j ournie s ov A n d es I n the space

.

b e t wee n the al ti tud es of n i ne t housand e i g h t h und re d and t hi r

tee n t ho usan d fe e t, potatoes and the tr op aeolu m esc u l e n tu m are
”
ge ne ral l y li
c u t v ate d .
 1 22 T H E TH O M S ON IA N

same ti me . T hel i v i ng b ranc h es or tw i g s of the same appl e

t re e m ay c onti n ue to g row from the origi n a l roo t an d from hu n
d re d s of oth er roots in di ffe re n t c ou n tri e s at the same ti me A nd .

it is a f ac t n o w we l l estab li sh ed t h at th ose tw ig s o r g rafts how

, ,

e ver r ec e n tl y i n se rte d fee l the e ff e c ts of ag e in t he sa m e d e g re e

,

w i th the twi g s re m ai n i n g on the origi n al tree ; al l ot h er c ir

c u m stan c es b e i ng si m il ar .

T he roo ts of potatoes c onti n ue in su c c essi on i n th e i r n ati v e

torrid regi on s y e ar afte r y e ar for a l i m i te d pe ri od l i ke the M al ,

axi s and so m e oth e rs of the O rc hi s fam il y i n o u r l ati t u d e Ag .

r ic u l tu rists an d g ard e ne rs aid t h e i r prog ress h e re b y h ou si n g ,

the roots i n w i nter and se tting th e m i n t he e ar t h ag ai n i n the

,

spri n g se ason T h ese too are g re atl y d i stri b u ted so th at t hi s

.

p l an t is v astl y e x te n d ed b y t he c o n t in u ati on o f t he sam e i n d iv i

d ual B ut in d ue ti me the e ffe c ts o f age bec om e m an i fest to

.
o

t he c u l ti v ator an d he fi nd s it n e c e ssary to re prod u c e t hi s u se fu l

,

l t f rom the see d

p a n .

T he L o m b ard y po pu l ar i s b e c om i n g e n fe eb l e d w i t h age in
our c ou nt r y so t h at v e r y rec e n t sh oots w il l h ardl y w i thstan d a
,

se v e re w i n te r T h e re ason is m an i fe st
. T he re has ne v e r b een .

a pi still ate tre e i n t rod u c e d from Eu rope c onse q ue n tl

y t h i s t ree

has n ev e r b e e n re prod uc e d h e re fro m the see d We th erefore .

see b u t t he fe e b l e l i m b s o f an e xil e in d otag e t h o ugh y e t s us

tained in a t h ou sand l o c al i ti e s .

3 . The i n cr ea s e f
o P l a n ts , or the e n l a rg em en t o f thei r v ol
u m e.
A fter the fi rst se ason of g rowi ng al l woody pl ants c onti nu e ,

to i n c re ase t h e i r siz e if n o ac c id e n t o c c u rs u n ti l ag e te rm i nates

, ,

th e i r v i tal e ne rgi e s T h e i r v ol u me is n ot e n l arge d fro m an ex

.

te nsi on of eac h fi b re or po re ; b u t fro m t he an n u al ac q u i si ti on

o f n e w on e s .T hese ne w ones are al way s d e posi te d b e t ween
the b ark an d wood .

I n the spri n g se ason s fo rme d b e twe e n t he b ar k

and wood c all e d t he c

,
in m T o wards t he d e c li n e .

of t he y e ar i t b e c o m e s c o nsid e rab l y i nd u rate d an d se parates i t ,

sel f i nto t wo c on c e n tri c h o ll o w c yli nd ers o f v e ry d iffe re n t thic k

ne sse s . T he thine r on e is attac h e d to the b a rk an d forms its ,

i nner m e mb rane T h e thi c k o ne is attac hed to the wood , and

.

b ec o mes the ou te r l ay e r o f the w ood for t he ne x t ye ar .

I t is on t h i s ac c ou n t th at th ose t re e s w hi c h l o n g re tai n th ei r
e x pandi ng c u ti c l es pre se n t to o u r l an d su r v e y e rs t hose para
,

d oxic al m agi c li ke m ar ks A b e e c h tree fo r e xa m ple if l e tte re d

-
.
, ,

o r fig ure d wi th a b oard m arke r w ill pre se n t th e se m ark s tw e n

,

ty o r thi rty ye ars afte r ward s b o t h on the c u ti c l e a nd on the

,

w ood o f the y ear w h e n m ark ed

,
w hil e t he i n te r v e n i n g l aye rs
are sou nd and w i th out a sc ar Th ese i nterpose d woody l ayers
.
,
 M A TERIA M ED I C A . 1 23

or igi n ati ng i n mu c il age annu al l y d e posi te d be twe en the b ark

an d wo od g rad u all y se arate the m ar ke d b ark and c u ti c l e fro m
,
p
t he m a rke d wood w h il e t h e y g ro w b e twe en th ese m ark s and
,

b ec o me c on ti n u ous .

EL EM EN TA RY O RG A N S .

Every pl ant is e i th e r ph e nog am ou s o r c ry ptog am ou s .

P he n og am o u s pl an ts hav e t h e i r stame ns and posti l s su ffi c ient

l y m an i fe st fo r e x a m i nat i o n .

C ry pto g a mous pl ants e i th e r l ose t he stam i nate o rg ans b e fore

t h e y b ec o me m an i fe st o r t he y are too m i n u te for i n spe c ti on
,
.

T he C la sse s O r d ers and G e n er a o f th e L i n nae an sy ste m are

, ,

fou nd e d w h olly on the se ve n e l e me n tary o rg an s o f fru c tiflc a

t i on .

Th e se are ,

1 . C a ly x . T he ou te r o r l o we r part of the fl owe r g ene rally n ot ,

f‘
c o lo re d

C or ol . T he c ol o red b l os so m , w i th i n or ab ov e th e c al y x .
S tam e n s T he org ans i mm e di at e l y s u r rou n di n g or adj oi n
.

i n g t he c e n tral o n e ; c onsi sti ng o f m e al y o r gl u ti n ou s k nob s,

e i t he r se ssil e o r su pporte d on fil am e n ts.

4. P i s ti l . T he c e n tral o rg an of the fl o we r, w h ose b ase b e

c o me s the pe ri c a rp and se e d .

5 . P e r i c a rp T he c o v e ri ng of the seed , w h e th e r pod, sh e l l ,

.

b ag , or pu l py su b stanc e .
6. S eed . T he e sse nti al part c on tai n i n g the ru di men t of a new
pl an t.
7. Rec ep ta c le . T he b ase w hi c h su stai ns the ot h er six parts,
b e i n g at the e nd of the fl o we r ste m .

S U B D I V I S I ON S OF TH E CA L Y X .

Ev e ry ca l yx is
i h e r m on ophy llous c onsi sti ng of one l eaf,
e t
,

or ol y p hy ll ou s c o ns i st i n g o f m ore t h a n o n e l e af
p , .

1 P e r i a n th
. T hat c alyx wh i c h adj oms and surroun d s the
.

o t he r pa rts of t he fl o we r as of the a l
pp e rose doc
, A b ou t , , .

t w o t hi rd s o f a ll pl a n ts h av e pe ri an t h s .

2 I n v olu c r e
. T h at c al yx w hi c h c o me s ou t at som e di stanc e
.

b e l o w the fl o we r and ne v e r e n c l oses i t , I t is c o mm onl y .

ari the o ri iu o f t he e d u nc l es o f u m b e l s an d som eti me s at

g p
r
,
tac he d to oth e r agg re g ate fl o we rs
o

I n v ol g c res are e i t he r u n iv e r s a l
. ’ pl ac e d at the origi n of ,
th e u n i ve rsal u mb e l as i n c araw a y l ov ag e &c or a r
, ; p , ,
.

I n t h e la n g u a g e of
B otany , a ny p ar t of a p la nt is n ot c ol or e d w h en i t i s
g r e e n ; as the c a ly x
'
of t he a
p p l e i s s ai d n ot t o b e c ol or e d b e c a use i t i s r e en
‘ , g ;
a n d t ha t of t he n ast urti on i s c ol our e d b e cause i t i s n ot “
, g re en .
 1 24 TH E T H O M S O N I A N

t ia l, pl ac e d at the origi n
l l of ain cori part c u ar u m b e , as
i
and e r ; or p rop e r pl ac e d b e ne ath a si ngl e fl o wer
, .

S p a the A ki nd of m e mb rane w hi c h at fi rst e n c l oses the

. ,

flowe r and after it e x pand s is l eft at a di stanc e b e l ow it as

, ,
d affodil o ni on I ndi an t u rni p
, ,
.

4. G lu m e Th at ki nd of c alyx whi c h is c ompose d of one

.
,
t wo o r t h ree v al ves or sc al e s c o mm o nl y t ranspare n t at the ,

m argi n and ofte n te rm i nate d b y a l ong awn or he ard A ll

, .

g rasses h a ve gl u me c al yx es .

5 . A m en t A n asse m b l ag e of flo we r b e ari n g sc al e s arrange d

.
-

o n a s l e n d e r t h re ad o r re c e ptac l e ; e ac h sc al e g e ne rall y

c o nsti tu ti ng the l ate ral c al yx of a fl owe r, as in the wi ll ow,

c h e sn u t pine & c , , .

6. C a lyp tr a T he c ap or h ood o f pi sti ll ate m osses re semb l i ng

.
,

in form and posi ti on an e x ti ng u i she r se t on a c an dl e C on .

s pic uous i n t he c o m m o n h ai r c a p m oss -

V olv a T he r i n g or wrappe r at fi rst e n c l osi n g the pil e u s or

’
7. .

h e ad o f a fung us ; and w hi c h a fte r t he pl ant has arr i ve d ,

to m atu ri t y c on trac ts and re m ai n s on t he ste m or at the

,

root.

S U B D I V I S I ON S OF TH E C O ROL .

Ev er y c orol is e i th e r m on op eta lou s c onsi sti n g of one pe tal

,

flowe r l eaf ; oly e ta l ou s c onsi sti n of m ore t h an one

or -
or
p p , g .

M on op e ta l ou s C or als a r e,

1. Rell f or m H ol l o we d ou t w i th i n the b ase and ge ne rall y d i

. ,

v e rgi ng u pwa rd s as C a n te rb u ry b e l l s g e nti an dc c

, , , .

2 . F u n n el f or m -
Wi th a tu b u l ar b ase an d the b ord e r ope ni ng
.
,

g rad u al ly in the form of a tu nne l as the t h orn appl e the ,

-

m o rni n g gl ory .

3. S a l v er f or m
-
H av i ng a flat spre adi ng li mb or b ord e r, pro
.

c e ed ing from t he top o f a tu b e as lil ac , the t rai li n g a rb u ,

tu s, &c .
4. Wheel f or m -
. b ord e r w i thou t a tube ,
H av i n g a s re a
p di ng
or w i th an e x c e e di ng sh ort o ne , as b orag e , l au re l .

5 . L a b i a te. A l ab i ate c o ro l is di v id e d i n to t wo g e ne ral parts,

som e w h at re se mb l i ng t he l i ps o f a h orse or o th e r an i mal .

L ab i ate c orols are e i t h e r p e r son a te, (wi t h the t h roat mu f

fle d ) as sn ap d rag on o r r i ng e n t, (wi t h the th roat ope n)as
-

mi n t, moth e rwor t, c atn i p, m on k ey flowe r. -

P olyp et a l ou s C or al s a re,

1 . C ru c if or m . C on si sti ng of fo ur eq u al pe tal s, spre adi n g ou t

i n t he form o f a c ross, as rad i sh, c abb ag e , mu stard , dec .

2 . C ary op hy ll eous. H avi ng fi ve si ngl e petal s, e ac h ter minat

1 26 TH E TH O M S O N IA N

6 . B er ry . A pu l py pe ri c arp, e n c l osi ng seed s wi th ou t an y c ap

su l e , as c u rre nt g ra e , c u c u mb er, m e l on .
, p
7. S tr p b i l e. A n ame nt w i t h woody sc al e s, as the fru i t of the
m
p e.

S U B DI V I S I ON S OF TH E S EED .

1 . Coty led on . T he thi c k fl e sh y l o b es of see d s v er y m an i fe st

in b e ans ; w hose c otyl e d o n s g ro w o u t o f t he g ro u nd in the
fo rm of t wo l arg e s uc c u l e nt l e aves. M an y pl ants, as I ndi an
c o rn, wh eat, t he g rasse s dad , h ave b u t one c otyl e d on
,
mosses, doc . no ne .
2 . Car ol e T he rud i me n t of the fu ture pl an t, al way s pro c ee d
.

i ng fro m t he c o tyl e d on ; e asily di sti ng u i sh e d in c h esnu ts,

ac o rns, doc .
3 . Teg u m en t. T he ski n o r b ark o f see d s ; it separates from
pe as, b e an s, I ndi an c om , 65 0 . on b oil i n g .
4 . H il u m . T he e x te rn al m ark o r sc ar on see d s, b y w hi c h
t h e y were affix e d to t h e i r pe ri c arps . I n b ean s and the l i ke
it is c all e d the e ye .

S U B D IV I S I ON S OF TH E REC EP TA CL E.

P rep er . Th at whi c h b e l on g s to on e fl owe r only .

C om m on . T h at whi c h c on ne c ts sev e ral di sti nc t flowrets, as
i n the su n flo we r, d ai sy, te ase l
-
.

3 . Ra chi s . T he fi liform re c e ptac le , c on nec ting the fl ore ts in

a spi k e , as i n the h ead s of w h e at .

4 . Colu m ell a T he c e n tral c ol um n in a c apsu l e , to w hi c h the

.

see d s are h ed
attac .

S p a d ix A n e l on g ate d re c e ptac l e
.
proc ee di n g from a spat h e,
as I ndi an t u rni
p .

G EN ERA L D I V I S I ON S OF F L O W ERS .

1 . S imp le. H av i n g a si ngl e fl owe r on a re c e ptac l e , as in the

q ui nc e , tu l i p, dc c .
A g g r eg a te. H av i n g o n the sam e re c e ptac l e se v e ral flow
e rs, w h ose ant h ers are n ot u n i te d as te ase l , b u tton b u sh -

, ,
dec .
3. C omp ou n d . H av i ng s ev eral fl ore ts on the sam e re c eptac l e,
w i t h th e i r ant h e rs u n i te d , as su n flo we r, C hi na aste r, dec .
- -

4. S tam in a te. H av i n g s tamens on ly , as t h ose i n the tasse l s of

I ndi an c orn.
5 . P istill a te. H av i ng pi stil s onl y , as the fe rtil e owe r of the fl
c u c u mb e r.

P erf ect. H av i ng b oth stame ns and pi stil s.

N eu tral. H av i ng ne i th er stamens nor pi stil s.
 M A TERIA M ED I C A . 1 27

IN F L ORES C EN C E .

The m a nn er i n. which F l ower s a r e s i tu a ted on P l a n ts .

W/ zor l . I n w h i c h the fl o we rs g ro w aro u n d the ste rn in
r i n g s o ne a b o ve a not he r, as m ot he r wo rt, c at ni p.

2 . Ra ce m e H a v i ng t he fl ore ts o n s ho rt u nd iv id e d pe di c el s,
.

a rra n g e d a l o n g a g e ne ral pe d u n c l e , as c u rran ts.

P a rt ic le H a v i ng so me o f t he pe di c e l s, a l ong the ge ne ral

.

p e d u nc l e o f t he rac e me , d i v id e d , as i n o ats . A pan ic l e

c o nt rac te d i n to a c o m pac t, so m e w h at ov ate form, as i n l i

lac , l s c all e d thy r s e .

S p ike .H a v i ng t he fl o re ts se ssil e , o r n e arl y so, on the e l on

b

ate d G e n e ra l re c e ptac le, as w h e at , m u ll e i n , 65 0 .

g g

5 . U m b el H av i ng t he fl o we r ste ms di ve rg i n g fro m one pl ac e,

.

l i ke the b rac es of an u m b re l l a, b e a ri ng fl ore ts o n the i r e x

tre mitie s, as c arro t, d i ll , fe nne l , doc .
C y m e. It ag re e s w i th t he u mb e l in h av i ng its g e n eral flow
e r ste ms s ri ng fro m o n e c e nt re , b u t di ffe rs i n h av i ng th ose
p
ste ms i rre g u l a rly su b di v id e d , a s e ld e r, & c .

7 . C ory m b I n th e c ory m b t he ped un c l es ta ke th e i r

. e from
di ffe re n t h e ig hts al o ng the m ai n ste m ; b u t t he one s
b e i n g longe r, t h e y for m n e a rly a l ev e l or c on v e x top, as
y arrow.
8 . F a sc ic le . I n g e n e ral e x te rn al appe aranc e it resemb l es the
u m b e l , b u t t he foot sta l ks a re i rreg u l ar 1 n t h e i r origi n and
s u b di v i si o n s, as s wee t Will i am .

9 . H ea d . I n t hi s the fl o we rs are h e ape d tog e th e r in a gl ob u

.

l ar fo rm w i th ou t pe d u n c l es, or wi th v e ry short ones, as

l
c ove r.

RO OT S AN D H ERB AG E.
The f R
s u b s ta n ce o
oots a n d H er b a e c on si sts o
g f ,

I. C u t ic l e T he thi n o u tsid e c oat of the b ark w hi c h se e ms to

.
,

b e w i t ho u t l i fe an d ofte n transpare nt
, V e ry c o nspi c uo us .

o n so me k i nd s o f b i rc h c h e rr y c u rran t b ush es
, ,

2. C ell u l a r L i teg u m en t T he pare n c h y mous su b stanc e b e

.

t we e n the c u ti c l e an d b ar k o fte n g re e n, Easil y seen in .

t he e ld e r de c afte r re m o v i ng the c u ti c l e
, . .

3. B a rk . T he i n ner stron g fi b rous part of the c ov eri ng of ve

e tab le s.
g
4 . Com b T he m u c il agi nou s or g e l at i n o u s su b stanc e , whi c h
.

in t he spri ng o f the y e ar, ab oun d s b e twee n the b ark and

t he w oo d o f t1 e es .

Wood T he most sol id part of the trun k s and roots of h erb s

.

an d t ree s.

. P i th . T he spong y sub stanc e l n the c e ntre of the ste ms and

roots of most pl ants. L arg e l n the e ld er.
128 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

B oor s are the d esc endi ng parts of v eg e tab l es, and are a nn u a l,
'

b i en n i a l, or p eren n i a l . T he y are of se v en ki nd s.
1 . B r a n chi ng . H av i n g the wh ol e root di v id e d i nto parts as it
proc e ed s d o wn ward s, as the oak , appl e tre e , de c .
2 . F ib r ou s . T he w h ol e root c onsi sti n g of fi lifor m parts, ori
i n ating i mmedi ate l y from the b ase o f the ste m, as m an y
g
o f the g rasse s.

3 . C r eep ing . Ex tendi n g i tse l f h o riz on tall y, an d sendi n g out

fi b rous radi c l e s, as g i ll o v e rg rou nd , m i n t, de c .
“

4 . S p i n d l e. T hi c k at the top and t ape ri n g d o wn ward , as car

rot, arsn i , & c .
p p
5 . T u b er ou s . Roots w h i c h are th i c k and fl e sh y , b u t n ot o f
an r e g u l ar gl ob u l ar form Th r I b b d t h o
y e y a e
. cn o e as e
p
tatoe ; ova l, as t h ose o f o rc hi s ; a b r up t , as t he b i rd sfoot v i -

ol e t ; o r a s c i c l e d , as asparag u s
f .

6. B u l b ou s . F le s hy an d sph e ri c al Th e y are e i th er s ol i d , as
.

b e tu rn i p ; coa ted , as the on i o n or s c a ly , as the g ard e n

'

{1 l y.

7 . G r a n u l a te d . C on si sti n g of se v e ral l i ttl e k n ob s in the form

of r a i n s, stru ng t og e t he r al o ng the sid es o f a fi li for m ra
g
di c l e , as the woo d sorre l .

H ERB A G E is all the pl an t e x c e pt the r oot and f r u c tifi c a tion . I t

inc l u d es s tem s, l e aves and app en d ag es .

S T EM S .

1 . Tidg or r o e r s te m . T he
he rb ag e —b e ari ng asc e n di n g
e, p p
tru nk or ste m o f all ph e n og amou s pl an ts, e x c e pt t he g rass
e s, as the t ru n k o f the oak, t he g rape v i n e, the m u ll e i n
'

sta lk .

2 . Cu l m . T he stal k or ste m of the g rasses ,

as w h e at straw,
-

su g ar c an e & c ,
.

3. S c ap e. T h at ki nd of fl o we r b eari n g ste m w h i c h spri n gs

i mmedi atel y from the root and is d esti tu te of l e av es as
, ,

d ande hon .
4. P ed u n c l e . T he fl o wer b e ari ng s tem w hi c h spri n gs from
“

any part o f the ste m or b ran c hes, as appl e , c u c u mb e r, (Se c .

P e t iol e . T he foot stal k of t he l e af

-

F r on d . A ppli e d e n ti re l y to c ry ptog amou s pl ants. I t ia

c l udes the h e rb ac e ou s, l e ath e ry , c rustac e ou s, or g e lati nou s

su b stan c e , fro m w h i c h the fru i t is prod u c e d .

7. S tip e. T he ste m of a fe rn , o f a fu ng u s, of c om pou n d e g re t,

and of a pe ri c arp w h e n e l e v ate d from t he rece ptac l e ; as

of maid e n h ai r, of a m u sh room of a d and el i on, an d of

-

g
spur e caper.
13 0 TH E TH O M S O N I A N
’

Ru n c in a te P in natifi d.
,
w i th the di v i si ons p i i g
o nt n b ac k
ward s as d and e li on
,
.

ED G ES OF L EA V ES .

S e rr a te . H av i n g s h arp n otc he s, re se m b l i ng sa w te e th
a onl g t he m a rg i n , d po i n ti n g to wards the ape x , as th ose
an

o f c h err y t rees, rose s, doc .

T oothed . H a v i n g proj e c t i on s from the m argi n of its own

su b stanc e , w h i c h a re n e i t h e r se rra tu res n or c re n atu re s, as

t h ose of b l ue b ot tl e .
C r e n a te. H av i ng u n i form n otc h e s o n the m argi n of the
l e af, w h i c h i nc l i n e to ward s the ape x , or the b ase , or n e i
t h e r, as gill over g rou nd .

EN DS OF L EA V ES .

26. Em a rg i n a te . N o tc h e d at the te rm i n at i on of the m id ri b .

2 7. Retu se. Em argi nate w i t h a sh al l o w si n us.
2 8 . O b tu s e. H av i n g the a pe x o f t he l e af m ore or l ess r ou n d ed .
29 . A c u te . T e rm i nati n g 1 11 a n an gl e , t h at 18 , n ot i ou n d ed .

S U RF A C ES OF L EA V ES .

H a iry . H av i ng di sti nc t st raigh t h ai rs .

D own y . C o v e re d w i th fi ne c o tton l i ke d ow n .
S i lky . C o v e re d wi th so tt c l ose p1 e sse d h ai rs.
B r is tly . S e t w i th sti ff h ai rs .
C i l i a te . Edge d w i th paral l e l h ai rs or b r i stl es, rese mb l i ng
e ye -
l ash e s .

6. N er v e d . F i h ed
u rn s w i t h m id ri b l i ke -
fi b res
,
ru nn ni g from
the b ase to t he p x
a e .

V e in e d . H av i ng te n di nou s fi b res v ar i o u sl y b ranc h e d .

P OS I T I O N S OF L EA V ES .

1 . D ec u r r en t. Wh e n t wo e d g es o f the l e af e x te n d al on g the
ste m b e l ow the l ac e o f i nse rti o n .
p
2 . C l a sp i ng . S essil e w i th t he b ase m ore o r l ess h e art form , so -

as e n ti re l y o r i n a rt to s u rro u nd t he s te m
p .

3 . S hea th i ng . W
i t h the l e af pro l ong e d d o w n the ste m, so as
to c ove r it, in t he m an n e r o f t he rasse s.
g
P erf ol i a te. H av i ng the s te m passi n g t h rou g h the l e af.
C o n n a te L e av e s o pposi te , wi t h th e i r b ase s u n i te d
. .

P el ta t e. W
i t h the fo ot stal k attac h e d to the l o wer sid e of
the l ea f, so as t o re se m b l e a sh i e ld .

7. Opp os ite. S tandi n g at the same he igh t, wi th b ase ag ai nst

b ase .
W hor l ed . S urrou ndi ng the ste rn in horiz on tal ri ngs, or
rows.
 M A TERI A M ED I C A . 13 1

9 . I m b r i c a te . L yi n g ov e r e ac h oth e r, l ik e sh i ngl es on a roof,

”
so as to b re ak j oi n ts.
1 0. F a sc i c l ed . G ro wi ng in b u n c h e s from the sam e pom t.
1 1. Ra d i ca l . P roc e edi ng i mme di ate l y from the root.
C OM P OU N D L EA V ES .

Te r n a te . H av i n g th re e le afe ts pro cee di n g from the e nd of

on e
pe ti ol e .
2 . B ite r n a te T wi c e te rnate ; w h e n the pe ti ol e is te rn ate , and
.

e ac h di v i si on b e a rs t h ree le afe ts.

Tr i te r n a te . T h ree ti mes te rn ate .

P i n n a te. Wi th d i s ti n c t le afe ts arrang e d on opposi te sid es
of the sa me pe t i o l e , as l oc ust.

B ip in n a te . T wi c e pi n n ate .
Tr ip i nn a te . T h ri c e pi n nate .
I n terr up ted ly p i n n a te . H av i n g small er le afe ts di sperse d
-

am ong th e l arg e r as ot atoe .

, p
AP P EN DA G ES .

S tip u le . A le afe t or sc al e at o r n e ar the b ase of a pe ti ol e .

B r a c t. A l e af amo n g or n e ar the fl o wers, di ffe re n t from t he
ot h e r l e av e s of t he l an t
p .

Thor n . A s h arp proc e ss fro m the w oody part o f a pl ant.

P r ickl e . A s h arp proc ess fro m the b ark , as t h ose on rasp~
b e rry b u sh e s, & c .
5 . S ti ng . H ai r l ik e proc esses, mostl y from the l eaves, as n et
-

l
t es.
6. G l a n d . A rou n di sh g en e ral l y m i n u te
, ,
a
ppen d age to di ffe r
e nt
p ts of
ar
pl an ts.
T en d r i l . T he fi liform appe n d ag e b y w h i c h c l i mb i ng pl ants
sri pport th e mse l ve s on ot h e r b od i es.

N U M ERA L S .

T he L ati n .an d G re ek n u m e ra ls are so fre q ue ntl y c o mpou n d

e d W i t h o t h e r word s b
y b o tan i c al w ri te rs , th at an En gl i s h stu
d ent o ugh t to c om mi t t h e m to me mor y, as h e re l aid d own .

L A TIN . G REEK

M onos,
( wi ce )
t 2 Dis,
T re i s ,

T e tta res,
P e n te ,
Ex (pron ou nc e d he x )
,

Epta (pron he pta)

,
.

O c to,
B u ne a,
132 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

L A TI N . G REEK .

D ec e m,
U n de c e m ,
D uod e c e m ,
T red e c e m,
Q uatuord e c im,
Q u i nd e c i m ,
S e xd e c i m ,
S e pte nd e c im,
O c tod e c i m ,
N o v e nd ec im,
V ig in ti,
M u ltus,

L IN N E A N S Y S T EM OF V EG ET A BL ES

A ll g etab les are d i v id e d i nto twe n ty two classes Th ese

ve -
"
.

c l a sses are di v id e d i n to or d er s O r d ers are di v id e d i nto g en

.

er a . G e n e r a are d i v id e d i nto sp e c i es S p e ci es are fre q u e n t

.

i y c h ang e d i nto v a r i e ti es V ari e ti e s h ow e v e r are m ore pro

. , ,

l y w i t hi t h i f t h g d e n e r t h an o f the b otan i st ;
p er n e
pr ov n c e o e a r

a t l e ast t he m e t h o d o f r oc u ri n g v ar i e ti es
p .

Wh e n a b otani st fi nd s a pl an t w h i c h he n ev er saw b efore ,

a nd w i sh es to k n ow i ts n ame an d u se s he proc e e d s as fol l o ws :

,

1 H e c o m pare s the sta me ns of th e u nk n o wn fl ower w i th t he

.

l esc r iption of eac h c l ass u n til he fi n d s the c l ass to w h i c h it b e

{5
on s.
,

2 H e th e n g oes to the o rd e rs of t h at c l ass and fi nd s its ord er

i n the sam e way .
3 If the ord e r in w hi c h he fi n d s h is pl ant is sub di v id e d i nto
.

sec ti ons, h e re ad s t he c harac te rs o f t he se c ti on s al so.

4 N e x t he g oes to the g e n e ra o f t h at ord e r o r sec ti on, and

.

re ad s t h e i r d e sc ri ti ons u n til h e fi nd s the g e n us to w hi c h i t b e

p ,
l o ng s .

5 .A t l ast he l ook s o v er the spe c i es of th at g en us, u n ti l he

,

fi nd s the e xac t d esc ription o f his pl an t.

6 I f he is d esi rou s t o c o m pare the pl an t w i t h its n atural as
.

so c i ates, and to asc e rtai n its g e n e ral ro e rti e s, he re fe rs it to

p p
t he n at u ral o rd e rs of L i n nae u s, b y the fi rst n u m b e r n e x t to the
g eneri c n ame or to th at of Jussieu, b y the sec ond n u mb er.
L I N N JEA N CL A S S I F I CA T I ON .

P l ants are c l assi fi e d u po n two di sti nc t pl an s— the A rtifi c i al

and N atu ra l . T he o bj e c t of the A rtifi c i al sy ste m is me re l y to

L innae u s d iv id e d t he m into 24 c l a sse s. B u t f ar th e r d isc ov e r ie s, sinc e his

d e a th, h av e p r ov e d t he c l a sse s P ol y a d e l p hia an d P ol yg am ia t o b e too n uoer
t ain a nd v ar ia b l e t o b e a n y l on g e r r e tai ne d. P e r soon , th er efore , a nd o ther
j
e m ine n t b ota nist s h av e r e e c ted t he m .
13 4 TH E TH O M S O N IA N

h e ml oc k water parsni p and fe n ne l ; also man y pl ants w hi c h

,
'

g re atl y di sag re e i n b o tani c al afli n itie s T he ro u gh l e aved and .

u m b e l l i fe ro us pl an ts o f t h i s c l ass rese mb l e e ac h ot he r so n e arl y ,

t h at stu d e nts fi nd m u c h di ffi c u l ty in d i sti ng u i shi ng the ge nera.
6 H ex a n d r i a i n c l u d es t h ose pl an ts w h i c h b e ar pe rfe c t flow
. ,

e rs w i th six sta m e n s to e ac h — as t he l ily t u li p d oc k an d wate r , , ,

p l a n tai n .

7 H ep ta n d r i a i nc l ud e s t h ose pl ants w hi c h b ear pe rfe c t

. ,

flowe rs wi th sev e n sta me ns to e ac h— as the c h i c k Wi nterg re e n

a nd ho rse c h esnu t T h i s is a v e ry sm al l c l ass and the n u m
.
,

b e r of stame ns v ari ab l e i n m ost fl o we rs fo u n d in it .

8 O c ta n d r i a i n c l ud es t h ose pl ants wh i c h b e ar perfec t flow

.
,

e rs w i t h e i g h t stam e n s to e ac h— as t he m arsh c ran b e rr y n as ,

tu rtion and b u c k w h e at .

9 En n e a n d r i a i n c l u d es these pl ants w h i c h b e ar pe rfec t

.
,

flo wers w i th n i ne stam e ns to e ac h— as the sassafras and rhu

b arb I t is a v e ry s mal l c l ass an d the n u mb e r o f stam e n s v e ry
. ,

v ar i ab l e i n al l the fl o we rs fo u n d i n i t .

1 0 D e ca n d r ia i n c l ud es t h ose pl an ts whi c h b e ar pe rfe c t flow

.
,

e rs w i th te n stam e ns t o e ac h as the w h o rtl e b e rry , i k

'

p n coc ,

k le an d po ke we e d
,
S o me fl o we rs in t hi s c l ass h ave b u t h a l f
-
.

t he n u mb e r of stam e n s re q u i re d i n part of t he spe c i es of a g e

n us .
1 1 . D od ec an d r i a , i n c l u d e s those pl an ts w hi c h b ear perfe c t .

fl owers, g e ne ral l y w i th t we l ve stam e ns to e ac h as the wil d -

gi ng e r o r w h i te sn ake root, and pu rsl ane . I f the n u m b e r of

- -

stam e n s is m ore t h an t we l v e , pro v id e d i t d oe s not e x c ee d n i n e

t e e n , st il l t he pl an t b e l on g s to t h i s c l ass as the ag ri mo ny , ig m
n ane tte and h ou se l ee k. T hi s c l ass has b ee n ab ol i sh e d b y
-

so m e b otan i sts, and the pl ants i nc l ud e d i n it di str i b u te d amon

g
h
o t e r c asses. l
1 2 . I c osa n d ri a , i nc l ud es t h ose pl ants w h i c h b ear pe rfe c t
flowers wi th t wen ty stam e ns to eac h, g rowi ng on the c al yx
as t he peac h , appl e , a nd t hor n . I f the n u mb e r of stame ns is
m ore t han twe nty, pro v id ed th e y are pl ac ed o n the c al yx , stil l
t he pl an t b el ong s to t hi s c l ass, as the st ra wb e rry and the rose .
S o me fl o we rs in t hi s c l ass h ave b u t h al f the nu mb e r of stame ns
re q u i re d ,
i
as som e h spe c es o f t orn ,
dec .

1 3 P oly a n d r i a i n c l u d es t h ose pl an ts wh i c h b e ar perfe c t flow

.
,

e rs w i t h stame n s m ore n u me ro u s th an th ose o f any o th e r c l ass

, ,
g ro wi ng o n the rec e ptac l e — as the pon d l ily a nd c o m mon S t , .

J oh n s wo rt I f t he n u mb e r o f stam e ns d oes n ot e x c ee d t wen

’
.

t y prov i d e d th e y are n ot pl ac e d on the c al y x still t he pl an t b e

-

, ,

l ong s to t hi s c l ass T h i s is an e x te nsi v e c l ass and the nu mb er

.
,

o f stame ns is m ore v ari ab l e i n t h i s th an in all the o t h e r c l asse s .

Wh e n se ve ral fl owe rs on the same pl ant h ave a v ari ab l e num

b e r of stame ns pl ac e d on the re c eptac l e we may g enerall y pre ,
 M A TERI A M EDI C A . 13 5

su m e t hat the l ant b e l ong s to t hi s c l ass e v e n i f n on e are foun d

p ,

w i t h m y t w ty tam e n s— as t he A me n c a n c o wsl i
so a n a s e n s p .

T he fo u rtee n th and fi ftee n t h c l asse s are n ame d b y pre fi xing

the G re e k n u me ral s e x pre ssi v e o f t he n u m b e r of l on g sta m e n s,
to dy n a m i a , w hi c h is a G re e k d e riv itiv e sig n i fyi n g powe r, im
or ti n g t h at the l o ng e st stame ns are m ost po we rfu l .
p
1 4 . D id y n a m i a , i n c l ud es t h ose pl an ts w hi c h b ear pe rfe c t
fl owers w i th four stam en s to eac h , two of w hi c h are l ong est
as sa v o r y , sc u l l c ap, sn ap d rag o n .
- -
Th i s c l ass e mb rac es pl an ts
o f t wo v e ry n atu ra l asse m b l ag e s. T he fi rst ord e r c on tai ns
l an ts w i t h n ake d see d s, n on e o f w hi c h are po i so n o u s ; the se
p
c on d o rd e r c o n tai ns pl a n ts w i t h see d s i n c apsu l e s, al l of w h i c h

a re said to b e po i so n o us. M ost fl owers of b ot h ord ers h av e 1a

b i ate c o ro ls.
1 5 . Te t r a dy n a m i a , i nc l ud es t h ose pl ants whi c h b e ar pe rfe c t
'

fl owe rs wi th six stame ns to e ac h, four of wh i c h are l on gest— as

m ustard , c ab b ag e and radi s h . Th i s c l ass e mb rac es a very na
t u ra l fa m il y o f pl an ts, b e a ri ng c ru c i for m fl o wers.

T he six tee n th and sev e n te e n th c l asse s are name d b y prefi x

i ng G ree k n u m e ral s, e x pre ssi v e o f t he n u m b e r o f p arc e l s i nto
w h i c h t he stam e n s a re u n i te d b y th e i r fil am e n ts, to the word
a d e lp hi a , wh i c h is a G ree k d e ri v ati v e u se d to sig n i fy b rot h er
.

h ood .

1 6 M on a d e lp hi a , i nc l u d es th ose pl ants w hi c h b ear pe rfec t

.

fl owe rs w hose stam e ns are u n i te d l ate rally b y th e i r fil ame nts in

o ne g ro u p o r se t— as the h ol lyh oc k an d m al l o ws. B ut if the
flowe rs are papili onac eous, the y b e l ong to the ne x t c l ass, e v en
i f the stame ns are s o u n i te d , as the l u pi ne . S ome spe c i es of
e ne ra w hi c h b e l on g to thi s c l ass h av e t he sta m e ns b road and
g
me m b ran o us a t the b ase , b u t n ot attac h e d at al l, as som e spe
c i e s o f g e ran i u m . T h e y ge n erally re c e d e from the b ase of the
tal s, b y approac hi n g t he pi st i l prese n t i n g a c ol u m n ar fo rm .
p e ,

1 7. D i a d elp hi a , i nc l ud es t hose pl an ts w h i c h b e ar perfe c t

fl owe rs w h ose stam e ns are u ni te d l ate rall y b y th e i r fil ame nts in
t wo g ro u ps o r se ts— as the pe a, b e an, an d l oc ust tree . I n most
c ase s n i ne sta me ns are u ni te d i n o ne se t, and one stam e n stand s
al o ne . I n so me flowe rs t he stam e ns are al l u n i te d in o ne se t,
w hi c h is the prope r c h arac te r o f t he pre c e di n g c l ass ; t h o u gh if
t he c o ra l is papil ionac e ou s it b e l o ng s he re . B u t if the stame n s
a re n ot u ni te d at all, t he lan t d oe s n ot b e l on g h e re , e v e n if the
p
c o ral is pa pili o n ac e ou s ; as t he c assi a an d w ild i n di g o b e l o n
g
t o t he te n t h c l ass . G e ne ra of t he te n t h o rd er in t h i sc l ass re
s e mb l e e ac h o th e r so nearl y, t h at stu d e n ts fi nd c onsid e rab l e dif
‘

fi c ul ty in d isting u1shing the m.

13 6 TH E T H O M S O N I A N

'

T he igh tee nth c l ass is named b y pre fi xing sy n (a G reek

e ,

d e ri vati ve from sun )sig n i fyi ng toge th er to g en es i a a G ree k

, , ,

d e ri v ati v e sig n i fyi ng prod uc ed o r g ro wi ng u p T he n ame is

, .

i nten d e d to sig n i fy th at the anth e rs g row u p tog e th e r o r i n an ,

u n i te d state .

1 8 . S y n g i n es i a , i n c l ud e s th ose pl an ts wh i c h b e ar perfec t,
sta m i n ate , pi stil l ate , o r ne utral fl o re ts, in w hi c h th ose b e ari ng
an th e rs h av e t h e m u n i te d l ateral l y , so as to fo rm a h ol l ow c y
l i nd e r. T o th i s d efi n i ti o n sh ou ld b e ad d ed , th at t he pl ants of
t h i s c l ass al l b e a r c o m po u n d fl owe rs, as the su n flo we r, t h i stl e ,
-

‘
a nd d an d e l i on , to e x c l u d e the l o b e li a, so m e spe c ie s o f v i ol e t,

t he j e we l we ed , dc c , w hi c h b e l on g to t he fi fth c l ass, t h ou gh t he i r
-

ant h e rs are u ni te d . T hi s is a v e ry e x te n si ve and pe rfe c tly n a

tu ral l
c ass.

T he i
h c l ass is n ame d b y prefi x ing an ab b re v i ati on
n ne te e n t
o f g y n i a a G re e k d e ri v a ti v e u se d m e tapho ri c ally to s ig n i f the
, y
i st i l to a n d ri a as the stam e n an d 1 stil a re u n i te d i n t h i s
p , , p
c l ass .

1 9 G y n a n d r i a , i n c l u d e s t h ose pl ants w h i c h b e ar pe rf ec t
.

fl owe rs w i t h t he stam e ns standi ng on the pi stil — as l adi e s sli p -

e r, an d o c h ris. T o t hi s d e fi n i ti o n s h o u ld b e add e d t h a t the

p ,

stam e ns a re i n se rte d a t a d i stan c e fro m t he pl ac e w he re t he c a

,

l yx and c oro l are i n se rte d . F or t he sta me n s are i n se rte d on

t he g e rm of t he pi stil in al l pl an ts o f t he c l ass sy ng e n e s ia , 66 0 .
b u t the y are i n se rte d in c onn e xi on w i t h the c o ro l .

T he t we n ti e t h an d twe n ty fi rst c l asses are n ame d b y prefi x

-

i ng G ree k nu me ra l s e x pre ssi v e of the n u m b e r o f pl an ts o c c u

i d b t he stam e n s and pi stil s i n o rd e r to c om pl e te a spe c i es,
p e y
t o aec i a , a G ree k d e ri v ati ve from oi kos, a ho u se T he n am e is
.

i nte nd e d to sig ni fy that t he stame ns and pi sti l s i n h ab i t th e same

o r d i ffe re n t te ne me nts.

2 0 . M on ce c i a , i nc l u d es th ose plan ts wh i c h b e ar i mperfe c t

fl owe rs w i th the stami nate and pi still ate fl owe rs on the same
l a n t— as t he o ak, c h esnu t, an d Indi an c o rn .
p
2 1 . D imoi a , i n c l u d e s those pl ants w hi c h b e ar i m pe rfe c t flow
e rs, w i t h t he stam i nate a n d pi still ate fl o we rs on se parate pl ants
—as t he h e m
p, h 0 p, w ill o w ,
a nd o l ar.
p p
M ost pl ants o f t he se t wo l ast c l asses are u n i te d in one c l ass
b y P u rsh, c all e d B i c l i n i a .

T he twe n ty se c o n d c l ass is n ame d b y pre fi xing C ry p to, a

-

G ree k d e ri v ati v e sig n i fyi ng c on c e al e d , to g a m i a , a G ree k d eri

v ati v e u se d m e taph or i c all y for t he stre wi ng of poll e n fro m the

anth e rs u pon t he stig m as of pi sti ls. I t is i n ten d ed to sig ni fy ,

 13 8 TH E T H O M S O N IA N .

stig mas— the h l ly in the fourt h c ass, and

l the l iz ard s tail in
’
as o

t he seve nt h c l ass .

5 . P y/ i nc l ud e s those
e n tag n ia,
p l an ts in an y of the fi rst th i r
tee n c l asse s, w hl c h b e r fl o we rs w i th fi v e styl es or fi ve sessil e
a
stig mas to e ac h — as sp1ke na rd i n the fi ft h c l ass, and c oc kl e in

t he te n t h c l ass.
6. H ex ag y n i a. e h av e n o W
pl ant of th i s ord er in ou r d is
tri e t.
7 . H ep t ag y n i a . We h ave no plant of thi s ord er in our d is
tric t.
8 . O ctog y n i a . We h av e n o pl an t of t hi s or er d in our d is ~

tri e t.
9. En n eag y n i a . N o pl ant has ev er b ee n fou n d w i th i
n ne
styl es .

10 . D ecag y n i a . We hav e n o pl ant of th i s ord e r in our dis

tric t.
13. P i n i a , i nc l u d es t h ose pl an ts in an y of the fi rst t h i r
olyg

tee n c l as ses , w hi c h b e a r fl o w ers w i th an y n u mb e r o f s tyl es or

se ssi le stig m as ab o v e te n — as the h o u se l ee k i n t he e l e v e n th -

c l ass, the rose i n th e t we l fth , an d the c ro w foot i n t he th i r -

tee n th .

T he d fou rtee n th an d fi fte e nt h c l asses are b u t two

or e rs of the
i n e ac h , T h ose i n t he fo u rte e n th are n am e d b y pre fi xing
m n o, a G re e k d e ri v at i v e sig n i fy i n g n ake d , or a ng i o, a G re e k
gy
d e r i v at i ve sig ni fyi ng b ag o r sac k, to sp erm i a , a d e ri v a ti ve sig
n ify ing see d I n t he fi fte e n t h th e y are n am e d b y u si n g a d e ri
.

v ati v e from the L ati n s ili qu a , a pod and from t he d i m i n u ti v e

of the sam e, s i l i cu l a .

1 . G y m n osp er m i a , i nc l ud e s th ose pl an ts of t he fo u rtee nth

c l ass w h i c h b e ar see d s w i t h o u t a ny peri c arp. T h e y g e nerall y
li e
'
n ak e d in t he b ot to m o f th e c a lyx — as of m o t h e rwort and
-

h yssop.
2 A ng i osp er m i a , i n c l u d e s t h ose pl an ts of the fo u r te en th
.

c l ass w h i h b d s i n a c su l e — as the fox gl o v e and sn a

c e a r see a
p p
-

d ragon .
1 S il ic u l osa i nc l u d es th ose pl an ts of the fi fte e nt h c l ass
. ,

w hi c h b e ar siliq u e pod s, w i t h t he l e ng th an d b re ad th ne ar l y
eq u al — as the s h e ph e rd s pu rse .
’

2 . S i l iqu osa , i n c l u d e s th ose pl an ts o f the fi ftee nt h c l ass

w h i c h b e ar s il iq u e pod s, w i t h the l e n g t h c onsid erab l y e x c ee d
ing t he b re a d t h ,
a l w ay s m o re t h an d ou b l e — as t he m ustard .

T he ord e rs o f th e s h n i ne te e n th twenti
i x teen th ,
se v e n tee nt , ,
~

e th and t we n ty fi rst c l asses a re di sti ng u i sh e d b y t he c h arac te rs

-

o f prec e di ng c l asses an d assu m e t he sam e n am e s

, Th ere fore .
,

wh en a pl an t is fou nd i n e i th e r of th e se fi v e c l asses, we i nq u i re
 M A TERI A M ED I C A . 139

whi c h di ng c l ass it wou l d fall into if its parti c u l ar

ne arest prec e ,.
.

c l assi c c h arac ter we re wanti ng T o ans wer th1 s 1 nq u1 ry gi ve s

.

the o rd er .

1 . M on a n d r i a , w h e n u se d for an ord e r in the 1 6th, 1 7th,

1 9 th, 2 0 th or 2 1 st c l ass, i nc l u d es t h ose pl an ts in e i th er of said
c l asse s w hi c h b e ar fl owe rs w i t h b u t o n e s tame n to e ac h — as or

c hi s in t he 1 9 th c l ass a nd sea e e l g rass i n the 2 0 111 . -

2 . D ia n d r i a , w h e n u se d for an o rd e r o f the l 6 th, 1 7 th , 1 9 th,

20 th or 2 l st c l ass, i n c l ud es t h ose pl an ts in e i th e r o f said c l asses
w hi c h b e ar fl o wers wi th t wo stame n s to e ac h as l adi e s sli ppe r
— ’ -

i n c l ass 1 9 , d u c k me at in c l ass 2 0 , and w il l o w i n c l ass 2 1 .

-

3 Tr ia n d r i a, w h e n u se d fo r an o rd e r i n the 1 6 th, 1 7th,

.

1 9 th, 20 th or 2 1 st c l ass, i n c l ud es t h ose pl ants in e i th e r of said

c l asses w hi c h b ear fl o we rs w i t h t h ree sta m e n s to e ac h — as b l ue

e ye d g rass i n c l ass 1 6 , I ndi an c orn in c l ass 20 , and the fig in

.

c l ass 2 1 .
4 Te tr a n d r ia , w h e n u se d for an ord e r i n the 1 6th, 1 7th,
.

1 9 th, 2 0 th o r 2 1 st c l ass, i nc l u d e s th ose pl an ts i n e i t h er of sai d

c l asse s w hi c h b ear fl o we rs w i th fou r sta me n s to e ac h — as the

n e ttl e in the 2 0 th c l ass, an d t he b ay b erry in th e 2 l st c l ass.

5 P e n ta n d r i a , w h e n u sed fo r an ord e r i n the l 6 th, 1 7th ,
.

1 9 th, 20 th o r 2 1 st c l ass, i n c l u d es t h ose pl ants i n e i th er of said

c l asse s w hi c h b e ar fl ow e rs w i th fi v e sta me n s to e ac h — as the
si on flo we r in the 1 6th c l ass, the ho w ee d i n th e 20 th, and
p a s
g
- -

t he h e m p i n t he 2 l st.
6 . H ex a n d r i a , w h en u se d for an or d e r i n the 1 6 th, 1 7th,
1 9 th, 20 th 61 2 l st c l ass, i n c l ud e s th ose plan ts i n e i t h e r of said
‘

c l asse s w h i c h b e ar fl owe rs w i t h six stame n s to eac h — as . water

o ats in t he 2 oth c l ass an d the g ree n b ri ar i n the 2 1 st. -

7 . H ep t a n d r i a , w h e n u se d for an Ord e r i n the l 6th, 1 7th,

1 9 th, 2 0 th o r 2 l st c l ass, i n c l u d es t h ose pl an ts in e i th er o f said
c l asse s w hi c h b e ar fl o we rs w i t h se ve n stam e n s to eac h — as the

stork g e ran i u m in c l ass 1 6 .

-

8 O c ta n d r i a , wh e n u se d for an ord e r i n the 1 6th, 1 7th,

.

1 9 t h, 2 0 111 or 2 l st c l ass, i nc l ud es t h ose pl an ts in e i th e r of sai d

c l asse s wh i c h b e ar fl o wers w i th e igh t stam e ns to e ac h — as the

sene c a sn ake root in c l ass 1 7, an d poplar i n c l ass 2 1

-
.

1 0 D e c a n d r i a , w h e n u se d fo r an ord er in the l 6th , 1 7 th ,

.

1 9 th, 2 0 th or 2 l st c l ass, i nc l u d es t h ose pl an ts in e i the r of said

c l asses w h i c h b e ar fl o we rs w i t h te n stame ns to e ac h — as the

ge ran i u m in c l ass 1 6, and the pea in c lass 1 7 .

1 3 P oly a n d r i a, when u se d for an ord e r in the 1 6th, 1 7th,
. . .

1 9 th, 20 th or 2 l st c l ass, i nc l ud e s th ose pl an ts in e i the r of said

c l asse s w hi c h be ar fl ow e rs w i th m o re t h an te n stam e n s to e ac h
-
as the h ol l y hoc k i n c l ass 1 6 , the b ut te rn u t in c l ass 20 , an d
-

t he m oon se ed in c l ass -

1 6 M on ad elp hia , wh e n u se d for an ord er in the 2oth or

.
 140 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

2 l st l
is n e v e r u se d in the 1 6th, 1 7 th, or 1 9 th , ) i n c l ud es
(
c ass, it

t h ose pl ants i n e i th e r o f sai d c l asse s w h i c h b e ar fl o we rs w i th

h
t e t m n i t e d b t h i r fil m n ts i n o n e se t — as the c uc u m
s a e ns u y e a e

b er i n c l ass 20 , an d t he red c ed ar in c l ass 2 1 .

T he f ou r fi rst ord e rs of c l ass e igh tee n are d i sti ng ui sh ed b y

c o m pari ng t he d i sk and ray fl o re ts. T he fi rst, se c on d and
t hi rd o rd e rs h av e pe rfe c t fl ore ts in the di s k , t he fou rth h as sta
m i n ate fl ore ts on l y i n the di sk. T he fi rst has pe rfe c t fl o re ts in
the ray , t he se c on d an d fou rth h ave pi st il l ate , and the thi rd has
ne u tra l . T he fi ft h o rd e r has parti al pe ri an th c al yx e s to al l the
fl ore ts ; w h e re as none of th e oth er o rd e rs h av e an y b u t the g e
n e ral c al yx the e g re t, w h e n pre se n t, b e i ng a su b sti t u te for the
-

e ri an t h . T h e o rd e rs of t h i s c l as s are n a me d b j o i n i n g t he
p y
w o rd p oly/g a m i a to an appropri ate adj ec ti v e . P o lyg am i a is a
G ree k d e ri vat i v e , used me taph ori c al l y to sig ni fy n u m ero u s or
g ans for c arryi n g on the proc ess of stre wi ng the fe rtilizi n g pol
.

l e n u po n stig m as. T he adj e c ti v e ce qu a l i s is u se d to sig n i fy,

t h at t he org an s for fu r n i s hi n g pol l e n are e q u aliz e d , or d u ly pro
o rti one d to the s tig m as to b e fe rtil iz e d ; s u er u a , t h at t he
p p fi
pi sti ll ate fl o re ts in t he margi n o r r ay are su pe rfl uous, e ac h fer
t il e flore t o f the di s k h av i ng stam e n s an d pi stil s i n d ue propor
ti on f r u s tr a n ea , t h at the ray flore ts are e mpty o r v ai n , h av i ng
n o stame n s or pi stil s n ec ess a r i a , t h at t he ray fl ore ts are n e ~
c ess ar for t he prod uc ti o n o f se e d , t he di s k flore ts b e i n g all sta
y
m i n ate ; seg r eg a ta , t h at the fl ore ts are di sj oi n e d, or se parate d
from e ac h ot h e r b y parti al c al yx es.

I P ol am iai nc l u d es t h ose pl ants of the 1 8 th

ce u a l i s,
.
yg q
c l ass w h i c h b e ar fl o w e rs w i t h pe rfe c t fl ore ts in b o t h the di sk
,

and ray — as t h e dan d e l i on t h i stl e and b u rd oc k , ,

.

2 P olyg a m i a s up e rfl u a i n c l u d e s t h ose pl an ts of the 1 8 th

.
,

c l ass w hi c h b e a r fl owe rs w i t h pe rfe c t fl o re ts in t he d i sk and

, ,

i still ate fl o re ts i n t he ray— as o x e y e d d ai sy an d y arro w

p .
-

3 P olyg a m i a f r u s tr a n e a i n c l u d e s t h ose pl an ts o f the 1 8 th

.
,

c l ass w h i c h b ear fl o we rs w i t h pe rfe c t fl o re ts in t he di s k and

, ,

n e u tral fl o re ts i n the ray— as the s u n fl o we r an d b l ue b ottl e -

.

4 P olyg a m i a n e c ess a r i a i nc l ud e s th ose pl an ts of t he 1 8 th

.
,

c l ass w h i c h b e ar fl owe rs w i th stam i n ate fl ore ts in the di sk and

, ,

i stil l ate fl ore ts in the r ay — as the ot maryg ol d and h ig h wa

p p
- -

ter s h ru b .

5 .P olyg am i a s eg r eg a ta , i nc l u d es th ose pl ants of the 1 8 th

c l ass, w h i c h b e ar fl o we rs w i th a peri ant h to e ac h flore t— as the
gl ob e thi stl e , and e l e ph ant s foot.
-
’

T he or e rs of the
d twe nty -
se c on d c l ass d is ti ng ui she d
are by
n atu ral famil y c h arac ters t h i s c l ass e mb rac i n six natural fa
g
m ili es.
142 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

N ote 2 . Wh e n e x erc i si ng i n the artifi c i al c l asses, the

il
pu p s
instruc tor s h ou ld di re c t t he m to b e gi n b y c ompari n g the sta
m e ns o f the pl an t u nd e r e x a m i nati o n w i th the c harac ters o f the
h igh e st nu m b e re d c l ass, and to proc ee d d o w nw ard s to w ard s t he
fi rst c l ass B e c ause t he c h arac te rs of the l ower c l asses are
.

some ti mes i nc l u d e d i n the high e r.

S Y N OP S I S OF A RT I F IC I A L CL A S S ES .

1 M on a n d r i a , 1 stam e n in the fl owe r,

.

2 . D ia n d r i a , 2 sta me n s.
3 . Tr i a n d r i a , 3 sta me n s.
4 . Te tr a n d r i a , 4 stame n s.
5 P e n t a n d r i a , 5 sta m e ns.
.

6 H ez a n d ri a , 6 sta me ns.
.
sta m e n s.
7 . H ep ta n d r i a , 7 stam e n s.
8 O c ta n d r i a , 8 stam e ns
. .

9 . En n e a n d r i a , 9 stame n s .
1 0 . D e c a n d r i a , 1 0 stam e n s .

1 1 D od e c a n d r i a , 1 2 to 1 9 stam en s.
.

1 2 . I c os a n d r i a , ab o u t 20 or m ore , standi ng on the

ca lyx .

13. P oly a n d r i a , al wa y s 20 or m ore, on the re c e p

tac le .
1 4 . D idg/n a m i a , 4 stame n s, 2 of th e m u n i forml y
t he l o n g e st.
1 5 . Te tr a d y n a m i a , 6 stam e ns, 4 of th e m un i form
'

l y t he l o ng est .
1 6 . M on a d e lp hi a , stam e n s u n i te d b y th e i r fil ame nts
i n o ne se t — an th e rs g e neral l y se parate .

1 7 . D ia d e lp hi a , stam e n s u n i te d b y t h e i r fi l am e nts
i n two se ts, so m e ti mes in one se t, wi t h papi
l ionac e ou s c orols.
1 8 . S y ng en es i a , s ta me ns 5 , u n i te d b y t h e i r an
t he rs i n o n e se t, fl o wers c om pou nd .
1 9 . G y n a n d r i a , stam e ns stand o n t he germ, styl e
o r sti g m a, se parate fro m the b ase o f t he c al yx

and c oro l
l 20
.
P osi ti on .
. M m e ns and pi stil s in separate flow
on wc ia , sta

e rs o n t he same pl an t.

2 1 . D ire c ia , stame ns an d pi stil s on se parate pl an ts.

22 . Cr yp tog a m i a, stame ns an d pi stil s so ob sc ure
N atu r a l. t h at t he pl ants c an only b e c l asse d b y natural
famil i e s.
1 44 1 11 1: TH O M S O N I A N

RA L O RDERS
N A TU .

P l ants of the sam e n atural o rder ag ree in h ab i t and m ostl y ,

i n me d i c i n al prope rti e s Wh e n th e y d ifler in th ese prope rti es

.
,
the d i ffe re n c e is i ndi c ate d b y t he od or .

T he n at u ral ord e rs o f L i nn ae u s are re tai ne d on ac c ou n t o f ,

the b o o ks i n u se w hi c h re fe r to t h e m Ju ssie u has i m prov e d

.

U pon L i n n ae u s g re atl y M e di c al st ud e n ts o u gh t to arran g e

.

t h e i r pl an ts ac c o rdi n g to Ju ssie u i n t he he rb a ri u m .

S tu d e n ts s ho uld b e told th at m an y pl an ts m ay posse ss the

,

q u al i ti es o f the o rd e rs to w hi c h th e y b e l on g th ough m a ve1 y ,

fe e b le and sc arc e l y pei c e ptib le d eg re e

N A TU RA L O RD ERS OF L IN N EU S .

D
( fie n it ion s
)
1. P a l m ce . P l m s and
a t h e i r re l ati ve s ; as c oc oan u t, frog s
’

b it
. F a r i n a c eou s d iet .

2 P ip er itce
. P e ppe r and its re l ati v e s
. I n c row d e d spi kes ;
.

as I nd i a n t u rni p, swee t flag Ton ics an d s tom a c hi cs

. .

3 C a l a m a r i ce . Ree d l i ke g r asse s w i t h c u l t us wi th ou t j oi n ts ;
.

as c at tail , se d ge C oa rse c a t tl e f od d er .
.

4 G 1 am 1 na
. T he pro pe r g rasses wi t h j oi nte d c u l ms ; as
w h e at, ry e , oats, t i m ot h y g rass, I n di an c orn . F a r in a c eou s d i et
-

and c a ttl e f od d er .

5 . Tr ip eta l oid ece . C orol th ree petal l e d , or c al yx th re e l eav

ed ; as w ate r plan tai n , rus h g rass, arrow h e ad . -

T on i cs , and
-

r oug h c a ttl e f od d er .

6 . En s a tm. L ili ac e ou s pl an ts, w i th sw ord fo rm l e av e s , as

i ri s, b l u e e y e d g rass, V i rgi n i an spid e r wort. A n tisc or b u ti cs and
ton i cs .
7 . O r ch id ece . Wi th fl e sh y roots , stame n s on thepi stil s
pol ,

le n gl uti no u s, fl ow e rs O f si n g u l ar stru c tu re , w i t h t he g e rm in
fe r ior ; as l ad i es sli pper, are th usa. F a r i n a c eou s d i et, an d s to~
m a chioe .
8 S c i ta m i n ece . L il i ac eou s c orols, ste m s he rb ac eou s, l e av e s
.

b road , g e rm b l un t an g u l ar ; as gi n g er, tu rm eri c . Wa r m i ng

s tom a c hi c s .

9 S p a tha c ece . L il i ac e ou s pl ants w i th spath es as d aflb d il ,

.

*
on i o n , sn ow d ro p. -
S ec e r n a n t s ti m u l a n ts .

1 0 . C or on a ri ce . L ili ac e o u s pl an ts w i th o u t spath e s ; as l il y ,
tu l i p, star g rass.
-
T he n a use o us sc e nted and b i tte r a re a n ti
s cor b u t i c a nd c a tha r t ic , th e oth ers em oll i en t.
1 1 . S a r m e n t a c ece . L il i ac e ous c orols w i t h v e ry we ak ste m s ;
as sm il ax , asparag u s, b e ll wort. Ton i c s and sec er n a n t s ti m a
-

l a n ts .
1 2. O ler a c ew, or H ol er a c ew. H av i n g fl owe rs d esti tu te of

Whic h p r om ote the sec re tion of p er spir ab l e m atter ,

8m .
 14 6 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

fl ower, v o e t
,
i l di nal
c ar -
flower. C a tha rti cs, and secer n a n t sti
m u l a n ts .
3 0 C on tor tae.
. C orols twi ste d o r c on torte d a s m il k weed , -

peri wi n kl e , c hoke dog . C a tha r t ics and a n ti sc or b u ti cs .

-

3 1 . V ep r ecu lae. H av i ng monophyl l ou s c aly xe s, c ol o re d l ik e

c orols ; as l e at h e r wood , t h esi u m . A n ti sc or b u t ic and em eti c .
3 2 . P ap ili on a c ece . H avin g papilion ac e ous fl o we rs ; as pe as,
m
b e ans, l oc ust tree c l over. E oll ie n t, d iu r eti c , n u tr i en ti c .

3 3 . L om e n ta c ece H av ing leg u me s or l o me n ts b ut n ot pe rfe c t

papili onac e ous fl owers w i t h u n i te d fil ame n ts as c assi a, se nsi
t i ve pl an t. Em ol li e n t, a s tr i ng e n t , c a thar it c .

3 4 . C u c u r b i ta c ew F ru i t pu m pki n l i ke , anth ers m ostl y u n i t

.

ed as m e l ons, c u c u mb ers, assi on flo we r. C th t i an d r e

p a a r c
i
f g er a n t.
r
3 5 S en tic osaa. P ri c kl y o r h ai ry, w i th pol y pe tal ous c orols,
.

and a n u m b e r of see d s e i th er n a ke d o r sligh tly c ov ere d as rose ,

;
raspb e r ry , straw b erry . A str i ng en t and r ef r ig er a n t .

3 6 P om a c ece . H av i n g m an y stam e n s o n t he c al yx , and

.

d ru pac eo us o r pom ac e o us fr u i t ; as pe ar, c u rran t, pe ac h, c h e r

r y. Ref r ig er a n ts
3 7. C ol u m n iferae. S tame ns u n i te d i n the form of a c ol u mn,
as h oll yh oc k, m al l o w s, c otton . Em ol li en t.
3 8 . Tr i c oc cce. H av i n g t h ree c e l l e d c apsu l es ; as c astor O il
- -

p l an t, spurg e , b ox . C a th a r t ic .

3 9 . S il iqu os ce . H av i n g sil iq u e pod s ; as c ab b ag e , m ustard ,

sh e ph e rd s
’
pu rse . D i u r eti c , A n t isc or b u t i c , N u t r i e n t i c .

4 0 P e rson cc tce . H av i n g pe rson ate c o rols ; as sn ap d rag on,

. -

monke y flo we r. D eobstr u en ts and c a tha r ti cs .

-

4 1 . A sp er if oli ce . C orols m ono pe tal o us, w i t h fi v e stame ns,

see d s fi ve , nake d , l e av e s ro u g h ; as c o m fre y , ston e se ed , li
(
t hospe rm u m .) A str i ng en ts an d d eob st r u en ts .
4 2 V er ti c il l a ta . H av i n g l ab i ate flo we1 s ; as sag e , t h y me,
.

c at m i n t, m oth er wort. S tom a chics an d as tr i ng e n ts .

4 3 . D u m osce . B ush y pi t hy pl an ts w i t h s m all fl o we rs, pe tal s
i n fou r o r fi ve di v i si ons ; as su mac h , e ld e r, h olly . Ton i c and
c a th a r t i c .
4 4 . S ep i a r ice . H av i n g m ostl y tu b u l ar d i v id ed c o rols and fe w
stam e ns, b e i ng orn ame ntal sh ru b s ; as l il ac , j asm i ne A s tr eng en t .
.

4 5 . U m b e l l a tm. F l owe rs i n u m b e l s, w i th fi ve pe tal l e d c o -

rol s, stame ns fi v e , sty l es t wo, an d t wo n ake d se e ds ; as fe nne l ,

d ill , c arrot, po i son h e m l oc k . S tom a ch i c and n a r c oti c .

4 6 . H ed er a cece . C o rol s fi v e c l e ft, stame ns fi ve to ten, fru i t

-

b e rry l ik e on a c om pou nd rac e m e ; as g rape , gi nse ng , spi ke

-

nard . Ton i c s an d r ef r ig er a n ts .
4 7 . S tell a tce . Corols fo ur c l e ft, stame ns fou r, seed s two na
’
ked , l eav es m ostl y wh orl e d ; as b ed straw, d og wood, v enus
-

r id e. T on i cs and d eob stru en ts .

p
 ‘

M A TERIA M ED I C A . 14 7

48 . A g g r eg a te . H av i ng ag g reg ate flowe rs ; as b u tton b u sh , -

mars h rose mary . Ton i cs and secer n a n t s t im u l a n ts .

4 9 C omp os itce . A l l the c o m pou nd fl o we rs ; as su n flo we r,
.
-

b onese t, tanse y , t hi stl e Ton i c s and sec er n a n t s tim u l a n ts .

.

5 0 . A m e n t a c ece B e ar i ng pe n d an t am e n ts ; as h az le , oak ,
.

c h e snu t, w il l ow. A str ing e n ts .

5 1 C on if er ae
. B e ari n g strob il e s ; as pi ne , j um per, c e d ar.
.

Ton ics a nd s tom a chi cs .

5 2 C oa d u n a te
. S e ve ral b e rry l ik e peri c arps, w h i c h are ad
.
-

n ate ; t uli p t re e , m ag n ol i a .
-
Ton i cs .

5 3 . S c a b r i d ce . L e av es rou g h , fl owers d e sti tu te of b e au ty ;

as n e ttl e , h e m p, hop, e l m A s tr i ng en ts . .

5 4 M is c ell a n ea
. P l an ts n ot arran g e d b y an y parti c u l ar
.

c h arac te r ; as pon d l il y, po ke weed , a maran th . T h e i r q u al i ti es

- -

are v a r i ou s .
5 5 . F il i c es . A l l fe rn s ; as b rake s, m aid e n h ai r. S ecer n a n t
s ti m u l a n ts .
5 6 M u sc i . A l l mosses ; as pol y tri c h u m . C a tha r ti cs and
.

s ec e r n a n t s ti m u l a n ts .

5 7 A lg eae. A ll l i v e rwo rts, li c h e n s, and se a w e e d s ; as j un

.
-

e r man n ia , fuc u s, u sne a. T an i es.

g
5 8 . F u ng i A ll fu n g use s ; as m u shr oom, toad stool , pu ff
.
-

b all , touc h wood , m o u ld . Ton ics an d c a tha r ti cs .

-

EG ET A B LE S K EL ET ON V .

T he preparati on s of l e av e s fr u i ts roots doc c all e d v ege tab l e , , ,

.

s ke l e t ons are mad e i n t h i s m an ner

,
C h oose for thi s pu rpose .

t he l e av e s of t re es or pl a n ts w h i c h are som e w h at sub stan ti al

,

an d to u gh and h ave wood y fi b re s su c h as t he l e av es o f oran g e

, , ,

j esm i ne b ay l au rel c h e rry a pri c ot pe ac h pl um appl e pe ar

, , , , , , , , ,

opl ar oak an d t he l i ke b u t av oi d su c h l e av es as h av e n on e
p , ,

of the w oody fi b re s w hi c h are to b e se parated an d prese rv e d b

y
t hi s m e t h od suc h are t he l e a v e s o f t h e v i n e l i me tree an d the ,
-

l ik e T he l eav es are to b e g ath e re d in the m onth s of J u ne or

.

J u l y an d suc h to b e c h ose n as are sou n d and u ntou c he d b y

,

c ate rpill ars or othe r i n se c ts

,
T h e se are to b e put i n to an e ar
.

t h e n or gl ass v esse l a nd a l arg e q u an t i ty o f r ai n wate r to b e

,
-

pou re d o ve r t h e m ; an d afte r t h i s th e y are to b e l e ft to the open

air and to the h e at of the s u n
, w i th ou t c ov e ri ng the v esse l .
,
Wh e n the water e v aporates so as to l e av e the l eav es d ry more , ,

m u st b e add ed in its pl ac e : the l e aves w il l b y thi s m ean s p11

t re fy b ut the y req u ire a di ffe re n t t i m e fo r th i s ; some w i l l b e
, ‘

fi n i sh e d in a mont h and ot h e rs w il l req u i re t wo mon th s or lon

,

ac c ordi ng to the hard ness of the

g e,
r
pare n c hy m a of t h em .

Wh en th e y h av e b een in a state of pu trefac ti on some ti me the

t wo memb ranes w il l b egi n to se ar ate , and the g ree n art of the
p p
 14 8 TH E T HO M S O N IA N

l e af to b ec ome fl uid : th e n the o pe rati on of c l eari ng 1 s to b e pe r

for me d . T he l e af is t h e n to b e put u pon a fl at w h i te e arthe n
p l a te ,
a n d c ove re d w i t h c le ar w a te r
; a nd b e i n g g e n tl y s ue e z
q
e d w i th the fi ng e r, t he m e m b rane s w il l b e gi n to o e n , an d t he
p
g ree n su b stan c e wil l c om e ou t at the e d g es ; the me m b rane s
m ust b e c are ful ly tak e n off w i th a fi ng e r, and g re at c au ti on m u st.
b e u se d 1 n se parati ng the m n e ar t he m iddl e l ib . Wh e n o n c e
t h e re is an o pe ni ng tow ard s the se parat i on , the w h ol e me m ~
b ran e al way s fo ll o ws e asil y : w h e n b o t h m e m b ranes are ta ke n
off, t he s ke l e to n is fi ni sh e d , an d it 1s to b e w ash e d c l e an w i t h

wate r, and t h e n prese rv e d b e t we e n t he l e av es o f a b oo k.

T he fru i ts are d i v e ste d o f th e i r pu l p, an d m ad e i nto ske l e tons
in a di ffe re nt m ann e r. T a ke , for i n stan c e , a fi n e l arg e pe ar
t h at 1 s so ft, and n ot strong ; le t it be n i c e l y pare d w i th ou t sq u eez~
ing it, a nd wi th o ut h u rti ng e i th e r the c row n o r the stal k , th e n
p u t it i n to a po t o f rai n w ate r c o ve r it se t i t o v er the fi re , a n d
, ,

l e t it b oi l g e n tl y til l i t is pe rfe c tl y soft, th e n take it o u t, and l ay

it i n a d i sh , fi ll e d w i th c o l d w ate r ; t he n h old i t b y t he stal k
w i t h o ne h an d , and w i th t he othe r h an d ru b off as m u c h of th e
pu l p as y o u c an w i t h t he fi n g e r an d th u m b , b egi n n i n g at the
s tal k, a nd ru b b i ng i t re g u l ar l
y to w ard s the c row n . T he fi b re s
a re m ost te nd e r to w ard the e x tre m i ti e s, an d t h e re fo re to b e t re at

e d w i t h g re at c a re t h e re . Wh e n the pu l p is th u s c l eare d pre t

ty w e l l off, t he poi n t o f a fi ne pe n kn i fe m ay b e o f u se to pi c k
a way the u l s t i ki ng to the c o re I n o rd e r to see h o w the
p p c .

O pe rati o n ad va nc e s, t he fo u l w ate r m ust b e th ro w n a wa y fro m

t i me to ti me , a n d c l e an pou re d o n i n its pl ac e . Wh e n t he pu l p
is in thi s m anne r pe rfe c tl y se parated , t he c l ean sk e l e ton is to b e
r eser v e d in s i ri t o f w i n e
p p .

S ke l e to ns of roots w hi c h h av e w oody fi b re s, su c h as turni ps,

an d the l ik e , m u st b e m ad e b b oil i ng t he root, w i t h ou t pee l i n g
y
it, till it: b e soft, t h e n the pu l p m ay b e sq u e ez e d aw ay b y the fi n
g e rs in the same m ann e r i n a di s h of wate r. M an y ki nd s o f
ro ots a1 e t h us m ad e i n to e l e g an t s ke l e to n s, an d t he sa m e me t h

o d su c c e e d s w i t h the b a rks o f se ve ral ki nd s of t re e s ; wh i c h ,

w h e n t h us t re ated , aflord e x tre me l y e l eg ant v i e ws of t h e i r c on~
stitu te fi b res.
15 0 T H E TH O M S O N IA N

V OCA BU L A RY .

A RU P T l e af . A p in n ate l e a f, w hic h h as n ot an odd or te rm i nal l e a fe t.

B

A C C ES S O RY . A d dit i on al . A n ne xe d , a n d of a d ifl e r ent kin d wh e n a ppl ie d to

t h e b or d e r , &c . of t he r e c e p tac l e of a l ic he n .
A C I N A C I F O RM l e a f . S a b r e for m . O ne e d g e shar p an d c onv e x , th e o ther thick
-

e r a nd str ai g ht or c on c av e . C u tlass f or m . -

A C I N E. O n e of t he l i ttl e g l ob u l e s c o n sti tu ting a dom p ou nd b err y a s the

r a sp b e rr y .

A C U M I N A T E. kind of l eaf t e r m i na ting m or e or l ess su dde nly i n a p oint

A ny

t u r ne d t owar d s o ne e d g e of t h e l e a f .

A C U T E T er m ina ti ng i n a n an g l e ; t ha t is, n ot r ou n d e d .
.

A D N A T E. A d her i ng . A ny t wo or m or e p ar ts of t he pl ant b e i ng a tta c he d to

e a c h oth er .
fl
A G G REG A T E. H av ing on the sam e r ec e p t acl e s e v e ral ow er s, who se a nth er s
a r e n o t u n it e d , as t e a se l , b u tto n b u sh , S t e .
-

fl
A I G RET T E, EG RET . T h e y ing , f e a th e r y, or hair y c r ow n of se e d s ; a s t he
d o w n of t hi stl e s an d d and e li o ns . I t i n c l u de s w h atev e r r e m ain s on t h e t op
of th e se e d a f t er t h e c or ol i s r em ov e d .
— stiped (st ip ul a tu s) w h e n it is su p p or te d on a f oot st em . -

si mpl e (sim p l e x ) w h e n i t c on sists of a b u n d l e of sim p l e h a ir s, wi thou t

b ra n c h e s.
l u mose (pl u m osu s) w h e n e a c h h a ir h as o ther li ttl e h air s arran g e d al ong
p
it s si d e s, l ik e t h e b e ar ds o n a f e a th e r .

memb r a n ous , t hi n t r a nsp a r e n t l e av es .

fl
A L T ERN A T E. B ran c h es , l e av es, o wers, 81 C . ar e al ter n ate , w h e n ar ran g e d u p
on o p p o site sid es o f th e ste m , or w ha te ver su p p or ts t he m ; b e g inning a t di f
q
f e r e nt d i sta nc e s fr om i ts b ase , a nd c on tinu ing i n n e ar l y e ual se r i es. S o m e
t im e s th e y ar e i n t hr e e se r i es.
A M EN T . A n a sse m b l a g e o f fl o w e r b e ar ing s c a l es, arra n g e d on a sl e n d er
-

t hr e a d or r e c e p ta c l e e a c h sc al e g e n e r al l y c on s t itu ti ng t he l at e r al c al yx of

a flo w er
— a s i n t he w ill ow , c he sn u t, p in e .&c .
A N G U L A R. B y m e a n s of int er v e n i ng g roov e s, th e stem s, c al yx es, c apsul es
S t e . hav e r id g e s r u nn in g l e ng t hw i se .

A N N U A L . Wh ic h sp ri n g s u p , per f e c ts f r u it , a nd di e s in th e sam e y e ar .
A N O D Y N ES . S u b sta n c e s w h ic h p ro m ot e sl e e p .
A N O M A L O U S . Wha te v e r f or m s a n ex c e pti on t o th e assu m e d r ul e s or sy st em s.
A N T II ER. T he k nob of th e stam e n , w hic h c o n ta i ns t he p oll en.
-

A N T I S C O RB U T I C S S u b sta nc es w hic h c u r e er u ptions.

.

A P ET A L O U S . A fl
ow er W i t hou t a c or e ] .

A P EX T he tip or t o p e n d .
.

A P OP H Y S IS A p r oc ess f r om the b ase of th e c ap su l e of a m oss.

.

A P P E N D A G E — stip ul e, a l e a f e t or scal e a t or n e ar t h e b a se o f a p e ti ol e .
- fl
b r a c t , a l e af a m on g or n ear t he ow e r s, differ e nt fr om t h e o ther l e av es of
t h e p la n t .
—thor n , a sharp pr oc ess fr om th e w oo d y p a rt of a pl an t .
—pr i ck l e, a s har p p r oc ess f rom t he b ark , a s t ho se on r aspb erry b u shes 8 m -
.

sti ng , h a ir lik e p ro c esse s , m o stl y f r o m t h e l e av es, a s n e t tl e s .

- -

l a nd , a r o u ndi sh, g e n er al ly m i n u te, a p p e nd age t o difl e r e nt p ar ts of

g
p1a nts.
ten d r i l , th e fi l i for m ap p e n d ag e b y w hic h c l im b ing pl an ts sup p or t them
se l v e s on o t he r b o d i es .
Q
A U A T I C . G ro wi ng m ost na t urall y i n or n e ar wa ter .
A RA C H N O I D EU S . Resem b l ing a sp id e r w e b .

A RI L , fl ml l u s . T h e o u ter c oa t of a se e d , w hic h , n ot c on tr ac tin g wi th i t in r i

i f a ll s off
p e n n g, .

A RRO W F O RM . S hap e d lik e a n arr ow h e a d, d ifl e ring from c or da te in hav ing

-
-

t he h in d l ob e s m or e or l e ss a c u te .
z
A S C EN DI N G . Rising g ra du al ly b e twe e n a hor i on tal a nd v er tic al p osition .
 M A TERI A M ED I C A . 15 1

A S T RI N G EN T S . S ub stanc e s w hic h c ond e n se th e fi b r e s a nd c on sol id ate re l axe d

p ar ts . T he y b ra c e u p d e b ilita te d i n testi ne s, a nd apph e d e xter n al l y r estr ain

b l e e din g w o u n d s, S ec .
A U C T U S C A L Y X . H a v i n g a n outer r ow o f l e afe ts, as t he d ande h on .
0

A W L F O RM . L i ne ar a t t he b a se , and b e c om ing m or e or l e ss c u rv e d at th e
-

p oint .

A WL P O I N T ED . A c u m in ate .
-

A WN . A sho rt sl e nd er pr oc ess or st iff b ear d, p r oc e e ding fr om th e t op or b ack

'

of g l u m e s or c hafl .
’

A e . T he ar m p it . A p p l ie d t o v e g e tab l e s, i t m e an s th e an gl e f or m e d b y
-

t he m e e tin g of a l e a f or p e t iole wi t h t he st em , or of a b ra nc h wi th the m ain

S te m .
A e L A RY . A ny t h in g g r ow m g f r om t he a xil s.
B A N N ER. T he u pp e r p e tal i n a p a p i lion a c e ou s ow e r . fl
K
B A R . T he i nne r s tro ng fi b r ous p ar t of th e c ov e r ing of v e g e tab l e s.
B A S I S . B ase . T h e par t of a ste m , l e af, ow er , 8 m . n e ar e st flto the pl ac e
t hr o ug h w hi c h i t d e r iv e s i t s n u tr im e n t .

K
B EA ED . T e r m i n a t e d b y a p r o c e ss f or m e d l ik e a b i r d ’
s b il l .

B EL L F O RM . H oll o we d ou t w i th i n the b ase , an d g e n erall y div e r g ing u p w ar ds,

-

as C a n t e rb ur y b e ll s , g e n ti an , 8 m
-
.

B ERRY . A p u l py p e r ic ar p e n c l osing se e d s w i thou t a ny c ap sul e, as c u rr an t,

g rap e , c uc u m b e r , m e l on .

fl
B I EN N I A L . S p r ing in g u p on e summ er , ower ing an d d y ing the n ext, a s whe at .
B I F U RC A T E. F or k e d t wic e .
B I P IN N A T E T w i c e p i n n at e .
.

B IP I N N A T IF ID D o u b l y p i nnat ifi d
. Whe n the divi sions of a p inna tifi d l e af
.

ar e c u t i n, o r p inna ti fi d a g a i n .

B I T ERN A T E. T r ic e t er nate w h en t he p e ti ol e i s t er m in ate , an d e ac h div i sion

b ear s t hr e e l e a fe ts.
B O A T F O RM -
H oll ow o ne sid e , w i th a c om p r e ssed l ong itu din al r i dg e o n th e
.

o pp o si t e sid e .
‘

B O RD ER i n L I C H EN S . T he e d g ing of t he ir r e cep ta c l e s (ap othe c i u m .) I t i s

p r op er , w h e n of t h e sam e su b sta n c e a n d c ol or of t he r ec e p ta c l e . I t i s a o
ce zssor y w he n of a d iff e r e n t su b stan c e or c olor fr om th e di sk of t h e r ec e ta
, p
c le .
B RA C T . S e e A p pe n da g e .
B RA N C H I N G . H av i ng t he whol e r o ot div id e d i nt o p ar ts as i t pr oc e e ds d own
w ar d s , as the oak , a pp l e tr ee , 81 C . -

B RI S T L E F O RM -Rese m b ling a b ristl e .

.

B R1 S T L Y . S e t wi t h stiflfh a i rs.
B U L B O U S Ro o T s. F l eshy an d sp h e r ic al . T hey ar e eith er solid , as th e tu r nip
-

c o at e d, a s t he oni on ; or sc al y , a s th e g a r d e n l ily .

B U T T O N S , T r i c ce . T h a t k ind of re c e p tac l e of lic he ns w hic h, w hen m ag ni fi e d ’

r ese m b les a c oil e d h or se h a ir T h e y a re r ou ndish, se ssil e , u n e x p an din g
-
.

c om p a c t, b l ac k a n d soli d ; c o n tin u e d al o n g t h e ir w h ol e sur fa c e . U

p p er sid e
t he y are in c onc e ntr i c , or c oil e d, p l ait e d , a nd tw i st e d f ol d s c ov er e d e v er
y
hg r w it h th e sam e m e m b ran e c on tain ing se e d s w i thou t c e ll s or c ase s
g t;
an

C A DU C O U S . A ny p ar t of a pl ant i s c ad uc o u s whi c h f al l s O ff e arli er , c ompar e d

w ith o the r p ar ts o f t he sam e p l a nt , t ha n i s u su a l f or sim il ar p ar t s i n m ost

l
p a nts ; as t he c al yx of th e p appy f al l s off b efor e the c orol i s h ar dl y e xp an d
e i
C E S P I I O S E T u r fy . S e v e r al p l an ts gr o wing tog e ther, or fr om th e sam e r oot
'

t .
,
f orm m g a tu r f .

C A L Y C L ED . S e e a n otu s.
C A L Y P T RA . T he c ap o r h ood of p istill a te m osse s, r ese m b l ing in f orm and o.
p
s1 t 1 on a n e xt in g u i sh e r se t on a c and l e. C onspic u ou s i n th e c omm on h a ir
c ap m oss .

C A L Y X. T he ou te r or l ower p ar t of th e ow er . fl
CA M B T he m u c il a g inous or g el a tinou s su b stan c e whi c h in the s r in of t he
p
.
g
y e a r a b ou nds b e t we e n th e b a rk a nd t he w ood of tr e e s .
C A P I L L A RY . H air f orm l on g e r than b r i stl e f or m in pr op or tion t o i ts thick
-
-

,
n e ss .
15 2 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

C A P I T A T E. H e ad f or m ; g r owi ng i n h e a ds.
-

C A P S U L E T ha t ki nd of p e r ic ar p w hic h o p e n s b y v a lv e s or p or e s an d b e com e s
.

d r y w he n r i p e ; a s t h e p op p y , w hi c h o p e ns b y p or e s, an d t he m ul l e i n b y
v a lv es .
C A RI N A T E, se e k e e l e d .

fl
0

C A RT I L A G I N O U S . H ar d an d som e w ha t e xib l e . I t a p pl ie s to a l e a f, w he n i t
i s b o u nd a ro u n d w it h a stro ng m ar g in , d iff er e nt f r om t he d isk of t h e l e a f .
C A RY O P H Y L L EO U S . H a v i ng fi v e sing l e p e ta ls, e a c h t erm i nati ng i n a l ong
c l aw , e n c l ose d i n a tu b u l ar c a l y x as p i n k, 81 C .
K
C A T I N . S e e a m e nt .

C A T H A RT I C S . S u b stan c e s w h ic h stim u l a t e the i n te stin es so a s t o ha ste n and

i nc r e a se e v ac ua ti ons.
CA U L IN E G r ow i n g on th e m a i n stem .
.

C A U S T rc s. S u b st a n c e s whi c h c orr o de , b ur n, or dissolv e th e p ar t w i th whic h

t he y c om e i n c on tac t .
C EL L . T h e hollow p art or c a v i t y of a p er ic a r p o r a n th e r . I t is m or e g e n e
r all y a p p lie d t o t h e c av it ie s O f p e r ic ar p s ; w h e r e s e e ds are l o dg e d A c c or d.
.

i ng t o t he nu m b e r s of t he se , the p e r ic ar p s ar e c al le d on e c ell ed , two c ell ed ,

St e .

C EL L U L A R I N T EG U M EN T . T he p ar e n c h ym ou s su b sta n c e b e tw e e n th e c u ticl e
a n d b a r k , of te n g r e e n . Ea sil y see n i n t he e ld er , 81 C. af te r r e m ov i ng t he c u
t ie l e .
C EL L U L ES , c is tu l az. T h a t k i n d o f r e c e p ta c le o f l ic h e ns whic h i s g l o b ose , t e rm i
n a l , a n d f or m e d of t h e s u b sta nc e s o f t he fr o nd I t i s fi lle d w i t h u n c oa te d
.

s e e d s , i nt er m ixe d w it h fi b r e s a t l e n g th i t b ur sts irr e g u l a rl — S mi th.

y
C ES P I T O S E. S e e c aesp itose .
C H A N N EL L ED . H ollow e d ou t long i tu d inall y w i th a r ou nd e d gr oov e of c ou si
d e ra b l e d e p th .

C I L I A T E Ed g e d w it h p a rall el h a ir s or b r istl es r e se m b l ing e y e l a sh e s

.
-
.

C L A S P IN G S essil e w ith t he b a se m or e or l e ss h ea rt f orm , so a s e ntir e l y or in

.
-

p a r t t o su rrou nd t he ste m .
C L A V A T E. C l u b f orm ~ G r owi ng l a rg e r t ow a r d s t he e nd .
.

C L A W. T he l o wer n arr o w p ar t o f a p e tal , b y w h ic h i t i s fi xe d on th e c al yx

or r e c e p ta c l e . I t c an e xi st on ly i n pol yp e ta lo u s c or o l s .

C L EF T . S p lit d ow n n ot e xc e e din g ha lf w a y t o t he b a se w it h n e ar l y stra ig ht

e d g e s o n b o t h sid e s of t he fi ssu r e T h e p a r ts i n to w hic h i t is spl i t ar e
.

n u m b re e d i n d e sc r ip t ion s ; a s o n c e sp l i t , m a k i ng t wo div i sion s, i s c a l l e d 2

c l e f t ; t w o S p li ts, 3 c l ef t , &C -
.

C L EF T S , l ir ell cc . T hat ki nd o f r ec e p ta c l e o f li c hen s w hic h i s O p e n , e l on g at e d ,

'

se ssil e , b l a c k , v e r y n a rr ow or li n ear , w i th a som e w h at sp o n g y d i sk ; t he

b or de r is p ar a ll e l on e ac h sid e , a n d pr o p e r . S o m e tim e s i t h a s a n a c c essor y
b or d e r fr om the c r u st b es id es. T h e c l ef ts a r e e it h er sim pl e a nd sol itar y , or
a gg r e g a te , c o n fl u e nt a n d b r a n c he d
— S mi th .

C L t M B t N G . A sc e ndin g b y m e a n s of t e nd r il s, a s g r a p es ; b y l e a f stalk s , a s v ir
-

b a u lin e r a d ic l e s, or r o o tl e ts, a s t h e c r e e p in
g A m e ric a n iv y ,
’
g in s b o w e r y c

(r hu s r adi c an s ) I t diff e 1 5 fr om twin i ng , w hic h se e .

.

C L U B F O RM . S e e C l av a t e
- .

C O B WEB B ED . S e e a rac hn oid eu s.

C O C H L EA T E. C o il e d s p iral ly lik e a sn a il S hell -
.

C O I L ED T w i ste d l ike a r op e , or r a t he r re s e m b l in g th e f or m of on e thr e ad of

'

a r o p e a fte r t he o t her t h r e a d s ar e r e m ov e d .

C oL O REd . I n t he l a ng u ag e of b ot a ny , an y p ar t of a p l a nt i s n o t c ol ore d w he n
i t is g re e n ; a s t he c al yx of t he a p pl e i s sa id n o t t o b e c o lo r e d , b ec a use i t i s
g r ee n ; a nd th a t o f t he n a st u rt io n is c ol or e d , b e c a u se i t i s n o t g r ee n .
CO L U M EL L A . T he c e n tr al c ol u m n i n a c ap sul e , t o w h ic h t he se ed s ar e at
t ac h e d
j
C O M M I S S U RE T he oining sid e s o f p a ir s, a s of f e nn e l see ds .
.

C O M M O N . A ny p ar t i s c o mm o n w hic h se r v e s t o inc l u d e or sustain sev er al

a r t s S im il ar a m on g th e m se l v es
p ,
-

p er i an th. I nc l u din g se v e r a l fl
ore t s, a s i n th e t hi stl e .
—i nvol u c r e. S u rr ounding t he b ase of the p e d un cl e s in an u mb el , which ar e
s ub divide d ab ov e .
15 4 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

DEL T OI D. A l e a f w ith f ou r c or n e r s tha t i s, th e st em , one at the ap ex,

on e a t

a n d o ne o n e a c h sid e b u t t he
; sid e o ne s ar e n e a r e r t o t h e b a se t ha n t o t h e

ape x . Whe n t he sid e a ng le s ar e a b o u t a s ne ar to the ap e x a s to t he b ase , i t

i s c a ll e d a r homb oid l eaf . B ot h ki nd s a r e c a ll e d d ia mon d f or m i n En gl ish . -

DEN S E. C l o se , c om p ac t . A
p anic l e w i t h ab u n dan c e of fl ow er s v e ry c l ose , i s
d e nse . S e e t hyr se .
DEN T A T E T oo t he d .
.

DEN T I C U L A T E. H av ing v e r y sm all t e e th .

DEO B S T RU EN T S . S u b stance s w h ic h r e m ov e ob stru c tion s.
DET ERG EN T S . S u b sta n c es c al c u l a t e d f or c l e a nsi n g .

DI A P H O RET I C S . T h ose se c e rna nt st i m u l a nts wh i c h pro m ote p er sp ir ati on m or e

p ar tic ul arl y .
DI CH O T O M O U S . F ork e d . S tem , 8 m p ar te d i n p air s , e a ch b ra n c h p ar te d in
.

p a ir s a g a i n, a n d so on . Wh e n i t i s p ar te d b u t on c e , i t i s m o r e p r op er l y
c a ll e d f or k e d .
DI D Y N A M O U S . B e l on g in g to or v ar y in g i nt o t h e c la ss d id y n am i a .
DI F F U S ED . S pr eading . Ex p an d e d i n a n op e n l oo se m an ne r .
DI G I T A T E. F i n g e r e d . Whe n t he b a se of se v er al l e a f e ts r e sts o n t he e n d of
o n e p e ti ol e as the str aw b e r r y a n d fi v e fi n g e r .

DI L A T ED . Exp and e d , w i fic n e d .

D HEC I O U S . B e lo ng i ng t o or v ar y in g i nto th e c l ass diaec ia .

D I S C O I D . H a v in g a d i sk w i th o ut r ay s .

K
DI S . T h e w hol e su r fa c e of a l e af, or O f th e t op of a c om p ou n d ow er , a s fl
o p p ose d t o i ts e dg e or p e r ip h er y . T h i s t er m i s al so a p p l i e d t o t h e a g g r e

g a t e fl or e ts o f a n u m b e l .

DI S S I L I EN T . A
p e r ic ar p i s d i ssili e n t w h e n it b ur sts o p en w i th a spr in g , as th e
t ouc h m e n ot , (i m p a tie n s.)
- -

DI U RET I C S . T h o se sec e r na nt stim u l a nt s w hi c h i nc r e a se u r in e m or e p ar tien

l ar l y .
DI V A RI CA T E B ra n c hes sp r e a din g ou t fr om th e st e m so f ar a s to f or m m or e
.

t han a r i g h t a n g l e wi th i t ab ov e .
D O RS A L . F i xe d t o t h e b a c k A w n s ar e d or sal , w he n p r oc e e ding f r om the
.

ou t si d e of a g l u m e , a nd n ot f r om t h e ti p .
D O W N , or D O WN Y . C ov e r e d w it h fi ne c o tton l ik e d ow n . -

DRU P E T h at k in d o f p e r i c ar p w hic h c on sist s of a t hi ck , fl e sh y , or c ar tila g e

.

n o u s c o a t, e n cl osin g a n u t or ston e , as i n t h e c h e rr y , in wh i c h i t i s sai d t o

b e b er r y l ik e , a nd i n t h e w a l n u t, w h e r e i t i s d r y .
-

DRU P A C EO U S . B e aring d r u p e s , o r fr u i t r ese m b li ng th e m .

EA RED . T his t er m a pplie s , l st, t o the r ou nd, e x te nd e d , or ap p e n d a g e d l ob e s
o f a he a r t form l eaf ; -
2d, t o t he side l o b es n e ar t he b a se o f som e l eav e s
a n d 3 d , t o t w ist e d p ar ts, i n som e f e r n s a nd som e li v e r w or t s, w hi c h a r e su p
“

p o se d t o r e se m b l e t he c on c h u s, or p a ssa g e i n t o t h e o u t er e a r.
EC H I N A T E. H e d g e hog like . B e set w ith e r e ct pr ick l es
-
.

EG G F O RM . S e e ov ate.
EG RET . S e e a ig r e tte .
EL A S T I C . S ee d issil ie nt.
EL I P T I C . L on g er t han w id e , r ounded a t or n ear b oth ends, an d n earl y e u al q
i n b r ea dth t ow a r ds b o th b a se a n d a pe x.
EL O N G A T ED . L e n g the ne d o ut, a s if e xten d ed b ey on d wh at i s u su al in sim ilar
p art s .
EM A RG IN A T E. N otc he d at the te r m in a tion of the m idr ib .
EM ET rc s. S ub sta n c e s w hic h e xc ite v om i ting .
EM O L L I EN T S . S u b stanc e s w hic h sof te n tum or s, or any har dn ess or dr y
n e ss of t he sk in .
EN S I F O RM . S w ord form . T w o e dg e d, tap e rin g f r om b a s e t o ap ex m ostly ,
-

and a li t tl e ar c h ing tow ar d s on e e d g e a s flag a n d c at t ail (ir is a n d t

yph a .)
-

,
EN T I RE. C on tin u e d witho ut in terr up t io n . A m ar g in of a l e a f, c aly x, c or ol ,
&c . i s e n tir e , w he n i t i s n e ither se rr ate , toot he d , n o tc h e d , n or in an y m anner
ind e nte d .
Q q
E U A L . S imil ar p ar ts e u al am ong the m sel v e s. T he c alyx , c or ol , &c . are
q
e ua l , w h e n t he l ea fe ts, p e t a ls, or sub div i sions are sim il ar i n f or m si e ,
'
, ,
z
a nd dire c ti on . O p posed to u ne q u al .
 M A TERI A M ED I C A . 15 5

ERECT U p r ig ht
ERO S E .
.

G naw e d .
.

U ne q u all y sinu a te d , as I f th e sm u se s h ad b e e n
0

e a ten by
i nse c ts .

EV ERG REEN S . S uch p l an ts a s r e tain the ir l e av e s thr ou g h ou t t he y ear , as l au

r el , w h i te p ine , 8t c .

EXO T I C . P l an ts n ot g row ing spon taneousl y I n a Wi l d state I n that par tic ul ar

c ou n t ry , or se c ti o n of a c ou n tr y .

EX S ERT . S tan d i ng ou t S tame n s ar e e xser t, wh en pr otru de d ou t of the c o

.

r ol s.

F A C T rT I ou s c h ar a c ter A dd e d t o m or e esse n ti al distinc ti on s .

.

F A M I L I ES . S e e g e n te s .

F A S CI CL E A b u ndl e . I n g e n e r al e xter nal a pp eara n c e I t r e se mb l es the u m

.

b el b u t th e foot st al k s ar e irr e g ul ar i n th e ir or i g in a n d su b div ision s, as

-

sw e e t Wi l li a m
-
.

F A S C I CL ED P r o du c in g f a sc ic l e s, a s a sp ar ag u s
. .

F A S T I G I A T E. L e v e l to pp e d , or a l it tl e c o nv e x
J
-
.

FAU X . a w s. T he t hr oa t or o p e n in g i nto a c or ol . T ha t p r ec i se sp ot w here

t he tu b u l a r p ar t of a r in g e n t c or ol b e g in s to se p ara t e or e xp an d s i nto l ip s
or m o u t h , is t he f au x .

F I B RE. A ny t hr e a d fo rm p ar t -
.
0

F I B RO U S . T he w hol e roo t c o nsist i n g of fi lif or m p ar ts, or ig inatin g im m e d iate

l y f rom t he b a se of t he ste m , as m a ny o f t he g ra sse s.
F I L A M EN T . T ha t p a r t O f t he stam e n whic h c o nne c ts t he anthe r wi th t he r e
c e p ta c l e , c al y x , or p i sti l .
F I L I F O RM T hre a d li k e .
. -

F I S S U RE A c l e f t or sl it te d a p er tu re
q
. .

F L EXU O S E B e nding a n d f re u e nt l y c han g in g d ir e c ti on .

.

F L O RET L i t t l e ow e r
. Whe ther t he flow er is l ar g e or sm all , i t i s a fl or e t,
fl .

i f it i s o n e o f a n u m b e r , a ll of w h ic h c onst i t ute a n a g g r e g a te or c om p o u nd .
F O L L I C L E A p e r ic ar p w it h o ne v a l v e , w hic h o p e n s l e n g t hw ise o n on e sid e
.

o nl y , a s m il k w e e d , (asc l e p ias
-
.

F OOT S TA L
-
K
S e e p ed u n c l e a nd p etiol e : i t i s p u t f or b ot h.
.

K
F O R ED . S e e d ic ho tom o us.
F RO N D A ppli e d e n tir e l y to c r yp tog a m ou s p l a n ts. I t i nc l u d e s the h e r b ace ou s,
.

l eat h e ry , c r u sta ceo us, or g e l a tino u s su b stanc e , f r om wh ic h t he fru i t i s p ro

d u ce d .
F RU C T I F I CA T I O N T he tem p or ar y p ar t of v e g e tab l es , w h ic h i s d e sti ne d f or
.

the r e p r odu c ti on of t he sp ec i es , te rm ina ting the ol d i ndi v i d ual an d b eg in

n in g t he n e w .
F RU I T D O T S
-
A sse mb la g e s of c ap su l es on the b ac k s of f e r ns.
.

F U G A CI OU S S oo n di sa p p e ar in g
. F l yi ng off . .

F U N N EL F O RM . Wit h a tu b u l a r b ase , a nd the b or der O p e ni ng g ra du all y in the

-

f or m O f a t u nn e l .
F U RRO WED S e e s ul c a t e .
.

F U S I F O RM S pi nd le f orm . T hic k at th e top , and ta per ing d ownwar d, as c ar

. -

r ot, p ar sn i p, S t e .

GA L L s Exc r e sc e nc es p r od u c e d b y the sting s o f insec t s. T he b all s found on

.

oak s, w h ic h are u se d i n d y e in g , t he c om m on l ar g e g r ee n o a k b al l s t he sin

,

g u l ar g r e e n l u m p s f ou nd on t he wi ld h on e y su c kl e, &c . are e xam pl e s. -

G A S H ED . S e e i nc i se d .

G EN ERA L S e e p ar t ial .
.

G EN ERI C n a m e . T h e n a m e of a g e nu s.
G EN I C U L A T E K ne e d . F orm ing a v er y ob tu se angl e , l ik e a m oder ate b e nd
.

i n g o f t he k n e e .
G EN r Es. N a t ions L inna e u s div id e d p l ants in t o nin e g r e a t n a tur al tr ib e s or
.

c ast s. l P A L M S (p alm ae , ) as t he d a t e a nd c oc oa n u t
. 2 G RA S S ES (g r am i -
. .

n a, ) as w h e at , I ndia n c o r n s u ar c a ne r ic e , tim o th
, g , y g r a ss, &0 . 3 . L I L I ES
(lil l a, ) a s lil y , t ulip, daffod il , Sec . 4 . H ERB S (h e rb az, ) a s thistle s, n e ttle s,
p e a s , m i nt, p otatoe s , h e m p , p l an ta in , b e e ts, a nd a l l ot he r h e r b ac e o us pl an ts
e xc e pt t he ab ov e . 5 . T REES (arb o re s, ) a s oak, c h e snu t , p i ne w il l ow do
, , g
w o od , c u rr a nts, l il ac , w hor tl e b e r r y , c r an b er r y , an d a ll o the r pla nts w i th a
w oody ste m . 6. F erns (fi lic es, ) as b rake, polyp o d, m aidenh air , gr ound
 15 6 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

p ine , and al l oth er p l an t s o f this or d er , w h ic h se e . 7 . M O S S ES (m u sc i, ) see

t he or d er . 8 A L G JE T his tr i b e i nc l u d e s t he p l a n ts of t he or d e rs hep a ti c ae,
. .

a l g ae a n d l i c hen es, w hi c h se e . 9 . F U N G I .— as m u shr oom , t oa d st oo l, p u ff -

b al l , m o u ld , b l ig ht, 8cc .
G EN U S , (pl ur al g ener a ) A n u m b er of p l a nts w hic h agr e e wi th on e an othe r i n
.

t he h a b it a nd stru c t ur e of t he ow e r a nd fr ui t fl .

G ERM . T hat p ar t o f the p istil wh i c h i n m a t u r i ty b e c om e s t h e p er ic ar p and

t h e se e d .
G L A B RO U S . S l eek H av ing n o p u b e sc e n c e .
.

GL AND . A r ou nd ish , g e n er ally mi n u t e , a p p en da g e t o diff e r e nt p ar ts of

p l a n ts.
G L A U C O U S . C l oth e d w ith a se a g r e e n m e a li n ess, w hic h i s e asil y r u b b e d off .
-

I t i s s om e tim e s p u t f or a g r e e ni sh g r e y c ol or . -

G L O B O S E S p he ri c a l , r ou nd o n all si d e s l ik e a b all .
.

G L O B U L Es. T ha t kin d of r e c e p tac l e of l i c he n s wh ic h i s gl ob ose , sol id a nd

c r ust ac e ou s, f orm e d O f t h e su b st an c e o f t he f r on d a n d t erm i n at i n g i t s p oint s
or b r a n c h e s ; f r om w h e n c e t h e y f all off e nti r e , l e av i ng a p it or c a v i ty . T h e y
ar e su p p o se d t o b e c ov e re d a l l ov er w it h a c ol or e d , see d b e ar i ng m em b ran e -
.

G L U M E. T h a t k i nd of c aly x w hic h i s c om p o se d of on e , tw o , or thr e e v al v e s

or sc al es , c o mm o nl y tran spare n t a t th e m ar g i n , a nd oft e n t erm in at e d b y a
l on g a w n or b e a rd . A ll g r a sse s hav e g l u m e c a l y xes .

G L U T I N OU S H a v i n g on som e p ar t m or e or l e ss of a d h esi v e m oistur e

. .

G N A W ED . S e e er ose .
G RA N U L A T E. H av i n g sev e ral l it tl e k n ob s i n th e f orm o f g ra in s , str u n g t og e
t h er a l on g the sid e s of a fi li f or m r a di c l e , a s t h e w ood sorr e l .
G RO O V ED . S e e su lc a te .

G U I T A R F O RM
-
O b l ong , b r oa dish n e ar th e b a se , a nd c on tra c te d a t th e sides.
.

H A B I T A T . T h e n a ti v e r e si d e n c e of p l ant s ; or t he si t u a ti on wh er e in t h e y
g r ow m o st n a tu r all y .
H A B IT . T h e e xt er na l a pp e ar an c e o f a p l an t, b y a g en er al v i e w of whi c h we
k n ow i t w ith ou t a t t e n di ng t o a ny of i ts e sse n tial c h arac te r s. A k nowl e d g e
q
o f t h e h ab it s of p l ants i s t o b e a c u ire d, b y fi r st se e i ng t he m i n a gr owin g
sta t e , a nd t he n b y r e p e at e dl y r ev i e w i n g t he m i n a her b a r i u m.
H A L B ERT F O RM -
S ha p e d l ik e a n h alb e r t
. .

H A S T A T E. H a lb e r t f orm -
.

H EA D . fl
I n th i s t h e ow e r s a re h e ap e d tog e the r i n a gl ob ul ar f orm , withou t
p e d u n c l e s,
o r w i th v e r y sh or t on e s, a s c l o ve r .

H ERB A C EO U S N ot w o od y .
.

H ERB A G E A ll th e p la n t e xc e p t the r o ot an d fruc tifi c a ti on .

.

H ERB A RI U M . A c ol l ec ti on of d ri e d p l a n ts.
H EX A G O N A L . S ix c or n e r e d .

H I L U M . T h e e xt er na l m ar k or sc ar o n see ds, b y w h ic h th e y w er e affi xe d t o

t he ir p er i c ar p s. I n b e a n s a n d t he lik e i t i s c al l e d t he e y e .
H I RS U T E. Rou g h ha ir e d -

'
.

HIS P ID . B r istl y . B ese t w i th stifl h a ir s .

H o L L ow s, (t ha l am ia ) T hat ki nd of r e c e p ta cl e of l ic he n s , whic h is sphe
.

r i c al , n e ar l y c lo se d , l od g e d in th e sub st a n c e of t h e fr on d , l i n e d w i th i ts p r o

p e r c oa t , u n d e r w hi c h are c e ll s 2 or 4 se e d e d . Eac h h oll ow fi nall y op en s b y

-

a n o r ifi c e in t he su r f a ce of t he fr on d ab ov e .

H O O D ED . S e e c owl e d .
H O RI Z O N T A L . P arallel to th e h or i on. z
L e av e s ar e h ori ontal , w h e n th e y z
f or m r i g h t a ng l e s wi th er e c t ste m s .

H O RN . S ee s pu r .

Joi nts .
E
I M B RI C A E L yi ng ov e r e ac h other l ik e sh in gl e s on a r oof , so as t o
. b r e ak

I M P ERF ECT Wantin g the stam en or p istil .

.

I N C I S ED . C u t i n l ik e a g ash wi t h a k nife .
I N CU RV ED B e nt i nw a r d s.
.

I N D I G EN OU S P l a nt s g r ow in g n atu r all y and or ig inall y in a c ou n tr y ar e indig e

.

n ou s t o t hat c o u n t ry .
I N DU RA T ED . B ec om ing h ar d, tou gh , or l eath e ry .
I N F ERI O R. B e l ow . A c al yx or c or ol i s infer i or when i t c ome s ou t b elow the
g e r m. S e e g e rm .
 15 8 TH E T H O M S O N IA N

L U RI D . O f a p al ish, d ull , d e athl y c ol or . M ost p l ant s w ith l ur id p etal s ar e

m ore or l e ss p oiso nou s— a s to b ac c o, h e nb an e , t hor n a p p l e .
L Y RA T E .P i nna tifi d , w it h t he l a r g est di v isi on a t th e a p e x , a nd dim ini shing
t he nc e to t he b a se , a s h e d g e m u star d
-
.

L Y RA T E P I N N A T E.
-
P i n na t e wi t h t he od d t er m in al l e a f e t l ar g e st .
M A NY . Whe ne v er t he r e a re m ore t ha n ar e u su ally n u m b er e d ; a s w e say, 1
se e de d, z see d e d , 3 se e d e d , 4 se e d e d , m any se e d e d .
- - -

M A RC ES C EN T . S e e w it her i ng .
M A RG I N A T ED . H av i ng a m arg in d iff e r e nt in som e m easur e from t he d i sk .
M A T U RE. F u ll g r o wn, b u t n ot e nt er e d u p o n a sta te o f d e c a y .
M EM B RA N A C EO U S , or M EM B RA N E. M a d e u p , a pp a r e ntl y , of t he tw o p l a tes of
t he c u tic l e , w it hou t a ny c el l u lar i nt e g um e n t b e t we e n t he m . N ear l y t ran s
p ar e n t, v e r y t hi n , a n d of t e n c ol or l ess.
M I D RI B . T he m a in or m iddl e r i b of a l eaf, r u nn i ng fr om the stem to th e
a p e x.

M ON tEC I O U S .B el ong ing t o or v ar y ing in to th e c l a ss m once c ia .

M O N OP ET A L O U S . C o nsist ing of o ne p e tal or ow er l e a f . fl
M O N O P H Y L L OU S C onsisti ng of o n e l e a f
. .

M O N S T RO U S .P l a nt s pr od u c i ng a ny p ar t d iff er e n t fr om th e sam e p ar t w he n
g r owi ng w il d A s t he r ose ha s b u t fi v e p e tal s in a w ild stat e
. b u t b y r ic h
c u l tiv a tion i n g ar d e ns, t he s tam e n s ar e m ostl y c h an g e d to p e tal s. C ar n a
t io ns an d p e o ny ar e e xam pl e s a l so T he se ar e a ll m o nste r s
. .

M U O RO N A T E H a v in g a r ou n de d e n d, ti p pe d w i th a p r ic kl e , w h ic h of te n ap
.

pe ar s r athe r a n e xte nsio n o f t h e m id r ib .

M U RI C A T E. A r m e d wi th sha r p s pi ne s C ov er e d w i th sub u l at e p ri c kl e s.
.

N A ED . Wa n ti n g a c ov e r in g ana la g ou s to t ha t of m ost p l a nts

K A s a stem
.

withou t l e a v e s, l e a v e s w itho u t p ub esc e n c e , c o rol wi thou t a c al yx , se e d with

o ut a p e r ic ar p , r e c e pt a c l e w i t ho u t c haff , p u b esc e n s , S t e .

N A RC O T I C S . T ho se p oison s w hic h , i n sm all d ose s, stim ul a te a t fi r st an d pr o

m ote se c r e tions— a ft e rw ar d s i ndu c e d ul ln ess an d sl e e p ; b u t i n l arg e d oses,
p r oduc e d e li ri um , c onv u l si o ns, an d d e ath . S om e n ar c otic s in am e th e sto fl
m ac h .
N A T A N T . F loatin g .

fl
N EC T A RY . T h a t p art of a ow er wh ic h se c r e te s h one y I t i s e it her a dis.
.

t in c t h or n , g l a n d, sp ur , S c al e , c u p , 8 m o r t he c l a w or som e o t h e r p ar t of the
.

c or ol se c re ti ng h o ne y T his n am e i s a p p li e d to an y a pp e n dag e t o t he fl o w
.

e r , w h ic h h a s n o o t h e r n a m e .

N ERV ED . F ur nish e d w i th m id rib lik e fi b r e s, r u nnin g f rom the b a se t o the

-

ap ex.
N EU T RA L . H av in g n e ithe r stam e ns n or p istil s .
N O DD I N G . S e e nu ta n t .
N U C L EU S . N u t or k e r nel . T he i nn er se e d or k e r n el i s p r op e rl y t he n u c l e u s
an d i t s h ar d sh e l l i s t h e p u tam e n B ut th e w hol e , i nc l u d ing t he p u tam en
.

a n d n u c l e u s, i s t h e n u t , n u x .
N U T . S ee n u c le u s.
N U T A N T . N odding . Whe n ab ov e hal f of w hatev er i t i s appli e d t o dr oop s or
hang s d own .
N U T RI EN T I C S . S u b stan c es w hic h serv e f or f o od .

O B C O RDA T E. C or date , wi th t he a p e x or n ar r ow e st e nd tow a r ds t he st e m , as

of wil d in d ig o .
O B L A N CEO L A T E. L an c eol a te , with the b a se n arrow e st
z
.

Q
O B L I U E. A p osition b e t w e e n h ori o ntal a n d v e r tic al , or b e t we e n t he p e r
p e ndic ul ar and th e p l an e of t he b ase . I t i s a l so a p p l ie d t o l e av e s, p e tal s,
q
c al y x e s, &c w hic h a r e , a s i t w ere , c ut ob l i u e l y , or w ho se b a se s ar e shor ter
.

on on e sid e th an o n t h e ot her .
O B L O N G . T he l e ng th m or e t ha n t wic e the b r e a d th, an d the sid es som e w hat
p ar all el .
O B O V A T E. O v ate , with th e n ar row est end towar d s the stem , a s t hose of r e d
c l ov er .
O B S OL ET E. Wh e n t e eth, notc he s, se rratur e s, &c . ar e ob sc ure , and app ear a s
if w or n ou t .
O B TU S E. H aving the apex of the l eaf m ore or l ess r ounded .
 M A TERI A M ED I C A . 15 9

O F F I CI N A L I S . S uc h pl an ts a s ar e sol d i n the shop s f or som e u se , e ither i n m e

di c i ne or t he a r ts.
O P P O S I T E. S ta n di ng at the sam e h e ig ht, with b ase ag ain st b ase .
O RB I C U L A R N e ar ly c i rc u lar , a s t h e l e av es of c ab b a g e , S t e.
.

O RB S . T h a t k i n d o f r e c e p ta c l e of lic h e ns w hi c h i s fl a t, or b ic u l ar an d dil a ted .

o f t he s u b s ta n c e o f t he f r o n d , t e r m i n al , p e l ta t e , w i th o u t a b or d e r, b ut of t e n
s u r r ou n de d w i t h r a d iat i ng s hoots . T h e m e m b ra ne or d isk u n de r w h ic h t he
se e d s a r e l o d g e d is sm oo t h , n e arl y o f t he c ol or of t he f r on d . S p ur i ous or b s,
b or d e r e d l i k e s hi e l ds or sp a ng l es w h en y o u ng , ar e som e tim e s f ou n d in t he
g e n us c or ni c u l a r i a .
O V A L . D iff e ri ng fr om ov a te , i n h av ing b oth e n ds e u al i n b r e a d th q .

O V A TE .Rese m b li n g t he l ong i tud in al sec t io n of a n e g g , the b a se b e ing b road

e r t ha n t he e xt re m i ty .
P A L M A T E. Rese m b l i n g a h and w ith t he fi ng e r s sp re a d, a s h or se c hesnu t. -

P A N I C L E. H av i ng som e o f t h e p e dic e l s, al o ng t he g e n er al p e dun cl e o f the r a

c e m e , d i v id e d , as i n oat s. A p a nic le c ontr a c te d int o a c om pa c t, some what
o v at e f o r m , a s i n l il ac , is c alle d thy r se.

fl
P A P I L I O N A C EOU S . A ow er c onsi sti ng of a b a nner, two wi ng s a nd a k e el , a s
p e a, c lo v e r , S rc .
P A P IL L E A . fl
e shy p r ocess or p oi nt .

P A P l L O S E. F u r nis he d or c ov e re d wi th e shy p o ints. fl

P A RA L L EL . T w o l i ne s or op p osi te sid e s, r unni ng n e arl y e ual d istances from q
e a c h o t h er .

P A RA S IT I C D rawing su pp ort fr om a n ot her pla nt. G r ow i ng ou t of an oth er ;

.

a s t he d o d de r .

P A RT I A L . P art ic ul ar , n o t g e ne r al . T h e p e r ia nth , i nv ol u c r e , p e tiol e , S t e. of

o n e fl or e t , or o f a s e p a r at e p ar t of a ll t he fl
or e ts, w hic h w i th ot h er s c onsti »

t u t e a c o m p ou nd or a g g r e g a t e .

P A RT I T I O N . T he m e m b r a n e , S ee w h ic h di v i de s p e r i c ar p s int o c e ll s. I t is
.

p a r a l l el , w h e n i t u nite s w i th t he v al v e s, w he r e t h e y u n ite with e ac h other .

I t i s c on t r a r y o r t r a nsv er se , w he n i t m e e ts a v a l v e i n the m iddl e , or in any
p a r t n ot a t its s u t u r j
or u nc t u r e wit h a n o t h er .

P A RT ED . D e e pl y di v id e d , a l m o st to t he b a se .
P EDA T E Re se m b l in g a b i rd s f oot .
.
’

P ED I C EL A pa r ti al p e d u n cl e , o r o th er p ar tial s te m .
.

P ED U N C L E T h e fl ow e r b eari n g s tem w hi c h spri ng s f r om a ny p ar t of the

.
-

st e m o r b r a nc he s, a s a p pl e , c uc u m b e r .
P EL T A T E Wi th t he f oot s ta l k a ttac he d to t he l o we r side of a. l e af, s o a s to
r e se m b l e a s hi e ld .

P EN DU L o u s . Whe n t h e w h ol e of th e p a r t d r oo ps or ha ng s d own.
P EREN N I A L C o ntin u i n g m o r e tha n t wo y e a rs .
.

P ERF EC T F L O WER H av i n g b ot h sta m e ns a nd pistil s.

.

P ERF O L I A T E H a v in g t h e s te m p a ssing t hr o u g h t he l e a f.
.

P ERF O RA T E. H a v i ng h ol e s a s if p r ic k e d th ro ug h, or l u c i d dots.
P ERI A N T H . j
T h a t c al y x whic h a d oin s a nd s urr o u n ds t he o the r p ar ts of the
fl ow e r , a s o f t he ap p l e , r ose , S t e .

P ERI C A RP . T he c ov e ri ng of t he see d, w he the r p od, she ll , b ag , or pu l p y su b

st a n c e .
P ERI C H ET H I nvol ucr e l ik e l eav e s su rr ou n din g th e b ase of th e p e d u nc l e of a.
. -

m oss .

P ERI S T O M E T he fr in g e , t e e th , or m em b r an e, arou nd t he m ou th of the c ap

.

su l e s o f m osse s, u n de r th e lid .
P ERM A N EN T or P ERS I S T EN T . A ny p ar t o f a pl a nt is p erm an e nt, whic h t e
m a ins long e r c om p ar e d wit h o t her p a r ts of t he sam e p la nt t han i s u su a l f or
s im il a r pa rt s i n m ost pl ant s
of t h e f r u it t il l i t r i p e n s.
A s t he c a l yx o f th e u inc e r em a i ns on the e nd
. q
P ERS O N A T E. L ab ia t e cor ol s w ith t he t hr oa t m ufli e d , a s sna p dr ag on, are p er -

son a t e

P ET A L T he c ol or e d l ea f or l e av e s o f the c orol . T h e p e tal of a m on op e ta

.

l ou s c oro is d iv id e d i nt o the t ub e and l i mb . Ea c h etal of a ol p e tal ou s

_ l p p y
c orol i s d i v i de d i n to th e c l aw an d l a min a .
F ETA L F O RM . Resem b li n g a p e tal in sha pe .
-
1 60 TH E T H O M S O N I A N

P ET I O L E. T he f oot stalk of t he l e af .

P H A N ERO G A M O U S . t EN O G A M O U S P la n ts h av i ng the i r stam e ns and p istil s

.

su ffi c ie nt ly m a n ife st f o r e xa m i na ti o n .
P I L EU S . T h e ha t o f a f u ng u s .
P I L O S E. H a ir y .

P I N N A T E Wi t h dist in c t l e af e ts a rr an g e d o n opp osi te sid e s of t he sam e p e ti

.

ol e , as l oc ust .

P I N N A T IF ID Di v id e d transv e r se l y b y d e e p i nc isi on s, n ot ext e ndi ng to t he

.

m i d ri b .

P I S T I L L A T E F L O WER. H a v ing pi st il s onl y—a s t h e f er til e o w er o f t h e c u c u m fl

b er .
P I S TIL T he
. c en tral or g a n of t he fl ower , w h ose b a se b ec om e s t h e p e r ic ar p
a nd se e d .

P I T C H ER F O RM S e e u rc e ol a t e .
.

P I T H . T h e sp on g y s u b sta nc e in t he c e n tr e of th e ste m s an d r oo ts of m ost

p l a nts.
P I T S , (c y ph el lae .) T ha t ki nd o f r e c e p ta c l e o f l ic h e n s, whi c h c o n sists o f op e n ,
c u p lik e , n a k e d , w hi te o r y e l lo w l it tl e sp ot s, o n t he u n d e r si d e o f t h e f r on d ,
-

w hic h is g e ne ra lly d ow ny . T h e y a re a t t he fi r st imm e r se d , g l o b ose , m i

n u t e d ot s, w hic h a t l e n g t h b ur st wi t h a n ir r e g u l ar m ar g in , an d d i sc har g e a

p ow d e r .
P L A I T ED . F old e d som e w h a t l ik e a f a n , w h e n n e ar l y f ul l sp r e ad .
P L A N T. A n y su b sta nc e g row i ng fr om se e d . A s tr e e s , g r a ss , p uff b all , -

m ou l d.
P L I C A T E. P l a it e d .
P L U M O S E. F e a t he r l ik e . -

P L U M O S E eg r et . F e a t he r l ik e d ow n . -
W
h e n a h air o f e g r e t h a s other h a ir s
ar ra n g e d o n o p p osi t e si d es o f i t .
P O D . T h a t kin d o f p e r ic a r p w hic h i s c om p o se d o f t w o v al v e s w i th the se e d s
a t tac he d to o ne o r b o t h su t ur e s , or a l o n g it u d i nal p ar t it i o n a t t h e e d g e s
j
i mm e dia te l y a d oin ing t he su t ur e s T h e p od i s e i t h e r a l e g u m e or a si
q
.

li u e.
P O L L EN . T he d u sty , m eal y , o r gl u ti n ou s su b stan c e , c on tai n e d i n t he a n ther s
— n e ve r w a nt in
g .

P O L Y A D EL P H I A . (P ol us , m a ny ; a d el phos, b r ot h er ) M a ny b r o t he r h o od s .
.

T h e n am e of th e a b o lish e d e i g ht e e n t h c l a ss , a s fi r st e sta b li sh e d b y L i nu m
us ,
fl
T h is c l a ss i n c l u des a l l p l a nts w it h p er fe c t ow e r s, w ho se stam e n s ar e
u n i te d b y t h e i r fi l a m e n ts i n t hr e e or m or e se t s or b r o t h e r h ood s .

P O L Y A DEL P H O U S . B e l o n g i ng to or v ar y in g i nto t he c l a ss p ol y a d e l ph ia .
P O L Y G A M I A . T he n am e o f t h e t w e n ty t hi r d c la ss a s e s ta b l ish e d b y L i nnmus .
-

I t c om p r ise s a ll p l a n ts w hi c h h av e som e p e r fe c t o w er s , a nd ot h e r s w hic hfl

a r e stam in a t e a n d p ist il la t e , o r b o t h k in d s . T h i s c l a ss i s div id e d i n to thr e e
or d e r s. 1 M on a c i a , ha v in g p e r f e c t fl ow e r s , a nd e i t he r sta m ina t e or p i stil
.

l ate on e s or b o th o n th e sa m e p l a n ts 2 . D iazc i a , h av i n g p e r f e c t o w er s on.

. fl
so m e p l an t s , a n d e ith e r s tam i n a t e o r p istilla t e fl
o w e r s o n o t h e r s of t h e sa m e

S p ec ie s 3 . T r i re c i a , ha v i n g p e r fec t fl ow e rs o n som e p l a n t s, s t a m i na t e on
.

o t h e rs , a n d p is tilla t e o n o th e r s o f t he sa m e s p ec ie s. T hi s c l a ss, l ik e t he
1 8 th , i s a b ol i s he d b y P e r so on a n d o the r s, a n d th e p l a nt s u n d er i t d i stri b u te d
am o ng th e o th e r c l a sses
P o L v G A M O U s. V a r y i ng in to or i n c l i nin g t o th e c l a ss p ol yg a mi a .
P O L Y P ET A L O U S . C o ns ist in g o f m or e t ha n o ne p e ta l .
P OL Y P H IL L OU S C o nsis tin g o f m or e t han o n e l e a f .
.

P O M E. A p u l py p e ri c a r p w i tho u t v a lv e s, whi c h c on ta i n s wi th i n i t a c a p su l e ,
as a p pl es , q
u i nc e s, S t e .

K
P RI C L E A s har p pr o c e ss f r o m t h e b a rk , a s th ose on r a sp b e r r y b u she s, 8 m.
.

P RI Q BI A T I C . L in e a r w i th se v e r a l fl a ti sh sid e s. A c y l in d e r wi t h fl a t sid e s.
P RO C ES S . A p ro e c t ing p a r t. j
P RO CU M B EN T . L y ing o n t h e g r ou nd .
fl
P RO L I F ERO U S . P u tti ng f o r th b r a nc h e s or ow e rs fr om t he c e n tr e of t he top of
a p r ec e d in g o ne .
P RO P ER. T hat w h ic h b e l on g s to o ne fl o we r onl y .
P U B ES CEN T . H air y . H av in g h a irs, w ool , d ow n , g l and u l ar hair s, &c.
1 62 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

sist ing of su b sta n c e s in som e m e asu r e re sem b lin g c oar se fi sh scal e s— as the
sc a l es o f l il y r oo ts.
fl
S CA P E. T ha t ki n d of ow e r b e ar ing st e m whi c h sp r ing s im m e diatel y fr om th e
-

r oo t , a nd i s d e stit u t e of l eav es, a s d a nd e l ion .

S C A RI O U S .D r y a n d m e m b ra nou s, g e n er a ll y t ra nsp ar e n t .

S C A T T ERED . S ta nding wi t hou t an y r e g u la r ord e r .

S C RO B I C U L A T E D e e p r ou n d p i ts on t h e r ec e p t ac l e g i v e i t thi s n am e .
.

S EC ERN A N T S T I M U L A N T S . S u b stan c e s w hi c h i ncr ea se p e r sp ir a ti on or p r om ot e

t he se c r e tio n o f o th e r su b stan ce s w hic h i t is d esir a bl e t o h av e ev a c u a te d
fr om t he sy stem .
S EG M EN T . T he p ar ts i nto w hic h a c al yx , c or ol , l eaf , S t e . i s div id e d or c u t.
S ERI C EU S .C ov e r e d w i th so f t c l ose p r esse d ha ir s.
-

S ERRA T E. H av i ng s har p n otc h e s r e se m b li ng sa w te e th al o ng th e m ar g in, a nd

p oin t in g t o war d s t he a p e x, as t hose o f c h er y tr e e s, r ose s, tSt c .
S ERRU L A T E. Wh e n a ser ra t e l e a f ha s t h e te e t h se r r a te a g a i n .
S ES S I L E S ittin g d own .
. W fl
h e n a l e a f , ow e r , se e d d ow n , pi l e u s o f a f u ngu s,
-

r e c e p t a c l e of a l ic he n , & c . are d e sti tu te of a p e ti ol e p e d u n c l e , st ip e , S t e .

,
S ET A C EOU S . B ristle f orm .

S ET O S E. B ri stly .

S H A RP . T a p e r ing t o a p oint.
S H EA T H . T he l e ngt he nin g a l eaf d ow n the ste m , w hic h i t e n cl o se s.
S H EA T H I N G . W
i th t h e l e af p r ol o ng e d d ow n t h e ste m s o a s to c ov er it , in the
m ann er of th e g r asses.
S H I EL D S , sc uttell ae. T hat ki nd of r e ce p ta c le of l ic h e ns wh ic h i s o p e n , orb i cu
l ar , sauc e r l i k e . T he u n d e r si d e a n d b or d er ar e of t h e su b stan c e a n d c ol or
-

o f t h e fr o n d . T h e d isk i s of a diff e r e nt c ol or a nd su b st an c e f rhm t h e b or

d er a n d f r o n d , c on ta in ing t h e se e d s i n ex t r e m e l y m in u t e v e r ti c al c e ll s T h e .

S hiel d s a r e thic k an d t u m i d w h e n t he y ar e se ssil e , an d m e m b r a nou s w h e n

'

stal k e d or e l e v a te d . V e r y r ar e l y t he y ar e p e rf or ate d i n th e c e n tr e .
q
S I L I CL E. A li t tl e si li u e , w h o se l e ng th a nd b rea d th ar e n e arl y e q u al .
Q
S I L I U E. T h a t k i n d of p od w hi c h h a s a l ong i tu d i nal p a r tition, wi t h t he seeds
attac he d a lt erna te l y t o i t s O pp osi t e e d g e s, a s r a dish , St c .
Q
S I L I U E F O RM
-
q
S h a p e d lik e a sil i u e , w i th ou t i ts e sse ntial c h ar a c ter .
.

K
S I L Y . C o v e r e d w it h sof t c l ose p r esse d ha ir s
q
-
.

fl
S I M P L E H a v i ng a sing l e ow e r o n a r ec e p tac l e , as in th e u inc e , t u l ip , &C .
.

S I N U A T E. H a v ing t he m ar g in h oll ow e d wi th d ee p sin u se s or b a y s, as t he

w hi te oak .
S I N U A T E S ERRA T E. H av in g serr a tu r e s h oll ow e d ou t
S O L I T A RY . S t an di ng a l on e , or v e r y distan t fr om ot h e r s of th e sam e k in d .
S O M EW H A T U se d a s a dim i nu tiv e im pl y in g in som e d e g r ee n o t f u l l y . P r e
j
.

sid e nt S m ith tr an sl at e s su b b y somewha t w h e n c om b i n e d wi th an a d ec tiv e

,
a s su b tr ifi d us som e w ha t t hr e e c l e f t . -

,
S p A D I x . A n e l ong a te d r e c e p ta cl e p r oc ee din g f r om a sp ath e , as I nd ian tu r nip .
S P A N G L ES , p a tel l u l az. O p e n a n d or b i c u l ar , l ik e shi e ld s, b u t se ssil e , an d n ot
f or m e d of a n y p ar t of th e cru st, fr om w hi c h t he y diff e r i n c ol or , b e ing m ost
u su all y b l ac k . T h e see d s ar e l o d g e d b e n eat h t he m e m b r an e tha t c ov e r s th e ir
disk , as i n t he f or m e r ; a n d t he d isk i s s urr ou nd e d b y a pr op er b or d e r .

T h e ir se e d s ar e ob se rv e d t o b e n ak e d i n th e c e l l u l ar su b stan c e of th e d i sk ,
n ot e n c l ose d in c ase s . Di sk som e tim e s c on c av e or fla t— of te n e r c onv e x ,
a n d e v e n g l ob o se w i t h o u t a n
, y a p p a r e nt b or d er w he n in a n a d v a n c e d sta t e .
S P A T H E. A kind of m e m b ra n e whic h a t fi r st e n c l oses th e ow e r , and af ter i t fl
e x p an d s i s l e f t a t a d ista nc e b el ow i t as d aff od il, on io n , &c .
,
S P A T U L A T E. Rou ndish , a nd d im in ish ing i nt o a l ong , n ar r ow , l in e ar b ase .
S P H ERU L ES . S m a ll g l ob ul ar m a sse s.
K fl
S P I E. H av ing th e or e ts se ss il e , or n e arl y s o, on the e l ong ate d g en er al r e~
c e p tac l e , a s w he a t .m u ll e i n , S t e .
K
S P I EL ET . O ne o f t he sub div ision s of a spik e .
S P I N D L E F O RM . T hi ck a t th e top , a nd ta pe ring d ownwar d, as c ar rot, p ar
-

sn i p, S t e .
S P I N O S E. T h orny .
S P I RA L . T wiste d l ik e a scr ew.
 M A TERIA M ED I C A . 1 63

SP U R. An r oc e ss f r om the b a se , or fr om n e a r t he b a se of t he c a
e l on g ate d
p
'
t l x or c or ol or n e c tar
y , som e w hat m b li h k ’
'
r ese ng a o r n o r c o c s sp u r .
y ,
Q
S U A RRO S E. Ra gg e d . W
he n the p oin ts o f sc a l e s, St e . b e nd ou t w ar d s, so a s
t o m a k e a r a gg e d a p p e ar anc e . I t i s a l so u se d f or sc u r f y , or w h e n c ov er e d
Wi t h a b r a n li k e sc ur f .
j
-

S TA M EN S . T h e or g a ns imm e d ia tel y su rr ou n d in g or a d oin in g t h e c e ntr al on e ;

c o n si stin
g of m e a ly or g l u ti nou s k n ob s, e i t he r se ssi le or su pp or t e d on fi la
m e nts.
S T A M I N A T E. H av ing stam e n s onl y— a s those i n th e t a ssel s of I n d ia n c or n .
S T EL L A T E S pr e a d i ng o u t i n a r ad ia te m ann er . L e av e s ar e st e ll at e , w h en
.

t hr e e or m or e s urr ou n d t h e ste rn i n a w hor l .

S T EM . T h e m a in b ase or su pp or te r of t he fr u c tifi c a tion a nd he r b a g e .

S T I G M A . T h e or g an w hi c h t e r m i na te s the p isti l.
S T I N G . H a ir li k e p ro c e sse s , m ostl y fr om t he l e a v e s, as n e ttl es .
-

S T I P E. T h e ste m of a f er n , of a f u ng u s, of c om p ou n d e g r e t, an d O f a p er i
c ar p whe n e l e v a t e d fr om t he r e c e p tac l e .
S T I P U L E. A le af e t or sc al e n e ar t he b a se of a p e tiol e .
S T OM A CH I CS S u b stan ce s whi c h di r ec tly e xc ite an d str en g th e n th e a c tion of
.

the st om a c h .
K
S T RI A T E. S T REA ED . M ark e d or groov e d w ith sl end er l i n es .

S T RI G O S E. A rm e d with sm all , c l o se , r i g id b r i stl es, w h ic h ar e thic k e st b el ow.

S T RO B I L E. A n a m e nt w i th w oody sc al e s , a s th e f r u i t of t he p in e .
S T Y L E. T ha t p ar t o f t he p i stil w hic h c onn e c ts t he stig m a a nd th e g e r m .
S U B . U se d i n c om b i nation a s a d im inu tiv e f or som e w h a t .

S U B U L A T E. L i near at the b ase , a nd b e c om i ng m or e or l ess c urv e d at t he

.

p oi n t.
S U L C A T E, su l c a tus . F urr ow e d— m ark e d W i th d e e p l i ne s.
S U P ERI O R. A c al yx or c or ol i s su p e ri or w h en i t pr oc e e d s fr om the u pp er p ar t
o f t he g e rm .
S U T U RE. A seam l ik e ap p e ar an ce a t the m ee ting of tw o p ar ts, as t he v al v e s
-

of
p e a p od s.
S WO RD F O RM . S e e e n sif or m .
-

T EG U M EN T . T h e ski n or b ar k of se e ds .
T EN D RI L . T he fi li f orm a p p e n d ag e b y whic h c l im b ing pl an ts su pp or t th em
se lv e s ou ot her b o d ies .
T ERET E. Rou n d, c ol u m nar , a nd tap e r in g fr om th e b a se t o th e o th er e n d .

T ERM I N A L . P r oc e e din g fr om , or oc c up y in g , t he e n d of a st e m , b ran c h ,

styl e , Si c .
T ERN A T E. H av ing thre e l e af e ts p r oc e e ding fr om th e e n d of on e p e t iol e .

T H O RN , or S P I N E, A sh ar p p r oc e ss fr om t he b ark , as t ho se on r a spb erry.

b ush e s 81 0 .
T H RO A T . S ee f au x .
T H Y RS E. A p a nic l e c ontr ac t ed i nto a c om p ac t , som e wha t ov at e f or m , a s in
lil a c .

T I D G E. T he asc e n d in g h e rb a g e b e ar in g tr unk
-
or ste m of a ll p h e n og a m ou s
p l an t s, e x c e pt the g ra sses, a s the tr u n k of t he oak , t h e g rap e v i n e , t he m u l
l e in stalk .
T O M EN T O S E. C ov er e d w i th fi n e d ow n y or c o ttony sub stan ce , m atte d tog eth e r .
T O N I CS S u b sta nc e s w h ic h g iv e str e n g th to th e sy stem . T he y ar e stim u la nts
.

w hic h ar e p e r m a n e n t i n t he ir o pe r a t ion
j
.

T O O T H ED . H av in g p r o e c tio n s fr om th e m ar g in of i ts ow n su b stan c e, whi c h

ar e n e i th e r se r r at ure s n or c r e n a tur e s— as th ose of b l u e b ottl e . -

T O RU L O S E Wi th swell in g r id g e s or hu m p s, l ik e th e m u sk m e ll on , or h or se
.

r adish p od .

T RA N S L U C EN T . T r ansm ittin g l ig ht fai ntl y .

T RA N S V ERS E. C r osswi se .
T RI A N G U L A R H av ing t hr ee ang l e s or c or n er s. I t i s appli e d t o a l e af wi th
.

t hr ee p oint s or c orn er s.
T RI P I N N A T E. T hr ic e p inna te .
T RI P I N N A T I F I D . A p i nnatifi d l e a f, with the div ision s pinnati fi d , and those
l a tter d iv i si on s p innatifi d a g ain .
T RIT ERN A T E. T hr ee tim es ter nate .
1 64 TH E T H O M S O N I A N

'

T RU N C A T E. T he e n d a p p ear in g as if c u t ofl .

T U B E T h e l o we r h ollo w c y li nd e r of a m o nop e ta l ou s c or ol .
.

T U B ERC L ES . T hat kin d of r ec e p tac l e s of lic he ns w hi c h i s sp h e ric al or sl ightl y

c on ic , n e a r l y c l ose d , c r u st a c eo us b l ac k ; m or e or l e ss im m e r se d i n t he sur
,
f a c e o f t he c r usta c e ou s f ron d , w hi c h it e le v at e s ; or som e tim e s i t i s e xp ose d ,
b e i ng m e r e ly sessil e Eac h c o nta i n s a b all or m ass of c on ne c t e d se e d s, d e s
.

t it u t e o f c e ll s, e n v e l o p e d i n a c om m o n m e m b ra ne . T h e w ho l e m a ss of see d s
i s a t l e ngt h d i sc h a r g e d tog e t he r b y a n or i fi c e a t t h e t op of the t u b e r c l e . We
of t e n fi n d t he se t u b e r c l e s a f te r t h e se e d s ar e d isc h ar g e d .

fl
T I B ERO U S . Root s w hi c h ar e t hic k a n d e sh y , b u t n ot of an y i e g u l ar gl ob u l ar
}
orm .

TU B U L OU S
,
T U B U L O S E. T h at c or o l of a c om p ou nd fl ow e r w hi c h f or m s a wh ol e
tu b e, l i g u l a t e flo r e t
not a I t i s a l so a pp li e d t o a
.
p er ia nt h, i f t he wh ol e or
t he l o w e r p a r t i s a holl ow c yl i nd e r .
T U RB I N A T E T o p f orm .
T U RG I D T hi c ke n e d , sw oll e n , b u t n ot in at e d .
. fl
T WI N I N G . A sc e ndin g s p ir a ll y .

V A L V E. T he se v e ra l p ie c e s of a p er ic a r p wh ic h sep ar a te n a tur al l y on r i p en
i n g a r e c a l le d v al v es a l so , t h e l e av e s or c h afi s o f a g l u m e Eac h p ie c e i s .

c a lle d a v a lv e . T h is n a m e i s som e tim e s a p plie d to t he sc al e s w h i c h c l ose

t he t u b e i n som e c or ol s.
V A RI ET Y . T he c ha n g es p r od u c e d a m on g pl an t s o f t he sa m e sp ec i e s b y a c c i
d e nta l c a use s— a s b y soil , si tu a ti o n, c ul t ur e , c l im a t e , &C T h e se c h a n g es .

r e s p e c t m a ni tu d e,
g f u l n e ss o f o w fl
e r s , c r i sp in g of l e av e s, c ol or , t ast e , a n d
s mel l . I f t he sa m e k in d o f p l an t c a n p ossi b ly b e p r od u c e d f r om th e se e d of
o t her kin ds , t h ese a r e b u t v a r i e t ie s of t h e sam e sp e c i e s. A ll ap p l es ar e b ut.
v a r ie t i e s of t h e sam e sp e c i e s.
V A U L T ED . A r c he d o v e r l ik e t h e r oof of th e m ou th .

V EI N ED H av i ng t e n din o u s fi b r e s v ar io u sl y b ra n c h e d .
.

V EN T RI C O S E. S w e ll in g o u t a s if b l o wn u p w i th w i nd .
V ERT I C A L S ta n di ng or ha ng ing u p an d d own a t r i g h t a n gl e s wi th th e h or i
.

z o n — o r p ara ll e l t o th e ste m .

V ES I C U L A R C ontai ni ng o r c o n si stin g of a c e l l u l ar su b stanc e .

.

V IL L OS E H av i ng a su p e r fi c i al c ov e r ing o f l on g , sof t, w hi tish h air s.

j
.

V I S C I D . C O V E! e d s up e r fi c ial l y wi th a s t ic ky u ic e .

U M B EL H a v i n g th e
. fl
ow er s tem s d iv e r g i n g fr om o n e p l ac e , l ik e th e b rac e s
of a n u m b r e l la
,
fl
b e arin g or e ts o n t he ir e xtr e m it ie s, a s c a rr ot, d ill , f e nn el .
U M B EL L I F EROU S B e ar i ng u m b e l s , a s c a r rot, dill , f e n ne l
. .

U M B I L L I CA T E H av in g a k ind of c e nt ral r ou n d ish h oll ow or p r otu b e ran c e ,

.

a s o n t h e e nd o f a n a p p le or of a p om p ion .
U N A RM ED H a v i ng n o t ho rn s or p r i c k l e s
. .

U N DU L A T E. Wa v y
z
.

U NE UALQ T h e p a r ts n o t c orr e sp on d in g i n s i e , f or m a n d d ur a ti on
. .

V OL V A . T h e r ing or w ra p p e r a t fi r st e n c l osing t h e h e ad of a f u n g us ; a nd
w hi c h , a f te r th e p lan t ha s arr iv e d at m a t u r i ty, c o n tr a sts a n d r e m a in s o n th e
ste m or a t t h e r o o t .

U RCEO L A T E S w e ll i ng ou t l ik e a p i tc h e r , a n d n ot c on trac ting m u c h a t t op .

.

U RN F O RM
-
S w e ll in g i n t he m iddl e , an d c o n tra c ting a t th e t op— a s t h e c a l yx
.

o f t he r ose .

U T RI C L ES T he l itt le b a g lik e r e se r v oi r s f or sa p .
. -

U T RI CU L U S A l it tl e b l a dd e r .
.

WED G E F O RM O b ov a te w ith stra ig h tish S id es

-
. .

W H EEL F O RM -
H a v in g a sp r e a d i n g b or der wi th ou t a t ub e , or w i th an exc e e d
.

i n g sho rt o ne , as b o r a g e , l aur e l .

W H O RL ED S urr ou ndi ng th e s te m i n nu m b er s a t i nterval s ; as t h e l e av e s of

.

fl
b e d st r a w a n d t h e o w e r s o f m o t h e r w o r t .

WI N G S . T he tw o side pe tal s i n a p a pi lionac e ou s c or ol .

V I T H ERI N G
V
H a v i ng a s hr iv e l e d a n d d e c a y in g a pp e aran c e , th ou g h n ot ac tu~
.

a ll
y i n a stat e o f d e ea y ; a s th e ow e r s o f e l m . fl
WO O D T he m ost sol id par t of t he tr u nk s a nd r oots of herb s and trees.
.

ZI G Z A G . S ee flexu ose .
 1 66 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

roots wh i c h x tend to a g re at distanc e and ab sorb h u midi ty

e ,

th ro ug ho u t t h e i r w h ol e su rfac e .

T he l e av es of pl an ts h av e l i ke wi se the prope rty o f ab sorb i ng

water an d o f e x trac ti ng from the atmosph ere the sam e pri nc i
,

l w h i c h t he roo t d ra ws fro m the e arth B ut

p l ants w hi c h
p e .

l i ve in t he w ater and as i t w e re swi m in the e l e m e n t w hi c h

,

se rve s t h e m f or food h ave n o n ee d of roots th e y rec e i v e the

,

fl u id at all th e i r pores and we ac c ordi ngly fi nd th at the fuc us, ,

t he u l v a doc h av e n o roots w h ate ve r

,
. .

T he d u ng w hi c h is m i x e d wi t h earth s an d d e c ompose d not , ,

o nl y a ffo rd s the ali me n tary p ri nc i pl e s we h av e spo ke n o f b u t ,

l i ke w i se fav ou rs t he g row t h of t he pl ant b y th at c onstan t and

s te ad y h e at w h i c h its u l te ri or d e c om posmo n prod uc e s T h us .

i t is t hat F ab ron i afli rm s his h av i ng o b se rv e d the d e v e l opme n t

o f l e av es a n d fl owe rs i n t ha t part o f the tre e on l y, wh i c h was
in t he v i c i ni ty of a h e ap of d u ng .

F ro m the pre c e di ng c i rc u mstan c es it appe ars th at the influ ,

e nc e o f t he e a rt h in v e g etati on is al m ost t o tall y c o nfi n e d to the

c o n v e y an c e o f w ate r, and prob ab l y t he e l asti c prod u c ts from

tre f i ng su b stan c e s t o t he pl a n t
p u y ,
.

V e ge ta b l e s c an no t li v e wi tho u t air F rom th e e x pe ri me n ts

.

o f P ri e stl e y I nge n hou sz and S e n n eb ie r i t is asc e rtai n e d th at

, , , ,

l n ts a b so rb t he az oti c part of t he a tm os ph e re and th i s ri n

p a p
c iple appe a rs to b e the c a use o f the fe rtili ty w hi c h ari se s fro m

t he u se o f pu tre fy i ng m atte rs in the form of m an u re T he c ar .

b o n ic ac id is l i ke wi se ab so rb e d b y v eg e tab les w h e n i ts q u anti ,

t y is s mall If in l arg e q u an ti ty i t is fatal to th e m

. , .

C haptal has o b se rv e d t h at c arb o ni c ac i d pre d o m i n ates in the

,

fu ng u s and o t h e r su b te rrane ous pl an ts

,
B u t b y c ausi n g t h ese.
,

v e g e tab l e s tog e th e r wi th the b ody u pon w hi c h the y were fix e d

, ,

to pass b y i m pe rc e pti b l e g rad ati ons from an al m ost ab sol u te

, ,

d a rkne ss i nto the ligh t the ac id v e ry nearl y di sappe are d ; the

, ,

v eg e ta b l e fi b res b e i ng proporti on all y i n c re ase d at t he sam e ,

ti me t hat the resi n and c ol o ri ng pri nc i pl es w e re d e v el ope d ,

w h i c h he asc ri b es to the o x yg e n o f the same ac i d S e nne b ier .

h as o b ser v e d th at t he pl an ts w hi c h he wate red wi th wate r im

,

pre g n ate d w i t h c arb oni c ac id transpi re d an e x traord in ary q u an

,

t ity o f o xyg e n w hi c h lik e wi se i ndi c ates a d e c om posi ti on of the

,

ac rd

L i g h t is al most ab sol u tel y n ec essary to plan ts. I n the d ark ,

t h e y g ro w pal e , l ang u i sh , a n d d ie T he te nd e n c y of pl ants to
.
'

w a rd s the l i g ht is re markab l y se e n in su c h v eg e tat i on as is e f

fe c ted i n a c h am b e r or pl ac e w h e re the l i g h t is ad m i tte d o n one
s id e ; fo r the plan t ne v e r fail s to g ro w i n t hat d irec t ion. Whe th

e r t he m atte r o f lig ht b e c ond e nse d i n to the su bstanc e of l ants,

.
p
or w h e th e r it ac t mere ly as a sti mul us or ag e n t, whit hout w hi c h
 M A TERI A M EDI C A . 1 67

h
t he ot e r re u s te c q i i h e m i c al roc e sses c annot be e ffe c te d is n u
p ,

c er ta n . i
I t is asc e rtai ne d , th at the proc esses i n pl ants se r ve , l i ke th ose
in an i m al s, to prod uc e a more e q u i tab l e te m pe ratu re , w h i c h is
fo r the m ost part ab o ve th at o f the at mosphe re D r. H un ter, .

q u ote d b y C haptal , ob se rved , b y ke e pi ng a the rmo m e te r plun

e d i n a h ol e m ad e in a so u n d tree , tha t i t c onstan tl y i nd i c ate d
g
a te m e ra tu re se ve ral d e g re e s ab o v e t h at of the a t m osph e re ,
p
w he n it was b e l o w t he fi fty si x th di v i si on o f F ahre n he it w h e re
-

as t he v e g e tab l e he a t, i n h otte r we athe r, w as al ways se ve ral d e

g ree s b e l o w t h at of the at mosphe re T he sam e phi l oso ph e r has

.

l i ke w i se o b se rv e d , t hat the sap w hi c h, o ut of the tre e , wo u l d

fre e z e at 3 2 d e g rees, did not free z e in the tre e u n l ess the c ol d
au g me n te d 1 5 d e g re e s mo re .

T he v e g e tab l e h e at m ay i n c re ase or di m i n i sh b y sev e ral

c au se s, o f t he n at u re o f d i se ase ; an d it m ay e ve n b e c o m e pe r

c e ptib le to t he t o uc h i n v e r y c old we at h e r, ac c ord i ng t o B u ffon .

T he pri n c i pl es of whi c h v e g etab l es are c o mposed , if w e pu r

s u e t h e i r anal ysi s as fa r as o u r m e ans h av e h i t he rto al l ow e d ,

are c h i e fl y c arb o n, hy d rog e n, a nd o x y g e n N i trog e n is a c on

.

stitu e n t pri n c i pl e of se v e ral , b ut for the m ost pa rt i n s m al l

q u an t ity P o tassa, sod a, li me , m ag nesi a, sil e x , al u m i n a sul
. s

h u r hos h o rus, i ro n , m ang an ese and m u ri a ti c a c id , h av e

p , p p
l i ke w i se b ee n re c kone d in the n u mb e r ; b u t some of t he se oc
c u r o nl y o c c asi on all y , a nd c h i efl y in v e ry sm all q u an t i ti e s ;
an d a re sc a rc e l y m o re e n ti tl e d to b e c ons id e re d as b e l o ngi n g to

t h e m th an g ol d , o r so m e o th e r s u b stan c e s, t h at h a ve b e e n oc
c asio n all y proc u re d f ro m t he i r d e c o m posi ti on .

T he fo ll owi ng are t he pri n c i pal prod u c ts o f v eg e tat i on

1 ° S ug a r . C rystal iz e s. S ol u b l e in w ater an d al c o h ol .
‘

T aste swee t S ol u b l e i n n i tri c ac id , and yi eld s o x ali c ac id

. .

2 S a r c ocol . Doe s n ot c rystal iz e

. S ol ub l e in w ater an d al
.

c oh ol . T aste b i tte r swe et . S ol u b l e in n i tri c ac i d , and yi e ld s

o x al i c ac id .

3 A sp a r ag in . C rystal iz es. T aste c ool i ng and n au seou s.

.

S ol ub l e i n hot wate r . I nso l u b l e in al c oho l . S ol u b l e i n n i tri c

ac id , and c on v e rted i n to b i tte r pri nc i pl e and art ifi c i al t an n i n .

4 G um. Doe s no t c ry stal iz e . T aste i nsi pid

. S ol u b l e i n .

w ate r, a nd forms m uc i l ag e I n sol ub l e in al c o hol . P rec ipitat

.

e d b y sil i c ate d
potassa. S o l ub l e i n n i tri c ac i d , an d form s m u
c ou s an d o x al i c ac id s .

5 . U lm i n Does not c rystalize . T aste i nsipid . S ol u b l e in

.

w ate r, and d oes n ot for m m u c il ag e . P re c i pi tate d b y n i tri c an d

o xy m u ri ati c ac i d s in the state o f resi n . I n sol u b l e in al c ohol .

6 I n u l i n . A whi te po wd e r. I n sol uble in c o ld wa te r. S o

.

lub l e in b oili ng wate r ; b ut prec i pi tates u n al tere d afte r the so

.
1 68 TH E T H O M S O N I A N

l ut ion lc oo s. I nsol ub l e in al c oh ol . S l
o ub e l in i i
n tr c ac id ,
and
yi e ld s o x ali c ac id .

7 . S t a rc h A w hi te po wd e r. T aste i nsi pid . I nsol ub l e in

.

c ol d w ate r S ol u b l e i n ho t w ate r ; o paq ue an d g l u ti n ous.

.

P re c i pi tated b y an i n fusi on o f n u tg al l s pre c i pi tate re di ssol ved

b y a h e at o f 1 2 0 d e g I nso l u b l e i n a l c o ho l. S o l u b l e i n dil u te
.

n i t ri c ac id , a n d p re c i pi tate d b y al c o h o l . Wi th n i tri c ac id
yi e l ds o x ali c ac id and a w ax y m atte r.
8 I n d ig o. A b l ue po wd e r
. T aste i nsi pid I nsol ub l e in
. .

w ate r, a lc o hol , ae th e r. S ol u b l e i n su l phu ri c ac id S ol u b l e .

i n n i t ri c ac id , and c on ve rte d i n to b i tte r pri n c i pl e and artifi c i al

tan n n . i
9 . G l u ten . F orms a d u c til e e l asti c m ass w i t h wate r. P ar
t iall y sol u b l e i n wate r ; p re c i pi tate d b y i n fu si o n o f n u tg —
all s

a n d o xyg e n iz e d m u ri at i c ac i d S o l u b l e in ac e ti c ac id a n d m u
.

t iati o ac id . I nsol u b l e i n a l c oh o l . B y fe rme n tati on b e c o mes

v i sc i d a nd ad h es i v e , a nd t h e n assu m es t he prope r ti e s o f c heese .

S ol u b l e i n n i t ri c ac id , a n d y i e l d s o x a li c ac i d .
1 0 . A l b u m e n . S ol u b l e i n c o ld w a te r. C o ag u l ate d b y he at,
a nd b e c o mes i nso l u b l e . I nsol u b l e in a l c o hol . P re c i pi tate d b y
i nfusi on o f n u tg al l s . S ol u b l e in n i tri c ac id . S oon pu trefi es.
1 1 . F ib r i n . T aste l e ss . I n sol u b l e i n w ate r a n d al c o h o l .
S ol u b l e i n dil u ted al kal i e s, an d in n i t ri c ac id . S oo n pu t refi e s.
1 2 . G el a tin . I nsi pid . S ol u b l e i n w ate r. Doe s n ot c oag u
l ate w he n h e ate d . P re c i pi tated b y i nfusi o n o f g alls.
1 3 . B itt e r P r in c ip l e. C ol o r y e l l o w o r b ro w n . T aste b it
te r. Eq u al l y so l u b l e i n wat e r a nd a l c o h ol . S ol u b l e i n n i tri c
ac id . P re c i pi tate d b y n i t rate o f sil v e r.
1 4 . Ex tr a c t iv e S o l u b l e in w ate r a nd alc o h ol . I nsol ub l e
.

i n a t h e r. P rec i pi tate d b y o x y g e niz ed m u riat ic ac i d , m u ri ate of

t in , and m u ri ate o f a l u m i n a ; b u t n ot b y g e l ati n . D ye s fawn
l
c o o r.
1 5 . Ta n n in . T aste astri nge nt S ol ub l e in w ate r an d in al
.

c o ho l o f P re c i pi tate d b y g e l ati n m u ri ate o f a l u mi na

, ,

a nd m uri ate o f tin .

1 6 F ix ed oils
. N o s me ll I nsol ub l e in w ate r a nd al c oh o l .
. .

F o rms soaps w i th al kal i es. Coag ul ate d b y e arth y a n d metal l i c

l
sa ts .

1 7. ar . W I nsol u b l e in w ate r. S ol u b le in al c oh ol , ae th er,

a nd o il s. F o rm s s oap w i th al kal i es. F usi b l e .
1 8 . V ol a ti l e oi l . S tro n g s m e l l . I nso l u b l e in wate r. S olu ‘

b le in al c o hol . L iq u id . V o l ati l e . O il y . B y n i tri c ac id ih

fl a med , a nd c o n v e rte d i n to re si nou s su b sta n c e s.

C a mp /t or . S tro ng od or. C rystaliz es. V e ry l i ttle sol u

b le in wate r. S ol ub l e i n al c o hol , o il s, ac id s. I nso l u b l e in al
k ali es . B u rns wi th a c l ear fl ame , a nd vo at l iliz es b e fore mel ti ng .
1 70 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

M A T T ER.
The L or d G od f or m ed m a n o
f the d ust f the g r ou n d ,
o

a nd b r ea thed i n to hi s n os tr i ls the b r e a th of l ife a n d m a n

b ec am e a l i v i ng s ou l .
”
G e n I I , c h ap 7 .
. .

We sh all f irs t tre at of the fou r e l e m ents, as matte r ; s econ d

ly , the e l e me n ts, o r m atter org aniz e d thi r d ly , t he e l e m e n ts or
m atte r an i m ate d , or w i t h l i fe ; an d f ou r thly the di seases to,

w h i c h the e l e m en ts or m atte rs b e c ome su bj e c t in c onse q u en c e

of an i m ati on .
M an is form ed of the fou r e l e me n ts, e arth , w ater, air and
fi re , an d wh i c h we d i v i d e i nto two c l asses, v iz : p a ssi v e and
ac ti v e , or m a tter wi thou t a n d wi th org a n iz a ti on a n d m oti on .
Ea r th an d wa ter b e i n g the p a ssi v e , an d fi r e an d a i r the
ac tiv e . T he u n i o n of w hi c h prod u c e th e pe c u li ar e n s , qu i n t
es c en c e or i rr i ta bili ty an d ex c i t a b i l i ty , t h at is c all e d l i fe , and

t h us a forc e d state of e xi stan c e is c omme n c e d and is m ai n tai n

e d for a t i me , w h en i t is d e c om pose d an d re tu rn s to e art h

ag ai n to n ou ri sh an d i nv ig orate o th e r b odi e s in i ts t u rn . In
t hi s spe c i e s o f g re e n h o u se state o f e xi ste n c e , w e are c o mpe l l ed
-

c on stan tl y t o b e te m pe r i ng ou r b o di es to t he v ar i ou s v i c i ssi t ud es

of atm osph e re to w h i c h w e are su bj e c t, b y addi n g to o r di m i n

i shin g t he q u an ti ty an d q u al i ty of ou r c l ot hi n g , as we l l as o ur
fuel , food and e v ery oth e r c on v e ni e nc e th at is d esi rab l e to
m ak e l i fe tol erab l e, in so frail a b ody , d u ri ng its transi tory
ab od e u pon e art h .

T he e arth and w ate r b e i n g the c om pone nt par ts

L or d G od f orm ed m a n of the d u st of the g r ou n d .) T he fi re
an d air ke e p hi m i n m o ti on b y e x c i te m e n t and i rri tati on
*
(an d

b r e a thed i n to hi s n os tr ils the b r e a th of lif e , a n d m a n b ec a m e

a l i v i ng sou l .) We sh al l fi rst an alyz e t he passi v e part, v iz :
e arth and w ate r , an d t h e n in d ue c ou rse , t he ac ti v e or e x c i t
ing pr i nc i pl e , fi re an d air. A fte r w h i c h , it is ou r d esig n , to e x
hib it di ffe ren t porti on s of the h u man b ody i n m i n i ature in
a n a tom y an d p hy s i ol og y , in o rd e r to gi t/e t he re ad e r a m ore
j ust c on c e pti on of the an i mate d mass o f c reati on of wh i c h he
form s so m i n u te a porti on .
We sh al l al so e x amine the d i ffe ren t fun c ti ons of ani m al or
‘

an ization an d mot i on , tog e th e r w i th th e fi v e se n ses, w i t h the

g
o w e rs of spe ec h , to e x press the di ffe re n t passi o n s a nd w ants
p
to oth e r an i m ate d m atter, t h u s c onsti t uti ng the perfe c t m an .

l st T H E P A S S IV E:
.

O R, EA RT H A N D W A T ER A N D T H EI R C O M P O N EN T
, PA RT S .

A l th ou gh t h ere see ms to b e an al most i nfi n i te v ari e ty of

earthy su b st an c es sc atte re d on the su rfac e of t hi s gl ob e , ye t
wh en we e xamine th em W i th a c h e m i c al e ye , we fi n d, n ot
'

V i tal ity .
 M A TERI A M ED I C A . 1 71

wi th out sur r se ,
p i th at al l dthe e art h and ston es whi c h we tre a
u n d e r ou r fe e t and w hi c h c ompo se the l arg e st roc ks as we l l
, ,

as t he n u merou s d i ffere n t spec i mine s w hi c h ad orn the c ab i ne ts

o f t he c u r i o u s are c o mpose d of a v er y fe w si m pl e or e l e me n

tary e a rths “
A nalysi s has sh o wn th at the v ar i ou s ston y o r
.
,

u l e ru l e n t m asses w hi c h for m ou r m ou n tai ns v all e y s and

p v , , ,

l ai n s m ig h t b e c onsid e re d as resu l ti n g from t he c o m b i n ati on

p ,

o r i nte rm ix t ure in v ari ou s nu m b e rs an d proporti on s of n i ne

, ,

r i m i ti v e e ar th s to whi c h the foll ow i ng n ames we re gi ve n :

p ,

3 L i me M ag n e si a
*
1 B ary tes
. 2 S trontites . 4. 5 . . . . . .

A l u m i na o r c l ay 6 S il i c a
, 7 G l u c i na . 8 Z i rc on i a
. 9 . . . . . .

Y ttri a .

A l kal i e s ac id s m e tall i c ores and nati v e metal s, were sup

, , ,

se d to b e of an e n ti re l y di ssi m il ar c on sti t u t i on
po .

1. BA RY T ES .

’
( F r o m B a r s
y , h e av y; so c a l l e d b e c au se i t i s v e r y p p
r e on d e r ou s ) C a u k ,
~
.
-

C al k; T err a ponder osa; B ar yta P ond e r ou s e ar th ; H e av y e a rt h . U ni te d w i t h

.

t he su l p hu r ic ac id , i t f or m s t h e m in e r al c al l e d su l p hate of b ar yt es , or b a r osel e
Rit e . When u nite d to c ar b on ic a c i d, it i s c all e d a er a ted b ar ytes, or c ar b on ate
of b ar ytes. S e e H eavy spar .

B ar y te s , i s a c om p ou nd of b ariu m an d oxyg e n . O x yg e n c om b in e s w i th two

p or tio ns o f b ar i u m , f or m ing , l B ar ytes. 2 D eutox id e of b a r ium.. .

“
1 . B a r ytes , or p r o o t x id e o f b a r i u m is b e st ob tain e d , b y i g nit in g , in a c ov
z
,

e r e d c r u c i b l e , th e p u r e c r y stal i e d n itr at e of b ar y t es . I t i s p r oc u r e d i n t he
stat e of h y d r a te , b y a dd in g c au stic p ot a ssa or so d a t o a sol u ti on of t he m ur i
a t e of n it r a te . A nd b ar y te s , slig h tl y c ov er e d wi th c h ar c oal , m ay b e ob tai ne d
b y str o ng l y i g n it ing t he c arb ona te a nd c h a r c o al m ixe d t o g e t her i n fi n e p ow
d er . B ar y t es o b ta i n e d fr om t h e i g ni te d n itr at e i s of a whi ti sh gr ay c ol or ; -

m or e c a ustic t ha n str ontit es , or p e r hap s e v e n lim e . I t r e n d er s t he sy r u p of

v i ol e t s g r e e n , an d th e i nf u si o n of t um e r ic r e d I t s sp e c ifi c g r av i ty b y F our
q
.

c r oy i s 4 Whe n w ater in sm all u an tity i s p ou r e d on th e dr y e ar t h, i t slak e s

q
.

l ik e u ic kl im e , b u t p e r hap s w i th ev ol u t ion of m or e h e a t. Whe n sw all ow e d

i t ac t s as a v i ol e n t p oison I t is d e stit u t e o f sm e ll .
.

Whe n p ur e b ary tes is exposed, in a p or c elain tu b e , at a heat v erg in g on ig.

ni ti on , t o a st r e am of d r y oxy g e n g a s, it a b sor b s t h e g as rap idl y , a n d p asse s
t o t he state of de u toxy d e of b ar iu m . B u t w h e n it i s c al c in e d in c on ta c t wit h
a tm osp h e r ic air , w e ob tain at fi r st thi s d eu t ox y d e a n d c ar b on a t e of b ar y te s

t he f orm e r o f w h ic h p asse s v e r y sl owl y in to t h e l atter , b y ab sor p tion of car

b on ic ac id fr om th e a tm osp h e r e .

2 T h e deu tox yde of b ar iu m is of a g r e e nish g ray c ol or , it i s c a u sti c , r en de rs

.
-

t h e syr u p o f v iol e ts g r e e n , an d i s n o t d e c om p osab l e b y h ea t or lig ht . T h e

v ol tai c p i l e re d u c e s it . Expose d at a m o de rate h e at to c ar b onic ac id , it ah
sorb s i t , e m it tin g o x yge n , an d b e c om in g c ar b ona t e o f b ar y te s. T h e d eu
t oxy d e i s p rob ab l y d ec omp o se d b y su l p h ur e t te d hy d r og e n at or d in ar y t em p er
a ture s .A id e d b y h e a t , alm ost all c om b u st i b l e b odi es , a s w e ll a s m an y m e.
t al s , d e c om p ose i t . T h e ac ti on of h y dr og e n i s a c c om p ani e d w ith r em ar k abl e
p he nom e n a .

Wat er a t 5 0 ° F . dissolv e s o ne tw en tie th of its w e ight of b ar y te s, and at 2 12°

-

a b ou t on e h al f of i ts w e i h t I t is c ol or l ess, ac r i d , an d c au stic . I t ac ts p ow
g
-
.

e r f ull y on t h e v e g e tab l e p u r pl e s a nd y e l lo w s. Exp ose d t o t he air , it attr ac t s

c ar b o n i c ac id , an d the di ssol v e d b ar tes i s c onv e r te d into c ar b onat e w hi c h
y ,
f all s d ow n in in sol u b l e c ru sts.
S ul phu r c om b in e s w ith b ar y te s , wh e n th ey a re m ixe d tog e the r , a n d h e ate d
in a c ru c ib l e T h e sam e c om p ou n d is m or e e c on om i c al l y ob tain e d b y i g nit ing
.

a m ixt ur e of su l p ha t e of b ar y t e s a n d c ha rc oal i n fi n e p ow d er . T h i s su l p h a .
r e t i s of a r e d di sh y ell ow c ol or an d w h e n dr
, y w ith ou t sme ll . Whe n t his sub
s ta nc e i s p u t In to h ot wat er , a p ow erf ul ac tion i s m anif este d . T h e w ater i s
1 72 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

T he b ril li ant di sc overy b y S ir. H . Dav y , in 1 8 08 , 'of the

me tal l i c b asi s of potassa, sod a, b ary tes, stron tites, and li me ,

d e c om p ose d , an d t wo n e w p rod uc ts ar e f or m e d , n am el y , hy dr osul p hur e t , an d

z q
hy drog u r e tt e d sul p hur e t of b ar yte s. T h e fi r st c r y stal i e s a s the l i u id c ool s ,
t he se c ond r e m a in s d issolv e d ; T h e hydr osul p hu r et i s a c om p ou n d of of
b ar y te s w ith su l p hu r e tt e d hy dr o g e n . q
I ts c r y stal s sh ou l d b e u i ck l y se
p ar ate d b y fi l tra ti o n , a n d dri e d b y pr essu r e b e tw e e n t h e f old s of p orou s p ap er .
T h e y a r e w hit e sc al e s , hav e a sil ky l u str e , ar e sol u b l e in wa t er , a nd y i e l d a
s ol u ti on ha v i n g a g r ee n ish tin g e . I ts t aste i s ac r id , s ul p hure ou s, an d w he n
m i x e d w ith th e hy dr og u r e tte d su l p h ur e t , e m in e n tly c orr osiv e . I t rap idl y at
tr a c ts ox y g e n f rom t h e a tm osp h er e , a n d i s c onv e r t e d i n t o t h e su l p hat e of b a
r y t es. T h e hyd r og ur etted su lp hur et i s a c omp ou n d of b ar y te s wi th
b isu l p hu r e tt e d hy d r og e n : b u t c ontam i n at e d wi t h su l phi t e an d hy p osu lp hi te
in u n k n ow n p r op or tions . T he dry su l p hu re t c on sists pr ob ab l y of 2 sul p hur
+ 97 5 b ar y t e s. T h e r e adie st w ay of ob ta in ing b ar y te s w at er i s to b oil t he
z
sol u ti on of th e su l p hu r e t w i th d e u t oxy d e of c op p er , w h i c h sei e s th e su l p hur ,
fl
whil e t h e hy dr og e n i e s off, an d t he b ar y te s r e m ains d i ssolv e d .
P hosphur et of b ar yt es m a y b e e a sil y f or m e d b y e xp osi ng t he c on s titu e nts t o
g ethe r t o h eat in a g l a ss tu b e . T h e ir r ec i pr oc a l a c ti on i s so in te n se a s t o
c au s e i g niti on . L ik e p hosphu r e t of lim e , i t d e c om p ose s w a te r , a nd c a u se s
th e d ise n g ag e m e n t o f p h o sph ur e tte d hy dr o g e n g a s, w h i c h sp on tan e ou sly i n
fl a m es wi t h c on tac t of a ir . Wh e n su l p h ur i s m a d e to ac t on th e d e u t oxy d e of
b ar y te s, su l p hur i c a cid i s f orm e d , w hic h u ni te s t o a p or tion of th e e ar t h into
a su l ph a te .
T h e sal t s of b ar y te s ar e w h ite , an d m or e or l e ss tran sp are nt . A ll the sol u
b l e su l p hate s c au se i n t h e sol u b l e sal t s of b ar yte s a pr e cip i tat e in sol u b l e i n ni o

tri c a c id . T he y ar e all p oi son ou s e xc ep t th e su l p ha te a n d h en c e th e p r o p e r

c ou nt er p oison i s d il u t e su lp hu r i c ac id f or th e c ar b on ate , a n d su l p ha te of so
-

”
d a f or t he sol ub e s l a l t s o f b a r y t es.

P u r e b ar y t e s h a s a m u c h str on g er a ffi n ity t han a ny oth er b od y f or sul phu

ri c a c i d ; i t t u r n s b l ue t i nc tur e of c ab b ag e g r e e n . I t i s e n tir e l y f usi b l e b y
h e at a lon e , b u t m el ts w he n mixe d wi th v ari ou s e ar ths . I ts sp e c i fi c g r av i ty i s
q
I t c ha ng e s ui c kl y i n t he a ir , sw e ll s, b e c om e s sof t, a n d f al ls i n t o a
‘

q
w h ite p owd er , w ith t he a c u isiti on of a b ou t on e fi f th of i ts w e ig ht
-
. T hi s sl ab
i ng i s m u c h m or e a c tiv e a n d sp ee dy t h a n t ha t of l im e . I t c om b in e s w i th p hos
h or u s w h i c h c om p ou n d d e c om p oses w a t er ra p i d ly . I t u ni te s t o su l p hu r b y
p ,

t he dr y a n d h u m id w ay . I t h a s a p ow e r f ul a ttr a c ti on f or w a te r , w hi c h i t ah
sor b s w i th a h issin g n o ise , a n d c on sol ida t e s it stron g l y . I t i s s o l u b l e i n tw e n
t im es i ts w e i g ht of co ld , a n d t wi c e i t s w eig h t of b oi lin g w a te r . I t s c r y stal s
a r e l on g f o u r si d e d p r ism s of a sati n l ik e app ear an c e .
-
I t i s a d e adl y p oi son
to an im al s.
2 . S T RON TIA .

(S o c all e d b e c au se i t w as fi r st fou n d i n a l e ad m in e at S tr ontian , i n S c ot

l an d ) A g r ay i sh Whi te c ol ore d e a r th, f ou n d in c om b i na tion wi th c ar b o ni c
.
-

ac i d , i n the m i n e ral c all e d S tron tian it e .

P ur e S tr ontia i s o f a g r ay ish w hi te c ol or a p u ng e nt, a c r id ta ste a n d whe n
-

o w d er e d i n a m or t ar , t h e d ust t hat r i ses irr i tat es t he l u n g s a n d n ostr il s I ts

p
S p e c i fi c g r av ity ap p r oac h e s t ha t of b ar y te s . q ,

I t re u ire s r a ther m or e th an 1 60
a r t s o f w at e r a t 60 d e g . t o di ssol v e i t ; b u t of b o ilin g w a ter m u c h l e ss. On
p
z
c ool in g , i t c r y st al i e s i n t hi n , tr an sp ar e n t , q ua dr a ng ul ar
pl a te s, g e ner all y
p a r a ll e l og r a m s , se l d om exc e e di n g a q u ar t e r of an i n c h i n l e n t h a n d f y e
g ,
qu e ntl y ad h e r i n g t og e t h er . q
T h e e dg e s ar e m ost fre ue n tl y b e v e l l ed f r om
e a c h sid e . S om e tim e s t he y a ssum e a c ub i c f or m . T h ese cr y stal s c on t ain
ab ou t 68 of water ; ar e sol ub l e i n
. tim es t h e ir w e i g h t of w ater at 60 d e
g ,
.
‘
a nd in littl e m ore t ha n t w i c e t h e ir w e ig h t of b oilin g w a ter . T h ey g i v e a
b l ood r e d c ol or t o t he
-
fl a m e o f b u r n in g al c oh ol . T h e sol u tion of str ontia
c han g es v e g e tab l e b l ue s t o a g r e e n . S tr on tia c omb in e s wi th su lp hu r e i th e r in
t he w e t or d ry w a y , a nd its su l p hu r e t i s sol u b l e in w ater .
In its pr op er tie s , str o ntia ha s a c on sid e r ab l e a ffi ni ty t o b ar y te s. I t diff er s
fl
f rom i t c hi e y i n b eing inf usi b l e , m u c h l e ss sol ub l e , of a d iff ere nt form, w eak
 1 74 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

T o the ab ove n i ne e arthy su b stanc es, B erz el i u s has l atel y

add e d a te n th , w h i o he c all s thor i n a . Wh ate ve r may b e the
g ase ou s state : on a d di ng t o the ac e tate of lim e c ar b ona t e of am m oni a, ac e
t ate of a mm on ia , a n d a n ar tifi c ial c arb on a te of l im e are f or m e d ; f r om t h e l at .

t e r the c arb oni c ac id i s a g a in e x pe ll e d , b y e xp osur e to h e at , a n d th e l im e is

l eft b e hin d in a state of p er f ec t p ur i ty .
.4 M A G N ES IA .
l . T he a n c ient c hem ists g av e t hi s n am e t o su c h sub stan c e s a s t he y con
c e iv e d t o hav e the p owe r of a ttrac tin g an y p r in c ip l e fr om t h e a ir . T h u s an
e ar th whi c h , on b e i ng e xp ose d t o th e a ir , i n cr e a se d i n w e i g h t, an d y i el d e d v i t
r iol , t he y ca ll e d mag n esi a u i tr i ol at a : a nd l a ter c h emi sts , ob ser ving in t he ir

p r oc ess f or ob ta in ing m ag n esia, t h a t ni tr ou s a c id w a s sep ar a te d , a n d an e ar th

l e f t b e hind , su pp osing i t had at tra c te d th e ac id , c all e d it mag n esi a n i tr i , whi c h ,
f rom i ts c ol or , soon ob tai ne d t h e n a m e of mag n esi a a l b a .
2. T h e n am e of on e of t he p r i m i tiv e e ar t hs , h av i ng a m e tallic b a si s, c all e d
magne siu m . I t ha s b ee n fou nd n ativ e i n t he sta te of hydrat e .
M ag n esia m a y b e ob tain e d b y p ou r ing in t o a solu ti on of i ts su l pha te a sol u
t ion of su b c ar b on at e of soda , w a shin g th e p r ec ip itat e , d r y ing i t , a nd e xp osin g
i t t o a r e d hea t. I t i s u su ally p r oc u r e d i n c om m e r ce , b y a c ting on m a g ne sian
lim estone wi th the im p ur e m u r i a te of m a g n esia, or b i tter n of t he se a sal t m an -

u fa c tor i es . T h e m ur i atic a c id g oe s t o t he l im e , f or m in g a sol u b l e sal t , a n d

l e av e s b e hind t h e m ag nesia of b ot h t h e b i tte r n an d lim eston e . O r th e b i ttern
i s d ec om p ose d b y a c r u d e s ub c ar b on ate of am m on i a , ob t ain e d f r om th e distil
l ation of b on es in ir on c y lin d e r s M u r i a te of a m m on ia a n d su b c ar b on ate of
.

m agn e sia r esu l t . T h e f orm e r i s ev a p or a te d t o dr y ne ss, m ixe d wi th c h al k , and

su b l im e d . S u b c a rb on ate of a m m on ia i s thu s r e c ov er e d , w ith whic h a new
q uan tity of b i tter n m ay b e d e c om p o se d ; a n d t hu s, i n c ease l e ss r e p e tit i on ,
f or m i ng a n e l e g an t an d ec on om ic al p roc ess z
1 00 p ar ts of c r y stali e d Ep som
q
.

sal t, r e u ir e f or c om pl e te d e c o m p osit ion 5 6 of su b car b on at e of p ot assa , or 44

d ry su b c ar b on a te of sod a , an d y i e l d 1 6 of p ur e m ag ne sia af t er c al c i na ti on .
M ag n e si a i s a w hite , sof t p ow d er . I ts S p g r . i s. b y K ir w an . I t r en d er s
t he syr u p of v iol e ts , a n d i nf u si on of r e d c ab b a g e , gr ee n , a n d r e dd e n s tur m er ic .
I t i s i nf u sib l e , e x c e p t b y th e h y dr oxyg e n b l ow p ip e I t h a s sc arc e l y a ny
q
-
.

t aste , a nd n o sm e l l . I t i s n e ar l y i n sol u b l e i n w a t e r ; b u t i t a b sor b s a u an ti

q
t y of th at l i u id w i th t he p r od u c ti on of h eat . A n d w h e n i t i s thr own d own
f r om t he su l ph a te b y a c au sti c al k al i, i t i s c omb in e d w i th w at e r c onsti t u ting a
h y drate , w hi c h, howev er , se p ar ate s a t a r e d h ea t. I t c ontain s ab ou t on e f ou r th -

i t s w e i g h t o f w at e r .
When m ag n esia is e xp ose d to the air , i t v er y slowl y a ttrac ts c ar b onic aci d.
I t c om b in es w i th sul p hur , f orm ing a sul p hu r e t .
T h e m e t alli c b a si s, or m a g n e si um , m a y b e ob tain e d in the sta te of am al
z
g am w i th m erc ur y b y e l ec tr i ati on .

Whe n m ag nesia i s strong l y h ea te d in c ontac t with 2 v olu m es of c hl or ine ,

thi s g as i s a b sor b e d, an d on e v ol u m e of oxy g e n i s di se n g a g e d . H e n c e i t i s
ev id e nt t hat th e r e e xi sts a c om b i n ati on o f m ag n esiu m a nd c hl or in e , or a tr u e
c hl or id e . T he sal t c all ed m u r i ate of m ag n e si a i s a c om p ou n d of th e c hl or id e
and w ater . Whe n it is ac te d on b y a str o ng h eat, b y far the g r eate st p ar t of
t he c hl orin e u nites to th e h y d r og e n of t h e w a ter , an d r i s e s in th e f or m of m u
r iati c ac id g as w hil e th e oxyg e n of the d e c om p ose d wate r c omb ine s wi th t he
m ag ne siu m t o f or m m ag n e sia .

M ag nesia i s of te n a ssoc i a t e d w i th l im e in mineral s, and the ir p er f e c t se p ar

ati on b e c om es a n i n te r estin g p r o b l em i n an al y si s .

P r op er ti es — P u r e m ag n e sia d oes n ot f or m with water an a d he siv e d u c til e

mass I t is i n th e f or m of a v er y w hite sp ong y p owd er , soft to t he t ou c h, and
.

p e rfec tl y ta stel e ss. I t is v er y sl ig htl y solu b l e in w a ter . I t a b sorb s c ar b onic

ac i d g radu all y f r om t h e a tm osp he r e . I t c ha ng e s v e r y d elic at e b l u e v e g e tab l e
c ol or s t o g re e n . I ts attra c ti on t o th e a c id s i s w e ake r than th ose of th e a lk a
l ie s. Its sal ts ar e p ar tially d e c om p ose d b y am m oni a, on e p ar t of the m ag n e
sia b e ing pr e c ip itate d, a nd t h e ot he r f or m i ng a tr ip l e c om p ou n d . I ts sp e c ifi c
i t i b ut I t i i f usib l e ev en b y t he m ost in te n se h e at ; b u t when
g ra v y s a o s n
 M A TERI A M ED IC A . 1 75

l i
r e v o u t ons of c h e mi c al nome nc ature , l m an k i nd wil l n e v e r
c e ase to c ons id e r as ea r ths, h
t ose S ol l d b od i es c om posi ng the

m ixe d wi th so m e t he o ther ear ths i t b e c om e s f u sib l e . I t c om b i n es wi th

of
s u lp hur . I t d o es n ot u ni te t o p h osp horu s or c arb on . I t i s n ot di ssol v e d b y
a l ka li es i n t he h u m i d w ay . W
h e n he ate d str on g ly , i t b ec om e s p h osp h or e s
c e nt . W i th t he d e n se a c id s it b ec om e s i g nit e d. W
i th al l t he a c ids i t f orm s
s al t s o f a b i tter t aste , m ostl y v e ry sol u b l e .

A L U M IN A .
5 .

A l um i n e . T er r a .d l u min a Ear th of alu m . P ur e c lay . O n e of the p ri

.

m it iv e e ar t hs, w hi c h , a s c on stit uti ng t he p l a st ic p r in c ip l e of al l c la y s, l oam s,

a nd h ol e s, w a s c al l e d a r g il , or t h e ar g ill a c eou s e ar th , b u t n ow , a s b e i n g oh
t ain e d i n g r e a t e st p uri t y f r om a l u m , i s styl e d al u m in a. I t w as d ee m e d e l e
m e ntar y m a tte r t ll S D y s c e l e b r a t e d e l e c tr o c he m i cal r e se arc he s l e d
’
i ir H a v
.
-

t o t he b e li e f of i ts b e in g , l ik e b ar y tes an d l im e , a m e ta lli c oxy d e .

T h e p ur e st n a tiv e a l u m in a i s f ou nd i n the or i e n tal g e m s, t he sapp hir e and
r ub y . T h e y c o n si st of n ot hing b u t th is e ar t h an d a sm a ll p or tion of c ol ori ng
m atter . T h e n a tiv e p or c el ai n cl a y s or k a ol in s , h ow ev e r w hite an d soft, c an
n e v e r b e r e g ar d e d as p u re al um i na T h e y u su a ll y c ont ai n f ul l y h alf th e ir
q
.

w e ig ht of sili c a, a n d f r e u e ntl y ot he r e a rt hs T o ob t ain p u re al u m in a w e

.

d issol v e al um i n 20 tim es i ts w e ig h t of w ate r , an d a d d t o i t a li ttl e of th e sol u

t ion o f c ar b o na te of sod a , t o t hr ow d ow n a n y ir on w hi c h m a y b e p r e se nt . We
q q
t h e n d r op t he su p e r nata n t li u id i n to a u a n ti ty of t h e wat e r of amm oni a , tak .
i n g c ar e n ot t o a d d so m u c h o f th e al um i nou s sol uti on a s w i ll satu r ate th e am.
m onia . T h e v ol atil e al ka l i u ni te s wi th t he su l p hu ri c ac i d of t he a l um , a n d
t he e ar thy b asi s of t he l atte r i s se p ara t e d i n a wh it e sp on g y pr e c ip itate .
T h is m ust b e t hr own on a fi lte r , w ash e d , or e d ul c orate d , a s t he old c he m ists
e xp r e sse d i t, b y r e p e a t e d e ff u si on s of w a t e r , an d th e n d r ie d . O r i f a n al u m ,
m ad e w i th am m on ia i n st e a d of p otassa , a s is th e c a se w it h som e F r e n c h al
u m s, c a n b e g ot , si mp l e i g ni tio n d issip at es i t s ac i d an d a l k ali ne c on sti t ue nts
,
l e av ing pu r e a l um i n a .

A l u m i n a p r e pa r e d b y th e fi r st p r oc ess i s w hite , p u l v e r ul e n t , sof t t o t he

t ou c h , a d h e r e s t o t h e tong u e , f o rm s a sm o ot h p aste wi thou t g ri ttin ess i n t he
m ou t h , i n si pid , i n odor ou s, pr od u c e s n o c han g e i n v e g e tab l e c ol ors, i n sol u b l e
i n w ate r , b u t m ixe s w it h i t r ea dil y in e v e r y p r op or ti on , a n d r e ta i n s a sm al l
q u an tity w ith c on sid e r ab l e f or c e ; i s i nf u sib l e i n t he st ro ng est he at of a f u r
n a c e , e xp er ie nc ing m e r e ly a c on d e n sat i on of v ol um e an d c on se u en t h ar d n ess q
q
b u t i s in sm al l u a nt it i e s m el t e d b y th e oxy hy dr og e n b l ow p ip e . I t s sp e cifi c
,

g rav ity i s i n t h e sta te o f p ow d e r , b u t b y ig nit ion i t i s au g m e n te d .

Ev er y an al ogy l e a ds t o th e b el ie f that al u m in a c on tains a p ec u li ar m e tal,
wh ic h m ay b e c a l le d a l u mi nu m . T h e fi r st e v i de nc e s ob t ai n e d of thi s p osition
'
a r e p r e se nte d i n i
S r H. D ’
av y s r e se ar c h es . I ron n e g ativ e l y e l e c tri fi e d b y a
v er y h ig h p o w e r b e in g f u se d in c onta c t w ith p u r e al um i na, f or m e d a
' gl o b u l e
w hit e r t ha n p u re i r on w hic h e fl er v esc e d sl ow l y in w at er , b e c om ing c ov e r e d
w ith a w h it e p owde r . T he s ol u ti on of this i n m u riat ic ac id ,'d ec om p ose d b y an
'
a l ka li, afl or d e d al u m i na a n d oxyd e o f i r on . B y p a ssin g p ota ssium i n v ap or
t h r ou gh al um ina h e at e d t o w hi t e n ess, t he g re a te st p ar t of the p ota ssiu m he
ca m e c o nv e r t e d in t o p o t a ssa .w h i c h f or m e d a c o he r e n t m a ss wit h t hat
p ar t of
t he al u m in a n ot d ec om p ou n d e d ; a n d i n t hi s m ass t h e r e w ere n u m er o u s ra
g y
p ar ti cl e s, h av i n g the m e t all ic l u str e , a n d w h ic h b e c am e wh it e w h e n h e ate d in
t h e a ir , a n d w hi c h sl owl y e fi e r v e sc e d in w a ter . I n a sim il ar e xp e rim en t m ad e
'

b y t h e sam e il l ustr i ou s c hem is t, a st r on g r e d h e a t onl y b e in g a p pli e d t o the

a l u m i na . a m a ss w as ob t a in e d w hic h t ook fi re sp on ta n e ou sl b e xp osu r e t o
'
, y y
a ir , a nd w h ic h e fl er v e see d v i ol e ntl
y i n w at er . T his m ass w a s p r ob ab l y an
a ll oy of al um i num a n d T he c onv er si on of p otassium in to i ts d eu
p otassiu m .

t oxy d e , d r y p ota ssa, b y al u min a , p r ov e s t h e p r ese n c e of ox ge n in t h e l a tter .

y
Wh e n r e g ar d e d as an o xy de , S ir H D av y e st im ates its oxy g e n and b asi s to b e
q
.

t o on e an ot he r a s 1 5 t o 3 3 or a s 1 0 to 22 . T h e pr im e e u iv al e nt of alu m ina
wou l d th u s a p p e ar to b e B u t B er ze li us’s an al y si s of su l p hate
o f a l um i n a se e m s t o i ndic at e a s t he q
ua ntit y of th e e ar t h w hi c h c om
bi nes wi th fi v e of the ac i d. H e nce al uminum will c ome to b e re r esented b
—
p y
2 136 l
 1 76 T H E TH O M S O N IA N

m i neral strata, wh i c h are i nc omb u sti b l e, c ol orl ess, n ot c onv ert

i b l e i nto m e tal s b y all the ordi n ar y m e th od s of red uc ti on , or

A l u m ina whic h ha s l ost its p la stic ity b y i g n iti on, r ec ov er s i t b y b e ing di s~

solv e d i n a n a c id or al ka li n e m e n str uu m , an d t he n p r ec ip ita te d . I n t hi s sta te
i t i s c a l l e d a hy dr a te , f or w h e n d rie d i n a steam h e at i t r e tains m u c h w a te r ;
a n d t h er e for e r ese m b l e s i n c om p osi ti on w av e ll i te , a b eau tifu l m in e r al , c on
si stin g al m o st e ntir e l y of al um in a , w i t h a b ou t 28 p er c e n t of w at e r . .

A l um i na i s w id e ly di ff use d i n n a t ur e . I t is a c on st it u e n t of ev e r y soil , an d
of alm ost e v e r y r oc k . I t i s t he b asis of p or c e l ain , p ot te r y , b r ic k s , a n d c ru c i
b l e s. I ts a ffi ni t y f or v e g e tab l e c ol ori ng m a tt er , i s m ad e u se of i n t h e pr e p ara
t i on of l ak e s , an d i n t he ar ts of d y e i ng a n d c al i c o p r i n t in g . N a tiv e c om b i na
ti o ns of a l u m in a , c on stitu t e th e f u ll e r s e ar t h, o c hr es, b ol e s, p ip e c l ay s,
’ -

T h e sal ts of a l um ina h av e t h e f oll ow i ng g e ne r al c har ac t e r s :

1 M ost of the m ar e v er y sol ub l e i n w a ter , an d t h e ir sol u ti on s h av e a sw e e t»
.

i sh ac e rb taste .
2. A mm on ia throw s d own their e ar thy b ase, e v e n t hou g h they h av e b e en
p r e v i ou sl y ac idu l ate d w ith m u r i a tic a c id .

3 . A t a stron g r e d h eat t h e y g iv e ou t a p or ti on of th eir ac id .

4 . P hosp h at e of am m oni a g i v e s a w hit e p r e c ip i ta t e .
5 H y dr i odate of p ota ssa p r odu c e s a fl oc cu l e n t p r e c ip itat e of a w h i te c ol or ,
.
,

p assi ng i nto a p e r m a n e nt y e ll ow .

6 . T h e y ar e n o t a ff e c te d b y o x al at e of a mm on ia , tar tar i c a c id , f er rop r u ssi

a te of p ota ssa , or ti n c tu r e o f g a ll s : b y t h e fi r st t wo t ests t h e y ar e d i st in g u ish»
ab l e f r om y t tr i a an d b y th e l ast t w o , f r om t h a t e ar th a n d g l u c in a .

7 I f b i su l pha t e of p ota ssa b e a dd e d t o a sol u tion of an al u m in ous sal t m od»

.

erate l y c on c en tr at e d , oc tah e dr al c r y stal s o f al u m will f orm .

6 . S IL I C A .
( S e l a g, H eb r e w.
) S il ex . O n e o f t h e p r i m i tiv e e ar th s i s t h e p r i n c i p a l c on»

stitu e n t p ar t of a v er y g re a t n um b e r o f t h e c om p ou n d e ar th s a n d st on e s f or ms
i ng t he im m e n se m a ss of th e solid n u c l e u s of t he g l ob e . I t i s t h e b a si s of a l
m o st a ll t he sc in till a ti n g st on e s , su c h a s fl int, r oc k , c r ysta l , qu a r tz , ag a t e, c a l
c ed on y , j asp er , ti c . .T h e -
fl
sa n d of r iv er s , a n d of th e s e a s hor e , c h ie y c o n si st

of it . I t i s d e p osit e d i n v e g e tab l e su b stan c es f or m i ng p e tri fi e d w oo d , & c . I t

i s l ik e w i se p r e c i p i tat e d fr om c er tai n sp r ing s in a sta l a c ti c al f orm . I t ha s b e e n
di sc ov ere d i n se v e r al wa te r s in a sta te of sol u ti on , a n d i s f ou n d i n m a ny p l a n t s,
q
p ar tic u l ar l y g r a sses a n d e u i se tu m s P r ofe ssor D av y h as p r ov e d t ha t i t f or m s
.

a p ar t of t h e e p id er m is o f t he se v e g e t ab l es . I t is n ev er m e t w i th a b sol u te l y
p ur e in n a tur e .
P r op er ti es — S ili c a , w he n p er f ec tl y p ur e , e xi sts i n t he f or m of a whi te p ow»
.
~

d e r . I t i s in sipid an d i n odorous. I t i s r ou g h to t h e to uc h , c u ts g l a ss, a nd

sc r a t c h e s or w e ar s aw a y m e t al s .I ts sp e c i fi c g r av i ty i s ab ou t I t is
u n al t er ab l e b y t h e sim pl e c om b u stib l e b o di es . Whe n m ix e d w i th w a ter it
d oes n ot f or m a c ohe siv e m a ss . I ts m ol e c ules, w h e n diff use d i n w a t e r , are
p re c ip i tate d w it h t h e u tm ost f a c i l ity . I t is n o t ac te d o n b y a n y a c id , e x ce p t
t h e fl u or i c . “Th e n i n a stat e of e x tr e m e div i si on i t i s sol u b l e i n alk a li es , f u
se d w i th t hem i t f or m s g l a ss. I t m e l ts w i th th e p h osp h or i c a n d b or a c ic ac id s.
I t i s u n c h ang ea bl e i n t he a ir , a n d u na l te r ab l e b y oxy g e n a n d oth e r g a se ou s fl u
i ds. I t ha s b ee n c on sid e r e d as i nsol u b l e in w a ter , b u t i t ap p e ar s wh e n i n a
st a t e of e x tr e m e div i si on to b e so lu b l e i n a m in u t e qu a n ti ty .

M ethod of ob ta i ni ng S il ex — S il e x m ay b e ob tai ne d, t ol er ab l y p u r e , f r om
.

flint s, b y t h e f oll ow in g p r o c e ss P r oc ur e som e c om m on g u n flin ts e x p ose

-

t he m in a c r u c ib l e t o a r e d h e a t, a n d t h e n p l u n g e t h e m i n to c ol d wa te r ; b y
t his tr e atm e n t t h e y will b e c o m e b r it tl e , a n d e a sil y r e d uc ib l e t o p owd er . M i x
z
t h e m , w h e n p u l v e r i e d , w i th t hr e e or f ou r tim e s the ir w e ig h t o f c ar b on a te of
p o tassa, an d l e t the m ix t ur e b e f u se d , i n a d ul l r e d h ea t , i n a sil v er c r uc i b l e.
We shal l thu s ob tain a c om p ou n d of a l k ali a n d silex , c all ed silic i ou s p otassa.
Dissolv e this c om pou nd i n w ater , fi l te r the sol u t ion , a n d a dd to i t d il ute su L
p hur ic or m uri at ic ac id . A n i m m e d i e te p r e c i pita t ion n ow e n su e s, a n d a s l ong
a s thi s c ontinue s, add fr e sh p or tion s of ac id . L e t t he p re cip ita t e su b sid e
1 78 TH E TH O M S O N I A N .

l east w h en c omb i ne d w i th i
c arb on c ac id ,
are i nsi pid and i nso
l ub l e in water .

i sh, y e ll ow i sh, b r own, or p urp l e . I t has lit tl e l u str e , a nd i s n e arl y

r e dd ish
q
-

o pa u e . Z
i r c on is l ik e wise f ou n d i n a n o ther g e m c all e d t he hy ac in th . T hi s
s to n e i s of a y e ll o wi sh r e d c ol or, m i xe d w i t h b r ow n .
-
I t p o ssesse s l ustr e an d
t ran sp ar e n c y . T o o b tain i t, t he ston e sh ou l d b e c al c in e d a nd thr ow n in to c ol d
w a te r , t o r e nder i t f r ia b l e , an d th e n p ow d e r e d i n a n a g a te m or tar M ix t h e
j
.

p ow de r w i th n in e p ar t s of p ur e p otassa , and p ro e c t t h e m ixtur e b y sp oonf ul l s

i nto a r e d ho t c ru c ib l e , t aking c ar e t ha t eac h p or ti on i s f u se d b e f ore an ot h er
-

is a dd e d . K ee p th e w hol e i n f u si on, w ith a n i n crease d h e a t, f or an h ou r an d

a half . When c old, b r e ak t h e c r u c i b le , sep ar ate i ts c on te nts, p owd er and b oil
i n water , t o d issolv e t h e al k al i . l V a sh th e i n sol ub l e p ar t ; di ssol v e in m ur ia
t ic a c i d he a t th e sol u tion ; th at th e sil e x m a y f al l d ow n ; a nd p r e cip i tate t he
z z
irc on b y c au stic fi x e d a lk al i . O r t he ir c on m ay b e pr ec ip i tate d b y c ar b on,
a te of sod a , a nd t he c arb on i c ac id e x p e ll e d b y h e at
z
.

N ew p r oc ess f or pr ep a r i ng pure i r c on i a .— P ow d er t h e ircon s v ery fi n e ,

Z
m ix t he m w ith tw o p ar ts of p ur e p otassa , a nd h e a t t he m re d h ot i n a sil v e r
cr uc ib l e , f or an h ou r . T r e at t he su b stan ce ob t ain e d w i th d is ti ll e d w a t er , p our
i t o n a fi l ter , a nd w a sh th e i n sol u b l e p ar t w e ll i t w i ll b e a c om p ou n d of zir
Conia, sil e x, p ota ssa, and ox i de of ir on . Di ssol v e i t i n m u r iati c ac id , an d e va
p or ate t o dr yn ess, t o se para te the sil e x . Re di ssol v e t h e m u r i a te s of irc onia z
a n d ir on i n w at er ; an d t o se p ar a t e t he zir c o nia w h i c h a d h er es t o th e sil e x ,
w a sh i t w i th w e ak m ur i atic a c id , a n d ad d t his t o t he s ol ut ion . F il te r t he flu
z
i d , an d p r e c ip itat e t he ir c on ia a n d ir on b y p u r e am m on ia w a sh the p r e c ipi
t ate s w e l l , an d t he n tr e at t h e hy d ra t e s w i th oxalic a c i d , b oiling t h em w e ll t o
g e the r , th a t t he a c id m ay ac t on t he i r o n , re tainin g it i n sol u ti on , w hil e a n im
s ol ub l e oxal at e of z
ir c oni a i s f orm e d . I t i s th e n t o b e fi l te r e d , an d t h e oxal at e
w a she d , u ntil n o iron c an b e d e tec te d in th e w a ter th at p a sses T h e e ar thy .

oxal at e i s, w h e n d r y , of a n op al in e c ol or . A f ter b e in g w e l l w ashe d, i t i s t o b e

d e c om p ose d b y he at in a pl a tin u m c r u c i b l e .
z
T hu s ob tain e d, t he ir c onia i s p erf e c tl y p ur e , b u t i s not affec te d b y ac id s.
I t m u st b e r e a c te d on b y p ot assa a s b e f or e , a nd th e n w ash e d u ntil t he al k ali
i s r e m ov e d .A f ter war d s d issol v e i t i n m u r i atic ac id , a n d pr e c i p i tat e b y e m.
mo n ia . T h e h y dra t e t hr ow n down, w h en w el l w ashe d , i s p e rf ec tly p ur e, and
e asil y sol ub l e i n ac ids.
Z ir c o n i s a fi ne w hite p ow d e r , withou t ta st e or sm e l l , b u t som e wh at harsh
t o t he t ou c h . I t i s i n sol u b l e in w a t e r y e t if sl ow l y d r ie d , i t c oal esc e s i nto a
s e m i tr a nsp ar e n t y e ll owi sh m ass, l ik e g u m ar a b i c , w h i c h r e tain s o ne t hir d i t s
- -

'

w e ig h t o f wa t er . I t u n i tes w i th al l t he ac i d s . I t i s insol u b le i n p ur e al k a
l ie s ; b u t t he alk ali ne c ar b on ates d i ssol v e i t .H e a te d with t he b l o wp ip e , i t
d oe s n ot m e lt , b u t e m its a y e l l ow i sh p h osph or ic lig ht . H e a te d i n a c r u c ib l e
of c har c oa l , b e dd e d i n c har c oal p ow d e r , p l ac e d i n a st on e c r u c i b l e , a nd e xp ose d
t o a g oo d f or g e fi r e f or som e h ou r s, i t u n d e r g o e s a p asty f usi on, w hic h u n ite s
q
i t s p a r tic l es in to a g ra y o p a u e m a ss, n ot tr u l y v itr e ou s, b u t m or e r e sem b l in
p or c e l a in . I n t hi s sta t e i t i s su ffi c ie ntl y har d t o strik e fi r e with stee l , a n d
sc ra tc h g l a ss ; a n d i s of t he sp ec i fi c g r av it y of
z
T h e r e is t he sam e ev id e n c e f or b e lie v in g t h a t ir c on ia is a c om p ou nd of a
me tal a n d oxy g en , as t hat affor d e d b y t he a c tion of p otassium o n t he other
e ar th s . z
T h e a lk al ine m e ta l , w h e n b r ou g ht in to c on ta c t w ith ir c onia i g n it e d
t o w hi te n ess , i s, f or th e m ost p a r t, c on v e r te d i n to p ota ssa , a n d d a r k p ar ti c l e s,
w h i c h , w h e n e xam ine d b y a m a g nify in g g la ss, a p p e ar m e tall i c in som e p ar ts,
otia c h oc ol at e b row n in othe r s, a r e f ou nd d iff u se d t hr o ug h the p o ta ssa a nd the
-

d e c om p ou n de d e ar th .
A c c or di ng t o S ir H D av y , q z
i s th e p r im e e u ival en t of irc oniu m on the
z
.

oxyg e n sc al e , a n d th a t of ir c o n ia .
9 . Y T T RI A .
T hi s is a n e w e arth d isc ov er e d i n 1 794 , b y P r of e ssor G ad olin, i n a st on e
f rom Y tterb y , in S we de n.
I t m ay b e o b taine d m ost r e a dil y b y f usm g t he g a d oli na te w ith t wo p a r ts of
ca ustic p otassa, washing th e m ass with b oil ing water , and fi l ter i ng the li uor, q
 M A TERI A M ED I C A . 1 79

WA T ER .

Thi s fl u id is so wel l k nown ,

as sc arc e ly to req u i re any defi
nition .
I t is t ran spare nt, wi th out c ol or, sme ll , or taste ; in a v e ry
sligh t d e g re e c om ressi b l e
p 5 w h e n p u re , n o t li ab l e to spon tane

o us c h ang e 5 liq u id in the c om mon te m peratu re of ou r a tm os

h m i g t h l id f m t 3 2 d g F h e n h e i t, and
p e re , a ss u n e so or a e re e s a r
t he g ase o us at 2 1 2 d e g re e s, b u t re tu rn i n g u nal te re d to i ts l iq u i d
state o n resum i ng a n d e g re e of h eat b e twee n th ose poi nts ; c a
y
pa b l o of di ssol v i ng a g re ate r nu m b e r of n atu ral b odi es th an an y
oth e r fl u id w h ate ver, and es e c i al ly t h ose k n o wn b y the n am e
p
o f the sali ne 5
pe rform i n g t he most i mportan t fu n c t i on s in the
veg e tab l e and an i m al ki ngd om s, and e nte ri n g l arg e ly i n to t he i r

c omposi ti on as a c onst tue n t i p t.

ar

N ati ve water is se ld om, if e v er, foun d perfe c tl y pu re . T he

waters t h at flow w i th i n or upon the surfac e of the e arth , c on

q
whic h i s of a fi ne gr e en . T his l i u or i s t o b e e v ap orate d, till n o m or e oxid e
of m an g an e se f all s d ow n fr om i t in a b l a c k p owd er 5 af t e r w h ic h t h e l i u id i s q
t o b e sa tu rat e d w ith n itr i c ac i d . A t t h e sam e t im e dig est t h e se dim e n t t ha t
w as n ot dissolv e d, i n v e r y d i lu t e n it ri c ac id , w hi c h w ill d i ssol v e th e e ar th with
m uc h he a t , l eav i n g th e si l e x, a n d th e hi g hl y oxide d ir on , u n dissolv e d . M ix
q
t he tw o li u o rs, e v ap or a te t he m t o dr y ne ss, r e d i ssol v e a n d fi l te r , w hi c h wil l
se p ar a t e a ny sil e x or oxid e of i ron that m ay h av e b e e n l ef t . A f e w d r op s of a
sol u ti on of c ar b on a te of p ot assa w ill se p ar at e an y l im e t ha t m a y b e p r ese nt,
a nd a c au ti ou s a ddi tion of h dr o su l p hur e t of p ota ssa w i ll t hr ow d ow n th e ox
y
-

i de of m a ng an e se t ha t m ay h av e b ee n l e f t ; b u t if.t oo m uc h b e e m pl oy e d , i t
will thr ow d ow n the y ttr ia lik e w i se L a stly, the y ttr i a i s t o b e p r e c ip i tat e d
.

b y p u r e am m onia, w e ll w a sh e d a nd dr i e d .

Y ttr ia is p e r f e c tl y w hite , w h e n n ot c ontam in at e d w ith ox id e of m ang an e se ,

fr om w hi c h it i s n ot e a sil y f r e e d .I ts sp e c ifi c g ra v i ty i s I t h as n e i th e r
ta st e n or sm ell . I t i s inf u sib l e al one 5 b u t w i th b or ax m e l ts i n to a tr an sp ar e n t
q
g lass, or o pa u e w hi te , if th e b or ax w er e i n e xc ess. I t i s i n sol u b l e in w a ter ,
an d in c au stic fi x e d al k a li es
5 b u t i t di ssol v e s i n c ar b on a te of amm oni a , t hou g h
q
i t re uir e s fi v e or six tim es a s m u c h a s g l u c in e . I t i s sol u b l e in m ost of t he
a c id s. T h e oxal ic a c id , or ox al a t e of am m on ia f or m s p r e c i pi t at e s i n i ts so
,
l u ti on s p e r fec tl y r e se m bl in g t he m u r i at e of silv e r . P ru ssia t e of p ot a ssa , cr y s
tal ize d an d r e d i ssol v e d in wa t e r , t hr ow s it d ow n i n w hi te g r a in s 5 p h osp h a t e
of sod a, in w hi t e g e l a tin ou s fl
a k e s 5 in f u si on of g al l s , i n b r ow n fl oc k s.
S om e c hem i sts ar e in c lin e d t o c on sid e r y t tr ia r a th e r as a m e t al l i c
than a s a n e a r th y su b stan c e t he ir r e a son s ar e , i t s sp ec ifi c g r av it y , i ts f or m in g
c ol ore d sal ts, a nd i t s p rop ert z
y of oxy g e ni in g m u ri ati c ac id af ter it has u nd er
g on e a l o ng c al c in ation .
Whe n y ttr ia i s tr eate d w ith p otassium in the sam e m an n e r as the o th er
e ar t hs, sim il ar r esul ts ar e ob t ain e d
5 t he p ot a ssiu m b e c om e s p otassa , a n d t h e
z
e ar th g ain s ap p e ar an c e s of m e t all i a ti on ; so th a t i t i s sc ar c e l
y t o b e d o u b t e d,
fl
sa y s S ir H . D avy , that y ttria c onsists of in am m ab l e m a t t e r m e t all ic i n i t s n a
,
t ur e , c om b ine d with oxyg e n . T h e salts of y ttri a hav e th e f oll owi n g g en er al
ch ar a c t e r s
1 . M an y of the m ar e i n sol u b l e in wa te r .
2 . P r e c ip it ates ar e oc casi on e d i n th o se w hi c h dissolv e , b y p hosp ha te of so.
da, c a rb ona te of soda, oxal ate of amm oni a , tar trate of p otassa , and f e r ropru s
si ate of p ot a ssa .
3 . If w e e xc e p t t he sw ee tp ta st e d sol u b l e su l p hate of ttr ia , th e other sal ts of
y
thi s e ar th r esemb l e those with the b ase of lim e in the ir sol u b ili t .
y
1 80 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

i
ta n v ar ou s e art i hy ,
sa l i ne ,
m e talli c ,
ge tab l e or an i mal parti ve ,

c l es ac c o rdi ng to t he su b stan c e s ov e r or t h ro ug h w hi c h t he y
, 3

p a ss . R a i n a n d s n o w w ate rs are m u c h
p u re r t h an t h e se al ,

t h ou gh t h e y al so c o n t ai n w h ate v e r fl oats l n t he air o r has b e e n ,

e xh al e d al o n g w i th t he w ate ry v apors .

T h e pu ri ty o f wate r m ay b e k n own b y the fo l l ow i ng m ark s

or pro pe r ti es of pure w ate r :
1 P u re w a te r is ligh ter t h an wate r t h at I S n o t pu re
. .

2 P u re w ate r is m ore fl u id th an w ater th at Is not pn i e

. .

3 I t h as n o c o l or sm e l l o r taste
.
, , .

4 I t w e ts m ore e asil y t h an the w aters c on tai ni n g m etal ic and

.

e arth y sal ts c all e d h ard waters and fee ls softer w h e n t ou c h e d

, , .

5 S oap or a sol u t i on of soap in al c ohol m ix es e asily and

.
,

r fe c tly w i th i t
p e .

6 It is n ot re n d e re d turb id b y addi n g to it a sol uti o n of g ol d

.

i n aq u a r egi a or a sol u ti on of sil v e r or of l e ad o r o f m e rc ur y

, , , ,

i n n i tri c ac id or a sol uti on of ac e tate o f l e ad in wate r

, .

Wate r was t il l m od ern ti mes c onside re d as an e l em entary

, ,

or si m pl e su b st an c e .

P re v i o us to t he m o n th o f O c tob e r 1 7 76 the c e l eb rate d M ac , ,

q u e r assi ste d b y S ig au d d e la F o nd m ad e an e x peri me nt b y

, ,

b u rn i n g h y d roge n g ass in a b ottl e w i th ou t e x pl osi on and h old

i ng a w
,

hi te c h i na sauc e r o v er the fl am e H is i n te n ti on appears .

to h av e b ee n t h at o f asc e rtai n i ng w h e th e r any fu l igi n ou s smoke

w as p1 od u c ed an d he ob se rve s th at the sau c e r re m ai n e d per
, ,

fe c tly c l e an an d w hi te b u t was m o i ste ne d w i t h perc e pti b l e

,

d rops of a c l e ar fl u id re se m b l i ng w ate r ; an d w hi c h l n fac t

, ,

a ppe are d to h im and his assi stant to b e n oth i n g b u t u re w ate r

p .

H e d oe s n ot say w h e th e r an y test was appl i ed to asc e rtai n th is

u ri ty n e i the r d oes he m ake a ny re m ark on the fac t
p , .

I n th e m on th of S e pte m b e r 1 7 77 B u c q u e t an d L av oi si e r , , ,

n ot b e i n g acq u a i n te d w i t h t he fac t w hi c h is i nc id e n tall y an d

c on c i se l y m e n ti on e d b y M ac q u er m ad e an e x peri m e n t to d is ,

c o ve r w h at i s pro d uc e d b y the c om b usti on o f h yd rog e n Th e y .

fi re d fi v e or six pi n ts o f hyd roge n i n an o pe n and wid e m ou t h e d -

b ottl e and i nstantl y poure d two ou nc es of l i me w ater th rou gh

,

t he fl am e agi tati ng t he b ottl e d u ri n g the ti m e th e c omb u sti on

,

l aste d . T he resu l t of t hi s e x pe r i me nt sh owed , t h at c arb on i c

ac id w as n o t prod u c e d .

B efore t he m ont h of A pril 1 78 1 M r Joh n Warl tire enc on , ,

.
,

rag e d b y D r P r i e stl e y fi re d a m ix ture o f c om m on ai r an d b y

.
,

d rog e n g as in a c l ose c oppe r v essel an d fou n d its weigh t di m i ,

h i she d l )1 P ri e stl e y l i ke w i se b efo re the sam e pe ri od fi re d a

. .
, , ,

l i ke m ix tu re o f hyd rog e n and oxyg en g ass in a c l osed gl ass

v esse l M r Warl tire b e i n g pre se nt
'

. T he i nsid e of the v esse l ,

t h o ugh c l e an and d ry b e fore b e c ame d e w y an d w as l i ne d witli
.
,

, ,

a sooty su b stanc e T h ese e x peri me nts we re afterward repeated

.
 1 82 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

M on ge made a si m il ar e x peri me nt at P ari s, nearl y at the same

t i m e or pe rh aps b e fore
,
.

T hi s assid u ous and ac c u1 ate ph il osoph er t h en proc eed ed in ,

c onj u n c ti on w i th M eusn ier to pass the ste am o f wate r t h rou g h

,

a re d h ot i ron tu b e and fou nd th at the i ron w as oxyd ized an d

, ,

h yd roge n di se n g ag ed ; an d the ste am of water b ei n g passe d

o v e r a v ar i e ty o f o t h e r c om b usti b l e o r o xid ab l e su b stan c es pro

d u c ed sim ilai 1 e sul ts the wate r di sappe ari n g and hyd roge n b e
,

i ng d i sen g age d T h e se c api tal e x pe ri m en ts were ac c ou nte d

.

fo r b y L av oi si e r b y su pposi n g the water to b e d ec om posed i nto

,

i ts c o m po n e n t parts o x y ge n an d h yd roge n the forme r of whi c h

, ,

u n i te s w i th the i n i te d sub stan c e

g w hi l e the l atte r is di sc h
,

g age d .

T he g rand e x pe ri me nt of the c omposi ti on o f wate r b y F ou r

c roy V au q ue l i n an d S e g u i n was b e g u n on We d nesd ay M ay

, , , ,

an d was fi n i s he d o n F r id ay the 22d of t he same ,

m on t h . T he c omb u sti on w as ke pt u p 1 8 5 h ou rs w i t h l i t tl e 1 n
terru ption d u ri n g w hi c h t i me the m ac hi n e w as not q u i tte d for
,

a m o me n t . T he e x pe ri me n ters al ternate l y re fre sh e d t h e m se l ve s

w h e n fa tig u e d b y lyi n g for a fe w h ou rs on mattresse s in the
,

l ab o ratory .

T o ob tai n the h yd rog e n, 1 Z i nc w as m el te d and rub b e d l n

.

to a po wd e r in a v e ry hot m ortar 2 Th i s m e tal was d i ssol v e d

. .

i n c on c e n trate d su l ph u ri c ac i d dil u te d w i th sev en parts of wa

,

te r . T he air proc u re d was m ad e to pass th rou gh c austi c al ka

l i T o ob tai n the oxyge n two pou nd s and a h al f of c rystal
.
,
.

l ized h y pe rox m u riate o f potassa were di stil l ed an d the air was ,

transfe r re d throu gh c au sti c al k al i .

T he v o l u me o f h yd rog e n e mpl oy e d w as 25 963 5 68 c u b i c

i nc h es and the w e igh t w as
,
g rai ns .

T he v ol u me of ox yge n was 1 25 70 9 4 2, an d the we igh t was

g rai ns .

T he total we igh t o f b oth e l asti c fl u id s was 7 2 4 9 227 .

T he w e igh t o f wate r ob tai n e d was 724 4 g rai n s or 1 2 ou nc es ,

4 g ros 4 5 g rai n s .

T he w e ig h t of water whi c h sh ou l d h av e b een ob tai ne d was

1 2 ou n c es 4 g ros 4 9 2 2 7 g rai ns T he defi c i t w as 4 22 7 g rai ns
. . .

T he q u an ti ty of az ot i c a1r b e fore the e x pe ri ment was 4 1 5 2 5 6 .

c u b i c i nc h es and at the c l ose of it 4 67

, T he e x c ess afte r the
.

e x pe ri m e n t w as c onseq ue ntl y c u b i c i n c h es T h i s aug .

m en tati on is to b e attr i b u te d the ac ad e m i c i ans t hi n k to the

, ,

s m al l q u an ti ty o f atmosph e ri c air i n the c yli nd ers of the g asome

te rs at t he t i m e t he o th e r ai rs w e re i n trod u c e d T h ese addi ti on al .

5 1 c u b i c i nc h e s c ou ld not ari se from t he hyd rog e n for e x pe ri ,

me nt sh owe d t h at it c ontai ned no az oti c ai r S ome addi ti on of .

t h i s l ast fl u id the e x per i me n te rs t hi n k c ann ot b e av oid ed , on

, ,

ac c ou nt of the c onstruc ti on o f the mac hi ne .

 M A TERIA M ED I C A . 1 83

T he water b e i ng e x am i n ed , was fou n d to b e as pu re as d is

t il l e d wate r. Its spec ifi c g rav i ty to di still e d water w as as 1 8 67 1 :
1 8 670 .
T he d e c om posi ti on of water is most e l eg an tl y effe c te d b y
l
e e c tr c ti iy .

T he c o m posi ti on o f water is b est d e m onstrate d b y e x pl odi ng

t wo v ol u m e s of hyd roge n and on e o f o xyge n i n the e u di om e te r.
T h e y di sappear totall y , and pure w ate r resu l ts. A c u b i c i nc h
o f t hi s li u 1 d at 60 d eg re es w e ig hs g rai ns, c on si sti ng of
q
g rai n s hyd roge n, and
o xyge n .

T he b u l k of t he forme r g as is 1 3 2 5 c ub c
i in c h es.
Th at of the l atter is 662

H e nc e t h ere is a c o n e nsat on of n e ar
d i ly two th ousand v ol
u mes n to on e
i ; and one v o l u me of w ate r c on tai ns 662 v ol u mes
o f o xy g e n
. T he pri me e q u i v al e n t of water is c om pose d

o f a pri m eof o x y g e n 1 .0 + a pri m e of hyd rog e n or

9 parts b y we igh t of wate r, c onsi sti ng of 8 ox yg e n {J h yd ro -

g en .

T he i mpl e wate rs the fol lo wing

‘

s are

1 . D is ti ll ed Wa ter .
Th i s is the ligh te st of all othe rs, c ontai ni ng ne i th er solid n or
g ase ou s sub stanc es i n sol uti on , is perfe c tl y v oid o f t aste and
s me l l , c ol or l ess an d b e au ti fu l l y tran spare n t, has a soft fee l , and

w e ts the fi n ge rs m ore re adily th an an y oth er. I t m ix es u n i

formly w i th soap i nto a smooth o pali ne m ix ture, b u t m ay b e
add e d to a sol u t i on o f soap in spi ri t o f wi ne w i th ou t i nj u ri n g

its t ran spare nc y . T he c l e arness o f di still e d wate r is n ot i m

ai re d b y the most d e l i c ate c h e m i c al reag e nts, su c h as l i m e
p
wate r, a sol u t i on o f b ary tes i n an y ac id , n i trate d sil v er, or ac i d
o f su g ar . Wh e n e v aporate d in a sil ver v esse l it l eav es n o resi
d au m i f pre serv e d from ac c ess of foreig n matter fl oati n g i n the
ai r, i t m ay b e ke pt for ag e s u n al te re d in v esse l s u pon w h i c h it

h as n o ac ti on, as it d oes not possess w i th i n i tse l f t he powe r of

d ec om posi ti on . A s it free z es e x ac tly at 3 2 d e g ree s of F a h ren
h e i t, and b oil s at 2 1 2 d egre es, u n d er the atmosph er i c al pressure
of i n c h es, t h ese poi n ts are mad e use of as the stand ard on es
for th e rmo me tri c al di v i si on ; and its spec ifi c we igh t b e i n g al
way s the same un d er the me an pre ssure and te mpe ratu re , i t is
e mpl oye d for the c om parati v e stan d ard of spe c ifi c g rav i ty .

P u re di still e d w ater c an on ly b e proc u re d from wate r whi c h

c ontai ns no v o l at il e m atte rs t h at w il l r i se in di still ati on , and
c on ti n u e stil l in u ni on wi t h the v apor w h e n c on d en se d . M an y
s u b stanc e s a re v ol atil e d uri ng di stil l ati on b ut most of the
, g as
 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

es , su c h as c ommon air, c arb on c ac i id an d the l ik e are i nc a

, ,

pahl e of u n i ti ng
b
wi th wate r at a h ig h te m peratu re oth e r b o
d i e s, h o we v e r, suc h as v etg3 e tab l e e sse n ti al oil, and , in ge ne ral ,
m uc h o f t h at w h i c h gi v e s t he pec u li ar od or to v e g e tab l e and
an i m al m atter w il l re mai n i n w ate r afte i di st ill ati on . S o t he
ste a m o f m an y an i mal an d v eg e tab l e d e c oc ti on s h as a c ertai n

fl av o r w hi c h di sti n g u i sh es it fro m pu re w ater

; an d t he aq ue
o us e xh al ati on from l i v i ng b odi es, w h i c h is a kind of di st ill a

ti on , h as a s i m il ar i mpre g n ati on .
T o o b tai n di sti ll e d w ate r pe rfe c tl y pure , m u c h stress was l aid
b y form er c h e m i sts o n re pe ati n g the proc ess a g reat n u mb er of
t i m es ; b u t it was fou n d b y L avoi si e r, t h at rai n wate r o n c e d is
t ill e d , rej e c ti ng the fi rst an d l ast pr od u c ts, w as as pu re a w ate r
as c o u l d b e proc ure d b y an y su b se q ue n t di still ati on s.
D i sti ll e d water appears to possess a h igh e r powe r t h an any
o t h e r as a r e so l v e n t o f all an i m al and ve g e tabl e m atte r, an d
t h ese it h old s i n so l u ti on as l i ttl e as possi b l e al te re d f1 om the
state in w h i c h the y e xi ste d i n t he b od y t h at yi e ld e d t he m . H e n c e

th e g re at prac ti c al u til i ty of t h at k i n d of c h e m i c al an al ysi s

w hi c h prese n ts the pro xi m ate c on sti tu e n t parts of th ese b od i e s,
a n d w hi c h is eff e c te d parti c ul arl y b y t he ass i stanc e of pu re w a

ter . O n the o th e r h an d , a sal i ne , e arth y , o r ot he rwi se i mpu re

wate r, w il l al ter t he te x tu re o f some of the parts, i mpai r t h e i r
sol u b il i ty , prod uc e m ate 1 ial c h ang es i n the c olo 1 ing m atte r, and

b e c om e a l ess ac c urate an al yz er on ac c o unt of the ad mix tu i e of

fore ig n c on ten ts.
D1stilled wate r is se l d om e m ploy e d to an y e x te n t i n the pre
ar at io n o f food , o r i n m an u fac tu1 e s, o n ac c ou n t of th e trou b l e
p
o f proc u r i n g i t in l arg e q u an ti ti e s ; b u t fo r pre pari n g a g re at
n u m b e r o f m edi c i n es, a nd m al m ost e v e ry o n e of t he n ic e r c he
m i c al proc esse s t h at are c arri e d on in t he l iq u id w ay , th i s wate r
is an e sse n ti al re qu i si te . T he o n l y c ase s in wh i c h i t h as b ee n
u se d l arge l y as an arti c l e o f d ri n k , h av e b e e n i n t hose i m por
t ant tri al s mad e of the prac ti c ab il i ty of proc u r i n g i t b y c on d e ns
i n g the ste am of se a w ate r, b y m e an s o f a s i m pl e apparatu s
a d apte d to a s hi il d h h e fu l l y s h o wn the e ase
’
p s b o e r a h t e se av
w i t h w h i c h a l a1 ge q u an ti ty o f fre sh w ate r, o f the pu re st ki n d ,
m ay b e had at sea, at a m od erate e x pen se , w h e re b y o ne of the
m ost di stre ssi ng of all wan ts m ay b e re l i e v e d . Th ere are one
o r t wo c i rc u m stanc es w h i c h se e m to s h ow th at wate r, w h e n n ot
al re ady l oad e d w i t h fo re ig n m atte r, m ay b ec om e a sol v e nt for

c on c re ti o n s i n u ri n ar y passag es. A t l e ast, we k no w t h at v er y

m ate ri al ad v an tag e h as b e e n d eri v e d i n t h ese c ases from v e ry
e n atu ral spr i ng s and h e n c e a c ou rse of di still e d wate r has
p ur ,

b een rec omme nd ed as a fai r subj e c t of e x pe ri ment.

 TH E T H O M S O N I A N

4 . S p r in g Wa ter .

U n er th s c om pre
d i h ensi v e c l ass are i nc l u d e d all waters that
spri ng from some d e pth b e n e ath the soil an d are u se d at the ,

fo u n tai n h e ad or at l e ast b e fore t h e y h ave ru n an y c on si derab l e

,

d i stanc e e x pose d to the air I t is ob v i o us th at spri n g water

.
,

w il l b e as v ari ous in its c o n te n ts as the su b stan c es th at c om pose

t he so il th rou g h w hi c h i t fl ows Wh e n the i ng re di e n ts are not
.

su c h as t o gi v e a ny pec u l i ar m e di c a l o r se nsi b l e propert i e s and ,

t he wate r is u se d for c o m mo n pu rposes it is di sti ng u i sh e d as a ,

.

h ard or soft S pr i ng swee t o r b rac ki sh c l e ar or t u rb id an d the

, , ,

l i ke O rdi n ary spri ngs i nsen si b l y pass i nto m i n e ral spri ngs as
.
,

t h e i r fore ig n c o nte nts b ec o m e m ore n otab l e an d u n c ommo n ;

t h ou gh so me ti mes w ate rs h av e ac q u i re d g re at m edi c al re pu ta
t i on from m ere pu ri ty .

B y far the g re ate r n u mb e r of spri n g s are c ol d ; b u t as th e y

tak e t h e i r origi n at so m e d e pt h fro m t he surfac e a nd b e l o w the ,

i nfl ue nc e of the e x te rn al at mosph e re t he i r te mpe ratu re is i n ge

,

n e ral pre tty u ni fo rm d u r i n g e ver y v i c i ssi tu d e o f se ason an d a l ,

way s se v e ral d e g rees hig he r th an the fre e zi n g po i n t O th e rs .

,

ag ai n , ari se c o nstan tl y h ot or w i th a te mpe rature al way s e x

,

c e e d in g t he su m m e r h e at ; a nd t he w arm t h possesse d b y t he
w ate r is e n ti re ly i n d e pe nd e nt o f t h at of the atmosph ere a nd v a ,

r i es l i ttl e w i n te r o r su mm e r
,
.

O ne of the pri n c i pal i n c on ve n i en c i es in al most e v ery spri ng

w ate r i s its h ard n e ss o wi n g to t he prese nc e o f e arth y sal ts
, , ,

w hi c h i n b y far the g re a ter n u mb e r o f c ases are o n l y the i n si

, ,

id su b stan c es c h al k an d se l e n i te w hi c h d o n ot i m ai r t he
p , , p
t aste of t he w ater ; w h il e the air w h i c h i t c on tai n s an d i ts ,

g ratefu l c ool n ess re nde r it a m ost ag ree ab l e and g e ne ral ly a

, ,

e rfe c tly i nn oc e n t d rink ; t h ou g h so me t i me s i n w e ak stom ac hs

'

p
i t is apt to oc c asi on an u ne asy se nse of w e igh t in t h at o rg an ,

foll owe d b y a d e g ree o f d i spe psi a T he q u anti ty o f e arth y sal ts

.

v ar i e s c onsid e rab l y ; b u t in g e n e ral it appe ars t h at fi v e g rai n s

o f t h e se to a pi nt w ill c o ns ti tu te a h ard wate r u n fi t for w ashi ng ,

w i th soap and for m an y oth e r pu rposes o f h ou se h ol d u se or

,

m an u fac tu re s T he w ate r of d e ep we ll s is al w ay s c etems p a

’

.
,

r i b u s m u c h h ard e r than t h at of spri ng s w hi c h o v erfl o w th e i r

,

c h an n e l for mu c h agi tati on and e x posu re to air prod uc e a g ra

d ual d e posi ti on of the c al c are ous e arth and h en c e spri ng wa
te r o fte n e nc ru sts to a c on sid erab l e th i c kn ess the i nsid e of any
k i nd of tub e t h rou gh w hi c h it flows as it ari ses from the e arth .

T he spec ifi c g rav i ty of these waters is al so in g en e ral g re ater

t h an th at o f any o th e r k i nd of water t h at of the se a e x c e pte d
,
.

S pri ng s th at o v e rfl ow t h e i r c h an ne l and form to th e mse l v es a

,

l i mi ted b e d pass i nsen si b l y i n to t he state of stream or r i v er wa

,

te r an d b ec ome t h ereb y al tere d in some of t h eir c h e mi c al pro

,

arties.
p
 M A TERI A M ED I C A . 1 87

River Wa ter 5 . .

Th i s is in g e neral m uc h softe r and more free from e arthy ,

sal ts t h an t he l ast b u t c o n tai n s l ess ai r of a ny k i n d ; for b y t he

,

ag i tati o n o f a l on g c urre n t and i n m ost c ase s a g reat i n c re ase ,

o f te m pe ratu re i t l oses c o mm on air and c arb on i c ac id

,
and , ,

w i th t hi s l ast m uc h of t he l i m e w h i c h i t h e l d i n sol u ti on T he
,
.

s e c ifi c g rav i ty t h e re b y b e c o m es l e ss t he taste h ot so h arsh b u t

p , ,
l ess fre sh and ag ree ab l e an d ou t of a h ard spri n g is o ften m ad e
,

a s t re am o f su ffi c i e n t pu r i ty fo r m ost o f the pu rpose s w h e re a

s oft water is req u i re d S om e stre ams h o we v e r th at ari se from

.
, ,

a c l e an s ili c i o u s r oc k an d fl ow i n a sandy o r ston y b ed

, are ,

from t he ou tse t re m ark ab l y pu re S u c h are the m ou n tai n l ak es .

a n d ri v u l e ts in the roc k y d i s tri c ts o f Wal es the s o urc e of t he ,

be au ti fu l w ate rs o f t he De e and n u mb e rl e ss o t h e r r i v ers t h at ,

fl ow t hrou g h t he h oll o w o f e v e ry v all e y S w i tz e rl and has l on g -

.

b ee n c e le b rate d fo r t he pu ri t y and e x c e l l e n c e o f its w ate rs ,

w h i c h po u r i n C O plO ll S stre am s fro m t he mo u n tai ns and gi v e ,

ri se to som e of the fi ne st ri v e rs in Eu rope S ome of th e m n e ve r .

fre e z e i n t he se v e res t w i n te r t he c au se o f w hi c h is pro b ab l y as , ,

H all e r c onj e c tu re s t h at the y spri n g at o n c e o u t o f a su b terran e

,

ou s rese r v o i r so d e e p as t o b e o u t o f the r e ac h of f rost ; an d d ur

i n g t h e i r short c o u rse w h e n e x pose d to d ay th e y h av e n ot ti m e

, ,

t o b e c ool e d d o w n fro m 5 3 de g t h e i r or igi n al temperat ure to , ,

b el ow the fre e zi n g po i n t .

S om e r i v e r w ate rs ho we v e r that d o n o t tak e th e i r r i se from

, ,

a roc ky so i l an d are i nd ee d at fi rst c o n si d erab l y c harg e d w i t h

,

fo re ig n m atte r d u r i ng a l on g c ou rse e v e n ov er a ri c h c u l ti v a
, ,

t ed pl ai n b e c o me re m arkab l y pu re as to sali n e c on te nts b u t

, ,

o fte n fou l e d w i t h m u d a nd v e g e tab l e or an i m al e x u v i ae w h i c h

, ,

a re r athe r s uspe n d e d t h an h e l d i n tru e so l u ti on S u c h is that .

of th e T ham es w hi c h ta k e n u p at L o nd on at l ow wate r is a
, , ,

v ery soft a nd g o od w ate r an d afte r rest an d fi l trati on i t h old s , , ,

b u t a v e ry s m al l porti o n o f an y t h i n g t h at c o u ld pro v e n oxi ou s

or i m pe d e any m an u fac t ure It is also e x c e ll e n tl y fi tte d for .

se a store
-
b u t it h e re u n d e rg oe s a re mark ab l e spon tan eou s
c h an g e . N o wate r c arri e d to se a b e c om es pu tri d soon e r th an
t h at o f the T hames When a c ask is ope ne d afte r b e i ng ke pt
.

a m o n t h o r t w o a q u an ti t y o f i nfl am m ab l e air e sc a e s an d the
, p ,

wate r is s b l ac k and ofle n sive as sc arc e l y to b e b orn e

o U pon .

rac ki n g it o ff h owe v er i nto l arg e e art h e n v esse ls oil j ars are

, ,
(
om m on l y u se d for the
pu r pose ) and e x posi ng it to t he air i t , ,
g rad ual l y d e posi te s a q u an ti ty o f b l ac k sli my m ud b e c om es ,

c l e ar as c r ystal and re m arkab l y swe e t and l t b l T he

, p a a a e .

S e i ne has as high a re pu tati on in F ran c e an d appe ars from ,

ac c u rate e x pe ri me n ts to b e a ri v e r o f g re at u i t y I t m igh t be
p r .

e x pe c te d t h at a r i v e r w hi c h h as passe d b l rg e to w and
y a a n ,

re c e i v e d al l its i m puri ti es and b ee n u se d b y nu m erous dy ers , ,

1 88 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

tanners, h atte rs ,
and the l i ke ,
t h at c row d to i ts b an k s for the
c on v e n en c e of
i pl e nt y o f wate r sh ou l d t here b y ac q u i re su c h a
,

fo ul ness as to b e v er y perc e pti b l e to c h e m i c al e x am i n at i on for a

c onsid e rab l e di stan c e b e l o w t he town ; b u t it appe ars from t he ,

m ost ac c u rate e xam i n ati on th at w h e re t he stre a m is at all c on

,

sid e rab le t h e se k i n d s o f i mp u ri t y h av e b u t l i ttl e i nfl ue nc e i n

,

erm an e ntl y al te ri n g the q u al i ty o f t he wate r e s e c i al l y as t h e y

p p ,

are for t he m ost part o n ly su spe n d e d and n ot tr u l y di sso l v e d

,

an d t h e re fo re m e re re st an d e spe c i al l y fil trat i o n w i l l re store

, ,

the water to its o rigi n al pu ri ty P ro b ab l y t h e re fore the most

.
, ,

ac c u rate c h e m i st w o u l d fi nd i t di ffi c u l t to d i sti n g u i s h w ate r

tak e n u p at L on d on from t h at proc u re d at H ampton C ou r t af ,

ter e ac h h as b e en purifi e d b y si mpl e fi l trati on .

6. S tag n a te d Wa ters .

T he waters th at pre se n t th e g re atest i m pur i ti es to the se nses,

are t hose o f stag nan t poo l s, an d l o w mars h y c ou ntri es. Th e y
are fil l e d w i t h t he re m ai n s of an i m al an d v e g e tab l e m atte r n u

d ergoin g d ec o m posi ti on , an d , d u ri ng t h at proc e ss, b e c om i n g in

art sol u b l e i n w ate r, t h e re b y afford i ng a r i c h n u tr i m e n t to t he
p
s uc c e ssi on of l i v i n g pl an ts and i n sec ts w h i c h is su lyi n g the
pp
l f t h e th at pe r i s h . F o m t he w an t o f su ffi c i e n t agi ta
p ac e o os r

ti on in t h ese w ate rs, v e ge tati on g oes on u n d i stur b e d , an d the

su rfac e b e c om es c ov e re d w i t h c o nfe rv a an d oth e r aq u at i c
l ts ; and as th ese st andi n g w aters ar e in g e n e ral s h al l ow
p a n
,
t h e y rec e i ve the fu l l i n fl u e n c e of t he su n , w hi c h furth e r pro
motes all t he c h an g es t h at are g o i n g on w i th i n t h e m T he
.

taste is g e neral l y v a pid , and d e sti tu te of th at fre shn e ss and

ag re e ab l e c ool ne ss w h i c h di st i n g u i sh s pri n g w ate r . H o w e v e r,
it sh ou l d he re m ark e d , t h at stag n an t wate rs are g e neral l y soft,
and m an y of the i m pu ri ti e s a re o n ly su spe nd e d , an d t h e re fo re

se parable b y fil trati o n ; an d pe r h aps the u n pal atab l e n e ss of t h i s

d ri nk h as c ause d it to b e in worse c re di t t h an it d e se rves, on

t he sc ore of sal u b ri ty . T he d e c id e dl y n oxi ou s e ffe c ts prod u c e d
b y the air of m arsh e s and st ag n an t pool s, h av e b e e n o fte n sa p
pose d to e x te nd to the i n te rn al u se of t h ese wate rs ; and o fte n ,
espe c i al l y i n h ot c l i mates, a re sid e n c e n e ar t h ese l
p ac es has
b een as m u c h c ond e mn e d on the on e ac c ou nt as on the oth e r
and , in l i ke m anne r, a n i mprov e m en t i n he al th has b ee n as

muc h attri b uted to a c h an ge of water as of air.

 1 90 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

v an cem en t of th e sc i e nce . j
T h e ob sc ur i ty o f the su b e c t , how ev e r, i s suc h,
t hat b oth p ar tie s h av e b e e n a b l e t o a dv an c e m ost p l a u sib l e ar g um e n ts.
q
S e tting asid e all i n u ir i es c onc e r n i ng t he m er it s of t hese diff e r e nt d oc tr i ne s,
we shall c on fi ne ou r se lv e s t o t h e g e ne r al e ffe c ts w hi c h h eat p rodu c e s on dif
f e r e n t b odi es. F or t h e p h e n om e n a w h ic h h e a t p rese n ts, and t heir r e l a tion t o
e a c h o ther , m ay b e i nv estig a t e d wi th su ffic ie nt p r e c i sio n , t ho u g h t he m at e r i
“

ali t y , or i mm at er i al i ty of i t, m ay r e m a i n u nk n own to u s
, .

N f
atur e o H ea t .
T hose w h o c on si de r he at a s m at te r , a sser t tha t c al or ic e xi sts in tw o st ate s,
n am e l y , i n c om b i n a ti on , or a t lib er ty .
I n t h e fi r st state i t i s n ot se nsib l e t o our or g an s, n or i ndic ate d b y t h e th e r
m om e t e r i t f orm s a c on sti tu e n t p ar t of t he b od y ; b u t i t m ay b e b r ou g ht b ac k
t o th e sta te of se n sib l e h e a t . I n t hi s s tat e i t a ff e c t s a n im al s w i th t h e sen sa
t i on of h e a t . I t t he r e f or e h as b e e n c a ll e d se nsib l e or fr e e h e a t, or fi r e ; a n d
i s sy n on ym ou s w i t h u n c om b i n e d c al or i c , t he r m om e tri c al c a l or i c , c a l or i c o f
t em p er ature , i nte r p ose d c al ori c , &c . e xp r e ssi on s n ow p r e tty g en er all y su p e r
se d e d .
F r om the d iv er si ty of op inion s am on g c h e m i sts r e sp e c ti ng t he n atu r e of c a»
l or i c , se v e r al o the r ex p r e ssi o n s h av e b ee n in tr od u c e d , w hi c h i t i s p r op er t o n o
q
tic e . F or in st an c e , b y sp ec ifi c hea t i s u n d e r sto o d , t h e r el a tiv e u a n ti ti e s of c a
q
l or ic c ontai n e d i n e ual we ig h t s of diff e r e nt b od i e s a t t h e sa m e t e m p er a tur e .
q
L atent heat i s th e e xp r e ssio n u se d t o d e n o te t ha t u an tity of c a l or i c w h ic h a
b od y a b sor b s w h e n c h an g i n g i ts f or m . I t i s, h ow e v e r , m ore p r o p e rl y c all e d
c a l or i c of fl uid i ty . T h e di sp ositi on , or p r op er ty , b y w hic h d iff er e n t b odie s
co n tai n c e r t ain q
u an tit i e s o f c a l o r i c , a t a n y te m p e r a t ur e , i s t e r m e d t h e ir c ap a

c i ty f or hea t B y t h e e x p r ession of a b sol u te hea t, i s u nd er stood th e w h ol e

q
.

u an ti t
y of c al or i c w hic h a ny b od y c on ta in s.
M ethod s o f ex c i ti ng a n d c oll ec ti ng H ea t .
O f th e diff er e n t m e thod s of e xc i tin g
h e a t , t h e f oll owi ng a r e th e m ost u sual
1 P er c ussi on or C ollis i on . T hi s m e thod o f p r odu c i n g h ea t is t he si m p l est,
.

a nd t h e r e f or e i t i s g e ne ral l y m ad e u se of i n t h e c om m on p ur p ose s of lif e f or

ob t ain in g fi r e .
Whe n a p ie c e of har d e ne d ste el i s str u ck wi th a in t, som e p ar ti cl es of the
fl
m e t al ar e sc r a p e d aw a y f rom the m ass, a n d so v i ol e n t i s t h e he a t w hi c h f ol .
l ow s t h e str ok e , t ha t i t m e l ts a n d v i trifi e s t h em . If t he fr a g m e n ts of st e e l ar e
ca u g h t u p on p ap e r , a n d v i e w e d w i th a m ic r osc op e , m ost o f t h e m w i ll b e f ou n d

p e r f e c t sp her u l es, a nd v e r y h ig hl y p oli sh e d T h e ir S p h e r i c i ty d e m on str a te s

.

t ha t th e y h av e b e e n i n a fl
u i d sta te , a n d t h e p oli sh u p on t h e ir su r fac e sh ow s
,
th e m t o b e v itr ifi e d .

N o h e a t, h ow ev e r , h as b e e n ob se rv e d t o f oll ow the p er c u ssi on of liq u id s,

n or of th e sof t e r kin d of b od i es w h ic h y ie l d t o a sl ig h t im p u l se .
2 F r i c ti on . H e at m ay lik ewi se b e e xc ite d b y m e r e f r i c ti on
. T his p r a c tice
.

i s st ill r e tai n e d i n som e p ar ts o f th e w orld . T h e n ativ e s o f N e w H ol l a n d ar e

sa id t o p rod u c e fi r e i n t h i s m a nn er , w i t h g r eat f ac ili ty , a n d S p r e a d i t i n a w on
d e r f ul m ann er . F or th a t p u r p ose t h e y t a k e t w o p ic e s of dr y w ood ; on e i s a
stic k , ab ou t e ig ht or n in e i n c h es l on g , a n d th e ot he r p i e c e i s fl at ; t he sti c k
t h e y b r in g t o an ob tu se p oin t a t on e e n d , a nd p r e ssin g i t u p on the o the r p i ec e ,
th e y t u r n i t v e r y n im b l y , b y h ol di ng i t b e tw e e n b oth h an d s, a s w e d o a c hoc o
l a t e m ill, oft e n shif tin g t he ir h a n d s u p , a nd t he n m ov i ng d o wn u p on i t, i n or d e r
-

t o i n c r e ase t he p r e ssu r e as m u c h a s possib l e B y i h is m e t hod t h e y g e t fi r e i n

.

a f e w m in u t e s, an d fr om th e sm al l e st spark t he y i ncr e ase i t w it h g r ea t sp e e d

and d ext er ity .
I f t h e i ron s a t the a xis of a c oac h w h e el ar e a p pl ie d t o e ac h ot he r , wi th ou t
-

the in te r posit ion of som e u n c t u ou s m atter t o k e e p the m fr om im m e di a t e c on.

t ac t, the y will b ec om e so h ot w h e n t h e c arr ia g e r u n s sw iftl y a l on g , a s to se t
the w ood on fi re an d t h e f ore w h e el s, b e in g sm all est an d m ak in
-

, g m ost re v o
l ut ions i n a g iv e n t im e , w ill b e m o st i n d an g e r .
T he sam e w ill hap p e n t o m il l w or k , or to an y oth er m ac hin e ry
-
.

I t i s n o u nc om m on p r ac t ic e i n t hi s c ou n tr y , f or b l a c k sm iths t o u se a p l at e
of ir on as an extem p oraneou s su b sti tu te f or a tin de r b ox -
f or i t m ay b e h am
 M A TERIA M ED I C A . 19 1

m er e d on an anv il t ill i t b e c om e s r ed will fi r e a b r im ston e m atc h . A

hot, a nd
q
-

st r on g m a n w h o stri k es u ic k , an d k e e p s t ur n in g t he ir o n so t h a t b ot h sid e s
q
m ay b e e ua l ly ex p ose d t o t he f or c e of t h e h am m er , w ill p e r for m thi s in l e ss
t i m e t ha n w ou ld b e e xp ec t e d .
I f, i n t he c old est seaso n , o ne d e nse ir on p l ate b e l ai d on a n othe r , a nd pr e sse d
t og e th er b y a w e ig h t, a n d t he n r u b b e d u p o n e ac h o the r b y r e c ip r o c a l m otion s,
t h e y w rll g r ad u all y g r o w so h o t as , i n a sh or t t im e , t o e m it sp ark s, a nd a t l a st
b e c om e ig nite d .
I t i s n o t n e c e ssar y that t h e su b stan ce s sh o ul d b e v e r y h ar d ; a c or d r ub b e d
b a c kw a r d s a n d f orw ar d s swif tl y a ga in st a p ost or a tr e e w i ll t ak e fi r e .
C ou nt Ru mfor d a nd P r of essor P ic t e t h a v e m a d e som e v e r y i ng e n iou s an d
v al u a b l e e x p er im e n ts c on c e r ni n g t h e he a t e v ol v e d b y f r ic ti on.

3 . C hemi c a l fi c ti on T o t his b el ong s t he h ea t p r od u c e d b y c om b u stion .

.

T he re a re , b esid e s t his , m a ny c he m ic a l p r oc e sse s w h e r e i n r a p id c he m i c al ac

fl
t ion ta k e s p l a c e , a c c om p a n i e d w i th a d e v e l o p e m e n t o f h e at, or fi r e , a n d a m e
.

4 . S ol a r hea t . I t is w e ll k n ow n t h a t t he sola r r ay s, w h e n c oll e c t e d b y a

m irr or , or l e n s , i nto a f oc u s, p r odu c e t he m o st a sto ni shi ng e ff ec ts .
Dr H e r sc h e l h a s d isc o ve r e d t hat t he r e a re r a y s e m i tt e d f rom t he sun , w hi c h
.

h av e n ot t he p ow er of ill u m in atin g or p ro d uc ing v i si on : a n d t ha t t h ese are th e

ra y s w h i c h p r o d u c e t h e h e a t o f t h e sol ar l ig h t
q
.

C onse u e n tl y , h e a t i s e m itte d from th e su n in r ay s, b u t th e se r a y s ar e not

th e sam e w i th t he ray s of l i g ht .

5 The El ec t r ic S p a rk , a nd G a l va ni sm. T h e e ff ec ts o f e l e ctric ity ar e t oo

.

w e ll k n ow n in t his p o int of v i e w t o n e e d a ny d e sc r ip ti on .
G al v a nism h as of l at e b e c om e a p ow er f u l i nst ru m e n t f or t h e p u r p ose of ex
c i ti ng h e a t . fl
N o t o nl y e asily i n am ma b le su b stan c e s, s u c h as p h osp hor us,
su l ph u r , 8t e . h av e b e e n t i re d , b u t lik e w i se , g ol d , si l v e r , c opp er , tin, an d the
r e st of th e m e tal s, h av e b ee n b ur n t b y m e a n s of g a lv a n ism .

G en er al Efi ec ts of H ea t.
T he fi r st an d m ost ob v i ou s e ff ec t w h ic h h ea t p r od u c e s o n b odie s, i s i ts e x
p an siv e p rop e r t y . Ex p e r i e n c e h a s t au g h t u s t ha t, a t all t im e s, wh e n b odi e s
b ec om e h ot , t he y i n c r e a se i n b u lk . T he b o d i e s ex p eri e n c e a dil ata tio n w hi c h
i s g r ea t e r i n p r op or tion t o t he ac cu m u l a t i on o f c a l or i c , or in o th e r w or d s , t o
t he i n te n si t y o f t h e h e a t T h i s i s a g e n e r a l l a w , w hi c h h ol d s g ood as l on g as
q
.
'

t h e b o d ie s h av e su fl c r e d n o c h a n g e e i th er i n t h e ir c om b in a ti on or i n t he u an
t ity of t h e ir c h em ic al p r in c i pl e s.
T h is p ow er , w hi c h hea t p o sse sse s, c on si sts, th e r e for e , in a c on st an t t e n de n
c y t o se p ar at e t he p ar ti c l e s of b o di es H e n c e p hil osop hers c on si de r h e a t as
.

t h e r ep u l si v e p ower w hic h a c ts u p on al l b o die s wha t e v er , a nd w hi c h i s i n c on

sta n t o p p o si ti on t o t h e p ow e r o f a t tra c tion .
T h e p h e n om e na w hic h r e s ul t f r om t h e s e m u tu a l ac tio n s , see m , as i t w e r e ,
t h e sec r e t sp ri n gs o f n atu re . H e a t , h ow ev e r , d o es n o t e xp an d all b odi e s
q
e ual l y , an d w e ar e s til l ig n or an t of t he l a ws w h ic h i t f oll ow s.
1 . Ex p a n si on of F l uid B odi es T a k e a g l ass g l ob e , w i th a l ong sl e n der
.

n ec k (c a ll e d a b ol d h e at ); fi ll i t u p t o t he n e c k w i t h wa te r , ar d e n t spir it , or
a n y ot he r fl
u id wh ic h m a y b e c ol or e d w i th r e d or b l ac k i n k , i n or d e r t o b e

m or e v isi b l e , a n d t h e n im m e r se t he g l ob e of t he i nstr u m e nt in a v essel o f hot

fl
w at e r t he i n c l u d e d u id w ill i n sta ntl y b e g in to m o u nt i n to th e n ec k . I f it b e
t ak e n o u t of th e w at e r a n d b r o u g ht n ea r t he fi r e , i t w i l l asc e n d m o r e an d m or e ,
i n p r o p or t ion as i t b e c om e s h e a t e d b u t , u p on r e m ov i ng i t f r om t he sou r c e o f
h e a t, i t w ill sink a g ain a c l ear p r oof t ha t c al or i c d ila te s i t, so a s t o m ak e i t
oc c u p y m o r e s pa c e w he n h ot t ha n w h e n c o l d T h e se e xp e r im en ts m a y, th er e
.

f or e , se rv e a s a d e m on s tr a tion t ha t h e a t e x pan d s fi u i d b odi e s.

2 . Ex p a nsi on of fl er if or m B odi es. T ak e a b l a d d e r p ar tly fi ll e d w it h a i r,
th e n e c k o f wh ic h i s c l ose l y tie d , so a s to p r ev e n t t he e n c l o se d air fr om e sc ap~
i ng , and l e t i t b e h e l d n e a r a fi r e T h e a ir w il l soon b e g in to oc c u p y m or e
.

s p ac e , a nd t h e b l a dd e r w il l b ec om e g ra d u al l y d i ste n d e d ; on c on tin u ing t he e x

p a nsi on of t h e air , b y i nc r e asi ng the h e at , t he b l a dd er wil l b ur st with a l ou d

r e p or t
3 . Ex pan sion of ‘
S ol id B odies. I f w e t ak e a b ar of iron , six i nche s l ong , and
p u t it i n to fi re t i ll i t b e c om e s r e d h ot
-
an d t he n m easur e i t i n thi s state ac c u~
1 92 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

rat el y, it will b e f ou nd 1 2oth of an i n c h l on g e r than i t was b e f or e ; that i s,

a b ou t 1 20 th p ar t of the wh ol e . T h a t t he m e t a l i s p r op or tio nab l y e xp an d e d i n
b r e ad th, w ill b e see n b y try i ng to p a ss i t t hr o u g h a n a p e rtu re wh i c h 1 5 fi tte d
e xac tly wh e n c ol d , b u t w hi c h w il l n ot a dm it i t whe n r e d hot . T h e b ar i s, -

t here f or e , in cr e a se d 1 n l e n g th a n d d iam e ter .

T o disc ov e r t h e m in u te st c ha ng es of e xpa n sion b y h ea t a n d th e r el ativ e
prop or tio ns t h e r e of , in st ru m e n ts hav e b ee n c on tri v e d , c a ll e d P yr ometers, t he
sensib il i ty of w hi c h i s so d e l i c at e as t o show an e x p an si on of 1 100 , 000 t h of
,
-

a n i nc h .
I t i s owin g t o th is e xpansi on of m e tal s , th at t h e m otion of tim e p iec e s is r e n -

d ere d e r r o ne o u s b u t t h e i ng e n ui ty of ar t ists h a s di sc ov e r e d m e th od s of ob v i
a ti n g th is in ac cu r ac y , b y e m p l oy i n g t h e g r e a t e r e x p an si on of on e m e tal , to
c ou n te r ac t t h e e xp a n sion of a n ot her , t hi s i s e ff ec t e d l n w hat 1 s c all e d t he g r i
d
i r on p e nd u l u m . U p on t he sam e p rin c i p l e , a p ar tic ul ar c on str u c tion of wat c h
e s h as b e e n c ontr iv e d .
T h e e xp a nsi on of m e tal s is l ik e wise on e of th e p r i n c ip al r ea son s tha t cl ock s
a nd w a tc he s v ar y i n w i n te r a n d s u mm e r , w h e n w or n i n t h e p o c k e t , r e x p ose d
t o th e op e n a ir , or wh e n c arr i e d i nt o a h o tter or a c old e r c l im at e . F or t he nu m.
b er of th e v ib r ation s of the p e n du lu m i s al way s i n t he su b d u p li c a t e r a tio of -

i ts l eng th , a n d a s t h e l e n g th is c h an g e d b y h e at an d c ol d , th e t im e s o f v i b r a
ti on w ill al so b e c han g e d . T h e q
ua n ti ty of a l te r ati on, w h e n c on si d er e d i n a
sing l e v ib r ation , i s e xc e e din g l y sm a ll , b u t wh e n t h e y are of te n r e p e a te d , i t
will b e v e ry se n sib l e . A n a l te r a t ion of o n e t h o u san d th p ar t i n t h e tim e of a
-

singl e v i b ra t i on o f a p e n d ul u m w hi c h b e a t s se c on d s , w i ll m ak e a c h an g e of
e i g ht y six w hol e v ib r a ti on s i n t w e n t y f ou r h ou r s .
- u

A s diff er en t m e ta ls e xp a n d d iff e r e n tl y w i th t h e sam e d e g r e e of h e at ; t hose

m u sic al i nstr u m e n ts , w hose p a r t s a r e to m a i nt a in a c on stant tru e p rop or tion,
sh ou l d n e v e r b e st r u n g w i t h diff er e n t m e tal s. I t i s on t hi s ac c ount t h at har p.
sic hor d s, 8 m . a r e o u t of t u n e b
y a c h an g e o f t e m p e r a tu r e
fl
B odi e s w h ic h a re b r ittl e , or w hi c h w a nt ex ib ili ty , c r a ck or b r e ak , if sud
de nl y h e a te d . T his l ik e w i se d e p e n ds u p on t he e x p ansiv e f or c e of h e at,
str e tc hin g the sur f a c e to wh ic h i t i s a p pl i e d , w h i le th e o th er p a r t s , n ot b e ing
q
e u al ly h e at e d d o n ot e x pan d i n t h e sam e r a ti o , a nd are th e re f or e t or n asu n
,
d er or b r e ak . H e n c e t hi n v e sse l s stan d h ea t b e tte r than thi c k on e s. T h e
same hol ds , w h en t h ey _ar e su d d e n ly c ool e d .

M
. ea sur emen t o f H eat .
U p on th e e xp an siv e p r op e rty o f h e a t, w hic h w e h av e c onsid e r e d b e f or e , i s
f ou nd ed its ar tifi c ia l m e a su r e m e nt V ar iou s m e an s h av e b ee n e m p l oy e d t o
j
.

a ssi st t h e im p e r fe c tion of ou r se n sa t ion s i n u d g in g of t h e difl er e n t d e g r ee s o f

h eat ; f or ou r f e e l i ng s , u n a id e d , aff or d b u t v e r y in a c c u r at e i n f or m a ti on c on
c er n in g th i s m atte r ; t he y i ndic a te t h e p r e se n c e of hea t, onl y w h e n t he b odi e s

p r ese n te d t o the m a r e hotter t ha n t h e a c t u a l t e m p e ra ture of ou r or g a n s of

f e elin g . Wh e n th e se b od i es ar e p r ec i se l y o f th e sam e t e m p e r at ur e wi th our
b od y , w hic h w e m ak e th e standa r d o f c om p a r ison , w e th e n ar e n ot se n si bl e of
t he p r e se nc e o f he at in t h em . Wh e n the ir t e m p er a tu r e i s l e ss th a n that of
ou r b odie s, the ir c onta c t g iv es u s w ha t i s c a ll e d t he se n sation of c old .
T h e e ff ec t s o f h e at u p on m at er ial b odi e s i n g e n e r al , w h ic h ar e easily v isi
b l e to u s, aff or d m ore p r e c i se a n d d e te r m i na t e ind i c a t ion s o f t he i nt e n si ty , than
c an b e d er iv e d f r om ou r f ee l in g s al on e T h e i ng e n u ity of th e p h il os op h e r an d
.

a r ti st ha s t h e r e f or e f ur n ish e d u s w i th i n str um e n ts of m ea su r i n g t h e r el a t ive

h eat or te m p e r a tu r e o f b o die s . T hese i n stru m e n ts ar e c al l e d T her mometer s
a n d P yr ometer s . B y t hese , al l d e g r e e s a r e m e a su r a b l e , fr om th e sl i g hte st to
t hat of t he m o st in ten se h ea t .

Ex c eptions to the Exp ansion b y H eat .

P hil osop he r s h av e n o t ic e d
f e w e xc e p ti on s to the l aw of h e a t e xp an ding
a
b odies. F or i nstan c e , w a te r , w h e n c oo le d d ow n w ithin a b ou t 7 d e g . o f t he
z
f r ee ing p oin t, i nste a d of c ontrac ting on th e f ar ther d e p r iv a ti on of h e a t, ac tu
a ll y e xp and s .

A n othe r see m in g e xcep tion i s m a nife ste d i n alu m ine , or c l ay oth er s oc c ur

in the c ase of cast iron, a nd a f e w othe r m e tal s. A l u m ine c on tr ac ts on b e ing
-
1 94 TH E T H O M S O N I A N

w ood and c ha rc oal stil l sl ow e r ; a nd f eathe rs, silk , w ool , an d hair ar e still
.

w o r se c on du c tor s t ha n a ny o f the su b s ta nc e s y e t m e n t ion e d .

T h e b e st c ond uc t or s of e l e c tr ic i ty a n d g alv ani sm a r e a l so th e b est c on du e
t or s o f h e a t.
Exp er iment —T ak e a nu m b er of str a ig ht w ires, o f e u al diam e ter s and q
l e n g t hs, b u t o f d iff ere nt m e ta ls ; f or i nstanc e , g ol d silv er , c o pp er , ir on , &c ; .

c ov e r e ac h of t h em w ith a t hi n c oat of w a x , or ta ll ow , an d p l u n g e t h e i r e xtr a

m iti e s in to Wa te r k e p t b oiling , or i n to m e l t e d l e a d . T h e m e l t in g of t he c oa t o f
q
w a x wi ll sh o w t hat c al or i c is m or e u i c kl y tr an smitt e d t hr ou g h som e m e tal s
t han othe r s .
It 15 on t hi s ac c ou n t al so, th at t h e e n d of ag lass
m ay b e k e p t r e d hot
r od
f or a l o n0g t im e , or e v e n m el ted , w i th ou t a n y i nc onv eni e n c e t o t h e h a nd w hic h
h ol d s t he o t he r e xtr e m ity ; t h ou g h a sim il ar m e tal li c r od , h e at e d i n t he sam e
m ann er , w o ul d v e ry soon b e c om e too h ot to b e h e l d .

if or m B odies
’

L i quid an d fl er c on vey H ea t b y a n a c tual C hang e i n the S i tu a ti on

of thei r P a r ti c l es.

fl
C ou nt Ru m f or d was the fi r st w h o pr ov e d t ha t u id s i n g en e ral , a n d a er i.
f orm b o di e s, c onv e y h e at o n a diff er e nt p r in c ip l e f r om that o b s e r v e d i n t h e so
li d s. T his opinion i s p r e tty g e n e ra l l y adm i tte d , th o ug h v ar i ou s i ng e ni o u s e x,
p e rim e nts h a v e b ee n m a d e , b y d ifl er e n t p h il oso p he r s , to p r ov e t h e c o n tr ar y .
[ 11 w a te r , f o r i nstan c e , t h e c o u nt has p r ov e d t h at c al or ic i s p r op a g a t e d p r i nc i
q
r

p all y i n c on se u en c e of t he m ot ion w hic h i s oc c asio n e d i n t he p ar ti cl e s of t h at

fl u id .
fl
A l l u id s ar e c on sid er e d b y h im , str i c tl y sp e ak in g , i n a sim i la r r e sp e c t as
n on c ond u c tor s o f cal or ic .
-
T he y c a n r e c e iv e i t , i n d e e d , fr o m o th er su b stan c es,
a n d c a n g iv e i t t o o th e r su b st a n c es , b u t n o p ar tic l e c an e it h e r r ec e iv e i t f r om
o r g iv e i t t o a no th er p ar t ic l e of t h e sam e k i n d . fl
B e f or e a u id , t h e r e f or e , c a n
b e h e at e d or c ool e d, e v e r y p ar t ic l e m u st g o i n di v i du al l y t o t h e su b st an c e f rom
w hi c h i t r e c e iv es or to whic h i t g i v e s o u t c al or i c . H e a t b e i ng , t h e 1 e f or e , or»
fl q
l y p r o p a g a te d 1 n ui ds , i n c on se u e n c e o f t he in t er n al m oti on of t he ir p ar ti c l es
w h i c h tr ansp or t t he h e a t ; t he m or e r ap id th e s e m o t ion s ar e , t he m or e 1 a p id
i s t he c om m u n ic ati on o f h e a t T h e c au se o f t h e se m ot ion s is t h e c h a n g e in
.

fl
t h e sp ec ifi c g r av i ty of t he u id, oc c asion e d b y t h e c ha n g e o f t e m p e r a t ur e , an d
t he ra p id it y i s in p r op or t ion t o t he c h an g e o f t he sp e c ifi c g ra v i ty of th e l i u id q
b y a n y g iv e n c han g e of t e m p era tur e . T h e f oll o win g ex p er im e n t m a y se r v e
t o i l lu s tr a t e t hi s t h e or y
T a k e a t hin g l ass t u b e , e ig ht or t e n i nc h e s l on g , a nd a b ou t a n i nc h i n di e»
m e ter P o ur i nto th e b ottom p ar t, f or ab ou t t he d e p t h of on e i nc h, a l ittle
z
.

w at e r c ol ore d w i t h B ra il w ood , o r li tm u s, a nd t he n fi ll u p t h e t u b e w ith c om

q
-

m o n w ate r , e x tre m el y g e ntly, so a s t o k e e p t he t w o str a ta u it e d istinc t from

e ac h o the r H a v ing d o ne t his, he at the b o tt om p ar t o f t he tu b e ov e r a l am p ;
.

th e c ol or e d i nf usio n wil l the n a sc e n d , a n d g r a d u all y t in g e t h e w h o l e u id fl on

t h e c o n tr ar y , if t he h ea t b e a pp l ie d a b ov e , t he w at er i n t h e u p p e r p ar t of t he
t u b e m ay b e m a d e t o b oil , b u t t h e c ol or i n g m a tt e r w ill r e m a in a t t h e b ot tom
n n dist ur b e d . T he h e a t c a nno t a c t d ow n w ar d s t o m ak e i t a sc e nd .

fl
B y t h us b e i ng ab l e t o m ak e t he u p p er p ar t of a u id b oil w i t h o u t hea ting
t he b o tt o m p ar t, w a te r m a y b e k e p t b oil i ng f or a c on si d e ra b l e t im e i n a g l a ss
t u b e o v e r i c e , w i t hou t m e ltin g i t .
O th e r e xp er i m e nts , illu str a ti ng t h e sam e p r inc i pl e , m ay b e f ou nd i n C ou nt
Rum fo r d s e x c e lle nt e ssay s, esp e c ial l y i n e ssay t he 7 t h ; 1 797,
’

T o t his i nd e fa tig ab l e p hilosop h er w e ar e w h oll y i nd e b t e d f or t he ab ov e

f a c ts : h e w a s th e fi rst w ho t au g h t u s t ha t air and w at e r w ere n e ar l y n on c om -

d uc t ors T he r esu l ts of his e xp e r im e n ts, w hic h ar e c onta in e d i n t he a b ov e

.

e ssa y , a r e hig hl y i n t e r e stin g ; t h e y a l so show t ha t t h e c o n d u c t in g p ow e r o f

fl u id s i s i m p a i r e d b y t he ad m ixture o f fi b r ou s a n d g l u tin ou s m a t t e r.

C ou n t Ru m for d pr ov e d t hat i c e m e l te d m or e t ha n 8 0 t im e s sl ow er, w hen

b oil ing h o t w a t e r s to o d on i ts su rfa c e , t ha n w h e n t he i c e w a s p l a c e d t o swim
o n t he su r fac e o f t h e h ot w a t e r O the r e xp e r im e n ts s how e d th a t w ater , onl y
z
.

e ig h t d e g r ee s of F a hr e n he it a b ov e t h e fr e e i ng p oi nt , o r at th e t e m p e r at ur e of
f or ty d e g r ee s, m e lts as m u c h we , i n a n y g iv e n t i m e , a s a n e u al v olu m e of q
that fluid a t any hig her temp eratu r e, p r ovide d t he wa ter stands on the surfac e
 M A TERI A M ED I C A . 1 95

of th e i c e . W a te r a t t he te m p eratu r e of 4 1 d e g . i s f oun d to m e l t m ore i c e ,

,
w he n stan ding on i ts surfa c e , t ha n b oili n g wa te r . I t a pp e ar s, h ow e v er , t ha t
q
l i u id s ar e n ot, a s h e su pp ose s, c om pl e te n on c on du c tor s of c al m i e z b ec au se ,
if h e a t b e a pplie d at t op , i t i s c a pab l e of m akin g i ts w a y d own war d s, t hr ou g h
w a t e r , 1 0 1 e xam pl e , t hou g h v er y i m p e r f ec tl y an d sl owl y .
I t b e c o m e s f a r th er e v i d e nt, from t h e C ou nt 5 i ng e ni ou s exp e r im e nt s , that of
’

i
t he diff e r e nt sub sta nc e s u sed in c l ot h ng , h a r e s f ur an d e i d e r d ow n , m e the
’

w arm est ; n e xt to th e se b eav e r s ’

f ur ,
r aw silk , sh e e p
’
s w ool , c ot to n w ool , a nd
,
l a stl y , li nt , or t he sc ra p i ng s of fi n e li n e n . I n f ur , t he a ir i n ter p ose d a m on g i ts
p ar tic l e s i s so e n g ag e d as n ot t o b e driv e n aw ay b y the h e a t c om m u n i c ate d
t here t o hy t h e a n i m al b od y ; n ot b e in g e a sil y d isp l a c e d , i t b ec om e s a b arr i er to
d e f e nd t he a n im al b o d y fr om th e e xt e r n al c ol d . H e nc e i t i s o b v i ou s tha t t h ose
ski n s ar e w ar m e st w hi c h h av e t h e fi n est , l ong est, a n d t hi c k e st f ur ; a nd th at
t he f ur s of th e b e av e r , o tt e 1 , a n d ot her l ik e q
u a d r u p e d s, w h i c h l iv e m u c h i n
t he w a t e r , an d t h e f e a th e rs of w at er fowl , ar e c a p a b l e of c onfi n in g th e h eat of
-

t hose a n im al s i n w i n t er , n ot w it hsta nding th e c oldn e ss of t h e w ate r w h i c h th e y

q
f r e u e n t. B e ar s , a nd v ar i ou s oth e r a ni m al s , i nha b i ta n ts of c o l d c l im a t es,
w hi c h d o n ot ofte n tak e t he w a ter , ha v e their f ur m u c h thi c k e r on th e ir b ac k s
t han o n th e ir b ell ie s .
T h e snow w hic h cov er s the sur f a c e of th e e ar th in win ter , in hig h l ati tu d e s ,
i s d ou b tl ess d e si g n e d as a g ar m e n t t o d e f e n d i t a g ain st the p i er c in g w i n d s fr om
t he p ol ar r e g ion s, w hi c h p re v ail d u r i ng t he c old se a son .
Withou t dw ell ing f ar the r u p on the p hil o sop hy of this tr u th, w e m u st b r ie y fl
r e m ar k t h a t t h e h a p py a pp l i c a ti on of t h i s l aw , sa ti sfa c t or il y e l u c id a t es som e
of t he m ost i nt er e stin g f a c t s of th e ec on o m y of n a tu r e .

T heor y f
o C a l or i c f F
o l u id i ty , or L a t en t H eat .
T he r e ar e som e b odi es w hi c h, wh e n su b m i t te d t o t h e ac ti on of c al or ie, di
l at e t o su c h a d e g r e e , a n d t he p ow er o f a g gr e g ati on su b si st in g a m on g t h eir
p ar t ic l es i s so m u c h d e str oy e d a n d r e m ov e d t o su c h a d i stan c e b y t h e i n t e r p o
si t i on o f c al or i c , t ha t t h e y slid e o v er e a c h o ther in e v e r y d ir e c ti on , a n d t h e r e
fl
f or e a pp e ar i n a u id sta te . T h i s p h e n om e n a i s c all e d f usi on B od i es t hu s
.

r e n der e d fl u id b y m e an s of ca l or i c , ar e sai d t o b e
f used , or mel ted ; an d th ose
j
tha t ar e s u b e c t to i t ar e c all e d f usi bl e .

T h e g r e at e r n u m b e r of sol i d b o d i e s m a y , b y t h e appli c a ti on of h e a t , b e c on
v er t e d i n t o fl u id s
. T hu s m e ta l s m ay b e f use d sul p hu r , r esi n, p h osp hor u s ,
m a y b e m e l t e d ; i c e m ay b e c on v e r te d i n to w a ter , S t e .
fl
T hose b odie s w hi c h c ann ot b e r en d er e d u id b y a ny d eg r e e of h e at hi the r t o
k now n , ar e c all e d i nf usi b l e.
I f th e e ff e c ts of h e a t, u n d er c e r ta in c ir c u m stan c e s, b e car r i e d still f ar ther
fl z
tha n i s n e c e ssar y t o r e n d e r b o d ies u id, v ap or i ati on b e g in s ; t he b od i e s the n
b e c om e c onv e r t e d i nto t he v ap or ou s or g aseou s st ate. V a p or i a ti on , h o we v er , z
q
d o es n o t al wa y s r e u ir e a p re v i ou s f u si on . S om e b odi e s a re c ap a b l e of b e in g
c onv e r t e d in t o t he v ap or ou s sta t e , w i t h ou t p r ev i ou sl y b e c om i ng u id , a n d ot h fl
z
er s c an n ot b e v ol atil i e d a t a n y t e m p e r at ur e h it her t o k n ow n t he l a t ter ar e
t erm e d fi x e d .
F l u idi ty i s , t her e f or e , b y n o m e ans e sse ntial to an y sp e c i e s of m a t ter , b u t
al w ay s d e p e n d s o n t he p r e se n c e of a q
ua n ti ty of c al or i c . S o l i d i ty i s t h e n a t u
r al st a t e o f all b o di e s, a n d th er e c a n b e n o d ou b t t h at e v e r y fl
u id i s c a p ab l e of
b e i n g r e n d e r e d soli d b y a d u e r e d uc t i o n of t e m p er a tu r e a nd e v e r y sol i d m a y
b e f u se d b y t h e a g e n c y of c a l ori e, if th e l a tt e r d oe s not d ec om p o se t h e m a t a
t e m pe r atur e i nfer ior t o tha t w h ic h w ou l d b e n e c e ssar y f or t h eir f u si on .

C a l or i c f
o F l u id ity .
D r . B l ack w a s the fi r st w ho p r ov e d that, w h e ne v e r c al or i c c om b in e s w ith a
sol id b ody , t h e b o dy b e c om e s he a t e d on l y , u ntil i t is r en d e r e d fl u id . a nd

t h at, w h il e i t i s ac q ur in g t he fl
ui d s ta t e , i t s t e m p erat u r e r em ai n s st ati on ai y ,
t h ou g h c al or i c 1 5 c ontinu e d t o b e a dd e d t o i t T h e sam e is t h e c ase w h e n d a
.

ids ar e c onv e r te d in t o th e a e r if or m or v a p or ou s sta te .

F r om t he se f ac ts, the l a w s of l a te nt h e a t h av e b e en inf err e d . T h e the or y

may b e il l ustr ate d b y m e an s of th e f oll ow i ng e xp e r im e nt s :
If a l um p of me, at a l ow tem p er atur e , supp ose at 22 d eg . b e b r ou g ht into a
1 96 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

w ar m r oom , i t will b ec om e g ra du all y l e ss c ol d , a s m ay b e di sc ov ere d b y m eans

o f t he t h e r m om e t er . A f te r a v er y sh or t tim e , it w ill r ea c h t he tem p e r atur e
z
o f 3 2 d eg . (t he f r e e ing p oi nt); b u t t he r e i t stop s . T h e i c e t he n b e g ins t o
m e l t ; b u t t he p r oc ess g oe s o n v er y sl o wl y . Du r in g t he w h ol e of t hat tim e
i ts te m p e r a te r e c on ti n u e s a t 3 2 d e g ; a nd as i t i s c on sta ntl y sur r ou n d e d b y
w arm air , w e h av e r e a son to b e li e v e t ha t c al or ic i s c on s tantl y e n t e r in g i nto it ;
y e t i t d oes n ot b ec om e h o t ter till i t i s c ha ng e d i n t o w a ter . I c e, t her e for e, i s
c on v er te d i nt o w a t e r, b y a q
ua nti ty of c al or i c u ni ti ng w it h i t .
I t ha s b e e n f ou nd b y c a lc u la tion , t ha t i c e i n m e l ting a b sorb s 1 4 0 d e g . of
c a l or i c , t he t em p e r atu r e of t he w ate r p r o du c e d stil l r e m ai nin
g at 32 d e g .
T h is f ac t m ay b e p r ov e d in a dir e c t m ann er .
T a k e o ne p o u n d of i c e , a t 3 2 d e g , r e d u c e d t o a c oar se p owd e r ; p u t i t into
a w o od e n b o wl a nd p ou r ov e r i t on e
, p ou n d of w a ter , he a te d to 1 72 d e g ; a ll
t h e i c e w il l b e c om e m e l te d , an d th e t e m p e r a t ur e of t he w h ol e u id , i f e xam fl
i n e d b y a t he rm om e t er , w ill b e 3 2 d e g ; 1 4 0 d e g . of c al or i c ar e t here f or e l ost,
a n d i t i s t his q
u a n ti t q
y w h ic h w a s r e u isit e to c onv er t th e ic e in t o w a ter
e xp e r i m e n t s u c c e e d s b e t te r i f i nstea d o f i c e fr e sh fall e n sn o w b e e m p l o e d .
T hi s .

y
-

, , ,
T h is c a lor i c h as b e e n c a ll e d l a ten t c a l or i c , b ec au se i ts p r e sen c e i s n ot m ea s~
u r a b l e b y t h e t h erm om e t e r a l so m or e p r op e r l y c al o r i c o f u idit y . fl
Dr . B lac k ha s a l so asc e r tain e d b y e xp e r im e n t , t hat t he u id ity of m e l te d
. fl
w a x , t all ow , s p e r m a c e ti , m e tals , 8 m. i s owi n g t o t h e sa m e c au se a n d L an d
r i a n i p rov e d , t h a t t his i s t h e c ase w i t h su l h u r al u m n i tr a t e of
p p ot a ssa ,
We c o nsi de r i t ther efore as a g e neral l a w , that whe nev er a sol i d is c onv er t
, ,

e d i n to a fl
ui d , i t c om b in e s wi t h c al or i c a n d t ha t i s th e c au se of
,
u idit y . fl
C onv ersi on f
o S olid s a nd F l u id s i n to the fl er if or m or G aseou s S ta te .
We fl
h a v e se e n b e f or e , tha t , i n or d e r t o r e n d e r sol i d s u id , a c e r tain u anti q
t y o f c al or i c i s n ec e ssar y , w h ic h c o m b in es w ith t h e b od y , a nd th e r e fore c an
n ot b e m e as ur e d b y t he th e r m om e ter ; w e sh a ll n ow e nd eav or to p r ov e t h a t
t h e sa m e holds g oo d in r e sp ec t to t he c on v er sion of sol id s or u id s in to th e v a fl
p or ou s o r gaseo u s sta te .
q
T a k e a sm all ua nti ty o f c ar b ona te of a m m onia , intr o du c e i t in to a r e t or t, t he
n e c k o f w h ic h is d ir e c te d u n d e r a c l i nd e r fi l l e d w i th m e r c ur y , an d i nv e r t e d i n
y
a b a sin of t h e sam e u id . fl
O n ap p l y in g h e a t t o t h e b o d y of t he r e tor t, th e c ar
b o na te of a mm o n ia w i ll b e v ol a t iliz e d , i t w ill e x p e l t h e m er c ur y o ut of t h e c yl
i n d e r , a nd b e c om e a n i nv i si b l e g as, a n d w o u l d r em ai n so, if i ts t em p era tu r e
w a s n ot l ow e r e d .
z
T h e sam e i s th e c as e with b e n o ic a c i d, c am p hir e , a nd v ar i ou s other sub
s tan c e s.
fl
A l l u ids m ay , b y t h e app l ic at ion of h eat, b e c onv er te d i n to an a er ifor m
'

e l as tic sta t e .
“Th e n w e c onsid er w a ter i n a b o il in g sta te , w e fi nd that thi s u id , wh e n e x fl
a m in e d b y t h e t h e r m om e t e r , i s n ot h ott er a f t e r b o iling se v e r al h our s, t h a n

w h e n i t b e g a n to b o il , th ou g h t o m a inta i n i t b oil ing a b r isk fi r e m u st n ec essa

r i l y b e k e p t u p . Wh a t t he n , w e m a y a sk , b e c om e s o f t he w a st e d c al or i c I t is
n o t p e r c e p t ib l e i n t he w a ter n or i s i t m a ni f este d b
, y t h e st e am ; f or th e ste am ,
if n ot c om p r e sse d , u p o n e xam i n a tio n , i s f ou n d n o t to b e hot te r t h an b oil ing
w a te r . T he c a lor ic i s th e r e f or e a b sor b e d b y t h e ste am , a n d a l thou g h w h a t i s
s o ab sor b e d , i s ab sol u te l y n e c essar y f or t h e c on v er si o n of w a t er i n t o th e f or m
o f st eam ; i t d oe s n o t i n c r e a se i t s te m p e r atu re , a n d i s th e r e f or e n o t ap p r e c ia
b l e b y t he t he r m om e te r .
T he c onc l u si on i s f ar the r str e n g t he n e d b y the h ea t g iv en ou t b y ste am on its
b e i ng c o nd e n s e d b y c o l d T h is i s p ar ti c u l ar l y m an if e ste d in th e c on d e n sat ion
.

o f thi s fl
u id i n t h e p r oc e ss o f dist il li ng , w h ere u p on ex a m in in g t h e r e fr ig e ra
,
q
t ory , i t w ill b e f o u nd t hat a m uc h g r e a t e r u a n tit y o f c a lor i c i s c omm u ni c a te d
t o it, t h a n c ou ld p o ssi b l y h av e b e e n t r a n sm i tt e d b y th e c al or i c w hi c h w a s sen
s ib l y a c tin g b e for e t he c o n d e n sa t ion . T h i s m a y e a sil y b e asc er ta in e d b y oh
s e r v i n g t he q
uan tity o f c al or i c c om m u n ic ate d to t h e w a ter i n t he r e fr i g e r a t ory

o f a s t ill , b y a n y g iv e n q q
u a n t ity of l i u id t hat p a sses ov e r .

1 T he b oil i ng p o in t , or t h e t e m pe ra tu r e a t whi c h t he c onv er sion of flu i ds

.

fl
i n to g ase s t ak es p l a c e , i s ditfe r e n t i n diff e re nt u ids, b u t c onstant i n e ach, p r o
v i de d t he p r e ssure of t he a tm osp h ere b e the sam e .
1 98 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

fi rt ifi ci al Ref r ig er ation .

T he c ooling or r efr ig eration of r oom s in t he snmm er season b y sprinkling

them w it h w a ter , i s o n t h e p r inc ip l e of ev a p or a t io n .
T h e m e th od of m ak ing i c e a r tifi c ia ll y i n t h e Ea st I n die s, d e p en d s on th e
s am e p r i n c i p l e . T h e i c e m ak ers a t B e nar es dig p i ts i n l ar g e op e n pl a ins, th e
b ott om o f w h ic h t h e y str e w wi th su g ar c a ne s , or d r i e d stem s of m ai e , or I n z
z
d ia n c or n . U p on t hi s b e d th e y p la c e a n u m b e r of u ngl a e d p an s, m ad e of so
p or ous a n e ar th tha t t he w ate r p e n e tr at e s t hrou g h t h e ir w h ol e su b sta nc e .
T h e se p a ns ar e fi l l e d t owar d e v e n ing i n th e w in t er sea son w i th w a te r t ha t h as
b oil e d , a n d l e f t i n t ha t situ ation t ill m ornin g , w h e n mor e or l e ss i c e i s f ou n d
q
i n t he m , a c cor din g t o t h e te m p e r a tu r e and o th e r u ali t ie s of t he a ir ; t h e re
b e i ng m or e f or m e d i n dr y an d w ar m w ea t h e r t han i n t ha t w hi c h i s c l ou dy ,
t hou g h i t m a y b e c ol d e r t o the hu m a n b od y .
Ev e ry thin g i n t his proc ess i s c al c u l ated to p r odu c e col d b y e v ap or ation
'

the b e d s o n w hic h t he p a ns a re p l a c e d su fl e r t he air t o h av e a f r ee p a ssag e t o

t he ir b ottom s z
a nd t h e p an s c on st a nt ly oo i ng o ut w at e r t o t hei r e x t er nal sur ~

f a c e , ar e c ool e d b y the e v a p ora ti on o f i t .

j
I n S p ai n t h ey u se a kin d of ear the n ar s, c all e d b u xar os, w hic h ar e onl y h al f
b ak e d , t he e a r th of w h ic h i s so p oro u s t hat t h e ou t si de i s k e p t m o ist b y t he
wat er w h i c h fi l te r s thro ug h i t a n d t ho u g h p l ac e d i n t h e su n, the w ater in t he
j ar b ec om es as c ol d a s i c e .
q
I t i s a c omm on pr a c tice i n C hin a t o c ool w i n e or othe r l i u or s b y w r app i ng
t he b ott l e i n a w e t c l o t h a n d h an g i n g i t u p i n t h e su n . T he w a te r in t he c l oth
b ec om e s c o nv e r te d i nto v ap or, an d t hu s c ol d i s p r od u c e d .
T he b l ac k s i n S e ne g am b ia h av e a sim il ar m e th od of c o oli n g water , b y fi ll:
in g t a nn e d l ea th er b a g s w i th it, w hi c h t he y h a n g u p in t h e su n ; t h e w ater
z
oo e s m or e or l e ss t hr ou g h t h e l e a t her , so a s t o k e e p th e o u t e r su rf ac e we t,
q
w h ic h b y i ts u ic k a n d c ontin u e d e v a p or a tion c o ol s t he w a te r r e m ar k ab l y .
T h e w in d s on t he b or de rs of t he P e r sian g u l f a r e of te n so scor c hin g , t hat
'

t r av e ll e r s ar e su dd e n ly sufi oc ate d, u nl e ss th e y c o v er t h e ir h e a d s w i th a w e t
c l ot h
. If t hi s b e t oo w e t , t h e y im m e dia te l y f e el a n in tol e r a b l e c ol d , w hi ch
woul d p r ov e f atal if th e m oi stur e w as n ot sp e e dil y dissip at e d b y th e h e a t.

C ond ensa ti on of V ap or .
If a c old v e ssel i s b r ou g ht i nto a w ar m r oom , p arti cu l ar l y w h er e m an y p eo
p l e ar e asse m b l ed , t he ou tsi d e of it will so on b e c om e c ov ere d w i th a sor t of
de w .

B e for e som e c han g e s of w e ath er , t he st on e p av e m ents, t he w all s of a

.

j
hou se , t he b al u str a d e s of stai r c a ses and o th er soli d ob e c ts, f e e l c l amm y a nd
-

d am p .
I n f r o sty n i g hts , wh e n t he a ir ab road i s c ol d e r than the air w i thin , the
.

d a m p n ess o f thi s a1 r , f or th e sam e r e a son , se ttl e s o n t he g l a ss p a ne s of the

z
w i n d ow s, a n d i s t he r e fr o e n i nt o c ur i ou s and b e au tif u l fi g u r es.
T h u s f og s a n d d ews tak e pl ac e , a nd i n th e hig h er r e g ion s c l ou d s ar e f orm e d
f rom t he c on d e nse d v ap or . T he still g r e ater c on d e n sati on p r od uc e s mi sts an d
r ai n .

C ap a c ity f
o B odi es f or c ontain i ng H ea t.
T he p r op e r ty wh i c h d iff e r e nt b odi e s p osse ss, of c on tain ing at t he sam e tem
q q q q
p e ratur e , a n d i n e u al uanti ti es, e ith er of m a ss or b u lk , u n e u a l uantiti es of
h e at, i s c all e d t he ir c ap ac it y f or h e at T h e c a p ac iti e s o f b odie s f or he a t a r e
.

t he r e f or e c on sid er e d a s g r e a t or small in p r op or tion a s t h e ir te m p e r a tu r e s ar e

e ithe r r a ise d b y th e a d di ti on , or di mini she d b y t h e d e p r i va ti on of e u al q q
u an
t ities o f h ea t, i n a l e ss or g r e a t er d e g r ee .
q
I n h om o g e n eou s b od ie s, t h e ua n ti tie s of c al or i c whic h th e y c ontain a re in
t h e r atio of t he ir tem p er a t ur e a nd m a ss q q
w hen, t he r e for e , e u a l u a ntitie s of
q
w at er , of oil , or of m erc ur y , of u ne ual t e m p e ra tures, are m i ng l e d t og e th er ,
t h e tem p er a t ur e of t h e w h ole w il l b e t he a r i thmeti c al m ean b ew e e n t h e t em .
q
p e r at u r e of t he t w o u an tit ie s t ha t ha d b e e n m ixe d t og e th e r . I t i s a self ev i -

d e n t tru th t hat thi s shou ld b e the c ase , f or t he p ar ticl e s of d ifl er ent p or tions of

’

t he same su b stance b e ing ali ke , their eff ects m u st b e e u al . q

 M A TERIA M ED I C A . 1 99

F or in stanc e ,
M ix a p o u nd of w ater a t 1 72 de g . wi th a p ou nd at 32 d e g , half the e xc e ss
o f h e a t i n t h e h ot w ate r w ill q
u it i t to g o ov e r i n t o t h e c ol d er p or ti on thu s
t he h o t w at er w il l b e c o ol e d 70 de g , a n d t he c old w ill r e c e iv e 70 d e g of t e m .

t t h f 1 72— 70 or w ill g iv e th e h e at of t he m ix
p e r a ur e ; e r e ore , ,

t ure . T o a tta in t h e ari thm e tic al m e an v e r y ex a c tl y , sev eral pr e c au tion s, h ow

ev e r , a r e n e c essa r y .

Whe n he ter o g e ne ou s b odies difl er e n t t emp e r a t ur e ar e m ix e d t og e the r ,

of

t h e t e m p e r at ur e p r od u c e d i s n ev er the ar ithm e ti c al m ean of th e two or ig in al

te m p e ra tu r es.
q
I n or d e r t o a sc e r tai n t h e c om p ar ativ e uan t i ti es of he at of diff e r ent b odi es,
q
e ua l w e ig h ts o f t h e m a r e m i ng l e d t og e t h er , t h e e xp er im e n t s f or t hi s p ur p ose
b e i ng i n g e n e ral m or e e a sil y ex e cu te d th an t hose b y w hi c h t h e y are c om p ar e d
fr om e q u al b u lk s.
T h u s , if o ne p ou nd of m er cu r y h e at e d to 4 1 0 d e g . F a hre n . b e a dd e d t o on e
fl
p ou n d of w a t er of 44 d e g , t h e t em p e ra t ur e of th e b l e n d e d u ids will n o t b e
c h a ng e d t o 7 7 d e g , a s i t w ou l d b e i f t h e sur p l u s of h e a t w er e d iv i d e d a m on g
fl q
t h ose u id s in t he p r o p or ti on of th e ir u an ti ti es . I t wi ll b e f ou n d , on e xami
na t io n , t o b e on l y 4 7 d e g .
'

O n the c on trar y , i f th e pou n d of m erc u r y b e h e at e d t o 4 4 d e g . an d th e w at er

t o 1 1 0 d e g , t h e n , on stirr i n g t he m t og e th er , th e c om m on t em p e r a tur e w ill b e
1 0 7 d eg .
q
H en c e , i f th e u ick sil v e r l ose s b y this distr ib u ti on 63 d e g . of c al or i c , a n
q '

e u a l w e i g h t of w a t e r g a in s on l y 3 d e g fr om t hi s l oss of 63 d e g . of h eat A nd ,
. .

O n t he c on tr ar y , if t h e w a te r l o se s 3 d e g . th e m er c ur y g ain s 63 d e g .
q
Wh en, i nst e ad of c om parin g the u a ntit ie s of c al or i c w hic h e u al weig hts q
q q
1

of diff e r en t b o di e s c on ta i n , w e c om p ar e the u an t iti e s c on t a in e d i n e u al ' v ol

ames , w e still fi n d th a t a n ob v iou s d iff er e nc e t ak e s p l a c e T h u s it i s f ou nd b y

q
.

Gx p e r im e n t , t hat t h e uan ti ty of c a l or ic n e c e ssar y t o r ai se t h e t em p e r atu r e o f

a g iv e n v ol um e of w a t e r a n y n u m b e r of d e g r e e s, is, t o t hat n e c e ssar y t o r a ise

q
a n e u al v ol u m e o f m er c ur y t he sam e n u m b e r of d e gr e e s, as 2 t o 1 T hi s i s,
q
.

th e r e f or e , t he p r op or ti on b e tw e e n t h e c om p ar a tiv e u an ti ti e s of c al or i c whi c h
'

'

the se tw o b o di e s c on ta in , e stim at e d b y t h e ir v ol u m es ; an d sim il ar d ifi er e nce s

e xi st w i t h r e sp e c t t o e v er y o t he r k i n d of m a tt er .
q
F r om t he n at ur e of t he e x p e r i m e n ts b y w hi c h th e u antit ie s of c al or i c w h ich
b o di es c ontai n ar e a sc er tain e d , i t i s e v id e n t th a t w e d i sc ov e r m er e l y t h e c om
p a r a ti v e,
n ot the a b sol u t e q
uan titi e s. H e n c e w a t e r ha s b e e n c h o se n as a stan d

ar d , t o w hi c h o t h e r b odi es m a y b e r e f e rr e d ; i t s c ap ac ity i s s ta te d a s t h e ar b i

tr ar y t erm of 1 0 00 , a n d w i th t his th e c a p a c ities of oth e r b od i e s ar e c om p ar e d .

I t n e e d n ot b e t ol d, t hat p a in s hav e b e e n tak e n t o e stim ate on the se e xp e r i
m e nt s t ha t p orti on of h eat whic h diffu se s i tse lf i n to the a ir , or in to t he v e sse l s
w h er e t he m er c u r y a n d w at er ar e b l e n d e d t og e th er . A s, h ow e v e r , su c h v a lu
e tio n s c ann ot b e m ad e w it h c om p l e t e acc ur ac y , t he n u m b er s st ate d ab ov e ar e
'

O nl y a n ap pr oxim ation t o tr u t h .

Rad i ation of C al or i c .
C al or ic is thr own off fr om h eate d b odie s i n r ight l in es, and
or r adiate s
m ov e s t hr ou g h spa c e w ith in c o n ce iv ab l e v e l oc ity . I t i s r e tar d e d in i ts p a ss
e b y a tm o sp h e r i c a ir , b fl
y c ol or l e ss u id s, g l a ss, and o ther tr an sp ar e n t b o
gg e s.
If a gl ass mirr or b e p la c e d b e for e a fi r e , th e m irror tr an smits th e r ay s of
li g ht , b u t n ot th e r ay s of h ea t.
I f a p la te of g lass, t al c , or a g la ss v essel fi ll e d with wat er , b e su dd en l y in
“

t e r po se d b e tw e e n the fi r e and th e e y e , t h e r ay s of l i g h t p ass t hr ou g h i t , b u t

t he r a y s of c al or ic ar e c onside r ab l y r e tar d e d in i ts p a ssa g e ; f or n o h e a t i s
p er c e iv e d u n til the inter p ose d su b st anc e i s satur ate d with h e a t , or ha s r ea c h
e d i t s ma x imum. I t the n c e a ses t o i nter c e p t th e r ay s of c a l or i c , an d all ow s
t he m to p ass a s fre e l y a s the r ay s of l ig ht .
I t h a s b ee n l a t e ly show n b y Dr . H ersc h e l , that th e r a ys of c al or ic ar e r e
f rang i b l e , b u t l ess so tha n the r ay s of li g ht an d t he sam e p hil oso p he r h a s a l
so pro v e d b y e xper ime nt, t hat i t is n ot onl y th e r ays of c al or ic em itte d b y th e
 .

2 00 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

s un whi c h are re fran g i b l e , b u t l ik e w ise t he ray s e mitte d b y c omm on fi res, b y

c an dl es, b y h eate d ir on, a n d ev e n b y h ot w a te r .
Wh e t he r the r ay s of c a l or ic ar e diff er e ntly r e fr a cte d, i n diff e r e nt m e diu ms,
h as no t y e t b ee n a sc e r tain e d . W e ar e c er tain , h ow e v e r , tha t th e y ar e r e frac t

e d b y a ll t ran sp a r e nt b odie s w hic h hav e b e e n e m p l oy e d a s b u r ning g l asse s.

'

fl
T h e r ay s of c al or ic ar e al so r e ec ted b y p ol ishe d sur f ac e s i n th e sam e m an
n e r a s t h e r a y s of lig ht .
T his w as l on g a g o n otic e d b y L am b er t, S au ssur e , S c h eel e , P i c te t, an d l ate l y
b y D r H ersc h e l .
.

P r of essor P i c te t p l a c e d two c oncav e m e tal l ic m irr or s op p osite t o e ac h oth er

a t t h e d ista n c e of a b ou t tw el v e f e e t Whe n a hot b ody , an iron b u ll e t f or i a
.

stan c e , w a s p l ac e d i h t h e f o c u s of o n e , a nd a m erc ur i al t he r m om e ter i n t ha t of

t he ot he r a su b s ta nc e r adi a te d f r om t he b u ll e t ; i t p asse d w i th in c al c u l ab l e
fl
v e l oc it y t hr ou g h t he a ir, i t wa s r e e c t e d f r om t h e m ir r ors, i t b e c a m e c o n e e n
fl
tr at ad, an d i n u e n c e d t h e th er m om e t er p l a c e d i n t he f oc u s, ac c or d in g t o t h e
d e g r e e of i ts c on c e ntr a t ion.
A n ir on b all tw o i n c hes i n di am e ter , h e at e d so that it w as n o t l um i nou s in
t he d ar k , r aise d th e t he rm om e t er n o t l ess than t e n an d a h alf d e g re e s of Rau
m er s sc al e , i n six m in u te s.
’

A l i g ht e d c a n d le oc c a si on e d a r i se in the t he r m om e ter n e a r l y th e sam e .

A fl
F l ore n c e ask c ontai ni n g tw o ou nc e s and thr e e dr a c hm s of b o il in g w ate r
ra ise d F a hr e n h e it s t h er m om e ter t hr ee d e g r ee s . H e b lac k e ne d th e b u l b of h i s
’

fl
t he rm om e te r , a n d f o u n d t ha t i t w a s m or e sp e e di l y in u en c e d b y t he r a d i ation
th an b e f ore , a nd th a t i t r ose to a g r e a t er h e ig h t .

M P i c te t di sc ov e r e d an oth e r v e r y si ng u l ar f ac t n am e l y , t h e app ar ent r adi a

.

t i on of c old Wh e n in st e a d of a h e a te d b od y , a F l or e n c e a sk f ull of i c e or sn ow
. fl
is p l ac e d i n t he f oc u s of o n e of th e m irr or s, t he t h e rm om e t e r p lac e d in t he f o
c us of t h e othe r im m e dia t el y d e sc e n d s, an d a sc e n d s a g ai n wh e n e v e r t he c ol d
b od y i s r e m ov e d .
T his p h e nom e n on m ay b e e xp laine d o n the su pp osition, that f rom e v e r y b o
‘

q
d y a t ev er y te m p er a tu r e c al or i c r a dia te s, b u t i n t he l e ss u a n ti ty as the t em
p e ra t u r e i s l ow so t ha t i n t he ab ov e e xp e r im e nt, t he t her m o m e ter g iv e s ou t
m ore c al or i c b y r ad ia tio n t han i t r e c e iv e s fr o m t h e b od y i n th e opp o si te f oc u s ,
a n d t h er e f or e i ts t e m p er a tu r e i s l ow e r e d . O r , a s P ic ti t h a s su p p ose d , w h e n
s e v e r al b odi e s ne ar e a c h o t he r h av e th e sa m e t e m p er a tur e , t h e r e i s n o r ad iati on
o f c al or ic , b e c au se i n all of t h e m i t ex ists i n a sta t e of e u a l te n sion ; q b u t as
s oon a s a b o dy at an i nf e r ior t e m p er at ur e i s i n tr o d u c e d t h e b al a nc e of t e n sion
‘

is b r ok e n, a n d c a l or i c b e g in s t o r a diat e from a l l of t h e m , t ill th e t em p e r a tur e

q
o f t h a t b ody i s r a i se d t o a n e u a l i ty w i t h t h e i r s. I n t he a b ov e e x p e r im e n t,
t he r e f or e , t h e pl a c in g t h e sn o w or i c e i n t he f o c us o f t he m irr or c au se s t he t a
d ia tio n o f c al o r ic f r om t h e th erm om e ter , a n d h e nc e the di m in u tion of t e m p e
r a t u r e w hi c h i t suff e r s.
T he se e xp eri m e nt s h av e b ee n sin c e r e p e at e d b y Dr Y ou ng and P r of e ssor
.

D av y , a t t he th e a tr e of the Roy a l I nstitu tion . T he se g e n tle m e n in am e d fl

p hos phor us b y r e fle c te d c al or i c , an d p r ov e d that the he at t h us e xc it e d w a s v e
r y se nsib l e t o th e or g a n s of f e el i ng .
I t is t he r e f or e e v i d e nt , t ha t c al ori c is t hrown off f r om b odi e s in r ay s, w hic h
a r e i nv i sib l e , o r i n c a p ab l e of e x c i tin g v isi on , b u t w h ic h are c a p a b l e of e x citin g
h e at .

T he se i nv isib l e r ay s o f c al or ic are p rop a g a te d b y r ig ht lin e s, with e xtr em e

fl
v e l o c i ty ; a nd ar e c ap a b l e o f th e l aws of r e ec tion a n d r e frac t ion .

T h e h e a t ing ag e n c y h owe v e r i s difl e r e n t i n the diff e re n t c ol or e d r ay s of the

’
p rism a tic s p e c t ru m . A c c or di ng t o Dr . H e rsc he l s e xp e r i m e nt s, i t f oll o ws i a
v e r se l y t h e o r d er of th e r e fr an g ib il ity o f t he r ay s of l ig ht T h e l east r e fr an~
.

g ib l e , p osse ssi n g i t i n th e g r e a te st d e g r e e .
S ir H e nry Eng l e fi e ld ha s l a te l y m a d e a ser ie s of e xp e r im ents on th e sam e
j
sub e c t, fro m w hi c h w e l e ar n, t ha t a th er m om e t e r hav i ng i ts b a ll b l a c k e n e d ,
r ose w h e n p l ac e d i n t h e bl u e r a y o f t h e p r ism a ti c sp ec t r u m i n 3 m in . fr om 5 5
d e g to 5 6 d e g .; i n t he g r een , i n 3 m in . fr om 5 4 d e g t o 5 8 d e g ; i n t he yell ow,
. . .

i n 3 m i n. fr om 5 6 d e g . t o 62 d e g ; i n t he f u ll r ed , i n 2 1 2 m in . f r om 5 6 d e g . t o
.
-

7 2 d e g .; i n th e c on fi nes of the r ed, in 2 1 2 m in. from 5 8 d e g . t o 7 3 1 2 d eg ; a nd

-
.

qui te out of the visibl e l ig ht, in 2 1 2 m in . fr om 6 1 de g . to 79 d e g .

-
20 2 TH E TH O M S O N I A N
’

S now , or p ou n d e d ic e .
F r om — 18 d eg . to 25 d e g .
M ur iate of so da .
-

N itr a te of amm on i a
S n ow .
F r om0 d eg ; t o -
4 6 d eg .
Dil u t e d n i tr i c ac id

M ur ia te o f l im e F r om 3 2 d e g . to —5 0 d e g .
'‘
s-

S now .
P o ta ssa . o o 0 o
' o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o
m3 2 deg. to
F ro -
5 1 de g.
S n ow .
S n ow .
Dil u t e d su l p hu r i c ac id . 5 F r om -
1 0 d e g . to — 5 6 d e g ?

Dil u te d nitr i c ac i d

S n ow .
F r om 20 d eg . t o -
60 d e g .
Dil u te d su l phu r i c ac id .

F r om 0 d e g . t o — 6 6 d e g .
M ur iate of l im e .
S n ow .
li me
F r om —4 0 d eg . t o — 73 d e g :
M ur iat e of

S n ow .
Dilu te d su l p hur i c ac id . — 68 d e . t o —9 1 de g
F r om g
w
.

S no .

N itr a te of amm oni a

F ro m5 0 d e g . to 4 de g .

N itra te of am m on ia
c ar b ona te of soda . F r om 5 0 d e g . to —7 d eg .
Water ;

S ul p ha te of soda . 6

M u r ia te of am m oni a .
' F r om 5 0 d eg . to — 1 0 d eg .
N itr a te of p otassa
Dilu te d ni tr i c ac id
S u l p h at e of so d a
N i tr at e of a m m onia F r om 5 0 d e g t o .
—1 4 d eg .
D il u te d n itric a c id
P hosp hat e of sod a
F r b m 5 0 de g . t o 1 2 d eg ;
Dil ute d ni tric a c id .
-

P ho sphate of soda .
N itr ate of am m oni a F rom 5 0 d eg . t o 2 1 d eg ;
Dilu te d n itric ac id
S ul ph ate of so da
’

F r om 5 0 de g . t o 3 d e g .
Dilu te d sul p hu ric ac id .

isI G HT — L
. ux .

T he n ature b f l igh t ha s oc c u p i e d m u c h of t he a tte n ti on of p hil osop her s an d

nu m e r o u s op ini on s hav e b ee n en t e r tai n e d c on c ern i n g i t . I t has be e n sbm e
t im e s c onsid er e d a s a d ist inc t su b st a n c e , at oth er t im e s a s a u al ity ; som e q
q '

t i m es as a c au se , fr e u e n tl y as a n e ff ec t ; b y som e i t h as b e e n c on sid e r e d as a
c om p ou nd , b y o th e r s a s a sim p l e su b sta n c e . P h il osop he r s of t he p r e se n t d a y
ar e m ostly a g r e e d a s t o th e in d e p en d en t e xistence of l ig ht, or th e ca u se b y
w hi c h we see .

N atur e of L ig ht .
L igh t i s t ha t whic h p r oc e e ds fr om any b o dy pr od u c ing the se nsation of vi
sion , or p e r c e p t i on o f o t h e r b odi e s b
, y de p ic ting an im a g e of e xt er nal ob e c ts j
on t he r e t na o f the e y e . H e nc e i t a nn ou n c e s t o an im al s t he p r ese n c e of th e
i
b odi e s wh i c h s ur r ou nd t he m , an d e nab l es them to di st in g u ish t hese b odi e s ih
q
t o tr anspar e nt, op a ue, and c ol ored : T hese proper ties ar e so e ssentiall y cot»
 M A TE Rl A M EDI C A . 520 3
ne cte d w it h the p re se n c e of li g ht, that b odie s l ose them i n t he dar k . and b e
c om e u ndistin g u i sh ab l e .

L ig h t is r e g ar d e d b y p hil osop her s a s a su b stan c e c on sisting of a v ast n um

b e r o f e xc e e di ngl sm al l p ar tic l e s, w hic h ar e ac tuall y pr o ec te d f r om l um in ou s j
h
b odie s, a n d w hic p r ob a b l y n ev er r e turn a g ai n to t he b od y fr om w hi c h t he y
we re e m i tte d .
‘
I t is u niv ersall y e xp and e d th rou gh sp a c e . I t e xe r t s p e c u li ar ac tions, and
is o b e di e nt t o t he l aw s of a t tr a c ti on, and other pr op e r tie s of m atte r .

Expl an ati on of c er tain ter ms o f l ig ht .

I n or d e r t o f a c il itate th e d oc tri ne of l ig ht, w e sh all shor tl y e xpl ain a f ew

’

ter m s m ad e u se of b y p hil osop he rs wh e n tr ea tin g o f i t ; n am e l y ,

A r a y of l ig ht i s an exc e e din g l y sm all p or tion of li g ht a s i t c om e s fr om a
l uminous b o d y .
A med i u m i s a b ody w hic h aff or d s a p assag e f or the r ay s of lig ht .
A b ea m of l ig ht i s a b od y of p ar al l e l r a y s.
A p enc il of r ays i s a b od y of di v e r g ing or c onv e r g ing ray s.
C onv erg i ng r a ys ar e ray s w h ic h te nd t o a c om m on p oi nt.
D iverg i ng r a ys are th ose w hic h c om e fr om a p oin t, a nd c on tinu ally sep ara te
as t hey p r o c e e d .

T he r a y s of l ig ht ar e p ar a l l el , wh en th e l in es w hic h the y d esc rib e ar e so.

T h e r ad ian t p oi nt i s t he p oi n t f rom w h i c h div er g in g r a y s p r oc e e d .
T he f ocus i s t he p oi nt t o whi c h th e c on v e r g ing r ay s ar e d irec te d .

S L ig ht .
our é es o f
L i g ht i s e m itte d fr om th e su n a n d fi x e d star s, and oth e r l u m inou s b odies
z
.

It i s p rod u c e d b y p er c u ssion , d u r ing e l e c tri a ti on , Com b u stion, and i n v ar i ou s

o th e r c h e m ic a l p r oce sses.
Why t h e su n a n d s tar s ar e c onstantl y e m ittin g li g ht, i s a ue stion whic h q
r ob a b l y w il l f or e v e r b affl e h u m an u n d e r sta nd in g .
p
T he l ig ht e m itte d d ur ing c om b u sti on, e xist s pr e v i ou sl y , e i th er c omb ine d
‘

w it h t he c om b u st ib l e b o dy , or w i t h t h e sub sta nc e w hi c h su p p or ts t h e c om b u s
t io n. T h e l ig h t l i b e r a te d d uri ng c h em i cal a c ti on , for m e d a c on sti tue n t pa r t of
t he b odi es w hi c h ac t o n e a ch ot he r ;

Chemi c al P rop er ti es f
o L ig ht.

The c h e m ic al f
e f ec t s o f l ig ht hav e m u c h en g a g e d t he a tt e n tion of p hil osb a
-

I ts i nfl u e n c e a nimal , ve g e ta b l e , a nd oth e r su b st an ce s, is fol ~

p h er s. u p on as
l ows i
1 . O n V eg eta bl es .

Ev e y b
r o dy fl
k nows, th at m ost of th e d isc ou s ow e r s f oll ow th e sun in his
‘

cou r se ; t h a t th e y at te n d him t o h is e v e n ing r e trea t, a nd m ee t his r i sing l u str e

i n t he m or ni ng with t he sa me u n e r r ing l a w. I t i s a l so w e ll k n ow n , t hat t he
c h ang e of p os it ion i n t he l e av e s of p l a nts a t diff ere n t p e r i od s of t he d ay , i s e n
t ir el y o w i ng t o t he a g e nc y o f l ig h t , a nd th at p l a n ts w hi c h g r ow i n w in d ows in
th e in sid e o f h o uses , a re a s i t w e r e sol ic ito u s to t ur n t h e ir l e av e s t ow ar d s the
l igh t . N at ur al ph il oso p he rs hav e l o ng b e en a w are of th e i n u en c e of li g h t on fl
v e g e t at i on . I t w a s fi rst ob se r v e d, th at p l a nts g r ow in g in t he shad e , or d ar k
n ess, ar e p al e a nd w i t hou t c ol or . T h e ter m eti ol ati on h as b e en g iv e n t o thi s
h e n o m e n on , a nd t he p l an ts i n whi c h i t t ak e s p l ac e ar e sai d to b e etiol a ted or
l a n c hed G ar d e ne r s a v ail th em se l v e s of t he k n ow l e d g e of t his f a c t t o f ur n ish
.

o ur ta b l e s w ith w hi t e a nd t e n d e r v e g e tab l e s. t e n t h e p l an t s hav e a ttaine d

a c e r ta i n h e i g ht , t he y c om p r e ss t he l e av e s , b y t y ing t he m tog e ther , and b y

the se m e a n s , (or b y l a y ing e ar t h ov er t h e m , ) d e pr i v e the m of t he c on ta c t of
l ig ht : an d t hu s i t i s , t ha t ou r w hi te ce l e r y , l ettu c e , c ab b ag e , e ndiv e , &c . a r e
,

o b t ai ne d . F or t he sam e r e a son, w ood i s whit e u nde r the g re e n b ar k ; and

r oots ar e l e ss c ol ore d th an pl an ts ; som e of t he m al te r th e ir t ast e , &c . ; the y
q
ev e n a c u ir e a d el e teriou s u alit q
y w h e n su ff e re d t o g r ow e x pose d t o l ig h t .

P ota toes ar e o f t h is kind . H e r b s th at g r ow b e ne a t h stone s, or i n p l a c es u t

q
t e rl y d a rk , a re wh ite , soft, a u e o us, an d of a m ild a n d in sip id ta st e . T he m ore
pl a nts ar e exp ose d t o t he li g ht, the mor e c ol or they ac u ir e . T hou gh plant s q
2 0 4. TH E TH O M S O N I A N

ar e cap ab l e of b e ing n ou r ish e d e xc e e d ingl y w e l l i n the dark , and in tha t stat e

g i ow m u c h m or e r ap idl y t han i n th e su n , (prov i d e d t he a ir t hat surr ou n d s
th e m i s fi t for v e g e tation ) th e y ar e c ol or l e ss a n d un fi t f or u se .
P r ofe ssor D av y f ou nd b y e x pe rim en t , tha t r e d r ose tre e s, c ar e fu ll y e xc l u d e d
f rom the lig ht , p r od u c e r os e s a l m ost whit e . H e lik e wi se a sc e r tai n e d t ha t t h is
fl ow er owe s i t s c ol or t o l i g h t e n t e r i n g int o i ts c om p ositi on ; t h a t p i nk , oran g e ,
a n d y el l ow fl
ow e r s , im b i b e a sm a ll e r p or t i on of li g h t t ha n r e d on e s, a n d t h a t

w hi te fl
ow e r s c on ta in n o l ig ht . B u t v e g e t a b l e s a r e n o t o nl y i nd e b t e d t o
t he lig h t f or t he ir c ol or ; ta ste an d o d or ar e l ik e wi se d e r iv e d f r om t h e sam e
sour c e .
L ig h t c on tr ib u te s g r e a tl y to t he m atur i ty of f ru it s an d se e d s. T his see m s
t o b e t h e c au se w h y , u n d e r th e b ur ni n g su n of A fr ic a , v e g e ta b l es a r e i n g en e .
r al m or e o d o r i fe r o u s, o f a str on g e r ta st e , a n d m or e a b ou n d i n g w i t h r e sin .

F r om th e sa m e c au se i t ha p p e n s, t hat h ot c l im a t e s se e m t o b e t h e n ativ e c ou n
t ri es of p e rf um e s, o d or i fe r ou s f r u its, a nd ar om a ti c r e sin s.
T h e a c tion o f l ig ht i s so p ow e r f ul o n t h e or g a n s of v e g e tab l e s, a s to c au se
t he m t o p our f or th t orr e n t s of p ur e a ir fr o m t he su rfac e o f t h e ir l e av e s in to
t he a tm osp h er e , whil e e xp ose d t o t h e su n ; w h e re a s o n t h e c on t r ar y , w he n i n
q
t he shad e th e y e m it a n a i r of a n ox iou s u al i ty . T a k e a f e w h a n d f u l s o f fr e sh
g a th e r e d l e av e s of m in t, c a b b a g e , or a ny o t h e r p l an t ; p l a c e th e m i n a b ell
g l a ss, fi ll e d w i th f r e sh w a t er , and i n v e r t i t in to a b a s in w i th t h e sa m e u id fl .

If t he w h ol e b e t h e n exp os e d t o t h e d ir e c t ra y s of t h e su n , sm al l a ir b u b b l e s
will a p p ea r u p o n t h e s ur fa c e o f t h e l e av e s, w h ic h w il l g ra d u all y gr ow l ar g e r ,
a n d a t l a st d e t at e h t h e m se l v es, a n d b e c om e c oll ec te d a t t he su r f ac e of t he w a
ter . T hi s is ox yg e n g a s, or v i t al a ir .
A l l p l a n ts d o n ot e m it t hi s ai r w i th the sam e f a c il ity ; th er e ar e som e whic h
y ie l d i t t h e m om e n t th e s un ac ts u p on th em a s t h e j a c o b ce a o r r a g w o r t , l a.

v e n d e r , p e p p e r m i nt , a n d so m e o th e r ar om at ic p l a n t s T h e l e av e s aff or d m or e
q
.

a ir w h e n a t ta c h e d t o t he p l an t t h a n w he n g at he r e d th e u an ti ty i s al so g r ea t
e r , t he f r eshe r a nd sou n d er th e y ar e , a n d i f f ul l g r ow n a n d c ol l e c t e d d u r ing
d r y w e ath er . G r ee n p l an t s aff or d m or e a ir t ha n t ho se w hi c h a r e o f a y e ll ow
i sh or wh it e c ol or . G r e e n fr u it s aff or d l ik e w i se ox y g e n g as ; b ut i t i s n ot so
p l e n tif ul l y f ur n ish e d b y t ho se w hic h a r e r ip e F l o w e r s i n g e n e r al r e n d e r t h e
.

a ir n ox i ou s T h e n a st ur t io n i n d icu m , i n th e c our se o f a f e w h ou r s, g iv e s ou t
q
.

m or e a ir t h an i s e u al t o t h e b u lk of a ll i t s l e av e s. O n t he c on t rar y , i f a lik e
b e ll g l ass , p r e p ar e d i n t h e sa m e m a nn e r , h e k e p t in the d ar k , a n ot he r k i n d of
q
-

a ir w il l b e d ise n g a g e d , of a n o pp osit e u al it .
y
T h e r e i s n o t a su b stan c e w hic h , i n w e ll c lose d g l a ss v e sse l s, an d e xp ose d to
,

s lig ht , d oe s n ot e x p e r i e nc e som e al te ra t ion .

’
th e su n
z
C a m p hor , k e p t i n g l as s b o tt l e s , ex p ose d t o l ig h t . c r y stall i e s in to th e m ost
b ea u t if u l sym m e tri c al fi g u r es, o n t ha t si d e of the g l a ss w hic h i s e xp ose d t o th e
l ig ht .

Y e ll ow wa x e xp ose d t o t h e l ig h t l ose s it s c ol or an d b e c om es b l e ac h e d G u m .

g u aia c um , r e d u c e d t o p owd e r , b e c om e s g r e e n on ex p osu r e t o li g ht

'
. V e g e ta
b le c ol or s, su c h a s those of safi r on, l og w o o d , &c b e c om e p a le , or w hi t e , line
-
. .

2 . On fl a i mal s.

q
T he h u m an b e in g is e u ally d ep e n de nt o n th e in u e nc e of lig ht fl A n im al s
.

i n g e ne r al dr oop w h e n d e p r iv e d of lig h t ; t he y b ec om e u n he a l thy , an d e v e n

som e tim e s d i e Whe n a m a n ha s b e e n l on g c on fi n e d i n a dar k du ng e on ,
.

(thou g h w el l air e d ) h is w h ol e c om p l e xion b e c om es sall ow ; p u st ul e s, fi l l e d wit h

q
a u e ou s h u m ors , b r e a k o u t on h is skin ; a n d t h e p e r so n w h o h a s b e e n t h u s

q
d e pr iv e d of lig h t b ec om e s l a n g u id , an d fr e u e n tl y dr o p si c al Worm s, g ru b s,
.

a nd c at er p ill ar s, w hic h liv e i n t h e e ar t h , or i n w o o d , ar e o f a w h i tish c ol or ;

m oths, a n d ot her in sec ts o f t h e n ig h t, ar e l ik e w i se dist ing u isha b l e f rom t hose
w hi c h fly b y d ay , b y t he w a n t o f b r ill ian c y i n th e ir c o lor . T h e diff er e n c e b e
.

t wee n th ose in se c ts, i n n or th e r n a nd so u t he r n p art s, is st ill m or e o b v iou s .

T he p ar ts o f fi sh w h ic h ar e ex p ose d to l ig ht , a s t h e b a c k , fi n s, & c a re u ni .

f orml y c ol or e d, b u t t he b elly , w hic h i s d e p r iv e d of l ig ht , i s w hi te i n all of

t he m .

B ird s w hic h i nhab i t the t rop ical c oun tri e s have muc h b r ig hter p lu m ag e than
 20 6 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

i
n te in its fig ure and progressi on , so as to fo rm the appe aran c e
of a fi re b al l .
-

Th at the air of the at mosph e re is so transpare n t as to b e in

v i si b l e e x c e pt b y t he b l ue c ol or i t re fl e c ts wh e n in l arg e m ass
e s, as is se e n i n t he sky o r re g 1ou ab ove u s, or in v i e wi n g e x

te nsi ve l and sc ape s ; t h at it is w i tho u t s me ll , e x c e pt t h at of e l ec

t ric ity , w h i c h i t some ti m es v er y m an i fe stly e x hi b i ts , a ltog eth
e r w i t ho u t taste and i mpal pab l e : n ot c on d e nsi b l e b y any d e

g re e of c old i nto t he d e nse fl uid state , t h ough e asil y c h an gi n g

i ts di me nsi ons wi th its te m pe ratu re ; t h at i t g rav i tate s an d is
h ighl y e l asti c ; are am onbg the n u me ro us ob serv ati ons and d is
c ov eri es w h i c h d o h o n or to the sag ac i t y of t he ph il osophe rs of
t he se v e ntee n t h c e n tu ry . T h e y l i ke w i se k n e w t h at t hi s fl u i d
i s i ndi spensab ly n ec e ssar y to c omb usti on b ut n o on e , e x c e pt
‘

the g re at, thou g h ne gl e c te d , Joh n M ay ow , appe ars to h av e

t orme d an y pre pe r n o tion of i ts man n er of ac ti ng in t h at pro
c ess,
T he air o f the at mosphe re , l i ke o th e r fl u id s, a ppe a rs t o b e
'

c apab l e of h o l d i n g b odi es in so l u ti on
,
. I t take s u p w ate r in c on
sid e rab le q u anti ti e s, w i th a d i m i n u ti on of its o wn spec ifi c g ra

v ity : fro m w h i c h c i rc u m st an c e , as we l l as from the c onsid e ra

t i on t h at wate r r i ses v ery pl e n t i fu l ly in the v aporou s state i n

v a cu o, it see m s prob ab l e t h at the air su spe nd s v apor, not so
«

mu c h b y a real sol u ti on , as b y ke epi n g its parti c l es asu nd e r,

an d pre v e n ti n g t h ei r c ond e n sat i on . Wate r l ik e w i se di ssol ves
or ab sorb s a1r.
M ere h e ati n g or c oo l i n g d oe s n ot aff ec t the c h e mi c al proper
ti es of at m osph er i c al air ; b u t ac tu al c o mb usti on , or an y pro
c e ss o f the same n at ure , c o m b i n e s i ts oxyg e n and l e a ves i ts ni
trog e n separate . Wh e ne v e r a proc ess of t hi s k i n d is c a rri ed on
i n a v e sse l c ontai n i n g atmosph eri c al ai r, w h i c h is e n c l ose d c i
t h e r b y i n v e rti n g the v e sse l ov er m e rc ur y , or b y stoppi ng its
ape rtu re i n a pro pe r m anner, it i s fo u n d t h at t he proce ss c e ases

afte r a c e rt ai n t i me ; a nd t h at the re m ai n i n g air if a c o m b u sti

(
b le b ody c apab l e o f sol idi fyi n g the o xyg e n , su c h as ph osph orus,
h ave b een e m pl oy ed , has l ost ab ou t a fi fth part of i ts v ol u m e,
and 1 8 o f s uc h a n ature as to b e i n c a ab l e of m ai n ta i ni ng an
p y
c o m b u sti on fo r a sec o nd ti me , or o f su
pporti n g the l i fe of ani
mal s. F ro m t h e se e x pe rime rits it is c l e ar , th at on e of the fol
-

l ow i ng d ed uc t i ons m u st b e true T he c om b u sti b l e b od y

has e mi tte d so me pri n c i pl e, wh i c h , b y c om b i n i ng w i t h the ai r,
has re nd ere d it u n fi t for the pu rpose o f furthe r c omb u sti on , or,
2 . I t has ab so rb e d par t of the air w hi c h w as fi t f0 1 t h at pu r
o and has l e ft a resid ue of a di ffe re n t n ature 3 B th
p se , ; o r,
. o
e ve n ts h a ve h appe n e d , n am e ly , th at t he
pu re par t of the air
has b ee n ab sorb ed , and a pri n c i pal has b ee n e m i tted , w h i c h has
c hang ed t he origi nal prope rti es of the re m ai nd er.
.
 M A TERIA M EDI C A . 20 7

T he fac ts must c l ear u p th ese t h eori es. T he fir st i nd uc ti on

c anno t b e tru e , b e c au se the re sid u al ai r is n ot on l y o f l ess b u l k,
b u t o f l e ss spec ifi c g rav i ty, than b e fo re . T he air c an not t h e re
“

fore h ave re c e i ve d so m u c h as it has l ost. T he sec on d is th e

d oc tri ne of t he phil osoph e rs w ho d en y the e xiste nc e of phlogis
ton or a pri nc i pl e o f i nflam mab ility ; a nd . the t hi rd m ust b e
a d o te d b t h se w ho m ai ntai n th at s uc h a pr i n c i pl e esc ape s
p y o

f ro m b odi es d u ri ng c o m b usti on . T hi s re si due was c all e d ph lo~

isti c ate d ai r, i n c o nse q u e n c e o f su c h an o pini on .
g
I n the opi n i on t h at i nfl am m ab l e ai r is the phl ogi ston , it is
not ne c essar y to rej e c t the sec ond i nfe re nc e t h at the air h as b een
n o o t h e rw i se c h a ng e d t h a n b y the m e re su b trac t i on o f one of
i ts pri nc i pl es ; fo r t he pu re o r v i tal part o f the air m ay un i te
w i th i n fl ammab l e air s u ppose d to e xi st in a fix e d state in the
c omb usti b l e b ody ; an d if the prod uct of t hi s u n i on stil l c on ti

nue s fix ed , it is e v id e n t, th at t he re sid ue of the air, after c om~

b ustion , w ill b e the same as it wo u ld h av e b ee n if the v i tal part
had b ee n ab sorb e d b y an y ot h e r fi xe d b ody . Or, if the v i tal
ai r b e ab so rb e d wh il e i nfl amm ab l e air o r ph l ogi sto n is d ise n a
g
e d , a nd u ni tes w i t h the ae riform re sid u e , his re sid ue w il l n ot
g
b e h e av i e r than b e fore , u n less t he i nflam m ab l e air it has g ai ned
e x c ee d s i n w e igh t t he v i tal ai r i t has l ost ; a nd i f the inflam ma

b le air f al l s s h o rt of t h at we ig ht the re sid ue w il l b e ligh te r.

'

T hese t heo ri es it was n ec essary to me nti on b u t it has b ee n

suffi c i e n tly pro v e d b y v ar i o us e x pe r i me nts, that c omb u sti b l e

b odi es tak e o xyge n fro m the at mosph e re , an d l eave n i t roge n ,

a nd t h at wh e n t he se two fl uid s a re ag ai n m ix e d in d ue pro on

p
ti o ns, th e y c om pose a mix ture n ot di ffe ri n g from atmosph e ri c al
ai r.
T he re spi rati on of an i mal s produ c es the same e ffec t on at
mosphe ric al ai r as c o mb u sti o n d oe s, and th e i r c onstan t h eat ao
pe ars t o b e an e ff e c t of the same n ature . Wh e n an ani m al is
i nc l ud ed in a l i mi ted q u anti ty of atmosph eri c al a1r, it d ies as f’

soo n as t he ox y e n is c o nsu me d ; and no o th e r air w il l mai n

g
tai n a ni ma l li fe b u t oxyg e n, or a m ix ture wh i c h c ontai ns i t.
P u re o x yg e n mai ntai ns t he l i fe o f ani m al s m uc h l onger th an at~
mosphe ric al air, b u l k fo r b u l k.
It is to b e parti c u l arl y ob se rved , h ow e ver, th at, in m an y c a.
ses of c o mb u sti on, the o xyg e n of t he a 1r, i n c o m b i n i ng w i t h the

c om b u sti b l e b od y ,
prod uc es a c om pou nd , not solid , or liqu i d,
b u t ae ri fo rm . T he re sid u al air w il l th e re fore b e a m ix ture of
the n i t rog e n of the atmosphe re w i t h the c onsu me d oxyg en, c on
v e rte d i n to anoth e r Th us, i n b u rn i ng c h arc oal , the c at
'
as.
g
b o n ic ac id g as ge ne rated , m i x es w i th t he resid ual n i trog en , and
makes u p e x ac t ly, w h e n the effec t of h eat c e ase s, the b u l k of
the o rigi n al air. T he b reathi ng of ani mal s, in l ik e manner,
20 8 TH E T H O M S O N I A N .

c h anges the o xyg e n i n to c arb on i c ac id g as wi th ou t al teri ng the ,

a tm osph e r i c a l v o l u m e . 1

T h e re a re m an y prov i si ons in n atu re b y w h i c h the propor

t i on o f o x y g e n i n the a t mos ph e re w h i c h is c o n ti n u al ly c ons u
,

m ed in re spi rat i o n and c om b usti on is ag ai n re sto red to th at flu ,

id In fac t t he re appe ars as far as a n e sti m ate c an b e fo rme d

.
,

o f t he g reat a n d g e n e ral o pe rati on s o f n at ure to b e at l e ast as ,

g re at an e mi ssi o n o f o xyg e n as is su ffi c i e nt to ke e p the g e ne ra l

m ass o f t h e at mosph e re at t he sam e d eg re e of pu ri ty Th u s, .

i n v ol c an i c e ru pti on s t h e re see m s to b e at l e ast as m u c h o xy

,

e n e m i tte d o r e x t r i c ate d b y fi re fro m v ari ou s m i ne ral s as is

g ,

s ufli c ie n t to m ai n tai n the c om b usti o n a nd pe r h a ps e v e n to m e

l iorate the at m osphe re A n d i n t he b odi e s of pl an ts an d an i

.

m als w h i c h appe ar i n a g re at m e as u re to d e ri v e t he i r su ste n

,

a nc e an d au g m e n tati on fro m the a tmo s phe re an d i ts c o nte n ts .

it is fou n d t hat a l arg e pro por ti o n of n i trog e n e xi sts M ost .

p l an ts e m i t o x y g e n in t h e s u n shi n e f ro m w h i c h it is hi g hl y

rob ab l e t hat t h e y i mb i b e an d d e c om pose the air o f th e atm os

p
h t i i ar b on an d e m i t ti n t h e v i ta l rt L astl y if
g
p er e ,
re a n n g c , pa .
,

t o thi s we ad d t he d e c o m posi ti o n o f w a te r t he re w ill b e n u m e r ,

ou s oc c asi o n s in w h i c h t h i s fl u i d w ill s u ppl y u s w i t h d ise n a

g
e d o xyg e n ; w hil e b y a v e r y rat i on a l s u ppos i ti o n i ts h d ro
g , y ,

e n m ay b e c on sid e re d as h av i n g e n tere d i n to t he b od i es of
g
p l a n ts for t he for m a ti o n of oi l s s u g ars m u c il ag e s & c
, from, ,
.
,

wh i c h it may b e ag ai n e x t ri c ate d .

T o d e te rm i n e t he respi rab il i ty or p u ri ty o f a ir it is e v id e nt ,

t h at re c ou rse m ust b e had to i ts c o m para n v e e ffi c ac y in m ai n

t ai ni ng c o mb u sti o n or so me o th e r e q u i v a l e n t proc e ss
, .

F ro m t he l ate s t an d m ost ac c u rate e x pe ri m e n ts the propon ,

t i on o f o x yg e n i n at m osphe r i c ai r is b y m eas u re a b o u t 2 1 pe r
c ent and it a pe ars t o b e v e r y n e ar l y t he sa m e w h e t he r i t b e
.
p ,

i n thi s c o u ntry o r on t he c oast of G u i n e a o n lo w pl ai ns or l ofty ,

m ou n tai ns o r e v en at t he he i g h t o f 7 25 0 y a rd s ab o v e t he l e v e l o f
,

t he se a as asc er tai n e d b y G ay L u ssac 1 11 h is ae r1 a l v oy ag e i n

, ,

S e pte m b er 1 8 0 5 ,
T he re m ai n d e r o f t he ai r is n i tro g e n wi th a
.
,

s mall po rti on o f aq u e o us v apor a mo u n ti n g to ab o u t o n e

, p r
e

c e nt i n t he d ri est w e at h e r a n d a stil l l e ss po rti o n o f c ar b on i c

.
,

ac id n ot e x c ee di ng a t h o u san d t h part o f t he w h ol e
, .

A s ox yg e n and n i trog e n d i ffe r i n spe c ifi c g ra v i ty i n the pro

orti on o f 1 3 5 to 1 2 1 ac c ord i n g to K i rw an an d o f 1 3 9 to 1 2 0
p , , ,

ac c o rd i ng to Dav y i t h as b ee n presu m e d t h at the ox y ge n

, ,

wou ld b e mo re ab u n d an t in the l o we r reg io ns an d t he n i trog en ,

.

i n the hi g h e r if th e y c o n sti t u te d a m e re me c h an i c a l m ix t u re
, ,

w hi c h appe ars c on trary to the fac t 0 11 the o the r h an d i t has

.
,

b ee n u rg e d t h at t h e y c ann ot b e in the state of c h e m i c al c o m b i

,

n ati on b e c ause t h e y b o t h re tai n th e i r di sti n c t pr o pe rti e s u n al

,

te red, and n o c h ang e of te m peratu re or d e nsi ty ta ke s pl ac e on

2 10 T H E TH O M S O N IA N

for m th e m i nto a c h e m i c al c ompou nd , th ou gh it ope rates wi th

su ffic i e nt forc e to n t t h e i r se parati ng b t h e i r di ffe re nc e
p re v e y
o f spe c ifi c g rav i ty . Th us the state of t he atmosph e re is ao
c ou nte d for, and e v er y di ffi c u l ty o b v i ated , w i t h ou t an y ne w h
y
pothesis.
T he e x ac t spec ifi c g rav i ty of at mosph e ri c al air, c om pared to
t h at o f wate r, is a v e ry n i c e and i m portant prob le i n B y re d u
.

c i ng to 60 d e . of F a h r and to 3 0 i n c h e s of the b aro m e te r, the

g .

re su l ts o b tai n e d w i th g reat c are b y B io t an d A rag o , t he s e c ifi c

p
g rav i ty o f atmosph e ri c al air, a ppe ars to b e w ate r b e
i ng re prese n ted b y T hi s re l ati on e x presse d frac ti on .

a ll y is 1 8 20 , o r wate r is 8 20 t i mes d e nse r t h an atmos h e ri c al

p
air. M r Ri c e , in the 77th and 78 th n u m b e rs of the A nn al s of
.

P hil oso ph y, d e d uc es from S i r G eorg e S hu c kb u rg h s e x pe ri ’

r

m e nts 0 0 0 1 20 8 5 5 for t he s pe c ifi c g rav i ty of ai r

. T hi s n um b er
gi v es w ater to air as to 1 . I f wi th M r. Ri c e w e take
t he c u b i c i nc h of w ate r 25 2 5 2 5 g r., t h e n 1 0 0 c u b i c i n c h es of
! .

a ir b y B i ot s e x pe rim e nts w il l we igh g rai ns, and b y M r.

’

Ri c e s e sti mate 3 0 5 1 9 . H e c on side rs w i t h D r. P rou t the at

’
.

mosphe re to b e a c o mpou n d of 4 vol u m es of n i t rog e n , and 1 o f

o xyg e n , th e s pe c ifi c g rav i ty of th e fi rst b e i n g to t hat of the se

c ond as 1 .1 1 1 1 to He nc e
vo l n itr . sp.
g r.
o xy .
.

0 0 0 1 20 1
T he n u mb ers are t ranspose d in the A nnal s of P hil osoph y b y
som e m i stak e .
B i ot and A rag o foun d the spe c ifi c g rav i ty of oxyg en to b e

and th at of n
i trogen ,

air b e i ng rec k on e d ,

O r c o m pare d to water un t iy ,

N i trog e n is 0 0 0 1 1 8 23 3 8
O xyge n ,

A nd 0 8 n i trog e n
o xyg e n

A nd i g
n tro en
o xyg e n

0 00 121 7 .

A nu mb er w hi c h approac h e s v e ry ne arly to th e re su l t of e xpe

ri me nt . M an y an al ogi es, i t m u st he c o nfe ssed , f av oi Dr.
P ro ut s proporti ons b ut the g reate r numb e r of e x pe ri me nts on
’
 M A T ERI A M ED I C A . 21 1

the c om posi tion d e nsi ty of the atmosph ere ag ree wi th B i

and
ot s resu l ts. N othi ng c an d e c i d e th e se f u n d a me n tal c he m i c al
’

t i t w e l ab orate an d m ost m i n u te l y a c c u
p p
r o o r o ns x c e
, p a n e , ,

rate seri es of e x pe r i men ts We sh all th en kn ow w h e the r the

.

U re s ” ’
a t m osph e re c on tai ns i n v o l u m e 20 or 2 1 pe r c e nt ,

Chem . D i et.

M A TT ER O R G A N I Z E D — DR T H E O U T L IN ES O F
A N A TO M Y .

Whe n we l ook at the wond erfu l m ac hi ne w h i c h the De i ty

id h i i — w h en
has pl a c e d up n e e a t h t p
o t h r o re,
s e o v e r s c r e a t o n

we c on sid e r the b eau ti fu l ad aptati on of its v ari ou s parts to t he

“

u r ose s for w hi c h t h e y are d esig ne d — we are st ruc k w i t h awe

p p
and ad m i rati on , e v e n u pon a s u pe rfi c i al gl an c e at its b e au t y
and propri e ty B ut w h en we pe ne trate b e ne at h the su rfac e and
.
,

b e h old the pl ay of its te n t h ousan d arte ri es c arr yi n g su ste nan c e

to e v e r y pa rt of the syste m— the v e i n s re tu r ni n g t h e i r pu rpl e
c urre nt t o t he h e art an d l un g s, to b e re su ppl ied wi t h t he e le
-

me n ts o f li fe ; w h e n w e ob se rv e t he l ac te al s taki ng u p the n u
tritiou s part i c l es from the b o we l s and c onv e yi n g the m thro ug h
,

c ou n tl ess c h an ne l s t o b e m i ngl e d w i t h the b l oo d — t he ab sor b

e n ts re m ov i n g t h ose parts w h i c h are n o l o nge r fi tte d to fu lfi l

t h e i r d ut y and t he gl an ds rej e c ti n g t h em from the b o dy as u se

, .

l e ss i nc u m b ranc es wh il e the v esse l s ag ai n su pply the i r pl ac e wi th

,

fresh m ate ri al s ; w h e n we re fle c t I say t h at t hi s m ost i n tri c ate

, ,

m ac hi ne is so c onstantl y und e rg oi ng waste and re pai r t h at i n ,

a very fe w y e ars it l oses e v e ry i n di v id u a l atom w h i c h fo rm e d a

.

art o f its o rigi n al struc t u re w h il e it sti l l prese rv e s its form and

p ,

moti o ns u ni m pai re d we are l ost in wond e r ; n ot l ess at the

,

w i se o rdi n ati ons o f N atu re th at re g u l ate i ts ope rati on s th an at ,

t he au d ac i t y o f th ose w ho d are to i nte rfe re w i th her arrang e

me n ts e ve n w h e n di sord e r is pe rc e i v e d am on g the w h e e l s and
,

spri ngs o f t hi s m asterpi ec e of D i v i ne w i sd om a n d po wer .

B u t N atu re g o ve rns all h e r w orks b y a fe w si mpl e l aws ; and

w h e n t he se l aws are di sc o ve re d , t he e x pl anati on of he r m ost
i n vo l v e d ph e nom en a are ofte n b rou gh t w i t hi n the g rasp of hu
m an re ason B y c on te m pl ati n g the fal l o f an appl e N e wton
. .
,

was e n ab l e d to e x pose the hidd e n c ause of all the m ove me n ts o f

th e h e av e n ly b od i es N ow al th ough we h av e n ot arri ve d at
.
,

nearly the same s i mpl i c i t y in the stu dy o f th e sc i e n c e of li fe

w h i c h t h at phi l osoph e r has re ac h e d i n spe c ul ati ng o n n atu ral
p hi l oso phy we h av e d i sc ov e re d m an y g e n e ral
, pr i n c i p l e s w hi c h
s h e d 11 0 i nc onsid e rab l e lig ht on the o t h e r wi se i n c om re h e nsi b l e
p
o e rat i o n s of the h u man fra m e in h e al t h and in di sease L et
p ,
.

u s the n proc ee d to e l uc id ate t h ese ri n c i l es, as far as the li m i ts

p p
and t he o bj e c t o f t hi s wor k w il l e rmi t
p .

T he si mpl est of all an i mal s, whi c h mostl y resid e in the

2 12 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

w ate r, appe ar to b e e nti re l y di v e ste d o f fee li ng , or v ol u ntary

m oti o n ; t h e y h a v e n o b l ood v e sse l s, 11 0 n e rv e s , n o i n testi n es,
n o o rg a n s ; t he y a re c o m pose d of a k i n d o f m e m b r an e c on tai n
i n g m an y c e ll s an d fi b res o f di ff re n t sh ape s an d siz e s, fil l e d
e

a n d su rro u nd e d w i t h a
pe c u li ar fl uid .I n str uc tu re t h e y are
n ot u n li ke a s po n g e , e nc l ose d in a b l add e r of t h e sa m e su b
s tan c e , a n d s ha e d i n to d i ffere n t fo rm s ac c o rdi n g to the s e c i e s.
p p
I n c o m posi ti o n t hi s m e m b rane d oe s n o t di ffe r v e ry wid e l y f ro m
t he w hi te o f an e g g w he n b o il e d . S u c h i s t he pi c t u re o f t he
si m pl e st spe c i me n s o f a ni m a l li fe an d al th ou g h the l a b ors o f

re c e n t n a t u ra li sts h av e
pro v e d t he e x i s te n c e o f m ore c o m pl e x
o rg a n s i n m a n y o f t he t ri b e s o f m i n u te b e i n g s w h ose e xi ste n c e

is sc arc e l y pe rc e pti b l e , e x c e pt b y t he aid o f po we rfu l m i c ro

s0 0 pe s th e re are no t Wa n t i ng m an y o f m u c h l arg er siz e , a nd ,
,

t h e re fore , o pe n to ac c u rate o b se rv at i on , in w h o m t he w h ol e b o
d y rs d e v oid o f a ny syste mati c arrang e me n t, o th e r t h an t h at
w h i c h has b e e n j ust d esc ri b e d .

T hese an i m al s l i v e b y i m b ib rn or th e i r suste n an c e throu g h th e

s k i n fro m the fl u id 1 11 w hi c h t he
y s w i m , and as t he y se l e c t su c h
par ti c l es as are fi tte d to the i r w an ts, t he y m ay b e sai d t o pe r
form a k i nd of e x te rn al d ig e sti o n . T he m e m b ran e o f w hi c h
t h e y a re c o m pose d is s u ppose d to c on trac t w h e n to uc h e d , a n d
al so w he n ac te d 0 11 b y lig ht, he at, e l e c t ri c i t y an d er h a s o t h e r
, p p
c au se s ; t h u s the fl u id s w h i c h i t c o n tai n s are agi tate d an d m o v

e d f ro m pl ac e to pl ac e , s o th at an i m e r fe c t ki nd o f c i rc u l a ti o n
p
is e ffe c te d w i t h o u t t he aid o f b l o o d v e sse l s, and all pa rts o f t he
-

b od y a re n o uri sh e d an d fu rn i s he d w i th t he m e an s of g ro w t h .

l f re spiratio n b e n e c e ssar y to t he se a ni m al s, i t m u st b e e ff e c te d
b y t he e x te rn al su rf ac e , an d w hate v e r m atte rs re q u i re to b e
e je c te d fro m t he b o d y a re c o m pe ll e d to pass b t he sa m e ro u te .
y
T h i s s u b stan c e o f w h ic h t h e y a re c o m posed , and w h i c h i s c al l
e d c e ll u l a r m e nrb rarre , o r c e l lu l a r ti ssu e , se e m s, t h e re fo re , t o b e

c apa b l e o f fu lfill i n g a l l t he fu nc ti o n s o f l i fe , as fa r as t h e y are

n e c e ssa ry to t he e x i s te nc e o f t he m o st s i m pl e an i m als ; a n d ,
st ran g e as it m ay a ppe a r, e v e n t he h u m an e m b r y o , w h e n i t fi rst

b ec o m e s v i si b l e and for so m e t i m e a fte rward , c a n n o t b e di sti n

,

u is he d f ro m a s m al l m ass o f c e l l u l a r t i ssu e ! A l t h o u gh it is
g b
o b v i o us t h at it m ust b e e n d o we d w i t h l i fe , i t c on tai ns n o v e sse l s

n or o rg a ns, b u t rese m b l es a m e re pi e c e o f a n i m a te d j e l l y .
Wh e n w e b e gi n to e x a m i n e a ni m al s m o re and m ore ad v e ne
e d i n t he sc al e o f n at u re , w e fi nd t h at t h ose w hi c h are d esig ne d

t o m o ve a b o u t 1 11 se arc h o f food i n ste ad o f h av i ng t h e i r food

b ro u g ht to t he m , req u i re to b e fu r n i sh e d w i th o rg an s e s p e c i all y
d e v ote d to thi s pu r pose T he y hav e m usc l es ; fo r the oc e a
.

s i ou al , and , as i t w e re , a c c i d e n tal , c o n t rac t i o ns o f t he c e l l u l ar

t i ssu e , a re too i rre g u l a r a nd u n c e rtai n to ans we r t h e i r n e c essi

t i es, arrd t h e y re q ui re an appa rat us for l ocom ot ion . F rom the
 2 14 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

l
se s are te rme d a r ter i es ; the b l ood is prope ll e d th rough th e m
c h i e fl y b y the d i re c t forc e o f t he h e art b u t t h e y are pro v i d e d ,

w i th a c oat o r e n ve l ope of fi b res rese m b l i ng th ose of m usc l es ,

w hi c h aid i n u rgi ng the c u rre n t more u n i forml y i n proper di

re c ti ons an d as t he arte ri es g
,
row sm al l e r t h e se fi b res i n c rease ,
2 3

i n t h e i r re l ati ve stre ng th as t he b ark of the s mall er twig s b e

,

c ome s th i c ke r m propor ti on t h an t h at of the b ody of the tre e .

A t l e ng th t h e se l i ttl e a1 te ries b e c om e c apab l e of h aste n i ng o r

re tardi ng th e flow of b l ood and som e ti me s pe rh aps th e y c h e c k
,

i t al tog e the r for a mo me nt Th e y n ow c h an ge t h e i r n ame , and

.

are c all e d t he c ap i ll a r i e s

I t is t h ro ugh t he c api ll ari es that a ll th ose parti c l es w h i c h are

r e q u i re d for t h e g ro wt h a nd pre se rv at i on o f t he b ody an d its

se v e ral org a ns a re se parate d fro m t he b l ood and pl ac e d i n t h e i r

.

e r statio ns T h e s ame v e sse l s are su ose d b so me to

p p ro .
pp y
t ak e u p an d m i ngl e w i th the b l oo d t h ose pa rti c l e s w hi c h h ave
d one th e i r d u ty and are worn o u t in the se rv i c e in o rd er th at
t h e y m ay b e d tsposed o f in t h e m a nn e r i n w hi c h m
,

,
ost b odi es

c o rpo rate re ward t he past se rv i c e s o f fri e n d s n o l ong e r fou n d

n e c e ssa ry ; t h at is b y b e i n g tu rne d o u t o f d oors

,
I n th i s most .

t h an kl e ss d u ty h o we v e r t h e y are c e rtai n l y aid e d b y a su b sid 1

, ,
~

a ry c l ass of v e sse l s c al l e d t he a b s or b e n ts w hi c h c on v e y o n ly c o ,
s

l orless fl u id s c ol l ec te d from all parts o f the b ody M ost o f th ese .

l ast n am e d v e sse l s fi nall y e m pty t h e i r c on ten ts i nto t he c ommon

t ru n k of the l ac te al s a n d th us i n to the v e i n s b u t som e of t h e m
, ,

reac h t he sam e d e sti na ti on b y a more di re c t rou te .

T h i s c onstan t addi ti on o f n u t ri ti v e m atte r to the b l ood b y the

l a cte a l s i ts d i stri b u ti on to e v e r y o rg an o f t he an i m al b y the
,

he a r t a n d a r ter i es its se parati on fro m t he m ass of c i rc u l ati o n

, ,

and its appl i c at i o n to t he g ro w th a nd re pai r o f all parts b y the

c a p i l l a r i es tog e th er w i th t he re m ov al o f i nj ure d u se l ess o r d e

, ,

b ilitated pa rti c l e s bj the a b s or b e r/ts are su bj ec ts c on n ec te d w i t h ,

the a ll i m porta nt pro c ess o f n u tr i t i on

-
.

A fte r the b l ood has passe d t he c a pill ari es it fal l s i n to an ot h e r

sy ste m o f v esse l s c al l e d t he v e i n s b y w h i c h it is r e tu rn e d to t he
,

h e art T he v e i ns are d esti t u te o f t he se e mi ng l y m u sc u l ar c oat

.

o f the a rte ri es an d c a pil l ari es a n d al thou g h t he b l o od is c on ,

sta n t y pus he d i nto t h e m b y t he j oi nt ac ti on of t he heart the

l ,

arte ri e s a nd the c apill a ri es t h e y are u n ab l e to prope l i t b y an y

,

e ffo1 t o f t he i r o w n ; t he y a re me re passi v e c o nd u i ts T o su p .

l t h i s appare n t d e fe c t th ro v id e d w i th n u me rou s
py e
y a re
p ,

v al ves se t h e re a n d t h ere al o ng th e i r c ou rse

,
w hi ch pe r mi t the ,

b l ood to pass to ward t he h eart b u t pre v e n t its re tu rn in the ,

O pposi te di re c ti o n B y the c on stan t m oti on of the m u sc l es in

.

b re at hi ng wal ki ng c ou ghi ng sn ee zi ng doe the v e i n s are v e ry

, , , , ,

f req u en tl y c ompresse d and th e i r c onte n ts u rg e d forw ard m ore

,

rapidly ; h enc e the h e al th ful ness of e x erc ise and gy m nasti cs ,

 M A TERIA M ED I C A . 2 15

A ll the i
v e ns of the b ody g rad uall y c ol l ec te d into a fe w
are

re at tru n ks o r c an al s w hi c h pou r t he i r c on te n ts i nto the h e ar t,

g ,

h
a n d t o se w hi c h l
b e on g to th e g e n e ra l c i rc u l ati on — th at c irc u
l ati on w hi c h is d esti ne d to s u ppl y n u tri me n t to the b ody fo rm -

i n t he m ore pe rfec t an i m al s t wo g re at c on d u i ts ; on e c om i ng
,

d own fro m t he h e ad and u ppe r e x tre m i ti es th e o th er c om i ng ,

u p fro m t he t ru n k and i nfe r i or e x tre m i ti es T hese c ond u i ts .

m e e t di rec tly e nd to e nd so as to for m b ut one tr u n k , w hi c h

,

O pe ns i n to t he h e art b y a g ap at the sid e .

T he b l ood t h u s re turn e d is of c ou rse al te red in the fi rst pl ac e ,

b y h a vi ng parte d wi th a g re at d e al of m atte r fo r the re pa i r and

row th o f t he di ff e re nt org ans and se c on d l y b y b e i n g l oade d
g , ,

w i th al l the u se l ess parti c l e s w hi c h t he ab sorb en ts h av e tak e n

up I n ord e r the n t h at i t m ay b e fi tte d for c i rc u l ati on ag ai n
.
, , ,

i t mu st re c e i ve c onsid e rab l e ad d i ti o ns an d it mu st c ast off c on ,

si de rab l e i m pu r i ti e s T he form e r are su ppl i e d b y the l ac te al s

.
,

b u t the l atte r proc e ss re qu i re s a d iffe re nt se t of v e sse l s en d owe d

wi th other po wers .

O ne o f the c hi e f i m pu r i ti e s whi c h the b l oo d rec e i v es fromthe

ab so rb e n ts is c arb on o r c harc oal T o rid it of thi s a part and .
, ,

111 the m ore pe rfec t an i mal s the w h ol e of the b l ood is m ad e to

ass th r ou g h a n o rg a n w
,

h e re the v essel s c om e al m ost i n to c on

p
t ac t w i th the el e m e n t i n w h i c h the an i ma l li ves as the wate r ,

i n fi sh e s an d t he a ir i n b i rd s and man
, B oth th ese e l e men ts .

c on ta i n oxyg e n or v i tal a ir
, a nd b
y some hidd e n m e an s t he
,

carb on of the b l ood b e i n g su pposed b y m ost to u n i te w i t h thi s

,

vital air e sc apes t h ro u g h the th i n c o ats of the v e sse l s in the

,

form of c arb on i c ac id g as the sam e g as t h at ri ses from ferm e n t

,

e d l iq u ors sod a w ate r dc c

, T hu s we see som e ani mal s b re at h
,
.

i ng w ate r and o th e rs air

,
T h e former g e ne ral ly h av e the
.

b re at hi n g org an s pl ac e d e xtern all y ; th e y are te r me d b r a n chi w

o r g i l ls ; i n the l atte r t h e y are si tu ate d w i th i n the b ody an d ,
are c al le d l u ng s o r l ig hts
,
T he fun c ti on performe d b y t h ese
.

Or an s is c al led r esp i r a ti on
gt is b e l i eved b y m an y physi ologi sts th at nature al ways nu
.

,
, ,
‘
wi lli ng to pe i form an y u se l ess l ab or and an xi ou s to effe c t as ,

m an y o perati ons as possi b l e wi th a v ery fe w m aterials has so ,

or d e re d the l aws o f res i rati on that it sha ll h
“

p pr es er v e th e w a r m t
o f the a n i mal at t he sam e t i me that i t
p u rifi es the b l ood W h il e .

t he b l ood is ac te d u pon b y the atmos h e re in the l u n g s or b

p y l ' ,
t he w ate r in the gil l s it is su ppose d to ab sorb a re at u an tit
,
g q y
of he at ; and as it fl o ws tow ard e v e r y art of the b od
p y u nd e r ,

g oi ng a g rad ual c h ange it is t h o ugh t to th row ou t thi s h eat

, ,
and t hu s to ke e p e v e ry
part at its prope r te mpe rature .

T h e e ffe cts o f re spi rati on are n ot su ffi c i en t to re mo ve all the

i mpur i ti es of the b l ood and th e refore a n umb e r of c uri o us or
,

ans c al l e d g l a n d s are prov id ed some of whi c h aid in se arat

g , p
 2 16 TH E TH O M S O N IA N

ing m an y of th ese i mpu ri ti es, e ac h g l an d f urn i sh i ng i ts ow n

c u l i ar fl u i d , w h i c h i t po urs ou t e i th er i n to t he b o we l s o r i n to
p e

the ski n . T h e prod u c t o f man y of t h e se gl an d s is mad e u se fu l

for v a ri ou s pu rposes b e fore it is th ro w n off fro m t he b od y ; t h us
t he l iver, the l arg e st o f t he gl a nd s, fo rms t he b i l e, w hi c h is the
n atu ral pu rg at ive , prod u c i n g , w h e n he al thy , re g u l ar a n d c om
fortab le stool s ; and w he n d i se ased , o c c asi on i ng c osti v e ness, or
bo we l c o m pl ai nts the pan c re as an d the gl and s a b ou t the m o u t h
o u r o u t t he sp i ttl e , w h i c h assi sts d ig e sti on T he se u se fu l fl u ~
p .

i d s a re c all e d s ecr e t ion s b u t. those w h i c h are ej ec te d , l i ke t he

u ri n e , w i t h ou t fu lfill i n g an y i mpo rtan t pu rpose , are c all e d ex
cr e ti on s

F ro m w h at has b e e n said , it is ob v i o u s th at th e mo ti o ns n e
c essa ry t o m ai n tai n li fe , e ve n in v e ry si m pl e a n i m al s, a re n u m e

r ou s an d c o m pl e x . T he sto mac h an d i n testi ne s m u st re c e i v e

a n d dig es t food ; t he l a c te al s m u st ta ke u p t he n u tri ti ou s par t

o f t he fo od a n d c a rry i t to t he b l oo d ; the a r ter i e s m u st c on v e y

t hi s b l ood to t he d i ff e re n t o rg ans ; t he c a pil la ri e s m u st su ppl y

th e g ro w th a nd w aste o f t h ose o rg ans ; t he ab sor b e n ts m u st aid
t he c a pi lla ri es i n tak i n g a w ay t he worn o u t an d u se l ess par ts,
t o m i ngl e t he m w i t h t he b l oo d i n t he v e i ns ; the se v esse l s m ust
c o n vey t he b l ood b ac k to t he h e art, w hi c h m ust t h e n pass i t to

t he l u ngs, t o b e d e pri ve d o f s om e of i ts i m puri ti e s, an d to e n a

b le i t to su stai n t he h e at o f the b od y. I n addi ti on to al l t h i s,
the gl an d s m ust assi st i n pu ri fy i n g t he b lo od o r t he y m ust fu r
n i s h fl u i ds to a id i n d ig esti on a n d o t he r f u n c ti o n s, o r t o pu rg e
a wa y t hose u se l e ss re m a i n s o f t he f ood w h i c h c a n no t b e dig e st

ed . 8 0 m an y d i ffe re n t m ot i o n s a ll d e pe nd e n t o n e ac h ot he r,
w o u l d n ec e ssa ril y prod uc e c o nti n u al c on fu si o n , b y ac ti n g i rre
u larl y a nd t o c ross pu rpose s, i f t h e y h ad n o t so m e c o mm o n
g
bo nd o f u n i o n b y w h i c h t he y c an m u t u al ly i n fo rm e ac h o the r ,
as i t we re , o f t he i r se v e ra l w an ts an d ac t i on s. T h i s b on d o f
u ni o n is f u rn i sh e d b y t he n er v es .
[11 the m ore s i m pl e an i m al s, we fi nd o n l y a fe w n e rv ou s fi
b res, r u n n i ng i n d i ffe re n t di re c t i ons, w i th h e re an d t h e re l i ttl e
k n o ts c al l e d ga n g l ion s , j o i n i n g se ve ral fi b re s tog e ther . Wh e n
a ny i m pre ssi o n is m ad e u pon o ne o f t h ese fi b re s, i t is i n sta n tl y
co m m u n i c ate d to the parts w i th w h i c h it is c on ne c te d , a n d c all s
t h e m i n to ac ti o n. I f the fi b re is u n i te d w i th ot h e rs, or w i th o ne
o r m ore o f the l i ttl e k n ots just m e n ti on e d , t h e y are al so c al l e d

i n to ac ti o n , and se v e ral di ffe re n t parts are t he n pu t in mo ti o n at

o nc e . T h us w he n food e nte rs t he sto mac h, i ts n e r ves rec ei v e
th e i m pre ssi on a n d c au se the c apil la ri es o f t h at o rg a n to d i l ate ,
'

i n o rd e r to re c e i ve the b l ood re q u i re d to c arry o n t he proc e ss of

d ig e sti on t h e y al so g iv e n o ti c e to t he h e art, w hi c h 1 f nec essa
r y, ac ts w i th m ore fo rc e i n h aste n i ng the c i rc u l a t i o n , a n d t he

capil l ari es of th e ski n c ontrac t, and d ri ve the b l ood from the

 TH E T H O M S O N I A N

EL ET O N SK ,

I n an a tom y is the asse mb l age and c omb i n ati on O f al l the

,

b ones in the b ody e x c e pt t he os hy oi d es i t c onsti tu te s the b a

,

sis or g rou nd w ork of the an i m a l f ram e b e i ng the poi n t of su p

-

p t n d u n i on fo r all the ot he r or an s I t m n n t arts

g
o r s
a c o po e p .

for m a seri es o f l e v ers of w h i c h t h e m usc l e s are the m ov i n g

,

p o w ers ; t h us the ske l e to n c o mpre h e n d s o ne di v i si o n o f the

m ov i ng org ans I ts c onsti tu e n t pre ce s i n some c ase s form c a

.

v i ties as t h ose of the h e ad c h est an d e l v i s w h i c h c o ntai n

, p , , ,

t he i mportan t i nternal org ans an d protec t t h e m from e x ternal ,

forc e .
T he xi ons of the di ffe rent pi ec e s of the skel e ton are
c onne

c al l e d an d di ff e r v e r y c on sid e rab l y from e ac h oth e r

j oin ts ,

some of t h e m ad m i tti ng of 11 0 m oti on som e an i nc on si d e rab l e ,

m oti on and oth ers all ow i ng th e m to m ov e free l y e i th e r in c e r

, ,

tai n di rec ti ons or i n e v e ry w ay T h e w ord s k e l eton d e n oti n g

.

t he b on y fab ri c in its u n i te d state of c ou rse i nc l u d e s t he j o i n ts , ,

or m e di a of u ni on ; and i n t hi s respe c t w e di sti n g u i s h t wo ki nd s

O f sk e l e ton s A n a tu r a l sk e l e ton is th at in w hi c h the b one s
.
,

are all j oi n e d b y t h e i r n atu ral c on ne xi on s ; th at is the arti c u l ar ,

e nd s are c o ve re d b t h e i r c artil agi n ous strata t i e d tog e t h e r b y l i

y
amen ts and e n v e l o e d b sy n o v i al m e m b rane s : i n t hi s se n se
g , p y
the sk e l e ton i n c l u d e s b esid e s t he b on y sy ste m the ac c essory
, ,

str u c tu re s of c artil ag e l ig ame nt an d syn o v i al me m b ranes

, , .

Wh e n all the soft p rts h av e b een all owed to pu tre fy and rot
a
,

and the se parated b one s after b e i ng c l e an e d a n d d ri e d h av e

, ,

b e e n j oi n e d ag ai n b y w i re s & c so as to b e reu ni te d artifi c i al ly

,
.
,

i n t h e i r fo rm e r ord e r an a r tifi c i a l ske l e ton is form ed

,
I n the .

spi ne and the r i b s the pl ac e s o f t he c artil ag es w h i c h a re l ost in

,

c l e an i n g the b on es are su ppl i e d b y porti ons of l eat h e r c or k or

, , ,
o th e r m ateri al s .

T he l atter e x hi b i ti ng m e re l y th e asse m b l ag e of the d ri e d

,

b on es is appl i c ab l e to the stu d y of oste o l og y o n l y rn t he m e

,

c han ic al po i n ts of fi u re siz e & c ; an d al th ou h e x t re m e l y

g ,
g ,
.

u se fu l to t he an atom i st a nd su rg eon b y re pre se nti n g t he parts ,

i n th e i r n atu ral c onn e xi on an d rel ati on s is l ess c onv e n i e n t t h an ,

t he se parate b one s fo r t he stu dy O f m a n y poi n ts par ti c u l ar l y ,

t he a rti c u l ar e n d s of the b o ne s .

F o r t he for m ati on o f artifi c i al ske l etons the b on es are de priv ,

e d of th e i r soft parts e i th er b y b oili n g o r b y m ac erati o n i n w ate r

, .

T he b oili n g m ust b e c on ti n u e d u n til the tend ons lig amen ts, ,

e ri osteu m & c are so l oose ne d as to ad m i t o f b e i n g e asil y d e

p , .
, b

te c h ed . T he b on y te x t u re ac q u i res in t hi s m e thod a d i rty and

g reasy appearanc e w hi c h c annot b e e n ti re l y g ot rid of b y any
,

a fter proc e ss F or the pu rpose of m ac e rati on the b ones wi th

.
,

the flesh , tic e , roughl y c ut off, must b e l e ft in the same water

.
 M A TERIA M ED I C A . 2 19
for some mon th s the soft parts w il l t h en fall off, and l e ave the
b ones o f a mu c h b e tte r c ol o r, an d free r from g rease , th an wh e n
t h e y h av e b een lb oile d . Ex posu re to the air, and fre quen tl y
’

w e tti ng t h e m, w il l m ake th e m b e au ti fu ll y w h i te afte r t h e y h av e

b een we l l mac e rate d . T h e i r c ol or m ay he ofte n m u c h i m prov
e d b y e x posure to c hl ori n e oxy mu ri ati c g as T h e b on e s w h i c h
( ) .

posse ss l arg e m ed u l l ary c av i ti es shou ld b e b ore d at the at ti e n

l ar e n d s, to g e t o u t the fatty sub stanc e .
Emac i ated and parti c u l arly an asarc ous subj e c ts, are the b est
for maki ng ske l e ton s ; b e c au se th e re is n o fat i n the b on es, and
t he y c onse q ue n tl y c on ti n u e d ry and c l e an , wh e n th e y h av e
b e e n o rigi n all y w e l l prepare d . P ersons dyi n g in g ood heal th ,
o r from su dd e n attac k s, h av e so m uc h ad i pou s m atte r in the

i n teri or of th e i r b ones, th at t h e y c onti nu e g re asy , parti c u l ar l y

at t he arti c u l ar e n d s, w h ate v e r pai ns ma
y b e taken to c l ean
t h e m.
In n atu ral sk e l etons, the c artil ag es, l ig ame nts, and sy nov i al
me mb ranes b e i ng al l l eft, the j oi nts posse ss t h e i r n atural mo
b ility. B ut in ord e r to kee p th e m in t h i s state , t h e y mu st b e
r serve d in s i r i ts, o r some oth e r fl u id c a ab l e of n ti g
p e p p p re ve n
t he pu tre fac t i on o f the soft parts. T hi s is parti c u l arly nec es
sar y w i th t he sk e l e tons o f y ou ng subj e c ts, w h i c h are in a
g reat
p a r t c artil agi nous. W h e n a n atural sk e l e to n is d r i e d , the soft

p a rt s s h ri n k a n d are sh ri v e ll ed u
p; th e c artil ag e s b ec ome c on
t rac te d , and t h us the n atu ral fig ure is g re atl y i mpai red . T he
c ontrac ti on of the c artil age s di m i n i sh es t he h e igh t b y an i n c h
or more .
S O l on g as t he b on es are c om posed of separate pi ec es, and
h ave m ore or l ess c artil age in t h e i r stru c ture, the osseous sy s
te m c an on l y b e stu di e d i n natu ral sk e l e ton s ; b u t w h en the os
sifi c ation is c om pl e te artifi c i a l sk e l e tons are re fe rab l e .
, p
T he b one s, b e i n g the l e vers b y w hi c h the m oti ons of the b o
d y are perform ed , h av e the m u sc l es or mov i ng powers fi x e d to
t h e m . B u t as t h e y a re su b se rv i e n t, in the c on struc ti on of ou r
fram e , to oth e r pu rpose s b esid es th ose O f m ot i on , th ere are som e
b ones, t h ough v e ry fe w, to w h i c h no m usc l es are attac h e d ;
su c h are the i nc u s i n t he c ar, t he e th moi d and i n fer i or t urb i n
‘

ate d b o n e s, an d some b on es of the c ar us.

p
A l though the form of the b on e s is v ari ousl y m odifi ed , ac c ord
i ng to t he fig u re of the parts in w h i c h th e y are pl ac e d , or to
,

t he i r d esti n ati on s, t h e y m ay b e c l asse d u nd e r the t h re e di v i

si ons o f b road or flat b ones c yl i n d ri c al b on es an d sh ort b on es.
, ,
T he b road b one s represe n t flat sh e l l s, and c onsi st of an in n e r
stratu m of re ti c u l ar o r spong
y b ony su b stanc e , w h ic h is c ove r
ed on its su rfac e s wi t h thi c k er or t hi n n er l a t f m t b y
p e s o c o p a c o n
matter. T he c yli nd ri c al , or l ong b ones, form l on g shafts, ex
pende d at t h e i r e x tremi ti es i nto t h i c k er head s, and con tai ni ng a
 220 TH E T H O M S O N I A N

med u ll ary i ty i nte rn al l y T he sh ort b ones are suc h as are

c av .

nearl y e q u al in t h e i r l e n g th b re ad th a nd t h i c k n ess
, , v ari o u sl y
sh ape d ac c ord i ng to t h e i r si tu ati ons and offi c es and c onsi st of
, ,

the l oose spon gy te x tu re c ov e re d b y a t hi n r i n d O f c om pac t b on e

, .

T he l on g b ones b e l on g i n g e n e ral to the l oc om oti v e appara

.

tus w h e re t h e y form l eve rs mov e d b y the musc l es in v ariou s

, ,

di rec ti ons Th e y are all pl ac ed in the l i mb s w h ere th e y form

. ,

a c entral c ol u mn , m ov ab l e in v ar i ou s di rec ti on s Th e y d i m i.

n i s h i n l e n g th and i n c re ase i n n u m b e r su c c essi v el y from ab ov e

,

d own ward s from the h u me ru s an d fe mu r to the ph al an g es O f

,

the fi ng e rs an d toes H e n c e the u pper part of the l i mb s is c ha

.

rac te rized b y e x ten t O f m oti on the l ower b y mu l ti pl i c i t y and

,

v ar i e ty of m ove m e n ts .

T h e b road b ones h av e not mu c h to d o wi th l oc om oti on ex ,

c e pt as t h e y aff ord e x tensi v e su rfac es for the attac h me n t of

musc l es T h e y c om pose c av i t i es su c h as th ose of the c ran i u m
.
,

an d pel v i s for w h i c h th e i r form is we ll ad apte d

,
S e v e ral are
.

u n i ted to form one c av i ty an d t h i s c i rc u m stan c e add s to t he

,

so lidi ty of the stru c ture as the e ffe c t of e x te rn al forc e is l ost in

,

the j oi n ts . Th e y are g ene rall y c onc ave and c onve x 0 11 th e i r

t wo su rfac es.

T he s h ort b ones arefou n d in parts w hi c h u nrte m ob ili ty and

sol idi ty , as the v e rteb ral c ol u mn, the c arpus and tarsu s. Th e y
are al way s of i n c onsid e rab l e siz e , an d t h e re fore are fou n d in

l arg e n u m b er in the parts w h i c h th e y c om pose . T hese par ts

are stron g , b ec au se e x te rnal forc e is l ost i n the a rti c u l ati on s ;

t h e y are m ov ab l e , b e c au se t he c omb i nati on s of sev eral smal l

moti ons prod u c e a c onsid e rab l e e ffe c t.
T he ske l e ton is di v id e d i nto the h ead , tru n k , and e x trem i ti es
or l i mb s. A s al most al l the b one s are fo rm e d origi n al ly of
m ore t h an one pi e c e , w h i c h se parate porti ons of osse ous matte r
g rad ually c ome toge th er, and are u l ti m ate l y c onsolid ated , the
n u mb e r of di sti nc t pie c es of b on e b e l on gi n g to the ske l e ton is
di ffe ren t at di ffe re n t ag es. T he foll owi ng is the n u m b e r of
b ones w h e n the ossifi c ati on is c ompl e te , t h at is, ab out the t we n
tie th y e ar.
I . I n the H EA D , c onsi sti ng of the c r a n i u m , and the F A C E,
’

the former is mad e U p of

1 or 2 ossa fronti s,
2 ossa parie talia,
1 os sphen ob asrl are, or sph eno occ iprtale , -

2 ossa te mporu m,
2 m al l e i ,
2 i nc ud es
,

2 stape d es , and 1 OS e thmoideum.

T he l atter of
2 ossa maxil l ari a superi ora,
222 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

T he l ower e x tremi ti es i
c onta n,
I n th e thigh s, 2 fe mora.
2 t i b i ae ,
I n the leg s 2 pate l l ae
2 fi b u lee
.

2 astrag al i ,
2 c al c aner, or ossa c al c i s,
2 ossa n avrc ularra,
In the tarsi , 2 ossa c u ne iformia m ag n a,
2 ‘ 4
par v a,

2 medi a,
2 ossa c u b oid e a .

I n the metatarsi 1 0 ossa m e tatarsi .

1 0 fi rst or m e tatarsal ph al ang es,
8 m id d l e or se c on d ph al ang es
I n the toes,
l;
1 0 s
t h i rd o r u n g u i n al ph al ang e ,
6 sesamoid b on es.
t

T he w h ol e n u mb er of b on es w il l b e 2 5 9 , or 2 61 . Th ere is
fre q ue ntl y a sm al l b on e o f the sesamoid k i n d in the te nd on of
t he e x tern al h e ad of the g astroc n e m i u s ; an d a rou n di sh b it in
t he hyo t h y roi d ligamen t. If b ot h t he se sh ou ld e xi st, we m u st
-

add 4 to t he re c e di n g n u m b e r.
p
A c om pl e te d ry n at ural sk e l e ton of a mal e su b j e c t of the m id
d le siz e w e igh s from 1 5 0 to 2 00 ou n c es ; t h at of a fe mal e , from
1 0 0 to 1 60 o u n c e s .
O f the b on es j ust e n u merate d , the frontal , sph en o oc c i pi tal ,
-

v omer, l owe r j aw, v e rte b rae, sac ru m , c oc c yx , stern u m , a nd os

l i n g u al e m edi um , are si n gl e , (imparia,)an d b e i ng pl ac e d on the
m iddl e l i ne of the b ody , sy mme tri c al ; al l the oth e rs are d oub l e ,
or in pai rs, pari a, eac h pai r b e i ng c om pose d of a righ t an d l e ft
( )
c orrespondi n g b one . H e n c e the struc tu re of t he w h ol e ske le
t on is sy mm e tri c al ; th at is, if we i magi n e a perpe ndi c u l ar l i n e
to b e d rawn t h ro u g h the w h ol e b ody , fro m b e fore b ac k ward s, it
w i ll di v id e the ske l e ton i n to tw o c orrespon di n g h al v e s, a rig ht
and l e ft— the si ng le b ones h av i ng t h e i r r igh t and l e ft sid es e x
ac tly al i k e .
T h i s ob serv ati on , h owe v er, of the sy mme try of the sk el eton,
is n ot to b e u nd erstood rigorou sly ; si nc e the righ t and l e ft of
the d oub l e b ones, or the r igh t an d l e ft sid e s of the si ng l e on e s,
are n ot ac c u rate l y ali ke . T he righ t or l e ft b one , o r t he righ t
o r l e ft s id e O f a b one , m ay b e l ong e r or s h orter, b road e r o r n a r
‘

r owe r, & c . t h an the ot h e r. T he v ome r is ge ne ral ly b e n t to o ne

sid e — the i nte rn al surfac e o f the sk u l l is se ld om sy mm e tri c al .

T he l ast rib is O ften an i nc h l ong e r on one sid e t h an on the

 M A TERI A M ED I C A . 223

ot h e r T he sternu m is seld om sy m metri c al and the c arti

.
,
~

l ag es o f the 1 ib s are not fix e d to i t e x ac tl y o pposi te to e ac h o th

er . T he arti c u l ati ons o f t he ri b s w i th the spi ne ofte n di ffer
c o nsid e rab ly 0 11 t he t wo sid e s B u t t he sy m me try o f the e x ter
.

n al for m I S n ot di stu rb e d b y t h e se di ffe re n c es I f the r ig ht sid e .

o f a v e rte b ra 1 8 m o re e l e v ate d than t he l e ft the c orrespon di ng ,

pa1 t of t he n e igh b ori ng b o ne o r o f the i n ter v e rte b ral c ar til ag e

, ,

i s ac c o mmod ate d to t he d e v i ati on sot h at t he perpe n di c u l ar l i ne

,

o f t he s i n al c ol u m n 1 8 n o t i m pai red & c

p ,
.

T he si ng l e b on es m ay b e reg ard e d as the m e di a of u n i on of

t he t wo l ate ra l h al v e s w h i c h c onst i tu te t he ske l e ton ; t h e y j o i n
t og e th e r t he se t wo h al v es i nto o ne sol id w h ol e I n t hi s re spe c t .

t h e re is a m arked d i ffe re n c e b e t wee n the b on es an d t he oth e r

o rg an i c i nstr u m e n ts o f l oc o mot i o n t he m usc l e s ,
T he d ia .

h ra m is the on ly m usc l e pl ac e d o n t he m e d i an l i ne and i ts

p g ,

stru c tu re is n ot s y m m e tri c al ; it b e l on g s in a re at m e asu re to

g
the i n te i n al 0 1 o rg an i c l i fe and c orrespon d s i n i ts w an t of sy m
, ,

m e try t o t he arran g e me n ts o f the i n te rn al org an s

,
T he s kel e .

ton b e i n g the b asi s o r poi n t o f su pport of the m u sc l e s as we l l

, ,

as o f al l t he ot h e r 0 1 g a ns c o nst i tu te s an e n ti re and fi rm fab ri c

, ,

an att ri b u te w hi c h i t d eri v e s fro m t he si ngl e b one s w hi c h m ay ,

b e re g ard e d as the ke y sto ne s of the b u ildi n g T he m usc l es .

,

n ot c o n t1 ib ut ing to the sol idi ty of t he an i m al struc t u re are n ot ,

u n i te d i nto su c h a si n gl e an d fi rm asse m b l ag e .

T h e o b se rv ati on w h i c h w e h ave m ad e of the b one s i n g ene

ral t hat t he y i n fl u e n c e an d d e te r m i ne t he form o f t h e soft parts,
,

h old s g ood m ore parti c u l arl y o f t he w h ol e skel e ton Its fo rm .

,

i n al l m e n an d i n all stag e s o f t h e i r li fe c orrespo nd s so e n ti re l y

, ,

to the c onfi u rati on of t h e i r b o dy th at a n e x per i e n c e d e y e

g
,

wou ld e asil y d e te r m i ne from a tol e rab l y pre se r ve d ske l e ton n ot

, ,

o nl y t he ag e a nd se x b u t t he g ro w t h an d m ost st riki ng c h arac

,

te rs o f b od il y fo rmati on of th e i n di v id u al to w h o m i t h ad b e ~

l ong e d H e n c e it is not e nou g h for an arti st to k now the mus

.

c l es he m ust b e gi n w i t h stu d yi n g th e ske l eton H o we v e r n u .

m e ro us t he d i ffe re nc es of i nd iv id u al c onfig u rati on i n the h u m an

r ac e stil l re ta i n i ng i ts g e ne ral c h arac te r an d r ese m b l an c e ao
, ,

c urate e x a m i n at i on w il l sh o w us n o t fe we r d i v ersi ti e s i n the

s tru c t u re fo rm siz e g re ate r o r l e ss e l eg an c e
, , , an d e v e n g re ate r ,

or l e ss fi ne ness and fi rmn e ss i n t he rai n o f t h e b o n e i n h u

g ,

m an s ke l e ton s w hi c h still preserve t he g e n e ral c harac te r

, Be .

sid e s t he se e nd l e ss i n di v id u al trai ts di sti ng u i sh i ng e ac h ske le

,
'

t on fro m o th e rs we fi n d v e i y stri ki ng d ifi e l e n c es ac c o1 d 1 n to
'
0
,

e an d se x .
a
g
Wi th respe c t to the fo rme r of th ese c i rc u mstan c es sk e l e tons ,

h av e b e e n d i v i d e d i nto pe rfe c t an d i mpe rfe c t ; the l atte r n ot v e

r y w e ll c hose n te rm b e i n g appli e d to fce tu ses, to c hild 1 e n , an d
subj ec ts i n w hom t he e pi physe s are n ot t n o lid ated wi th
y e c o s
2211 1 TH E TH O M S O N IA N

the b odi es of the b ones, or c on v e rte d i nto true apop hyses ; ai

t h oug h, in l i
re at on to t he rest of t he struc ture , the b on es are
t h e n as pe rfe c t as in the ad u l t. T he y ou ng e r t he su bj e c t, the
m ore c artil ag e d oe s the sk e l e ton c ontai n . Rec kon i ng from the
t we nti e t h y ear b ac k ward s, t he y o un g e r the su bj ec t the l arg e r is
t he h e ad , c om pare d to the t ru n k a nd l i mb s ; the h e ad is ab ou t
(
o ne h al f of t he b od y in t he se c on d m on th o f u tero g estati on
-

one

fo u rth in t h e n i n t h m ont h : o ne fi ft h at t he ag e o f th re e y e ars ;

and o ne e igh t h w h e n the g ro wt h is c om pl e te t he sm al l e r are
t he b one s of t he fac e , and the l arg e r the org an o f h e ari n g , i n
c om par i son to the c ran i u m ; t he l arg e r are th e fon tan e ll es ; the

fl atter is the l owe r part of the fac e ; the l arg e r the c he st in re

l ati on to the pe l v i s ; the sh orte r the l i mb s ; the l arge r the c l av i
c l es t he sm oot h e r an d fl atte r the b road b on es, and t he ro u n d er
t he c yli nd ri c al b on e s .
T he m al e an d fe m al e sk e l e ton s di ffe r n ot onl y in th e w h ol e
c omb i n ati on , or t he g e n era l i m pre ssi on , from a c o m parati v e su r
v e y , b u t al so i n t he fo rm an d prope r ti es of th e i n di v id u a l arts.
p
T hese d i ffe re n c es, h o we v e r, a re n ot c l e arl y perc e pti b l e , u n ti l
som e e ars h a v e e l apse d afte r b i r th . S oe m m er i n g e n u m e rates
y
t he fo l l o w i n g as the c h arac te rs of the fe m al e .
T he fe m al e ske l e to n is s m al l er and sl e nd e re r in all parts th an
th e m al e . T he r at i o of the h e ad i n c l u di n g t he te e th to the re st
of t he b on y str u c tu re , is g re ate r t h an i n the m al e ; the n u m b e rs
are as 1 to 6 i n t he form e r , 1 t o 8 o r 1 0 in t he l atte r. T he c ir
c u m fe re n c e of the fe m al e sku l l is l arg e r on t he fi rst v i e w , in
sk e l e ton s of the sam e h e igh t. T he sk u l l is l arge r i n proporti on
to the fac e ; i ts foram i n a, the pal at in e ar c h , an d the w hol e c a
v it o f t he m on th , are s m all er . T h e w h ol e th orax is s h orte r
y ;
l arg e r ab o ve , as far as t he fo u rth rib , n arro wer b el o w ; more
m ov ab l e , l ess c on i c al ; m ore c on v e x i n fron t : m ore di stan t from
the pe l v i s, t he i n te rv a l b e twe e n th e l ast r ib and the os i n n om i
n atu m b e i ng g re ate r l ess prom i ne nt anteri orl y , so t h at w h e n
the t run k is su pi n e , t he sy m ph ysi s p u b i s is the h igh est po i n t in
t he fe mal e , t he t h ora x in the m al e su bj e c t. G e ne ral l y , the c ar
til ag e s of t he t r u e r i b s are l on g e r in proporti on to the b on e .
T he v e rte b ral c an al is m ore c apac i o us, and the l ateral ope n i n g s
for t he n e rve s are al so l arg e r. T he spi n ou s proc e sses are l ess
ro m i n e n t ; the ste rnu m is sh orter, e n di n g at th e pl ane of t he
p
fou rth r ib , w hil e i t re ach e s to t he pl an e of t h e fi ft h in th e m al e .
T he loi n s are l on g e r, and the angl e b e twee n the l ast l u m b ar
v e rteb ra and t he sac ru m, c onsti tu ti n g the promontor y , is m ore
ac u te .

A ll the di am e te rs of th e pel v i s are g reate r ; the c ri stae and

tub erosi ti es of the ossa i n n om i n ata fur th e r apart ; the spac e he
 2 26 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

T he l u mb ar v e rteb rae are l ong e r and more sl end e r ; the sa

c ru mb road er and m ore e x c av ated .
T h e ossa c oc c ygi s are s mall e r, more m o v eab l e , an d di rec te d
more forw ard s S om e h av e o b serv e d , t h at fi ve of these b one s
.

a re m e t w i t h m ore fre q u e n tly in t he fe m al e t h an i n t he m al e .

T h e ossa i n n om i n ata are b road e r, fl atter, an d m ore e x pand ed

h oriz on tal l y . T he an gl e forme d b e t we en the d esc e ndi ng ra
mu s o f the pu b es and the sy mph y si s is m ore open T he angl e
.

b e twee n the ossa pub i s is ac u te i n the m al e , b ut o f 8 0 d eg to .

9 0 d eg i n t he fe m al e, w h e re i t approac h es m u c h m ore to the

.

fig ure of an arc h .
T he i sc h i ati c t ub e rosi ti es are l ar g er an d smooth e r. T he
s pac e b e t w e e n t he t u b e rosi ty a n d t he a c e tab u l u m is sm al l e r ;

t he i sc hi ati c n otc h m ore c on sid e rab l e the for ame n o v al e l ar g

e r ; the n otc h for the te n d on of th e o b tu rator e x tern u s l e ss c on

sid e rab le .

T he c l av i c l es are l e ss strongl y c ur v ed , so th at t he sc apu l ae

are th ro wn b ac kw ard s t he m al e c l av i c l e s are m ore arc h e d , an d
th e s h ou ld e rs t h e re fore b rou gh t m ore forward s I n the m al e
.

ske l e to n, t he c l av i c l e s are i n c li ne d a l i ttl e d ow nw ard s, so as to

form an o b t use angl e w i t h the ste rn u m ; w h i l e t h e y form ne ar

l y a r igh t angl e in the fe m al e .
T h e fe m al e sc apul ae are sm al l e r, sl end e re r, fl atter, and hav e
ac u ter an g es. l
I n the femal e , the t h igh b on es a re b e nt m ore fo rw ard s ; the
ne c k form s a g re ate r an gl e w i t h t he b ody ; the i nte rn al c on dyl e
is l arg e r, m ore prom i n e n t, and l ong e r, in c o mpari so n w i th t he
e x te rn al .

T h e re di ffe re nc e s in some parts of the sk e l e ton in the v a

are

riou s r ac e s of m an ki n d ; th at is c e rtai n c h arac te rs b y w h i c h

,

t h e y c an b e di sti ng u i s h e d fro m e ac h oth er T he h ead is the

.

art i n w h i c h the st rong est di sti nc ti v e m arks are o b se r v ab l e

p .

T he n ati on al di ffe re n c es in stature in t he siz e l e n g th and

, , ,

proporti on o f the l i mb s & c m ust b e ac c om pani e d w i t h c or res

,
.
,

pondi n g v ari ati o ns in the b o ny fab ri c B u t t h e re are n o pe e n

.

l iarities of form in the i n di v id ual b on es n o v ari e ti es in the c on

,

fig urati on o f proc e sses o r arti c u l ar h ead s or c av 1 ties n or in

, ,

t h e i r m u tu al ad aptati on .

T he i ndi v id u al di ve rsi ti es o f siz e an d form m u st b e atte nd e d

w i th d i ff e re nc es i n the ske l e ton T he b ones are some ti mes
.

l onge r some ti mes t hi c ke r T he h e ad m ay b e c o m parati v e l y

,
.

l arge or sm al l ; the s h ou l d e rs b road or c ontrac te d ; t he t h orax

fl at o r pro m i ne nt ; the v e rte b ral c ol u m n m ore o r l ess c u r v e d ;
th e l oi ns t hi c k or sl e nd e r ; the t high s or l eg s t he fi n g e rs and
,

toes l ong e r o r sh o rte r & c

, ,
.

F o od se e m s to h av e no i nfl ue nc e on the sk e l e ton .

Ex te rnal c auses h ave c e rtai nl y i n some i nstanc es, ifluenc ed

,
 M A TERIA M ED I C A . 227

parti c ul ar parts i n indi v id ual s ; as the appli c ati on of artifi c i al

“

pressu re to the h ead of the n e wl y b orn . T he effe c t o f anal o

g ou s pressure in c ontrac ting the fee t o f the C hi n ese wome n ,
'

prod uc i ng an c hyl osi s of the arti c u l ati on s, an d t h u s re nd eri n g

t h ese i nstru me n ts of l oc omoti o n n e a rl y u se l ess is we l l k n o wn .
B ut a m ore d e struc ti v e proc ess is t h at of the t igh t l ac e d stays
of fe mal es, w ho c h oose to fan c y th at b e au ty c onsi sts .i n h av i n g

t he c h est l arg e ab o ve an d n arro w b e l ow, a l th ou gh n atu re has

r e v e rse d the se p ro or ti o ns. T h e r i b s a re c ontrac te d ; the i n fe
p
r i or ape rtu re of the c h est n arro we d ; t he l i v e r, stom ac h , and

oth er ab d o m i n al v i scera, su b j e c te d to a se ve re an d m ost inj u ri

o us re ssure , b
p t hi s b arb aro us rac ti c e of c i v iliz e d peopl e . We
y p
h av e se en t he fi g u re of t he th orax q u i te al tere d b y th i s prae
t i c e ; the l owe r ri b s b e i ng pu sh e d in on the l i ver, an d h av i n g .

l eft d e ep i n d e ntati ons in that org an .

T he eflec t of artifi c i al c au se s in m odi fyi ng the form has, h ow
ev e r, b e e n mu c h e x ag g e rate d ; t he rou n d sh a e of t he S ku l l in
p
the T urk s b e i n g asc r i b e d to t h e i r turb ans, (Se c . A c h an ge i s
on l y to b e effe c te d b y c onsid e rab l e an d c on ti n u e d
“

ressu re on
p
the b on es i n t h e i r g row i n g state . T h ese al terati ons are m erel y
i ndi v id ual ; t h e y d o n ot affec t t he rac e ; as the offspr i ng are
b orn wi th the ordi n ar y form ati on and c h arac ters of the spec i es.

N ol a — C al c i ne d hu m a n b on es ac c ordi n g to B e rz el i us, are

c om pose d , i n 1 00 parts, o f ph osph ate o f l i me , 3 fi u ate of
l i me , 1 0 l i me , ph osphate of m ag nesi a, 2 sod a, an d 2 c ar
b on ic ac id . 1 00 parts of b one s b y c al c i n ati on are re d u c e d to
6 3 . F o u rc roy and V au q u e li n fou n d th e fo ll ow i n g to b e the
c om posi t i on of 1 00 parts o f o x b on e s — 5 1 sol id g e l ati n
,

h h ate of l i m e , 1 0 c arb on ate of l i m e d h h

p osp ,
an p o s
p ate of
m ag nesi a ; b u t B erz e l i u s gi v es the fol l ow i ng as t h e i r c on stitu
e nts : c ar til ag e , ph osph ate of l i me , 3 fi u ate of l i me ,
c arb onate of l i me , p h osph ate of m ag nesi a, an d
sod a, w i th a l i ttl e c omm on sal t.
 M A TERIA M ED I C A .

B A C K V IEW O F THE S K EL ETON .

H EA D . 50 F ir st p hal anx
of the th um b .
1 O s p ar i e tal e , or b r e g m a ti s . 51 S e c o n d p ha l anx
2 F oram e n p ar ie ta l e . 52 F ir s t p hal a n x
3 M al ar p r o c e ss of t he os fr on tis. 53 S e c o nd p hal anx of f or e fi n g e r .
4 0 5 m ales . 54 T hi r d p h al a nx
5 Z y g om a . 55 F i r st p ha l an x
q
6 S u am ou s p or tion of t he t e m p oral 5 6
57
S e c on d p h al anx of m iddl e fi n g er .
T h ir d p h al anx
‘

b o ne .

7 M ast o id f oram e n. 58 F ir s t p hal anx

8 M a sto id p r o c ess . 59 S e c on d p hal anx of r in g fi ng er .
9 S ty l oid p r oc e ss. 60 T h ir d p ha l a nx
1 0 O s occ i pi t i s . 61 F ir st p hal an x
1 1 L ow e r j aw . 62 S ec o nd p ha l an x of littl e fi ng er .
K
T RU N . 63 T h i r d p h al a n x
L O WEE EX T REM I T I ES .
'

S ev e nth c erv i c al v er t eb r a.
T w e l fth d or sal v e r t eb ra . 64 T hig h b on e .
F if th l u mb ar v er teb ra . 65 I ts n ec k .
S a c ru m . 66 j
T r o c hant er m a or .
O s c oc c y g is. 67 T r o c ha nter m in or .
I le u m . 68 Ex ter n al c ondy l e .
P u b e s. 69 I n t er n al c on d y l e .
I sc hi u m . S em il u n ar c ar til ag e.
F or a m e n ov al e . 70 T i b ia . 1

F i rst r ib 71 I ts e xt e r nal c ond yl e .

Eig hth or fi r st fal se r ib . 72 I ts i n te rn al c on d yl e .
T w e lf t h r i b . 73 I nte r n al m all e ol u s.
U P P ER EXT REM IT I ES . 74 F ib u l a .
Cla vic l e . 75 I ts h e a d .
S c a pu l a . 76 Ext e r n al m all e olu s.
S pin e of the sc ap ul a . 77 A stra g a l u s.
A c rom io n . 78 O s c al c i s.
H u m e r u s. 79 O s c u b oid eu m .
G r e a ter t ub er osity . 80 O s n av i c u l ar e .
Exte r n al c on d y le
. 81 O s c u n e if orm e p r imu m .
I n ter n al c on dy l e . 82 D o. d o. se c u n d um .
Ra di u s . 83 Do . d o. t e r tiu m .
I t s h e ad . 84 M e tatar stal b one of t h e g r e at t oe.
'

U l na . 85 D o. d o . of the sec on d t oe .
O l ecr a n on . 86 D o . d o o f th e t h ir d t oe .
.

O s n av i c ul ar e . 87 D o . d o . of t he f ou r th t oe .
O s l u nar e . 88 D O . d o . of th e fi fth t oe .
O s c u n ie f or m e , or tr iq u e trurn .
O s p isifor m e . fig S esam oid b on e s.
j
O s m u l ta n g u l um m a u s. 91 F irst p h al anx of t he g r eat t oe .
O s m u l ta ng u l u m m i n u s. 92 Do d o of th e se cond toe .
. .

O s c a p it a t u m
. 93 D o . d o of th e t hi r d t oe
. .
'

O s h a m a t u m , or u nc if or m e . 94 S e c on d p ha l anx of t h e t hir d toe .

M e t ac a r pa l b one of t he t hu mb . 95 F i r st p h al a nx
D o . d o o f the f or e fi n g er .
. 96 S e c on d p hal an x of the f our th t oe .
D o . d o o f t he m i d dl e fi n g e r .
. 97 T h ir d p ha l an x
Do . d o . of the r i ng fi n g e r . 98 F ir st p h al a nx
Do . d o. o f t he li ttl e fi ng er . 99 S e c on d p hal anx of the fi fth toe .
S e sam oid b one . 10 0 T hir d pha lanx
23 2 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

DES C RIP T IO N O F T H E T RU N K , IN T ERN A L OR ,

G A N S , A N D EXT REM I T I ES .

I n n atu ral phil osoph y , all b odi es are di v id e d i nto pond erab l e
an d i m pond e rab l e .

T he fi rst a re t h ose w h i c h m ay ac t u pon se v e ra l o f o u r sen

se s, an d of w hi c h the e x i ste n c e is su fli c ie n tl y e stab l ish e d ; of
'

t h i s ki n d are sol id s, fl u id s, an d g ase s . T he se c on d are th ose

w hi c h , i n g e neral , onl y ac t o n one o f ou r sen se s, t he e xi ste n c e
of w hi c h is b y no m e an s d e m on strate d , a n d w hi c h , e h
p r aps, are
o nl f orc e s, o r a m odifi c at i on o f ot h e r b odi e s
y ; suc h are c al or i c ,
l igh t, the e l e c tri c and m ag ne ti c fl u id s.
P on d e rab l e b odi es a re e nd o we d w i th c o mmon or g e n eral
r o e rt i e s, and l i ke wi se wi th parti c u l ar or se c on d ary ti
p p p pr o e r es.

T he g e ne ra l prope rti es of b od i e s are— e x te n t, d iv i s i b i l i ty,

i m pe ne trab il i ty, mob il ity . A pond erab l e b ody o f w h atev e r ,

k i nd , al ways presents t h e se fou r prope rti es c om b i n ed . S ec on d

a ry prope rti es are v ar i o u sl y d i stri b u te d am on g d i ffe re n t b odi es,

as h ard ness, po rosi ty , e l asti c i ty , fl u idi ty , 65 0 . T h e y c on sti t u te ,

b y the i r c om b i n ati on w i th t he g e ne ral p rope rti es, the c o n di ti on
o r state of b od i es . I t is b y g ai n i n g or l osi n g so me of t h e se se
c ond ary prope rti e s t h at b od i e s c hang e t h e i r s tate ; fo r i n stan c e ,
w ate r m ay appear u n d e r the f orm o f ic e , of a fl u id , or of v a p or,
al th o u g h i t is al way s t he same b od y .

B odi e s are s imp l e o r c omp ou n d .

S i m pl e b odi es are r are l y m e t w i t h in n ature ; th e y are al most

a l ways th e prod uc t o f art, an d w e e ve n n am e t h e m s i m pl e , on ly

b e c ause a rt h as n ot arri ve d at th e i r d ec o m posi ti on. A t p re se n t,

t he b odi e s r e g ard e d as si m pl e a re the fol l o w i ng : o xyg e n , c h l o
r i n e , i odi n e , fl uori n e , su l ph u r, hyd rog e n , b o rac i u m , c a rb on ,
“

h o s h o ru s, az o te , sil i c i u m , zi rc on i u m, a l u m i n u m , y tt ri u m , g l u
p p
c iu m , m ag n esi u m , c al c i u m , stro nti u m , b ari u m , sodi u m , poras

si u m , m ang an ese , zi n c , i ron , tin , a rse n i c , m ol yb d e n u m, c h ro m i

um, tu n g ste n , c ol u m b i u m , anti m on y , u rani u m , c e r i u m, c o b al t,

t i tan i u m, b i sm u th , c oppe r, te l l uri u m , n i c k e l , l e ad , m e rc u ry , os
m i u m , si l v e r, r h odi u m, pal l adi u m , g ol d , pl ati n u m, i ridi u m , se
le n iu m , l i th i u m , thore n u m, wood , aniu m, c ad m i u m .

C o m pou nd b odi e s o c c ur e v e ry w h e re ; th e y for m the m ass o f

the gl ob e , and o f all t he b e i n g s w hi c h are se en on its s u rfac e .
T hi s d i ve rsi ty of b odi es is e x tre me l y i mportan t ; it d i v id es
t h e m n at u rall y i n to t wo c l asses ; b odi es t he c o mposi ti on o f
w h i c h is c on stan t are n ame d b ru te , or g ross, i nert, i n org ani c ;
b u t t h ose (the e l e me nts of w hi c h c onti n u all y v ar y, are c al l e d
l i v i ng , org an iz e d b odi e s.
B rute an d org an iz ed b odi es di ffe r from e ac h oth e r, i n respe c t
m — d f m i — 3 d of the l aws w hi c h re g u l ate
1 st of fo r 2 o c o
p os tio n
t h e i r c h anges of state.
 M A TERI A M ED I C A . 23 5

V IS C ERA ,

In anatomy, is a term origi n al l y appl i e d to the b owe l s o r ih

testine s, b u t n o w u se d i ndi sc ri mi n ate l y for the o rg ans c on tai n
e d in an
y c a v i ty o f t he b od y — as t he H e art L u n gs Thy m u s
, , ,

S to mac h , I n testi nes, L i v e r, S pl e e n , P an cre as, Epi pl oon, and

G enerati on .

D ESC RI P T I ON or P L A T E 3,

B e i ng fron t v i e w of the c h est and ab d ome n in a ne wl y

a .

b orn c h il d ; t he stern u m and ne igh bo ri n g part of the r i b s, w i th

the c o rres pon di n g pl eu rae , the fron t of the ab d o m i n al pari e tes
and di aph rag m, h av i ng b e e n c u t t h ro ugh and r e mov e d .

1 O s hyoid e s.
2 2 P orti on of the s te rno -
hyoid eu s and o mo -
hyoid e us mus
l
c e s.

the ste rno—th yroideu s t u rne

O
O 3 P io rt o n of d b ac k.
4 Th y roid c art i lage .
‘
U 5 H yo t hyroid e us
-

O 6 Th yroid gl and 7 T rac h e a . .

8 8 P o rti on of the ste r no c l e i d o m astoid e us -

.

9 9 C l av i c l e. 1 0 1 0 F i rst rib .

11 11 N i nt h rib . 1 2 Th y mu s .

13 15 Righ t l u ng : 1 3 i ts superi or l ob e ; 1 4 middl e l obe ; 1 5

, , ,
i n feri o r l ob e .

16 17 L e ft l un g : 1 6 u pe rior l ob e ; 1 7 the i nfe ri or l ob e ,

.

18 P e ri c ardi u m . 9 Di aph ragm .

20 2 1 L i ve r : 20 thg righ t l ob e ; 2 1 t he l e ft l ob e
, , .

22 S uspensory l ig ame nt of t he l i ver .

23 T he u mb ili c al v e i n tur ne d b ac k 24 T he spl e en . .

25 2 6 G re at ome ntu m : 25 , its po rti on l yi n g on the mesoc ol on;

2 6 l oose porti on
,
.

27 2 7 A rc h of the c ol on .

28 L e ft porti on o f the c ol on 29 T he r igh t port i on. .

30 30 3 0 T he j ej unu m fill ed partl y wi th mec oni u m partl y

, ,
w i th air .

31 31 3 1 T he i l e um .

32 U ri n ary b l add er wi th its fu n d us turned forward s

, .

33 3 3 U mb il i c al artery 3 4 U rac h us
. .

35 I nternal surfac e of the pe r i ton e um .

36 36 I nte rnal j ug ul ar v e i n .

37 37 T hy roid v e i n .

38 38 S ubc l av i an v e i n .

3 9 39 C ommon c arote d ar te ry .

4 0 40 S ub c l av i an arte ry 4 1 (Esoph a us . g .
 M A TERI A M ED I C A . 23 9

D ES C RI P T I O N 0 ? P L ATE 5 .

T he h eart and l arge v essel s onl y are see n in the c h e st the ,

o th e r
parts h av i ng b e en re mov e d T he sm al l i ntesti ne is re
.

m o ve d from the a b d o me n and the arc h o f the c ol on is turned

,

u pw ard s.

1 Righ t or pu l m o n ary v e ntri c l e of the h eart.

2 A o rti c o r l e ft v e n tri c l e .
3 A ppe nd i x o f t he rig ht au ri c l e .
4 A ppe nd ix o f the l e ft auri c l e .
5 P u l m o n a ry a rte ry .
6 A o rta .
7 A rte ri a i n no mi n ata.
8 Ri g h t c aro ti d .

9 Rig h t su b c l a v i an .
1 0 L e ft c aro ti d .
1 1 L e ft su b c l av i a n .

1 2 I nfe ri or v e n a c av a c ov e re d b y the peri c ardi um .

1 3 S u pe ri o r v e n a c a v a.
1 4 Ri g h t i nte rn a l j ug u lar ve i n .
L eft i n te rn al j ug u l ar v e i n .
I 6 T rac he a .

17 1 7 T hy roid Orl and . 1 8 T h y roid c artil ag e .

19 1 9 T hy ro ho i d e n s.
20 20 S te i n o thy roid eus d e tac h e d and t urn ed b ac k . (T he
ste r n o h oi d e ns is re m ov e d .
-

)
21 2 1 P art o f the ste rn o c l e i d o m asto id eu s.
- -

2 2 C l av i c l e .
23 2 3 F ii st 1 ib . 24 24 S e c on d rib .
2 5 2 5 C u t e dg e o f t h e di aph rag m .
26 A rc h o f t he c ol o n .

Rig ht porti on o f th e c ol o n .

2 8 P art o f the l e ft c ol o n .
2 9 T ran s ve rse m eso c o l o n .

S tom ac h se e n o b sc u re l y t h rough the me socol on.

3 1 L e ft o r g re at e x tre mi ty of the stomac h .
3 2 S pl ee n .
Ri g ht ki d ne y .
3 4 Righ t porti on of th e c olon .
3 5 C ae c u m and appe n dix v e r mi formi s.
3 6 End o f the i l e u m .

3 7 C om me nc e m e n t of t he j ej u n um .
3 8 M e se nte ry .

3 9 3 9 S ig m o i d fle x u re o f the c ol on .

4 0 I ts me soc ol on .4 1 Re c tu m .

4 2 U ri n ar y b l ad d e r , turne d fo rw ard s and d ownward s.

4 3 4 3 U mb il i c al arte ri e s. 4 4 U rac h u s.
 M A TERI A M ED I CA . 24 3

D ESC RI P TION OF P L A TE 7.
'

V i e w of the th o ra c i c and ab dom i nal v i sc era fro m b e h i n d .

.

T he mu sc l e s o f t h e n e c k and b ac k, the b ac k of the ri b s and the

s i n o us
p pro c esses of the v e rtab rm are re mov e d .

1 1 F i rst rib . 2 2 El e v e nt h r ib .
3 3 T we l ft h I l b w i th t h e di aph rag m and ab d om i n al m usc l e s
’

still att ac h e d T he r i b s are g e ntl y d rawn asid e , to

-

e x pose t he l u ng s.

4 4 S ix t h c e rv i c al v e rte b ra 5 5 S ac ru m
. .

6 6 G l u te us m ax imu s. 7 7 G l u te us m e d nis .

8 8 T he v e r te b ral t he c a o f the d u ra m ate r

,
.

9 T he same , c o v e ri n g t he c aud a e q u i na .

1 0 1 0 T he sc apu l ar: a l i ttl e d raw n asid e .

1 1 1 2 T he l e ft l u n g : l l , su pe ri or l ob e ; 1 2, i n fe r i or l ob e .
1 3 — 1 5 Righ t l u ng : 1 3 , su pe ri or l o b e ; 1 4 , m i d d l e l ob e ; 1 5 , ih
fe rior l o b e .

1 6— 1 8 D i aph rag m : 1 6, c ove ri n g t he le ft l ob e O f t he li v e r, sto

m ac h an d spl e e n ; 1 7 , c o v e ri ng the rig ht l ob e : 1 8 1 8 ,
attac he d t o t he t we l fth rib .

1 9 Ri g h t re nal c apsu l e .
2 0 L e ft ki d ne y .2 1 Righ t kid ne y .
2 2 I n fe ri o r s u rfac e o f t he ri g h t l o b e of the l i v e r.
2 3 L e ft part o f t h e c o l on .

2 4 S ig moid fle x u re O f the c ol on .
25 P orti on of the il e u m.
246 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

9. -
F l RS T V I EW O F T H E H EA RT .

D ES C RI P T I O N O F T H EP L A T E.

(T he c on ve x o r su
per i or su rfac e .
)
Ri g h t au ri c l e 2 I ts appe n dix .
.

L e ft auri c l e . 4 I ts appe n di x .
L e ft pu lmo nar y v e i ns 7 S uperi or v e na c ava.
.

P l ac e fro m wh i c h the pu l monary arte ry has b ee n

A o rta. 1 0 A rte ri a i nn o m i n ata.
L e ft c arotid ar te ry. 1 2 L e ft sub c l av i an artery .
Righ t or i nfe ri or c o ron ary arte ry .
L e ft or su peri or c oronary arte ry.
A nte ri or b ranc h O f the g re at c oronary ve i n.
 M A TERIA M ED I C A . 24 7

1 0 .— S EC ON D V IEW O F T H E H EA RT .

D ESC RIP T I ON OF TH EP L A T E.

(T h h e art and blood v essels see n on the i nfe ri or or flat surfac e

e e

1 Ri g h t auri c l e
) .

2 I nfe ri o r v e na c av a c ut off and ti e d .

3 S u pe ri or v e na c av a. 4 L e ft auri c l e 5 Its appendi x

. .
6 7 Ri g h t pul monary v e i ns .

8 O ne of t he l e ft pu l mo nary v e i ns .

9 Righ t c o ron ary arte ry .

1 0 C irc u mfle x b ranc h o f the l eft c oron ar arter

y y .

1 2 G re at poste ri or b ranc h O f t he g re at c oronary v e i n :

13 1 4 S mall e r poste r i or b ranc h es .

1 5 S m al l b ran c h fro m the righ t auri c l e .

1 6 T r u nk of the g re at c oron ar y v ei n e ndi ng in the righ t

a u ri c l e
.

1 7 A s mal l ve i n o f the h e art o e ni ng i nto the righ t au ric l e

p .
524 8 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

T RU N K
T HE .

T h i s te rm i n anatomy is appl i e d to the b ody stri c tly so c all

, , :

ed . It is di v id ed i nto the thor a x , or c h est— the a b d om en or .

b e l l y— and the p el v is .

N o. 1 1 .

DES CRIP TION OF TH E P L A TE.

Thyroid il ag e
c art .

In tern al j u g ul ar v e i n s co m i n g from the he ad.

The pri nc i pal v e i n s from the arm s, c om i ng t o j oi n the g reat
v e i n.

5 The g re at v e i n de sc en di n g from the h ea d an d u ppe r e xtr a'

m itie s, c all e d the v e n a c ava.
Ri g ht v e n tri cl e of the he art. 7 L e ft v en tri c l e of do.
The g r e at arte ry of the b ody c all e d t he aorta .
A ort i c v e n tri c l e . 1 0 Ri g ht l u n g . 1 1 L e ft l un g
.

Di aphrag m . 1 3 1 3 Ri g ht an d l eft l ob e s of the l i v e r.

Round li g am e nt of the l i v e r.
G all b l adder. 1 6 S tom ac h.
-

S m all i nte sti ne s. 18 S pl e en.

25 0 TH E T H O M S O N I A N

T H E H EA RT .

T he c e ntral org an of c i rc u l ati on the h eart, is si tu ate d b e

t wee n the t wo l ay e rs of pl e u ra, w h i c h c on sti t u te t he m e di asti
n u m, and is e n c l ose d i n a prope r m e m b ran e , t he pe ri c ardi u m .

P T he peri c ardi u m is a fi b rO serous m e mb ran e

e r i c a r d i u m .— -

l ik e the d ura m ate r, an d rese m b l e s t h at me mb ran e in d er i v i n g

i ts se rou s l ay er f ro m t he re fl e c te d se ro u s m e m b ran e of t he v is
c u s w hi c h i t e n c l oses. I t c on si sts, t h ere fore , of t wo l ay ers, an
e x ter n al fi b rous, and an i n te rn al se rou s T he fi b r ou s l aye r is
.

attac h ed , ab ov e , to the g re at v esse l s at the root of the h e ar t

,

w h ere it is c o nti n u ou s w i th t he t h o rac i c fac i a ; an d b e l ow, to

t he te nd i n ou s porti on O f t he di aph rag m T he se rou s me m
.

b rane i n v e sts the h e art w i t h t he c o m me n c e me nt of i ts g reat v e s

se l s, an d is t h e n re fl ec ted u pon the i n ternal su rfac e of the fi

b rous l ayer.
N O. 1 3 .— A N A T OM Y OF TH E H EA RT .*

DES C RI P T I O N O F T H E P L A T E — l T h e r ig h t a ur i c l e . 2 . T he e ntran c e of
.

t he su p e r i or v e n a c av a
. 3 T h e e n tran c e o f th e inf e r ior c av a . 4 t he O p en
. .

in g of the c or onar y v e in, h al f c l ose d b y the c or onar y v al v e . 5 . T h e Eu sta

 M A TERIA M ED I C A . 25 1

T he h e art is pl ac ed ob l iq ue ly i n the c hest, the b as e b e i ng d i .

rec te d u pward s an d b ac kward s towa rd s th e r l g ht sh ou l d e r ; t he

ap ex forward sn and to the le ft, poi n ts to t he spac e b e twe e n t he
fi fth and six th ri b s, at ab o u t t wo or th re e i n c h es from the ste r
num . I ts u nd e r sid e is fl atte ne d , and rests u pon the te n di no us
or t i n o f t he di aph rag m its u pper si d e is ro u nd ed and c on
p o

v e x , an d fo rme d pri nc i pa l ly b y the r ig h t v e n tri c l e , and part l y

b y t he l e ft .S urmou n ti ng the v e n tri c l e s are t he c orre spond i n g

a u ri c l e s, w h ose a u ri c u l ar appe n d ag e s are di re c te d for ward s,

a nd s l igh tl y o ve rl ap t he roo t o f t he pu l mon ar y arter y . T he

u l m n r y a rte r y is t he l arg e a n te r i or v e sse l at t he roo t of the
p o a
h e art ; it c rosse s ob l iq u e l y the c omme nc e me nt of t he aorta.
T he he ar t c onsi sts O f two auri c l es and t wo v e n tri c l es, whi c h
a re re s pe c ti v e l y n ame d f ro m t h e i r posi ti o n, r igh t and l e ft. T he

righ t is t he v e no us sid e o f t h e h e art ; i t r ec e i ves i nto i ts au ri c l e

t he v e n ous b l oo d fro m e very part O f the b ody , b y the superi or
a nd i n fe ri o r c av a e and c o ro nary v e i n . F rom t he au ri c l e the
b l ood passes i n to the v e n tri c l e , an d from t he v e n tri c l e , th rough
’

t he pu l mon ary ar te ry , to the c apill ari e s of the l u n g s. F rom

t h ese i t is re tu rne d as arteri a l b l ood to the l e ft au ri c l e ; from
t he l e ft a u ri c l e i t passe s i nto t he l e ft v e n t ri c l e ; an d f rom the
l e ft v e ntri c l e is c arri e d t h rough the aorta, to b e di stri b u te d to
e v e ry part O f the b ody , an d ag ai n r e tu rne d to the h e art b y the

v e i ns. T hi s c onsti tu te s t he c ou rse of the a d u lt c ir cu la ti bn .

T h e h e art is b est stu di e d i n s itu . I f, h owev e r, it b e re mov

e d fro m the b od y, i t s h o u ld b e pl ac e d i n the posi ti on i ndi c ate d

i n the ab ove d esc ri pti on O f its si tu at i o n . A tran sv erse i n c i si on

s h o u ld t h e n b e m ad e al ong the v e n tr i c u l ar m argi n of the righ t

c h ian v al v e . 6 T he f ossa ov al i s, s urr ou n d e d b y th e an nu lu s ov alis. 7 . T h e

.

t ub erc u l um L ower i . 8 T h e m u sc ul ar p e c tina ti i n t h e a p p e ndix au ri c u lm.

.

9 T he au r ic u l o v en tr ic ul ar op e ning .
.
-
1 0 . T h e c av i ty of t he r ig a l v e n tr i c l e .

1 1 . T h e t ri c u sp id v alv e , a ttac h e d b y the c h or dae t e n di na to th e c ar u m c ol u m

na e 1 3 . T he p u l m o nar y ar ter y , g u ar d e d a t i ts c om m e nc em e n t b y thr e e
se m i lu n ar v alv e s. 1 4 t he r ig ht p u l m on ar y ar t er y , p assin g b e n e a th th e ar c h
.

a nd b e h in d t h e a sce n ding aor ta . 1 5 . T he l e f t p u l m o nar y ar ter a , cr ossin g in

f r ont o f t h e d e sc e n di ng a or ta T h e r e m a in s of t he d u c t us ar te r i o su s, a c ting
.

as a Ii g im e nt b e tw ee n t he p u l m on ar y ar t er y a n d ar c h of the aor ta. T h e ar

r o ws m ark t he c our se O f t he v e n ou s b l ood t hr ou g h t he r t g ht sid e of t he h e a r t .
Ente r i ng th e aur ic l e b y the su p e r ior an d infer ior c av te , i t p a sse s thr ou g h the
a u r ic ul o v e n t ri c u l ar O p en i ng in to th e v e n tr ic l e , a nd t h e n c e t hr ou g h t he p u lm o
-

n ar y ar te r y t o t h e l u n g s . 1 6 T h e l e ft au r i cl e . 1 7 . T h e op e n i n g s of t he f ou r
.

’
p u lm o n a r y v e ins. 1 8 . T h e aur ic u l o v e ntr ic u l ar O p eni ng
-
. 1 9 . T h e l e f t v e ntr i
cle 20 . T h e m i tr al v alv e , at tac he d b y i ts c h or dm t end inae t o two l ar g e c o.
j
.

l u m n ae c a m era, whic h p r o e c t fr om th e w all s of t he v e n tri cl e . 2 1 . T h e c om .

m e nc e m e nt a n d c our se of t h e a sc e ndi ng aor ta b e hin d t he p ulm onar y ar te r y ,

m ar k e d b y a n a rr ow T h e e n tra nc e of t he v e sse l is g u ard e d b y th r e e se m i
. .

l un ar v al v e s. 22 . T h e ar c h O f t he aor ta . T h e c om p ar at iv e t hic k ness O f the tw o

v e n tr ic l es is show n i n t he dia g r am . T h e c ou r se O f the p u re b l oo d t hr ou g h
t h e l e f t side o f t h e h ear t is m ar k e d b y arrow s. T he b l ood i s b r ou g ht f r om
t he l un g s b y t h e f our p ul m onar y v e in s i n to t he l e f t au r i c l e , a n d p asses thr o ug h
t h e a ur i c u l o v e n tri c u l ar O p e n i ng i n to t h e l e f t v entr i cl e, from when c e i t i s c on
-

v e y e d b y the a or ta t o ev e ry p ar t of the b od y .
25 2 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

i l
aur c e , from the ap e n
p dix igh t b ord er and crossed b y a
to i ts r ,

perpe n di c u l ar i nc i si on c arri e d from the sid e of the su pe ri or to

,

t he i n fe ri or c av a . T he b l ood mu st th en b e re m ov e d S ome .

fi ne spec i me ns of w h i te fi b ri n are frequ e n tl y fou n d w i th the c o

ag u l a o c c asi on ally th e y are y e l l o w and g e l ati n o u s T h i s ap
; .

n d c e i v e d t he O ld e r a n ato m i sts w ho c al l e d t h ese su b

p e a ra c e e ,

s tan c es “ po l y pu s o f th e h e a rt th e y are al so fre q u e n tl y fou n d

in the r i g h t v e n tri c l e and so m e ti mes in t he l e ft c a v i ti es
, .

T he r ig ht a u r i c le is l arg e r th an the le ft an d is di v id e d i nto ,

a pri n c i pa l c av i ty or si n us a nd an appe n di x au ri c ul a
, e T he .

i n teri or o f the si n us pre se nts for e x am i n ati on fi v e ope ni ngs ;

tw o v al ves tw ,
o re li c ts of foe tal s tru c ture an d t w o
, pe c u l i ari ti es
i n the prope r stru c tu re of the au ri c l e Th e y m ay b e t h us ar
. ~

rang e d :

S u pe ri or c av a
( ,

I n fe ri or c av a ,

Op eni ng s C oron ary v e i n ,

F oram i n a T heb esii ,

A u ri c u l o v e n tri c ul ar ope n i ng
-

Eustac hi an v al ve
V a lves ,

C oron ary v al ve .

A nn u l u s ov al i s
Rel icts of f ceta l stru ctu re F ossa o v al l s .
,

T u b e rc u l u m L oweri
S tru ctu r e f
o the a u r i cl e
,

M u sc u l i pe c tin ati .

T he s up er i or c a v a re turns the b l ood from the u pper hal f of

the b ody , and ope ns i n to t he u pper and fron t part O f the au r i
c le .
T he i nf e r i or c a v a re tu rns the b l ood from the l ow er h al f of
t he b ody , an d o pe ns i n to the l o we r and poste ri or w al l c l ose to
the part i ti on b e twe e n the au ri c l e s (se ptu m au ric u laru m ) T he .

di rec ti on of th ese two v esse l s is su c h , that a stre am forc e d

t h rou gh the su peri or c av a w o ul d b e di rec te d toward s the a u ri
c u l o ve n tri c ul ar open i n g .
-
I n l ik e m an n e r, a stream ru shi ng
u pward s b y the i nfe ri or c av a, woul d forc e i ts c urre n t ag ai nst

the se ptu m au ric u laru m ; t h i s is the prope r d i rec ti on of the two

c u rre n ts d uri ng fre tal l i fe .

T he c or on a ry v ei n re tu rns the v e nou s b l ood from the su b

stan c e of t he h e art ; it ope ns i nto the aur i c l e b e twe e n the in fe
ri or c av a and the auri c u lo v entri c u l ar ope ni n g , u nd e r c ov er of
-

the c oronar y v al v e .
T he f or a m i n a Theb esu are m i nu te pore li ke ope ni ngs, b y
,
-

wh i c h t he ve nou s b l ood e xh al es di re c tl y from the m usc ul ar

struc tu re of the h eart i nto the auri c l e, w i th ou t e n te ri ng the v e
25 4 TH E T H O M S O N I A N

tric ul ar and h at O f the pul mon ary artery : two apparatuses of

t
v al ves the t ri c u s i d an d se m i l u n ar
, p ; a n d a m usc u l a r an d te n
d inou s apparatu s b e l ongi ng to the tri c uspid v al ve s Th ey may .

b e t h us arrang e d :
A u ri c u l o v e n tri c u l ar O pe n i n g
-

O pe n i n g of the pu l monary arte ry ,

T ri c uspid v al v es ,

S e m i l a 11 ar v al ve s ,

O ho rdae te ndi neae ,

C arne ae c ol u m nae .

T he a ur i c u l o v en tr i c u l a r op en in g is su r ro u nd e d b y a fi
-

b rous r i ng c o v ere d b y th e li n i n g m e m b rane o f the h e art

, I t is .

t he ope n i n g o f c omm u ni c ati on b e tween the righ t au ri c l e and

v e n tr i c l e
.

T he op en ing of the p u lm on a ry a r ter y is si tu ate d c l ose to

t he se ptu m v e n tri c u lor u m o n t he l e ft sid e o f the righ t ve n tri
,

c le an d u pon the a n te r i or aspe c t of t he h e art

,
.

T he tr i c u sp i d v a lv es are thre e t ri an g u l ar fold s of t he l i n i ng

m e m b ran e stre ng th e ne d b y a t hi n l ay e r of fi b ro us ti ssu e T h e y
,
.

are c on n e c te d b y t h e i r b ase arou n d t he a u ri c u l o v e n tr i c u l ar

O e n i ng and b y t h e i r sid es an d api c e s w h i c h a re t h i c ke n e d

‘

p , ,

g i ve attac h me nt to a nu m b e r O f sl end er te ndi n ous c o rd s c all e d ,

c h ord ae ten di ne ae T he chor d ee ten d in ece are t he te nd o ns of t he

.

t hi c k m u sc u l ar c ol u m n s (c ol u m n ea c a r n e ce ) w hi c h stan d out
fro m the w al l s of th e v e n tri c l e an d se r v e as m usc l es to the
,

v alv es . A n u m b e r of th ese te n di n ou s c ord s c on v erg e to a sin

g l e m u sc u l ar attac h m e n t T h e tri c u s id v al ves
.
p p i ev e n t t h e

re g u rgi tat i o n of b l ood i n to the au ri c l e d uri ng t he c on trac ti on of

the v e ntri c l e an d t h e y are pre ve n te d fro m b e i n g t h e mse l v es
,

d ri ve n b ac k b y t he c h ord ae ten d i neae and t h e i r m usc u l ar attac h

,

m e n ts.
T h i s c onne c ti on O f the m u sc ul ar c ol u mn s of the h e art to the
v al v es h as c a u se d t h e i r d i v i si on i nto ac t i v e an d passi v e
,
T he .

a c ti v e v al v e s are the t r i c u spid an d m i tral ; t he p a ss i v e the ,

m e re fo ld s of l in ing mem b ran e v iz the se m il u n ar Eustac h i an

.
, ,

an d c oron ar y .

F rom t he re m arkab l e al rang e me n t of the v al v es it fol l ows , ,

th at i f the r ig ht v e ntr i c l e b e ov e r di ste n d e d t he t hi1i or ,y i e ld
i ng w al l w ill gi ve w ay an d c arry w i t h it the c o l u m n s o f t he
”
,

a n te r i o r an d r igh t v al v es T he c 0 1 ds c onne c te d wi t h th ese

.

c ol u m ns w il l d raw d o w n t he e dg e s of the c orrespon di n g v al ve s ,

and prod uc e an ope n i ng b e twe e n the c u r tai n s t h rou gh w hi c h ,

t he supe rab u nd an t b l ood m ay e sc ape and the ve n tri c l e b e re lie v

,

e d from ov e r p1 e ssa re Th i s b e au ti ful me c h ani sm 15 the re fore

.

ad apte d to fulfi l the fu nc ti on of a sa fe ty v al ve .

T he colu m n ce c ar n ece (fl eshy c ol u mns) is a n ame e x pressi ve

 M A T ERI A M ED I C A . 55

of th e appe aran c e of t he i nte rnal wal ls

i l wh ic h of the v e n tr c e s,
‘
see m fo rm e d o f m u sc u l ar c o lu mn s i n terl ac i n i n al m ost e v e r
g , y
d i re c t i o n T he y a re di v id ed i n to t h re e se ts ac c ordi ng to the
. ,

m ann e r o f t he i r c o nne c ti o n 1 T he g reater n u mb e r are at

. .

t e c he d b t he w ho l e o f o n e sid e a nd m e re l y fo r m c on v e xi ti es
y ,
i n to t he c av i ty of the v e n tri c l e 2 O the rs a1 e c on ne c te d b y . .

b oth e x t1 e 1n itie s b e i n g fre e in the m iddl e

,
3 A fe w (c ol u m . .

n m pa illa i e s are attac he d b o n e e x t1 e m ity to t he w al l s o f the

p ) y
h eart and b y t he ot he r gi v e i n se rti on to t he c h ord a te ndi nee
, .

T he s em il u n a r v a lv e s t hree 1 11 n u m b e i are si tu ate d aro u nd ,

the c o m m e n c e me n t o f t he pu l mo n a ry a rter y b e i n g form e d b y a , .

L,
fold in g o f i ts l i n i n g m e m b ran e sti e ng the ned b y a thin l ay er of
,

fi b ro us ti ssue T h e y ai e attac he d b y t he i r c on v e x b ord e rs and

.
,

free b y t he c onc av e w h i c h w e d i re c te d u pwai ds in the c ou rse

o f the v e sse l so t h at d u ri n g the c u rre n t o f b l ood al on g t he ar
, ,

t e ry t he y are pressed ag ai nst t he si d e s of the c yli nd e r ; b u t if

,

an y atte m t at r e g urgi tati o n e n su e t h e are i m m e di atel y e x

p y ,
.

pand e d a n d e ff e c tual l y c l ose the e n t ran c e o f the tu b e

, T he .

m argi ns of the v al v e s a re thi c ke r th a n t he re st of the i r e x ten t ,

an d e ac h v al v e e se n ts i n t h e c e n t re o f t h i s m a1 g i n a sm al l
p r

fi b ro c a rtil agi nous tu b e rc l e c al l e d c orp u s A r a n ti i w h i c h l oc k s

o , ,

i n w i th t he t wo o th e 1 s du ri n g t he c l o su re o f the v al v es and se ,

c u res t he t 1 ian u l ar s ac e t hat w ou ld o the r w i se b e l eft b th e

g p y
a ro xi m ati on o f th re e se m il u n ar fold s
pp .

B e t we e n t he se m il u n ar v al ve s a nd th e c y l i nd er of the arte ry
a re t h re e o uc h e s c all e d t he u l m on a r y s i n u ses S i m il ar si
p p ,
.

n u ses are si tu ate d b e n e at h t he v al v e s at the c o m m e n c e m e n t of

t h e aorta an d are m uc h l a rg e r and m ore c apac i o us t h an t h ose
,

of t he pu l m on ar y a rte r y .

T he p u lm on a ry a r tery c om m e nc es b y a sc al l ope d b ord er ,

c or re spon d i n g w i t h the t h ree v a l v es w h i c h are attac h e d al on g ,

i ts ed g e .I t is c on n ec te d to the v e n tri cl e b y m u sc u l ar fi b re s ,
and b y t he l i n i n g m e m b ra n e o f t he h e art .

T he l ef t a u r i c le is som e w h at sm al l e r t h an th e r igh t ; of a c u
b oid fo rm and si tu ate d m o re po ste ri orl y
,
T he app en dix a u .

r i c u l ae is c onstri c te d a t its j u n c t i o n w i t h t he au ri c l e an d h as an ,

ab o resc e n t a e i t i s d i re c te d for w a rd s t o ward s th e root

pp a r an c e ;
o f t he pu l m on ar
y arte r y t o w hi c h the au ri c u l ae of b ot h sid es ap
,
ar to c o n v e rg e
p e .

T he l e ft au ri c l e I S to b e l aid o pe n b y a sh a e d i n c i si on the
p ,

hO l lZ O fl i l l se c ti on b e i ng m ad e a l on g t he b o rd e r wh i c h i s at tac h
’

e d to t he b ase o f the v e ntri c le .

I t pre se n ts for e x am i n at i o n fi ve ope n i ng s an d the m usc ul ar ,

stru c tu 1 e o f the appe n d ix ; t h ese a re

F ou r pu l mo nar y v e i n s ,

A uri c u lo v e nt ri c u l ar open i n g
-

M usc ul l
pec t i n ati.
 25 6 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

T he p u lm on a ry v ei n s , t wo from the righ t and two from the

l e ft l ung , O pe n i nto the c orrespondi n g sid e s of the auri c l e . T he
t wo l e ft pu l mon ary v e i ns te rm i n ate fre q u e n tl y b y a c om mon
ope m n
g .

T he a u r i cu l o v en tr i cu l a r op en i ng is the ape rtu re of c ommu

-

mi c ati on b etween the au ri c l e a nd v e ntri c l e .

T he m n sc n l i p ec ti n a ti are fe we r in n u m b e r t h an in the righ t

a ur i c l e , and a re s i t u ated o n l y in t h e appe n dix au ri c u l ae .

L ef t v en tr i c l e — T h e l e ft v en tri c l e is to b e o pe ne d b y m ak
i ng an i n c i si on a l i ttl e to the l eft o f the se ptu m v e n t ri c u l oru m ,
an d c on ti n u i ng it arou n d t he ape x of t he h e ar t, to the a u ri c u l o

v e n tri c u l ar ope n i n g b e h i nd .
T he l eft v e ntri c l e is c on i c al , b ot h in e x tern al fig ure and in
the form of its i ntern al c av i ty I t forms t he ape x of the h e art,
.

b y proj e c ti ng b e y on d the r igh t v e ntri c l e , w h il e the l atte r has

the ad v antag e i n l e ng th tow ard s the b ase I ts wal l s are ab ou t
.

se v e n l i n es i n t hi c kn ess, t h ose o f t he r igh t v e n tri c l e b e i n g ab ou t

t wo l i ne s an d a h al f.
I t prese n ts for e x am i nati on i n its i n teri or, t wo O pe n i n gs, t wo
v al v e s, and t he te n di n ou s c ord s an d m u sc u l ar c ol u m ns ; t h e y

may b e t h u s arrang e d :
A i l i
u r c u o v e n tr c u ar open n
-
l i g ,

A orti c O pe n n i g .

M i tral v al v es,
S e mil u n ar v al ves .

C h ord ae te ndi n eae,

C ol u m n ee c arn e ae .

T he a u r i cu l o v en tr i cu l ar
-
O
p e n i ng is a d e n se fi b rou s ri n g ,
c overe d b y the l i n i n g m e m b rane of t he h e art, b u t sm al l e r i n

siz e t h an t hat of the righ t sid e .

T he m i tr a l v a lves are attac h e d arou n d the au ri c u l o v e n tri -

c ul ar open i n g , as are the tri c u spid i n the r igh t v e n tri c l e . T hey

are t h i c ke r than the tri c u spid , an d c o n si s t o f on ly t w o se g me n ts,

o f w hi c h the l arg e r is pl ac ed b e t we en t h e au ri c u l o v e n t ri c u l ar -

ope n i n g and the c om me nc e m e n t o f the a orta, a nd ac ts the part

o f a v al v e t o t h at foram e n , d u ri n g the filli n g of the v e n t ri c l e .

T he d i ff eren c e in siz e o f the t wo v alv e s, b oth b e i n g tri an g u l ar,

an d t he spac e b e tw e e n the m , h as gi v e n ri se to th e id e a of a
“ b i sh o ’s m i tre ” afte r w hi c h th e y are n am e d . Th e se v al v e s,
p ,

l ik e the tri c u spid , are fu rni sh ed wi th an apparatu s of te nd in ous

c ord s, c hor d ee t e n d i n ecc , w h i c h are attac he d to two v e r y l arg e

c olu m n ea c a r n ew
'

T he c olu m n ea c a r n ece ad mi t of t he same arrang e me n t i n to

t h ree ki nd s as on the rig h t sid e . T hose w h i c h are free b y on e
25 8 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

m idd le l aye r to the poste ri or v e ntri c u l ar g roove w h e re it b e

, ,

c o m e s j oi ne d b y fi b res d e ri v e d fro m the ro ot o f t he

pul mon ary
a rte ry .I t t h e n wi nd s spi rall y arou nd the m iddl e an d u ppe r
t hi rd of t he l e ft v e n t ri c l e to the a n teri or b ord e r o f the se ptu m ,
w he re i t is c onn ec te d b y mean s o f i ts i n te rna l su rfac e w i th the
s u e ri or fi b re s d iri v ed f ro m t he ao rta w h i c h fo rm art o f the
p , p
r igh t wal l o f t h e se tum F ro m t hi s poi n t i t is c o n t i n u e d aro u nd
p .

t he u pper t hi rd of t he a nte ri or and poste ri o r s u rfa c e o f the righ t

poste ri o r b o rd e r of the se ptu m w h e re it is c on ,

fi b re s c o n s ti tu ti ng t he righ t sur fac e o f the se p

um . A t the l atte r poi n t the fi b res of t hi s b and
ted u po n t h e m se l ve s l ik e t he stran d s o f a rope
, ,
t he di re c ti on of t he t w i st b e i n g from b e l o w u pw ards T hi s ar .

ra ng e me n t of fi b res is c al l e d b M r S e arl e “ t he rope ; i t is c on

y .

t i nn e d spi rall y u w ard s form i ng the b ri m o f the l e ft v e ntri c l e

p , ,
to the a n te ri or surfac e o f the b ase of t h at v e nt ri c l e w h e re the ,

t wi st i ng of the fi b re s c e ases . T he l on g hand the n c u r v e s in

w ard s to ward s t he se pt u m and spre ad s ou t u pon the l e ft su r
,
fac e o f t he se ptu m i n to the b road and th i c k l aye r of fi b res w i th
w hi c h t hi s d esc ri pti on c o mm e n c ed .

T he m ost i nfe ri o r o f the fi b res of the l e ft su rfac e o f the se p

tu m v e ntri c u l or u m afte r wi n di n g spi rally aro un d the i n tern al
,
su rfac e o f the a e x of th e l e ft v e ntr i c l e so as to c l ose i ts e xtre
p ,

m i ty for m a s mall fasc i c u l us w hi c h is e x c l ud e d fro m the i nte

, ,

r i or of the v e n tri c l e and e x and s in a radi ate d m ann e r ov e r th e

, p
s u rfac e o f t he he art c o nst i tu ti n g i ts su e rfi c i a l l a ye r o f fi b res
, p .

T he di rec ti on o f t h ese fi b re s is for the m ost part O b l iq u e pass

, , ,

i ng from l e ft to r igh t on t he an te ri or and fro m r igh t to l e ft on

,

t he poste ri or su r fac e o f t he h e a rt b e c om i n g m ore l ongi tu di n al

,

n ear i ts b ase an d te rm i n ati n g b

, y b e i ng i nse rte d i n to the fi b rou s
r i ng s of t h e au ri c u l o v e n tr i c u l ar o e n i n g s and o f t he u l m n y
p p o ar
-

ar te ry and aorta . O v e r the righ t v e n tri c l e the su pe rfi c i al fi b res

are i n c re ased in n u m b e r b
y t he a d di t i o n o f a c c essory fi b res

from the r ig ht su rfac e of t he se ptu m w h i c h pi e rc e th e m iddl e ,

l ay e r and take t he sam e di re c ti on w i t h the su pe rfi c i al fi b re s

,

f ro m the ape x of the l e ft v e n t ri c l e an d of oth er ac c essory fi b res

,

from the s urfac e of b o th v e n tri c l es .

F ro m t hi s d e sc ri pti on it w ill b e pe rc e i v e d th at the s u p erfi ci a l ,

l ay er O f fi b res is v e ry sc an ty and is pre tty eq u al l y di stri b u te d

,

o v er t he s urfac e of b oth v e n t ri c l e s T h e m i d d l e l a y e r of b o t h
.

v e n tri c l e s is form e d b y the t wo b and s sh ort an d l on g , B ut the .

i n ter n a l l a y er O f the t wo v e n tr i c l es is v e ry di ffe re n tl y c o nst i

t u te d : t h at o f the l e ft is form e d b t h e spi ral e x pa nsi on o f t he
y
fi b res of the rope and o f the two c ol u m nae piapillares ; th at of
, .

t he righ t re mai ns to b e d esc r i b e d T he se ptu m v e n tri c u l oru m

.

a l so c onsi sts O f th re e l a e rs— a l e t l a e r r adi ate d e x an

y f y t he
, p
s i on of the rO e and c arneae c ol u mna ; a m i d dl e l a er, the
p y
 M A T ERI A M ED I C A . 25 9

l ong b and ; and a r i ht

g l a y er , b e l on gi ng to the prope r w al l of
t he righ t v en tri c l e , and c on ti nu o u s b ot h i n fro n t and b e h i n d
wi t h the l ong b and , and in fron t al so w i th t he sh ort b an d , and
wi th t he su pe rfi c i al l ay e r o f t he rig ht v e n tric l e .
T he i n ter n a l l ay er o f the righ t v e n tr i c l e is forme d b y fasc i
c u l i o f fi b re s w h i c h ari se f rom t he r i g h t se g m e n t o f the r oot of

the aor ta, fro m the e nt i re c i rc u mfe re n c e o f the root of the p u l

m on ary artery, and fro m the b ases o f t he c ol u m nae papilla re s.
T he fi b res fro m the roo t of t he aorta, assoc i ate d w i t h som e fro m
t he c arneae c ol u m n ae , c on sti tu te a l ay e r w hi c h passe s o b liq u e l y
for ward s u pon t he r i g h t si d e of the se pt u m . T he su pe ri or fi
b re s c o mi ng di re c tl y fro m t he aorta j oi n the i n te rn al s u rfac e o f
t he l ong b an d at t he an te ri or b ord e r of t he se ptu m , w hil e the
l ower t wo thi rd s of the l ayer are c onti n u ous w i th the i n te rn al
su rfac e of t he s h ort ha nd , so m e of i ts fi b res pi e rc i n g t h at b an d
to au g m e n t the n u mb er of su pe rfi c i al fi b res . T he fi b re s d e ri v
e d fro m t he root o f t he u l m o n ary ar te r y , c o nj oi n e d w i th th ose
p
f ro m the b ase o f o ue of t he c o l u m nae papil l are s, c u r ve fo rward s
from t h e i r origi n , an d w i n d ob liq ue ly d o w n ward s an d b ac k
w ard s arou n d t he i n tern al su rfac e o f the w al l o f the v e n tri c l e
to the poste ri or b ord e r of the se ptu m , w h e re t h e y b e c ome c on
t in uou s wi th the l ong b and , di re c tl y th at it h as passe d b ac k
ward s thro ug h the se ptu m .

F i b r es of the a u r ic l es — T he fi b res o f the au ri c le s are dis

o se d i n t wo l ay e rs, e x te rn al an d i n tern al . T he i n ter n a l l a e r
p y
i s forme d O f ‘fasc i c u li w h i c h ar i se fro m the fi b rous ri n gs o f t he
au ri c u l o v e ntri c u l a r ope n in g s , a nd
proc e e d u pw ard s, t o e n l ac e
-

w i th e ac h o th e r, an d c on sti tu te t he appe ndi c e s a u ric u l aru m .

T h ese fasc i c u l i are parall e l i n t h e i r arrange me nt, and i n th e
a
ppe n di c es fo rm proj e c t i on s, and gi v e ri se to the appe aran c e
w h i c h is d e no mi n ated m usc u l i pe c t inati . In t h e i r c o u rse t h e y
gi v e ofl b ran c hes, whi c h c o nn e c t adj oi n i ng fasc i c u l i and form
a c ol u m n ar i nterl ac e m e n t b e t we en t h e m .

Ex ter n a l l ay er —T he fi b re s of the righ t au ri c l e h av i ng

.

c o mpl e te d t he a
ppe ndix , w i n d fro m l e ft to rig ht arou nd the r igh t
b ord e r o f t his au ri c l e , and al o n g its an te r i or aspe c t, b e n e at h t he
appe n d ix , to t he an te ri or s u rfac e of the se tu m F rom the se p
p .

t u m t he y are c on ti n u e d to the an te ri or s u rfac e of the l eft a u r i

c l e , w h e re th e y se arate i n to t h re e b and s s u eri or, an te ri or,
p p
-

‘
an d posteri or . T h e sup e r i or b a n d proc e e d s o nw ard s to the
a ppe n d ix , and e nc i rc l es the a e x o f t he auri c l e T he a n te r i or
p .

b a n d passe s to the l e ft, b e n e at h the appe n dix , an d w i nd s as a

b road l aye r c om pl e te l y a rou n d the b ase o f the au ri c l e , and
t h rou gh t he se ptu m to the ro ot o f t h e aorta, to w h i c h it is artl y ;

p
a ttac h e d , an d fro m t hi s o i n t i s c o n ti n u e d o n ward s to t he ap
p
pe nd ix, w h e re its fi b res term i n ate b y i n te rl ac i ng w i th the m u s
c u li pec tin ati. T he pos ter i or b a n d c rosses t he l eft au ri c l e O h
2 60 TH E TH O M S O N IA N

l iq uel y to i ts poste ri or part, and w i nd s fro m l e ft to righ t arou n d

i ts b ase , e n c i rc l i ng the ope n i ng s o f the pul mon ary v e i ns ; some
o f i ts fi b 1 e s are l ost u po n th e su rfac e o f the au ri c l e , ot he rs a re

c ont i n u e d on wa rd s to the b ase o f t he a orta ; an d a thii d se t,

form i ng a s m al l b and , is pro l ong e d al o ng t he an teri or e dge of

t he appe ndi x to its a pe x , w h e re i t is c on t i n uou s w i th the su p e
r i or b a n d . T he se ptu m a u ric u l aru m has fo u r se ts of fi b re s e u
t e ri n g i n to its for m ati o n — 1 T he fi b re s a ri s i n g fro m the au r i
.

c u lO ve tric u la r ri ng s at e ac h si d e ;
-
2 F i b res ari si n g fro m t h e
.

root of t he ao rta, w h i c h ass u w ard s to t he tran sv e rse b an d ,

p p
a n d to the roo t o f t he su e ri o r c av a
p ; 3 T h ose fi b res of t h e an
.

t e r io r b an d t hat pass th rou g h t he l o wer par t o f the se ptu m in

t h e i r c o u rse aro u n d t he l e ft au ri c le ; and , 4 A sl e nd e r fasc ic u
.

l us, w hi c h c rosses t h ro ugh the se ptu m from the poste ri o r par t

o f t he r igh t aur i c u l o v e n n ic u lar ri n g to the l e ft au ri c l e .
-

I t w il l b e i e mar ke d fro m t hi s d e sc ri pti o n , t h at t he l e ft au r i c l e

is c o nsi d e rab l y t h i c ke r an d more m u sc u l ar t h an the righ t .

V essels an d n er v es — T he a r ter i es s u ppl yi n g t he h e art are

t he an te ri or and poste ri or c oron ary .
T he v ein s ac c om pa ny the arte ri e s, and e m pt y t h e mse l v e s b y
t he c o mmo n c oron ar y v e i n i n to the righ t au ri c l e . T he ly m
h a ti cs te rm i n ate i n t he gl an d s ab ou t the root of t he h e art.
p
T he n er v es o f the h eart are d e ri ved from t he c ardi ac pl e x u ses,
w hi c h are for me d b y c o mm u n i c ati ng fil am e nts from the sy m
at h e ti c and e u mog astr i c .
p p n

O RG A N S OF RES P I RA T I O N A N D V O I C E.

T he o rg an s o f respi rati on are the t wo l u n gs, w i t h th e i r air

t ub e , t he trac h e a, to t he u ppe r part of w hi c h i s ad apte d a n ap
a ratus of c artil ag e s, c o nst i tu ti n g the o rg an o f v o i c e , or l ar y n x .
p
L A RY N X .

T he l a r y n x is s i tu ate d at the fore part of the n e c k , b e twe e n

t he trac he a and the b ase of the ton g ue . I t is c om pose d o f c a r
t il ag es , l ig a m en ts , m u s c les, v essels , an d n erv es, and m u cu s
m em b r a n e .
T he c a r t il a g es are — th e
T h y roid ,

C ri c oid ,

T wo A ry te noid ,
Epigl o tti s .

T he thy r oi d is the l a1 ge st c artil age of the l ary n x ; i t c on

s i sts o f t w o l a te ra l po rt i o n s, 0 1 a lce , w h i c h m ee t at an ac u te an

l e 1 n f1 o n t, a n d fo r m th e p i o e c tio n w h i c h i s k n ow n b y th e
g j
n am e o f p om u m A d a m i . Wh e re the pom u m A d am i is promi
n e n t , a b u rsa m u c osa is o fte n fou n d b e tw e e n it and t he s ki n.
Eac h ala is q u ad ril ateral , and forms a round ed b ord er posteri
262 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

r or c orn u a of
i the thy roid and the e tre m t e s of the
x i i g reater
c orn u a o f t he os h yoi d es ; a se sam o id b on e is fou nd i n e ac h .

m
T he t hy r o hy oid ea n em b r a n e i s a b road me mb ran ous l ay
-

e r, oc c u pyi n g t he e n ti re s ac e b e twe e n the t hy roid c artil ag e

p
and os h yo id e s. I t is pi erc e d b y the su peri or l ary ng e al ner v e
and ar te ry .

2 . lig ame n ts c onnec ti ng the t h y roid to the c ri c oid c ar

T he
ti lag e are a l so t h ree in n u m b e r :

T wo c ap s u l a r lig a m en ts wi t h t h e i r sy nov i al me mb ranes

, ,
wh i c h for m the arti c ul ati on b e twee n the i nfe ri or c orn u of t he
a
t hy ro id and the sid e s of the c ri c oid and t he c r i co thy r oi d e a n ,
-

m e m b r a n e t h roug h w hi c h t he operati on of l ary ng o to m y is pe r

,

fo rmed T he l atte r is g e ne rall y c rosse d b y a s mal l arte ry , the

.

i nfe ri or l aryn g e a l .

3 . T he lig am e n ts of the ar y ten oid c artil ag es are four in n um

b er :
T wo c ap su l a r ligy nov i al m em b ranes whi c h
a m en ts an d s

arti c u l ate t he ary te no id c artil ag es w i th t he c ri c o id and t he

°

thy r o a ry ten oi d l ig a m en ts o r c hor d ae v oc a l es w hi c h pass

-

, ,

b ac k ward s from t he re c ed i ng angl e of the thy roid c artil ag e ,

n e ar to its l owe r b o rd e r to b e i nse r te d i nto t he b ase s of t he ar

, y
te noid c artil ag es T he spac e b e twee n these t wo l ig ame nts is
.

t he g lotti s o r r i ma gl ott idi s

,
.

4 . l ig ame nts of the epigl otti s are fi ve in n umb er

T he
1 T h re e fo ld s o f m u c ou s m e m b ran e on e at the m iddl e and
.
, ,

on e on e ac h sid e c all e d f r ce n a ep ig l ott i d i s

,
w h i c h hold the ,

e pigl o tti s b ac k to the ton g ue 2 Ep ig lotto—hy oi d ea n l ig a

. .

m en t w hi c h c on n ec ts t he e pigl otti s to t he posteri or su rfac e of

,

t he os hy o id e s 3 T he l ig a m e n t w h i c h attac h es the e pigl otti s

. .

to t he rec edi n g an gl e of the th y roid c artil ag e .

T he m u sc l es of the l ary n x are e igh t in n u mb er : the fi v e

l arge r are the m u sc l es of the c h ord ae v oc al es and ri ma gl ottidi s ;
t he t h re e s mal l e r a re mu sc l e s of t he e pig lotti s.

T he fi ve m usc l e s of the c hordm v o c al es and r i ma gl ottidi s

are— t he
C ri c o thy roid , -

C r i c o ar yte n oid eu s posti c us,

-

C ri c o ary te noid e u s l ateral i s,

-

T h y ro ary te noid e us,

A ry te noid e us .
 M A TERI A M ED I C A . 263

O . 1 4 .— A N D S I D El V I EWS X
*
P O S T ERI O R EL RY
'

N OF TH A N .

T he c r i co -

thy r oi d m usc l e i
ar se s f rom t he an te ri or su rfac e of
the c ri c o id c a rt i lage , an d is i nserte d i nto the l owe r and i nne r
b ord e r of the t h y ro id .

T he f rom the d e ressi on

’

c r i co a r y te n oi d e u s os ti c u s i
ar se s
p p
-

on t he poste ri or su rfac e o f t he c roic o id c artil ag e , and is i n se rte d

I n to the o u te r angl e o f the b ase o f t he a r te no id .
y
T he c r i c o a ry te n oi d eu s l a ter a lis ari se s fro m the u ppe r b or
-

d er o f the si d e o f t he c ri c oid , an d is i nse rted i n to the ou te r ah

g e of the b ase o f the ary te no id c artil ag e .
l
T he thy r o a r y ten oi d eu s ari se s fro m the rec e di n g ang le of
-

the t h y roid c a rt il ag e , c l ose to t he o u te r sid e o f t he c h ord a v oc a

l is and passe s b ac kwa rd s paral l e l w i th the c h ord , to b e i nse rte d
i nto the b ase of t he ary te n o id c artil ag e .
T he a r y t en oi d e u s m usc le oc c u pi es the poste ri or c onc av e sur
fac e o f t he ar y te n oid c artil age s, b e tw e e n w h i c h it is stre tc h e d .
I t c onsi sts o f three pl an e s o f tran sv e rse a nd ob liq u e fi b re s ;
-

h e nc e it w as for m e rl y c onsid e re d as se ve ral musc l es, u nd er the

n ame s o f tr a n sv e r s i an d ob l i u i .
q
T he th re e m u sc l es of the e p igl otti s are— t he

T h y ro e pigl ottid e us
-

A ry te no e piglottid e us su pe ri or,
-

A ryte n o e pig lo ttid e u s i nfe ri o r (H il ton s musc l e)

’
.
-

.l T h e thy r oid c a r til ag e 2 . O ne of i ts a sc e n ding c or nu a . 3 O n e of

. .

the d esc en din g c ornu a 4 . T h e c r ic oid c ar til a g e . T h e ar y te n oid c ar ti

q
.

l a g es. 6 . T he ar yt e noid e u s m u sc l e , c on sistin g of ob l i u e a n d tr a nsv e r se fa s

c ic al i. . 7 T h e c r ic o ary te n o id e i p osti c i m u sc l e s. 8 . T h e e p igl ott is .
-

O l f h h i d il a g e h as b e e n r em ov e d ] 1 . T h e r e m aining
1 [ t t t ‘
n e a a o e y r o c ar

al a of t he t hy r oid c ar t il a g e . 2 O n e of t h e a r y ten oi d c ar til a g e s . 3 . O n e of

.

t he c or nic u l a l a r y n g is 4 T h e c r ic oid c a rtil a g e

. . 5 . T he cr i c o ar y te noid e u s
. -

s t i c u s m u sc l e 6 . T he c r i c o ar y t e n oid e u s l a teral i s. 7 . T h e t he ar y t e
p o
’

. -

h oid e n s. 8 T h e c r ic o t hy ro id ean m e m b r an e . 9 . O n e hal f of t h e e p ig l o ttis.

-
.

10 . T he u pp er p a r t of t he tra c hea.
264 T H E TH O M S O N I A N .

T he thy ro ep ig l otti d eus appe ars to b e fo1 med b y the upper

fi b re s of t he thy ro ary te noi de us m u sc l e ; the y spread o ut u pon
t he e x te rn al su rfac e of the sac c u l u s l aryn gi s, o n w hi c h t h e are
y
l ost ; a fe w of the an te ri or fi b 1 es b e i n g c o nt i n ue d on ward s to
t he sid e o f the e pigl o tti s.
T he a ry ten o ep ig lottid eu s s u p er i or c on si sts o f a fe w sc at
-

te red fi b re s, w h i c h pass for ward s in t he fol d of m u c u s m e m

b rane fo rm i ng the l atte rai b o u nd ary o f t h e e n tran c e i nto t he la
r y n x fro m t he a e x of t he ary te n oid c ar til ag e to the sid e of t he
p
e
pigl otti s .

T he a r y ten oe p ig l ottid eu s i nf er i or — T h i s m u sc l e was d is

.

c o ve re d b y M r H il ton , an d i s v e ry i m po rtan t i n re l ati o n to t he

.

sac c u l us l ary ngi s, w i t h w h i c h i t is c l ose l

y c o nn e c te
. d I t m ay
b e fou nd b y rai si n g t he m u c ou s m e m b ran e i mme di ate l y ab ov e
t he v e n tri c le o f t he l ary n x . I t ari ses b y a n arro w an d fi b ro u s
o rigi n f ro m the ary te n o id c arti l ag e , j u st ab ov e t he a ttac h me n t

o f t he c h ord a v oc a li s ; an d
passi n g for ward s, an d a l i ttl e u p
w at d s, e x pan d s o v e r t he u ppe r h al f, o r tw o t hi rd s of the sae e n
l us laryg n is, and i s i n se rte d b y a b road attac h me nt i n to the sid e
o f t he e igl otti s.
p
A cti on s — T he c ri c o thy ro id and ary te n oid m u sc l es are c on
-

tr a c tors o f the ri m a gl o tt idi s ; t he c ri co ary te ii oid e u s posti c us

‘
-

a nd l ate ra l i s, a nd the t hy ro a ry te n oid e u s, a re d i l a tors .

-

T he c rie o t h y ro id m usc l e s e l on g ate , and t h e re b y b r i n g tog e

-

t h e r the c h ord ae v oc al es, b y d raw i n g t he t h y ro id c arti lag e d o w n

w ard s an d for ward s ; t he i r poste ri or attac h me n t at th e a1 yte
n oid c a rtil ag e s b e i n g fix e d . T he a1 y te n o id m usc l e appro x i
m ate s the ary te noid c artil ag e s and c o n se q u e n tl y the c h ord ae
v o c al e s, di re c tl y . T he c 1 i c o thy roi d e i post i c i b e i n g attac h e d to
t he o u te r angl e s of t he b ase s o f t he a r y ten oid c arti le g es, d ra w
t h e m f rom e ac h o t h e r, and st 1 e tc h th e c h o rd ae v oc al e s . T he
c ri c o ary te n oid e i l a te ra l e s d ra w t he ary te n oid c a rtil ag e s f1 o m

e ac h o th e r, b u t 1 e lax t he c h ord a: v oc a l e s an d t he t h y ro ar te
-

y
n oid e i i n c rease t he w id t h o f t he gl otti s, b y d i1 ec tl y re l axi ng t he
c h ord ae v oc al es .

T h e thy ro e pig lottid e r s ac ts pri n c i pall y b y c o m pre ssi ng the

gl ands o f th e sac c u l us l aryn gi s and t he sac i tse l f : b y i ts attac h
m e n t to the e pi g l o tti s it wo u ld ac t fe e b l y u po n t h at v al v e . T he
ar te n o e pig lo tti d e u s s u pe ri or se rv e s to k e e p the m u c ou s m e m
y
b rane o f the si d es of t h e o pe n i n g o f the gl otti s te n se , w he n t he
l ary n x is d raw n u pward s, and the ope n i ng c l ose d b y the e pi
g l otti s. O f t he a r te n o e i lottid e u s, the fu n c ti ons a
y p g p pear to

b e , to c om press t he su bj ac e nt gl and s w h i c h ope n i n to t he

o u c h ; t o d i m i n i sh the c apac i ty o f t h at c av i ty , a nd c h ang e
p
i ts form ; and to approx i mate the e pigl otti s and the ary te noid
il g
c ar t a e .
M u cous m em b ra ne — T he lary nx is l i ned b y the mucous
266 TH E T H O M S O N I A N

t h an i n the a male ; the th y roi d c arti l ag e forms a m ore oh

d ul t
t use an gl e an d is l ess fi rm : i n t he m a le the an gl e is ac u te , and
the c a rtil age s ofte n c o n v e rte d i n to b on e .

TH E T RA C H EA .

T he tra che a x te nd s fro m o pposi te the fi fth c erv i c al v erte

e ~

b ra to O pposi te the t hi rd d o rsal w h e re i t d i v i des i n to the two

,

b ron c hi . T he r i g ht b r on c hu s l a rg e r t h an t he l e ft passes o ff
, ,

a t ne arl y righ t angl e s to t he u ppe r part o f t he c orre s pondi ng

,

l u n g T he l ef t d e sc e nd s o b liq u e l y an d passes b ene at h t he arc h

.
,

o f t he aor ta to t he l e ft l u ng
,
.

T he tr a chea is c o mpo sed o f

F i b ro c artil agi no u s r i n gs
-

F i b rou s me m b ra ne ,

M u c o us m e m b rane ,
L o n gi tu d i n al e l asti c fi b res ,

M u sc u l ar fi b re s,
G l a n d s.
T he fi b r o c a r til o g i n ou s r i ng s are fro m fi ftee n to twe nty in
-

n u m b e r, a n d e x te n d fo r t w o t hi rd s a ro u n d the c y l i nd e r o f the
t rac h e a. T he y ar e d efi c i e n t a t t he poste ri o r part, whe re the
t u b e i s c o m pl e te d b y fi b ro us m e m b ran e T he l ast ri n g h as .

u su all y a t ri an g u l ar form i n fro n t . T he ri ng s a re c on ne c te d

to e ac h o th e r b y a m e m b ra ne o f y e l l ow e l as ti c fi b r ou s ti ss u e ,
w h i c h i n the spac e b e t wee n t he e x tre m i ti es of the c artil age s,
oste ri o rl y , fo r m s a d i sti n c t l ay e r
p .

T he l ong i tu d in a l e l a s t i c fi b r e s are si tu ate d i mm e d i ate l y b e

n e at h the m u c o u s m e m b ran e , o n t he poste r i or part o f the t ra
c h e a, a nd e n c l ose t he e n ti re c yl i n d e r o f t he b ro n c h i al t u b es to
,
t h e i r u l ti mate te rm i n ati o n s .

T he m u sc u l a r fi b res form a t hi n l ay e r, e x te n di n g tran sv e rse

l y b e twe e n the e x tre m i ti es o f t he c artil ag es 0 11 t he poste ri or .

su rfac e th e y a re c o v e re d b y a c e ll ulo fi b ro u s l a m e ll a , i n w h i c h
-

are lodge d t he tr a che a l g l a n d s T h e se are sm al l flattene d

.

o v oi d b odi es, si tu a te d i n a g re at n u m b e r be twe e n t he fi b rous

an d m u sc u l ar l aye rs o f t he m e m b r an ou s po rti on o f t he trac h e a

,
and al so b e t we e n t he t w o l ay ers o f e l ast i c fi b ro us t i ssu e c on

n e c ting t he ri ng s T h ey po u r t he i r sec re ti on u pon the muc ous

.

m e mb rane .

T hy r o id g l a n d — T he th y roid g l and is o ne o f th ose org ans

w hi c h it is fo u n d e x t re me l y d i ffi c u l t to c l assi fy , from t he ab
se n c e of a n y posi ti v e k now l e dg e w i th re g ard to its f u nc ti on . It

i s si tu ate d u po n the t rac h e a, and in an an atomi c al arrang e men t

sh o u ld th e re f ore b e c onsid e re d i n thi s pl ac e , al th ou gh b e ari n g

n O pa rt i n t he fu n c ti o n o f res pi rati on.

.

T hi s gl a n d c onsi sts of two l ob es, w hi c h are pl ac ed one on

 M A TERI A M ED I C A . 2 67

e ac h sid e of t he trac h ea ,
a nd are c onn e c te d w i th e ac h other by
‘

m e an s o f an i s thm u s, w h i c h c rosses i ts u pper r i ng s. T h e re is

c o ns id e ra b l e v ar i e ty i n the si tu ati o n and b read th o f this i sth
‘

m u s ; w hi c h s h ou l d b e rec o ll ec te d i n the pe rform anc e of O pe

rati o n s u pon the trac h e a. I n stru c tu re it appears to b e c om
’

ose d o f a d e n se c e ll u l a r are n c hy m a, e nc l osi n

p p g g
a re at n u m

b e r o f v e sse l s. T he g l a n d is l arg e r i n y ou n g su bj ec ts, an d in

fe mal es, th a n in the ad u l t and m al e s. I t is t he se at o f an e n
l arg e m e nt c all e d b ro n c hoc e l e , goi tre , or t he De rb yshi re n e c k .

A m u sc l e is o c casi o nal ly fo u n d c on nec te d wi th its u ppe r b or

d e r o r wi th its i st h m us ; a nd attac h ed , s u pe ri o rl y , to the b od y
o f t he o s hyoid e s, o r t he t h y ro id c a rtil ag e I t was n ame d b y
‘

S oe m me ri n g t he l e v a tor g l a n d u lce thy r oi d ea .

V e ss el s a nd n er v es . —1 t is a b u nd an tl y s u ppl i e d wi th b l ood
.

b y t he s u pe r i o r an d i n fe ri or t hy ro i d arte ri e s. S o me ti mes an
a ddi t i on al arte ry is d e ri v e d fro m t he ar te ri a i n n o m i nata an d
,

asc e n d s u pon the fro nt o f the trac he a, to b e di st ri b u te d to th e

g l an d . T h e wo u nd of t hi s v esse l i n trac h e o to m y m igh t b e fa

tal to th e pat i e n t. T he n e rv es are d e ri v e d f ro m t he su peri or
l ar y ng e al and sy m path e ti c .
.

TH E L U N GS .

T he l un g s are t wo c on i c al org an s, si tu ate d o ne on e ac h sid e

o f the c h e st, e m b rac i ng t he he art, an d se parate d from e ac h oth

e r b y a m e m b ran o u s par ti ti o n , the m ed i asti n u m . O n the e x

t e rn al o r th or ac i c sid e t he y are c o n v e x an d c orre spon d wi t h th e
fo rm of the c av i ty of the c hest ; i n tern all y t h e y are c on c ave , t o
r e c e i v e the c onv e xi ty o f t he h e a r t. S u pe r i o rly , th e y te rm i n ate
i n a tape ri n g c on e , w h i c h e x te n d s a b o v e t he l e v e l of the fi rst
rib ; a nd i n fe ri o rl y t h e y are b road a nd c o n c av e , and r e st u on
p
t he c o nv e x su r fac e o f t he di aph rag m Th e i r poste ri or b ord er
.

is rou n d ed and b ro ad the an te ri o r sh ar p and m arke d b o n e or

,
y
t wo d e e p fi ss u re s, and the i n fe r i or wh i c h su rro un d s the b ase is
a l so sh ar p.

T he c ol or o f the l un g s is pi nki s h g re y , m ottl e d , an d v ariou s

l y m arke d w i th b l ac k . T he su rfac e is fig u re d w1 th i rre g u l arl y
'

q u ad ril ate ral and pe ntago n al o u tl i nes, w hi c h re pre se nt the lo

-

b u l es o f t he o rgan , an d the are a of e ac h of t h e se q u ad ril ate ral

a nd pe n tag on al spac es is c rosse d b l igh t l i
y e r n es.
Eac h l u ng is d iv id e d i n to t wo l ob es, b y a l ong and d eep fi s
s u re , w hi c h e x te nd s fro m the
p os te r i o r su rfac e of t he u
ppe r part
o f t he org an , d o wn ward s and forward s to ne ar the a n te r i or a
n
le o f i ts b ase .
g
I n the ri h t l u ng t he u ppe r l ob e is s ub d i v id e d b a se c on d
g y
fi ssu re , wh1c h e x te nd s ob l i q uel y fo rward s fro m the m id d l e of
t he pre c edi ng to the ante ri or b ord e r o f the org an an d mark s
,
0 6 a smal l tn an u lar l ob e .
g
1 26 8 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

‘
T he r l arge r th an t he l eft in c onseq ue nc e of the
igh t l u ng is ,

i nc l i nati on o f t he h e art to the l e ft sid e I t is al so sh orte r fro m .

,

the g re at c on v e xi ty o f t he l i v e r w h i c h presse s t he di aph rag m

,

u pward s u pon t he righ t s id e of t he c h e st c onsid e rab ly ab ove t he

l e ve l of the l e ft I t h as t h ree l o b e s
. .

T he l e ft l ung is s m al l e r h as b u t two l o b es b ut is l ong e r th an

, ,

the righ t .

Eac h l un g is retai ne d in its pl ac e b y its r oot w hi c h is form ,

e d b y the pu lm on ary a rte ry pu l m ona ry v e i n s a nd b ron c hi al

, ,

t u b es tog e t h e r w i t h t he b ron c h i a l v esse l s an d pu l m on ary pl e x

,

u se s o f n e rves T he l a rg e v e sse l s of the root of e ac h l u n g a re

.

arran g e d i n a s i mi l a r o rd er f ro m b e fore b ac k ward s, on b ot h

,

s id e s v iz,

P u l mon ar y v e i ns ,

P u l m on ar y artery ,

B ro n c h u s .

F ro m ab ov e d o wn w ard s o n the righ t sid e t h i s ord e r is e x

, , ,

ac tly re v e rse d ; b u t on t he l e ft s id e t he b ro n c hu s h as to sto o p

b e n e ath the arc h o f t he aorta w h i c h al te rs its po si ti on to the
,

v esse l s T h e y are t h u s di spose d o n the t wo sid e s

.

Rig ht .

B ron c h u s,
A rte r y ,
V e i n s.
S tr u c tu r e — T he l u n gs are c om pose d o f t he ram ifi c ati ons o f
the b ro n c h i al tu b e s w h i c h te rm i n ate i n b ron c hi al c e l l s (air c e l ls)
o f the r am ifi c ati on s o f t he pu l mo n ary a rtery a n d v e i ns, b ron

c h i al ar te ri es and v e i n s, l y m p h at i c s a n d n er v e s T he w h o l e .

o f t h ese st ru c tu re s b e i n g h e l d tog e t he r b y c e ll u l a r ti ssu e , w hi c h

c o nsti tu te s t h e i r p a r e n c hy m a .
B r on ch i a l tu b es — T he t wo b ron c h i pro c e e d from the b i fur
c at i o n of the trac h e a to t h e i r c orrespo n d i ng l u ng s T he righ t .

tak e s its c o u rse n e ar l y at righ t an gl es w i t h the trac h e a, an d e n

'

t e rs the u ppe r part o f the righ t l u n g , w h il e t he l e ft, l ong e r a n d

s m al l er t h an t he r igh t, passe s ob l iq u e l y b e n e ath t he a rc h of t he

aorta, an d e nte rs th e l u n g at ab ou t the m iddl e o f its roo t Up .

o n e n te ri ng the l u ng s th e y d i v id e i n to two b ran c h es, a n d e ac h

of th e se di v i d es an d su b di v id e s di c h oto mo u sl y to t he i r u l ti m ate

t erm i n ati on in smal l d il ate d sac s, t he b ron c hi al or pu l m on ar y

ce ll s .

T he fi b ro c artilagin ou s ring s w h i c h are ob ser v e d in the tra

'

c h e a b e c o me i nc o m pl e te an d i rreg u l ar in s h ape i n the b ron c hi ,

an d in the smal l er b ro n c h i al tu b e s are l ost al tog e t h e r A t the .

te rm i nati on o f th ese t u b es t he fi b rous an d m usc u l ar c oats b e

b ome e x tre m e l y th i n, and are prob ab l y c onti nu e d upon the li
n i ng mu c ou s me mb rane of the air c e l l s .
2 70 TH E T H O M S O N I A N

spac e b e twee n t h e m w h i c h c ontai n s all the v i sc e ra o f the c h est,

w i th the e x c e pti on o f t he l u ngs. T he m e di asti n u m is di vid e d
i nto the ante ri or, m iddl e , and poste ri or.
T he a n ter i or m ed iasti n u m is a tri ang u l ar spac e, b ou nd ed in
front b y the s te rn u m, and on e ac h sid e b y the pl e u ra. I t c o n
t ai ns a q u anti ty of l oose c e ll u l a r t i ssue , in w h i c h are fo u n d
som e l y m h ati c gl and s and vesse l s si n f m t h l i
p pa s u
g p r
\
o e ve r ;
t he re mai ns o f t he t hy m us gl an d , the o rigi ns o f t he stern o h y .

old and ste rno t h roid m usc les and t he i n tern al m am mary ves
y
-

,
se l s o f the l e ft sid e .

T he m i dd l e m ed i a sti n u m c on tai ns the h e ar t e nc lose d in i ts

p ri c ard iu m, the asc e n di ng ao rta, t he su pe ri o r v e n a c av a, t he
e

b i furc ati on o f the trac h ea, t he pulmon o ry arte r i es an d v e i ns, and

the p h ren i c n e rv e s.
T he p os ter i or m e d i a s ti n u m is b ou n d e d b e h i n d b y the v e r
te b ral c o l u mn , i n fro n t b y t he pe ri c ardi u m , an d o n e ac h sid e b y
the pl e ura . I t c on tai ns the d e sc e ndi n g aorta, t he g re ate r an d
l esse r az yg os v e i ns a nd su peri or i n te rc ostal v e i n , t he th orac i c
d u c t, the oesoph ag us and pne u mog astri c n erv es, and the gre at
l
sp anc h ni c n e rve s.

A B D O M EN
T he ab d ome n is the i n fe ri or c av i ty o f the tru n k of the b ody ;
i t is b o u nd ed in fro n t a nd at t he sid e s b y t he l o we r r i b s a nd ah
d ominal m usc l es ; b e h i n d , b y t he v e rte b ral c ol u m n and ab d o
m i nal m usc l es ab ov e , b y the di a ph rag m, an d b e l o w b y the
el vi s d t i t h l i m t y l t h o rg an s s ub se rv 1
p ; a n c o n a ns e a e n a r c a n a ,
e

e nt to d ig est i on v iz. t he l i ve r
, , p
a n c r e as ,
a n d s
pl ee n ,
a n d t he or

g ans o f e x c re ti on, the k i d ne ys, w i t h t he su pra re nal c apsu l es.

-

Reg ions — F o r c o n v e n i e nc e o f d esc ri pt i o n of the v i sc e ra and

re fe re nc e to the m o rb id aff e c ti on s o f t hi s c av i t y, the a b d o me n is
d i v id ed i nto c e rtai n di stri c ts o r re gi o ns. T h us, i f t wo t ran s
v e rse l i ne s b e c arri e d arou n d the b ody , t he on e paral l e l w i t h t he
c on v e xi ti e s o f the ri b s, t he o t h e r w i th t he high e st po i n ts of t he
c re sts of the il i a, the a b d o m e n w il l b e d iv id e d i nto t h re e z o n e s.
A g ai n, i f a perpe ndi c u l ar l i ne b e d raw n at e ac h sid e , from t he
c art il ag e of t he e igh t h rib to the m iddl e o f P o u part s l ig am e n t,
’

the t h ree pri mar y z on es w ill e ac h b e s ub d i v id e d i nto t h re e c om

p a r tm e nts or regi ons a m iddl e and t wo l ate ral .

,

T he m iddl e re gi o n o f the u ppe r z one b e i n g i mmedi ate l y over

t he smal l e nd of t he stom ac h , is c al l e d ep ig a s tr i c . T he t wo
l ate ral re gi o ns b e i ng u nd e r t he c artil ag e s o f t he ri b s, are c al l e d
hyp ochon dr ia c . T he m iddl e reg ipn o f the m i d d l e z one is the
u m b il i c a l ; t he two l ater al , t he lu m b a r . T he m iddl e re g 1 ou o f
t he in fe ior z one is t he hy p o a str i c , an d the t wo l ateral the i l i a c .
g
In addi ti on to the se di v i s i on s, we c on stantl y u se the te rm i ng u i
n a l r eg ion , i n re fe re n c e t o the v i c i n i ty o f P o u part s lig am e n t
’
.

P osition of the v is cer a .— In the u ppe r z one w il l b e see n the

 M A TERI A M ED I C A . 27 1

l i ver x te nd ing ac ross from the ri g h t to the l e ft sid e ; t he sto

, e
m ac h a nd spl ee n o n the l e ft and th e pan c re as a nd d uod e nu m
,

b e h i nd I n the m iddl e z o n e is the tran sv e rse porti on of t h e c o

.

l on w i th the U pper part o f the asc e n di n g and d esc e nd i n g c ol on

, ,
o m e n t u m s m al l i n te sti n e s m ese n te ry and b e hi n d t he k id n ey s
, , ,
,

and su ra re n al c a su l e s I t he i n fe ri o r z on e is the l ow er
p p n part
-
.

o f t he o m e n tu m an d s mal l i n test i n e s the c ae c u m asc e ndi ng and

, ,

d esc e nd m g c ol o n w i th t he s ig m o i d fl e x u re an d u re ters
,
.

T h e s m oo th a n d poli sh e d su rfac e w h i c h t he v i sc e ra and pa .

r iate s o f t he ab d ome n prese n t is d u e to t he e r i ton e u m , w hi c h

p
,

s h ou l d i n the ne x t l ac e b e st u d i ed
p .

P L AT E

T he Refl ec ti ons of the P er i to neu m. D . T h e d ia h ra m. S . T h e stom ach .

p g
C T h e t ra n sv e r se c ol on .
.
D T h e t ra n sv e rse d uo de n um
. P . T he P anc reas.
.

I . T h e sm a ll i nt e stin e s . R T h e Rec t u m B . T h e urinar y b l add e r l . T he

. . .

a nt e r i or l a e r o f t he
y . p e r i to ne um , li ni ng t he u n d e r sur fa c e o f the d ia phra gm .
2 » T h e P ost e r i o r l a e r . 3 T h e t wo l a e r s a ssin t o t he oste r ior b or d er of
y .
y p g p
t he l i v e r , a n d f o rm i n g t h e c or o n ar l i a m e n t 4 T he l e sse r o m e ntu m ; the
y g . .

t w o l a y e r s P assm g f r o m th e u n d e r su r fa c e of t h e l iv e r t o t he l e sse r c u rv e of
t h e st o m a c h 5 . T he t w o l a y e rs m e e tin a t t he re a t e r c urv e t h e n p a ssin g
g g
.
,
d o wn war d s a n d r e tu rni ng u po n t he m se l v e s f or m in
, g (6 ) t h e gr e a te r o m e nt
um . 7 . T h e transv er se m e so c ol on -
8 . T he p oster i or l ay er tr ac ed u p war ds
.
2 72 T H E r n o n s o m au

P ERI T O N EU M .

T he p er i ton eu m is a se rou s m e mb ran e, and t h ere fore a shu t

s ac ; a si n gl e e x c e ti on e xi sts in t he h u m a n su bj ec t to t h i s c ha
p
rac te r, v iz i n the fe m al e , w here the pe ri ton e u m i s pe rforate d
.

b y the ope n e x tre m i ti es of the F all opi an tu b es, and is c on ti n u

ous w i t h t h e i r m u c ou s li n i ng .
T he s i m pl est i d e a t h at c an b e gi ven o f a serou s m e m b rane ,
w hi c h m ay appl y e q u al ly to all, is, t hat it i n v e sts t he v i sc us or
v i sc e ra, and is the n refl e c te d u pon t he par i e te s of t he c on tai n

ing c av i ty. I f th e c av i ty c on tai n on l y a si ngl e v i sc u s, the c on

sid e rati on of t he se ro us m e m b ran e is e x tre m e ly si m pl e . B u t in
the ab d o me n , w h ere t h e re are a n u m b e r of v i sc era, t he se ro u s
me mb ran e passes fro m on e to t he o th e r u n ti l it has i nv este d the
w h ol e , b e fore it is re fl e c te d o n t he pari e tes. H e n c e i ts refle c
t i ons are a l i ttl e m ore c om pli c ate d .
In trac i n g the re fle c ti o ns o f t he peri ton eu m i n t he middl e
l i n e , we c o mm e n c e w i th t he di aph r ag m , w h i c h is l i n e d b y t wo
l ay e rs, on e fro m the pari e te s in f ro n t , an te ri o r, an d o n e from
t he parie ties b e hi nd , poster i or T h ese t w o l ay e rs o f the same
.

me mb ran e , at t he poste ri or part o f the di aph rag m , d esc e n d to

t he u ppe r s u rfac e of the l i v er, fo rm i n g the c or on a ry an d l a t e r a l
l ig a m en ts of the l i v e r. T h e y t h en su rrou n d t he l i v e r, o n e g o
i ng i n f ron t, the oth e r b e h i n d t h at v i sc us, a nd , m ee ti n g at i ts
u n d er su rfac e , pass to the stom ac h , form i n g the l esser om en
tu m . T h e y th e n , in the same m ann e r, su rrou nd the stom ac h ,
and , m e e ti n g at i ts l o we r b ord er , d esc e nd for so m e di stan c e in

f ront of the i n testi n es, and re tu rn to the tran sv e rse c ol on , form

i ng the g r e a t om e n tu m t h e y th e n su rrou n d the tran sv e rse c o
10 11 , an d pass di re c tl y b ac k w ard s to th e v er te b ral c ol u m n , form
in g t he t ran sv e rse m esa c ol on -

H ere the t wo l ay e rs se parate

.

the posteri or asc e n d s i n fron t o f t he pan c ras an d aorta, and re

tu rns to t he poste ri or part of the di aph rag m , w h e re i t form s the
oste ri or l ay e r w i t h w hi c h w e c o m m e n c e d T h e an teri or d e
p .

sc e nd s, i n v e sts al l t he s m al l i n testi ne s, a n d re tu rn i ng to t he v er

te b ral c ol u m n fo rm s the m es en t er y I t t h e n de sc e n d s i nto the

.

l v i s i n fron t of the re c tu m , w h i c h i t h ol d s i n its l

p e p ac e b y
me ans of a fold c al l e d m esa r e c tu m , form s a po u c h , t he r e c to
-

v es i ca l f old , b e twee n it and t he b l add e r, asc e n d s u pon the pos

t erior su rfac e o f t he b l add e r, for m i n g its fal se li g am e n ts, and

in f r on t ofD, th e tr a n sv e rse d u od e n u m , a n d P , th e p a n c re a s , t o b e c om e c on~

ti n u ou s w i th t he p o ste ri or l a y e r 9 . T h e f or am e n of Win sl o w ; th e d ot
t e d l ine b ou nding t his f or a m e n i nfe r i or l y , m ark s t he c ou rse of t h e h e p a tic ar ~
t er y f orwa rd s, t o e nt e r b e t w e e n t he l ay er s of t he l e sse r om e n tu m . 1 0 T h e
.

m e se nte ry e n c irc ling t h e sm all i ntestin e . 1 1 . T h e r ec to v esi c a l f ol d , f o rm e d

-

b y the d esc e nd ing a n t e r ior l ay er . 1 2. T he a nte ri or l a y e r tr ac e d u p w ar ds u p

on th e i nte rnal su rfac e of t he abd omi n al p ar i e te s t o t he l ay e r (l ), wit h w hic h

th e examin ation c omm enced .

 i
T H E r t O M S O N tA N
'

T he l ig amen ts of the l i ver w il l b e e x am i ne d i th th at org an w .

T he l esser om e n tu m is the d upl i c atu re passi ng b e twee n the

l i v er and the u ppe r b o rd e r of the sto mac h I t is e x tre me l y .

t hi n e x c e pt i n at its righ t b ord e r w h ere i t is free , and c on

,
g ,

tai ns b e twee n i ts l ay e rs the ,

H e pat i c art e ry ,

D u c tu s c o m m u ni s c h ol ed oc h us,
P o rtal v e i n ,

H e pati c pl e x u s of nerve s,
L y mph at i c s .

T he struc tures are e nc l ose d m a l oose c e l l u l ar ti ssue, c al l e d

G l i sson 3 c apsu l e T he re l ati v e posi ti o n o f the th re e v e sse l s is
’
.
,

t he a rte ry to the l e ft, t he d u c t to t he t igh t and the v e i n b e twee n ,

an d b e h i nd .

I f the fi ng e r b e i ntrod u ce d b e h i n d t hi s 1 lg b t b orde r of the

l esser o me n t u m it w il l b e s i t uate d m an o pe n i ng c al l e d the f o
,

r a m en o f W i n s l ow . I n fr o n t o f t h e fi ng e r w il l l ie t he r ig h t

b ord e r of the l esse r o m e n t u m ; b e hi n d i t t he d i aph rag m c ov e r

“

e d b y t he asc e nd i n g o r oste ri o r l ay e r of the e ri ton e u m ; b e

p p
low t he h e pati c a1 te ry c u rv i n g fo rward s fro m the c mliac axi s ;
, ,

an d ab o ve t he l o b u s S Th ese the1 e f0 1 e are the b ou n

, pig e l ii .
, ,

d ari c s o f the foram e n of Wi nsl o w w hi c h 1 5 n othi ng more th an a

,

c onst ri c ti on o f t he g e ne ra l c a v i t y o f t he pe ri to ne u m at t hi s poi n t ,

a ri si n g o ut o f the n ec e ssi ty fo r t he h e ati c a nd g e s t1 i c arte ri es

p
to pass for wards from the c te l iac a x i s to re ac h t h e i r respe c ti v e
v i sc e ra .

I f the air b e b l o w n th ro u g h the fo ram e n o f Wi n sl ow it w i l l ,

d esc e nd b e h i nd the l esse r o m e n t u m and stomac h to the spac e

b e twe e n t he de se nd i ng an d asc e nd i ng pai r o f l ay e rs form i n g the ,

g reat o me n tu m T h i s is so me ti m e s c al l e d the l esse r c av i ty of

.

t he pe ri to n e u m and t h at e x t e rn a l to the fora me n the g re ate r

,

c av i ty ; i n w hi c h c ase t he foram e n i s c o ns id e re d as the m e an s

o f c o m m u n i c at i o n b e t we e n t he t wo T h e re IS a g reat obj e c ti on
.

to t hi s di v i si on as it m i g h t l e ad the i ne x pe rie n c e d to b e l i e v e
,

t h at th e re w e re re al l y t w o c av i ti e s T h e re is b u t one onl y the

.
,

fo ra me n of Wi n sl ow b e i ng m e rel y a c on stri c ti on o f th at o n e to ,

fac il i tate the c ommu n i c ati o n b e tw e e n the n u tri e n t arter i es and

,

the v i sc e ra of t h e u ppe r part of the ab d o me n .

T he g r ea t om e n tu m c on5 1 sts o f f ou r l ay er s of p er iton eu m ,

the t wo w hi c h d esc e nd from the s tomac h an d t he s am e t w o , ,

re tu rn i ng u po n t he m se l v es to t he tran sv e rse c o l on
, A q u anti ty .

o f ad i pose su b stan c e is d e osi te d arou nd the v e sse ls w hi c h ram

p
ify th rou gh its stru c tu re
f u nctio n i n the e c on o m y
I t w ou ld appe ar to pe rfo rm a d ou b l e
l st P rote c ti ng t he i n te sti ne s from
. .
b

c ol d a nd 2d ly F ac il i tati n g t he m o v e me n t of the i ntesti nes

.

u pori e ac h o th er d uri ng t h e i r y e rmic ul ar ac ti on

, , t
.
 M A TERI A M EDI C A . 75

T he tr a nsv ers e m es a colon is the medi u m of c onne c ti on b e

-

twee n t he tran sv e rse c ol o n and the poste r i or w all of the ab d o

m e n . It al so affo rd s to the nu tri e n t arte ri e s a passag e to reac h
t he i nte sti n e ; and e n c l oses b e twe e n its l ay e rs, at the posteri or
art, th e transv e rse porti o n of the d u od e nu m
p .

T he m es e n ter y is the m edi u m o f c onn ec ti on b e twe e n t he

sm al l i n testi nes an d t he poste r i o r w al l of t he ab d o m e n I t is .

ob l iq ue i n i ts di rec ti on , b e i n g attac h e d to th e poste ri or w al l ,

fro m t he l e ft sid e o f the se c o n d l um b ar v e rte b ra to the r i g h t

il i ac fossa I t re tai ns t he sm al l i n testi nes in th e i r pl ac es, and
.

gi ves passage to the m e se n teri c arteri es, v e i ns, n erves, and lym
h at ic s .
p
T he m esa r ec tu m , in l i ke m an ner , re tai ns t he re c tu tn in c on
-

n ec tion w i t h t he fron t of t he sac r u m B esid es t hi s, th e re are.

so me m i no r fold s i n t he pe l v i s, as the r e c t o v es i c a l fold t he -

f a l se l ig a m en ts o
f th e bl a d d e r , and b r oa d l i a m en ts o
g f t h e

u te r u s .

T he ppa en d i c es ep ip l oi cce are l i rre g ul ar pou c h es of

sm al

pe ri to ne u m , fil l ed w i th fat, an d s i tu ate d l i ke fr i n g e s u pon the

l arg e i nte st i ne .

T h ree ot h e r d upl i c atu res o f pe ri ton e u m are si tu ate d in t he ,

sid es o f the a b d om e n the y are t he g astro spl e n e ti c o m e n tu m -

t h e asc e ndi n g and d e sc en di n g m eso c ol on T he g a str o sp l e

-
.
-

n ic om e n tu m is t he d u pl i c at u re w h i c h c onn ec ts t he spl e e n to
t he sto m ac h ; a nd t he a sc e n d ing a nd d es c e n d ing m es a c ol a are -

t he fold s w h i c h re tai n t h e c orrespondi ng porti ons of the c o l on

i n th e i r s i tu at i o ns .

S tr u c tu r e of ser ou s m em b r a n e — S e rou s m e m b rane c on si sts

.

o f t w o l ay e rs an e x ter n al o r c e ll u l ar l ay e r an d an i nte rn al l ay
, ,

e r o r e pi th e l i u m
,
T he c el lu l a r l ag/er u pon its ou ter su rfac e is
.
~

rou g h an d v asc u l ar and ad h e re n t to su rrou n di n g stru c tu re s ;

,

b u t on its i n n e r su rfac e is d e nse an d sm ooth and w h ol l y d e fi ,

c i e n t o f v esse l s c arryi ng re d b l ood T h e sm oot h an d b ril l i an t

.

su rfac e of se rou s m e m b ran e is d u e to a di sti n c t e pi th e l i u m ,

w h i c h has b e e n s h o w n to b e c o m pose d o f l am i n ae of v isc ic le s ,

and o f fl atte ne d l yg o n al sc al es w i t h c e n tral n u c l e i l i k t he

p o e ,

e pi th e l i u m of mu c ou s m e m b ran e T h i s stru c tu re m ay b e e asi

.

l y d e m on s trate d w i th a g ood mi c rosc ope u pon t he su rfac e o f al l

t he se ro u s me mb ran e s o f t he b od y u pon t he su rfac e o f the l i
,

n i n g m e m b rane of arter i es an d v e i ns and u pon sy nov i al me m ,

b ran es.
T he g e n e ral c h arac ters o f a se ro us m e mb ran e are i ts r ese m
b l an c e to a sh u t sac , an d its se c re ti on of a pe c u li ar fl u i d re se m
b l i ng t he se ru m of the b l ood ; b u t ne i t h er of the se c harac te rs is
ab sol u te l y esse n ti al to the id e n ti t
y o f a se rou s m e mb r a n e for

in th e i n te rn al e ar we h av e an i n stan c e o f a m u c o u s m e m b ran e
b e i ng a sh u t sac , a c ondi ti on n ot u n c ommon am on g an i mal s.
2 76 T H E TH O M S O N I A N
'

A g ai n , as we hav e sh own, the pe ri tone u m i n the fe mal e is per

forate d b y the e x t re m i ti es o f t h e F allo pe an tu b e s ; w h il e in re p
t il e s th e re is a di re c t c o mm u ni c at i on b e t wee n i ts c av i ty an d the
m e di u m in w h i c h t h e y l i ve .
F ro m t he v ari ab l e n at u re o f the se c re ti on o f t h e se m e mb ran e s,
t h e y h a ve b ee n d i v id e d i n to t w o c l asses— the tru e se rou s me m
b ran es, v iz the arac h no id , per i c ardi u m , pl eu rae , pe ri to ne u m an d
.

t u n i c ae v agi nales , w hi c h po u r ou t a se c re ti on c on tai n i n g b u t a

s m al l ro o rti o n o f al b u m e n d t h y i l m m b n d
p p an e s n o v a e r an es a

b u rsae , w h i c h se c re te a fl u id c o n tai n i n g a l arger q u an ti ty of al

b u m e n.

A L IM EN TA RY CA N AL

T he m en t a ry c a n a l is a m u sc u lo m emb ran ous tu b e , e x

a li -

te nd i n g from t he m ou t h to the a nu s. I t is v ari ou sl y n ame d i n .

the di ffe re n t arts of its c ou rse ; h e n c e i t is d i v id e d i n to the

p
M ou t h ,
P h ar y n x ,
(Eso ph ag us,
S tom ac h
D u od enu m ,
S m al l i n testi ne J ej un u m,
I l eu m ,
C aec u m ,
L ar g e i n testi ne C o l on ,
Rec tu m .

T he m ou th is the i r re g u l ar c av i ty w hi c h c ontai n s the org ans

o f t aste a nd the ri n c i al i nstru m e nts of m asti c at i on I t i s
p p .

b o u nd e d in fron t b y the l i ps o n e i the r sid e b y t he i nte rn al su r

,

fac e o f the c h e e ks ; ab o v e b y t he h ard pal ate an d te et h o f the

,

u ppe r j a w b e l ow b t h t ng u e b t he m u c o u s m e m b ran e
; y , e o y ,

s tre tc he d b e t we e n t he a rc h o f t he l o we r j aw an d t he u nd e r su r

fac e o f t h e to ng ue and b y the tee t h of the i n fe ri or m axill a ; a nd

,

b e hi n d b y the soft pal ate and fau c es .

T he l ip s are t wo fl e shy fo ld s forme d e x tern all y b y c omm on

,

i nte g u m e nt and i n te rn al l y b y m u c ous m e m b ran e and c on t ai n

, ,

in g b e t we e n th ese two l ay e rs the m u sc l es of t h e l i ps a q u an ti ty ,

o f fat a n d n u m e rous s m al l l ab i al gl an d s
,
T he y are attac h e d .

to t he s u rfac e of t he u pper an d l ow er j aw an d e ac h l ip is c on ,

n e c t e d to the u m i n t h e m id d l e l i n e b y a fol d of mu c ou s m e m
g
b rane the f ra n u m l ab i i su pe ri o ri s and fra n u m l ab i i i nfe ri ori s
, , ,

t he form e r b e i ng t he l a rg er .

T he c heeks (b LI CC ze ) are c on ti nuou s o n e i th er h an d wi th the

l i ps and fo rm the si d e s of t he fac e t h e y are c o mposed of in te
,

u m e n t a l arg e q u an ti ty of fat m u sc l es mu c ous me mb rane,

g , , ,

and b u c c al gl and s .
2 78 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

fo rme d b y the c on v e x i ty o f the pal ate phary ng eus musc l e .

-

T hese t wo pi l l ars, c l ose l y u n i te d ab o ve , are se parate d b e l ow b y

a t ri ang u l ar i n te r v a l or n i c h e , i n w hi c h t he tons1 l is l od g e d .

T he ton s ils (am ygd al ae ) are two gl and ul ar o rg ans, s h ape d

l ik e al m on d s, and si tu ate d b e twe en the an te ri or and posteri or
ill ar o f the soft pal ate , o n e ac h sid e of the fauc es. Th y
p e are

c e ll u l ar i n te x t u re , and c o m pose d o f an asse m b l ag e of m u c ou s

fol l i c l e s, w h i c h o pe n u pon the s u rfac e of the gl and . Ex te rn al

l y , t he y are i n v e sted b y the ph ary ng e al fasc i a, w h i c h se parate s
t he m fro m t he su pe ri o r c on stri c to r m usc l e and i n te rn a l c a roti d
a rte r y , a n d pre v e n ts an ab sc ess ope ni ng i n t h at di re c ti o n . In
r e l at i o n to su rro u n di n g parts, t h e y c orre spo n d w i th th e angl e

o f t he l o we r j aw .
T he spac e i nc l ud e d b e twee n t he soft pal ate and the root of
the to ngue is t he i sthm u s of the f a u c es . I t is b ou nd e d a b ov e
b y the so ft pal ate o n e ac h s i d e , b y t he pill ars of the soft pal ate
a n d to ns il s ; a nd b el ow, b y t he root o f t he ton g u e . I t is the
ope n i n g b e tw e e n the mou t h an d ph ary n x .

S AL IV A RY G L A N DS .

C o m m u n i c ati ng w i th t he m on th are the e x c re tory d uc ts o f

t h re e pa i rs of sal i v ary gl a nd s, t he pa rotid , su b m axil l ary , and
s u b l i n g u al .
T he p a r oti d g l a n d , the l arg e st o f the th ree , is si tu ate d im
m ed i ate l y i n fron t of the e x te rn al e ar, a n d e x te nd s su pe rfi c i al l y
fo r a sh o rt d i stan c e o v e r the m asse te r m usc l e , and d e e ply b e hi n d
t he r a m u s o f t he l o w e r j a w. I t re ac he s i nfe r i orl y to b e l o w the
l e v e l of t he angl e o f t he l o we r j aw, a nd poste r i orl y to the m as
t oid proc e ss, s ligh tl y o ver l a ppi n g the i nse r ti o n o f t he s te rn o
m asto i d m usc l e . Emb e d de d in its su b stanc e is t he e x te rn al c a
r otid a rte ry , te m po ro m axil l ar y v e i n , and fac i al n e r ve a nd ,
-

e me rgi n g fro m i ts a n te ri o r b o rd e r, t he t ran s v erse fac i a l a rte ry ,

a nd b ranc h e s o f t he pes anse ri n us ; an d , ab ove , the te mpora l

arte r y .

T he d uc t o f the parotid gl an d c om me nc es at the papill a u po n

_

t he i n te rn al su rfac e of t he c h e e k , opposi te the sec on d m ol ar

tooth o f the u ppe r j aw ; and , pi erc i n g t he b u c c i n ator m u sc l e ,
c rosse s the m asse te r to the an te ri or b ord e r of the gl and , w h e re

i t d iv id e s i nto se v e ral b ranc h e s, w hi c h su b di v id e an d ram i fy

t hro u gh its str u c tu re , to term i nate in the sm al l c mc al po u c h e s
o f w hi c h the gl an d is c o m pose d . A smal l b ran c h is g e ne ral ly
gi ve n off from t he d u c t w hi l e c rossi ng the m asseter m u sc l e,
w hi c h fo rm s, b y i ts ramifi c ati ons and. te rm i nal dil atati ons, a
’
s m al l gl an d u l ar appe nd ag e , the soc i a parot idi s S te n on s d uc t
.

is re markab l y d e n se and o f c onsid e rab l e t hi c kness, w hi l e the

a re a of its c a nal is e x tre me ly sma l l .

T he su b m ax illary g l a n d is si tuate d in the posteri or angle

 M A TERIA M ED I C A . 2 79

of the xil l ary tri angl e o f the n e c k I t rests u pon the

sub m a .
O

h yo g lossu s an d m yl o h y0 1d e u s m u sc l e s and re c ov e re d in b y
- -

t he b ody o f t he l o w e r j aw a nd b y t he d e e p c e rv i c al fasc i a It .

is se parate d fro m t he parotid gl an d b y the styl o m ax i ll ary l ig a -

m e nt and fro m the su b l i ng u al b y t he myl o hyo id e us m u sc l e

,
-

Emb e d d ed amo ng its l ob u les is the fac i al artery an d the sub

m axill a ry g an gli o n .

T he ex c r e tory d u ct (Wh ar ton s) o f the sub m ax1 llary gl an d

’

c o m me nc e s u po n t he papil l a b y t he sid e o f the frae n u m li n g ua,

e ,

an d passes b ac kward s b e n e at h t he m yl o h y o id e u s an d re st i ng

u po n t he h yo g l ossu s m u sc l e t o the m i d d l e of the gl and w h e re

-

, ,

i t d i v id e s i n to n u m e ro us b ran c h e s w h i c h rami fy t h rou g h t he ,

struc t u re o f t he gl an d to i ts c ee c al te rm i n at i on s I t l i e s in its .

c ou rse ag ai nst t he m u c o u s m e m b rane for m i n g t he fl oor of the

m ou th a nd c au se s a proj e c ti ng ridg e u pon its su rfac e

'

.
,

T he s u b l i ng u a l is an e l o n g ated an d fl atte n e d gl and si tu ate d ,

b e ne at h t he m u c o us m em b rane o f t he fl oor of the m ou t h on ,

e ac h si d e o f t h e frmn u m l ing u ee I t is in re l ati on a b ov e w i th .

, ,

t he m u c o u s m e m b r i n f r on t w i t h t he d e pre ssi on b y t he ,

sid e o f t he sy mphy si f t he l o we r j aw ; ex ter n a lly w i t h the ,

m yl o hy o id e us m u sc l e ; an d i n t er n a l ly w i t h the li ng u al n erve
-

an d g e n i o h yo g lossus m u sc l e
- -
.

I t po u rs i ts se c re ti o n i n to the mont h b y se ve n or e i g ht smal l

d u c ts w hi c h c o m m e nc e b y sm al l ope n i ng s on e ac h sid e o f the
,

fraen u m l i n g a m .

S tr u c tu r e — T he sal i v ary are c o nglom o rate gl an d s c on si st ,

i ng o f l ob e s w hi c h a re m ad e U p o f an g u l ar l ob u l e s and t h ese
, ,

o f sti ll s m al l e r l ob u l es .

T he sm al l est l ob u l e is appare n tl y c o m posed of g ran u l es w hi c h ,

are m i n u te c e c a l ou c h e s for m e d b y t he dil atati on of the e x

p ,

t re m e r a m ifi c ati on s of the d u c ts Th ese m i n u te d u c ts u ni te to .

fo rm l ob u l ar d u c ts an d t he l o b u l ar d u c ts c on sti tu te b y t h e i r
,

u ni o n a si ngl e e x c re tor y d uc t .

T he C aeC al pou c h es a re c on n e c te d b y c e l l u l ar ti ssu e so as to ,

fo r m a m i n u te l ob u l e t he l ob u l es are h e l d tog e ther b y a m ore

c ond e n se d c e l l u l ar l ay e r ; an d t he l arg e r l obes are e nv e l o e d
p
b y a d e n se c e ll u lo fi b ro us c apsu l e w hi c h is fi rml y attac h e d to
-

t he d e e p c e rv i c al fasc i a .

V ess el s a n d N er v es T he parotid gl an d is ab u nd antl y su p

.
-

pl i ed w i th a r te r i es b y t he e x te rn al c arotid t he su b m axill ary ,

b y t he fac i al ; an d the su b l i n g u al b y the sub l i ng u al b ran c h of ,
t he l i ng u al arte ry .

T he n erv es of the parotid gl and are d e ri v e d from t he au ric u

l ar b ran c h o f the i nfe ri or m axill ary ne rv e from the au ri c u l ar i s ,
m ag n us an d fro m the n er v i m ol l es o f t he e x te rn al c arotid ar
te r y. T he s u b m axil l ary gl and is s u ppl i e d b y th e b ranc h es of
-

t he sub maxill ary g angli on a nd b y fil ame nts from the myl o h

y
-

,
2 80 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

o id e an n e rv e ; and the sub li ng u al b y fil aments from the su b

maxil l ary g angl i on and g ustatory ne rve .

P HA RY N X .

T he ph ary n x is a m u sc u lo m e m b ranous sac , si tu ate d u pon

-

the c e rv i c al portio n of the v e rte b ra l c ol u m n , and e x te n di ng fro m

’

t he b ase of t he sk u ll to a poi n t c o rre spon di ng wi t h t he c ri c oi d

c ar til ag e i n fro n t, a nd t he fi lt h c er v i c al v e rteb ra b e hi n d . I t is
c o m pose d o f m uc ous me mb ran e , m usc l es, v esse l s and n e rv es,

an d is i n veste d b y a stron g fasc i a, s i tu ate d b e t we e n t he m uc ous

m e mb ra ne an d m u sc l es, w hi c h se rv es to c on ne c t i t w i th t he
b asil ar proc ess of the oc c i pi tal b on e
P L A TE
a nd w i t h the pe trou s po rti ons o f

the te m poral b ones. U po n its

an te ri or p ar t i t i s i nc o m pl e te ,

a nd has o pe ni n g i nto i t se v e n

foram i na, v iz
P i
oste r o r n ares, t wo ,
Eustac hi an t u b e s, tw o,
M ou th,
L ary n x ,
(Eso ph ag us.
T he p os ter ior n a r es are the two
l arge ope n i ng s at t he u pper and
-

fron t part o f t he ph ary n x . O n

e ac h sid e o f th ese o pe n i ng s, an d

s ligh tl y ab o v e t he pos te ri o r te rm i

n ati on o f the i nfe rio r t urb i n ate d

b one . is the i rre g ul ar d e pre ssi on
in t he m u c ou s m e m b r an e , m arki n g the e n tran c e o f t h e Eu s ta ‘

c hi a n tu b e . B e n e at h the poste ri or n ares is t he l arg e o e n i n

p g
i n to the m ou th, partl y v e i l e d b y the soft
p ate ; an d , b e ne ath
a l
t he roo t o f t he ton g u e , the ope n i n g o f th e l ar n x T he oesop ha
y .

e a l o pe m ng i s t he l o we r c o n stri c te d ti f t h h y x
g po r on o e
p ar n .

(Es op hag u s — T he oesoph ag us c o m me nc es at the te rm i na

tion o f t he ph ar y n x , o pposi te t he l o w e r b o rd e r of t he c ri c oid
c arti l ag e a nd fi fth c e r vi c a l v erte b ra, a nd d e sc e n d s the n ec k b e
,

h i nd and rat h e r to the l e ft of the trac h ea. I t the n passes b e hi n d

T he P har yn x l a id Op en f rom b ehi n d — l A se c tion c arr i ed tr ansv e rse l

h
.

thr o u g h t h e b as e o f the sk u l l . 2 , 2 . T he w all s of t he h ar nx d r a w n t o e a c

p y
sid e . 3 , 3 T h e p ost e r i or n ar es , s e p ar a te d b y t he vom e r
.
. 4 . T h e e x tr e m i t y
o f t h e Eu stac hia n t ub e of on e si d e . 5 . T h e s of t p al ate . 6 T h e oste r ior
.
p
p il la r. of t he sof t p al a te . 7 . I ts a n te ri or p il l ar ; th e t on sil i s s e e n si tu a te d in
t he n 1 c he b e twe e n t he t w o p il l a rs. 8 . T h e r oot of the t on u e
g , p ar t l y c o nc e a le d
b y t he u v ul a . 9 T he e p i g l ot t is, ov e r h a ng ing 1 0 ) t he o e n i n of the g l o t ti s.
.
( p g
1 1 . T h e p oster i or p ar t of t he l ar y nx , 1 2. T h e op e n i n i n to t he (e so h a us
g p g .

1 3 . l he e xter nal sur fac e of the (e sop hag us . 1 4 . T h e tr ac h ea .

’
2 82 TH E T H O M S O N I A N

ili ac fossa, and is i

re ta n e d
in its pl ac e b y the peri tone um , whi c h
sses o ver its an te ri or su rfac e ; its posteri or s urfac e is c o n n e c t~
p a

e d b y l oose c e ll u l a r t i ssu e w i t h t he i li ac fasc i a. A ttac h e d to

i ts e x tre mi ty is t he appe ndix v e rm i form i s, a l on g worm sh ape d -

t ub e, t he ru d i m en t o f the l e ng th e n e d c ae c u m , fo u n d in al l mam
m ife rous an i mal s e x c e pt m an and the h igh e r q u ad ruman a .

T he c olon is d iv i d ed i nto asc e ndi ng , transv e rse and d e sc e n d

i ng . T he asc e nd i ng c ol on passes u pward s from the righ t il i ac
'
fossa, thro ugh the righ t l u m b ar regi o n, to the u nd er su rfac e of
'

the li v e r . I t th e n b e nd s i n ward s, and c rosses the u ppe r part of

the u mb ili c al re gi o n u n d e r t he n ame of tr a n sv erse col on , a nd
o n t he l e ft sid e d e sc e n d s d esc e nd i n g c ol on , th roug h the l e ft
( )
l u mb ar regi on to t he l e ft il i ac fossa, w h ere it m ak es a re m arka
b le c ur ve u pon i tse l f, w hi c h is c all ed the sig m oid fi ex u r e .
T he r ec tu m is the te rm i nati on of the l arge i n te sti ne I t has .

re c e i v e d its n ame , n ot so m u c h f ro m the di re c ti on of its c o u rse ,

as fro m the straigh tne ss of its fo rm i n c om pari son w i t h the c c

l on . I t d esc e n d s fro m opposi te t he l e ft sac ro il i ac sy m phasis, -

i n fron t of the sac ru m, fo rm i ng a g e n tl e c u rv e to the r igh t s id e ,

and t h e n re tu rn i ng to the m i d d le li ne A t the l owe r part o f
.

t he pe l v i s it b e c om es c on sid erab l y dil ate d , and ne ar t he e x tre

m i ty o f the c oc c y x c u rv es b ac k ward s, to te rm i nate at the anus.
T he rec t u m, th e re fo re , forms a d ou b l e fi e x u re i n its c o u rse , the
on e b e i ng di re c te d from sid e to si d e , the ot he r fro m b e fore b ac k
ward s.
Wi th refe re nc e to i ts re at ons, the re c tu m
l i is di v id e d i n to
th ree porti on s ; the fi rst ,
i n c l u d i ng h a l f i ts l e ng th, e x te nd s to
ab ou t t he m iddl e of the sac ru m , l s c o m pl e te l y sur round e d b y
e ri ton e u m , and c o nn ec te d to the sac r u m b y m e ans o f the me
p
so re c tu m.
-

T he se c ond porti on , ab ou t th ree i n c h e s in l en g th , is c lose l y

attac h ed to t he su rfac e of t he sac ru m , an d c ov e re d b y pe ri to

n e u m on ly i n fron t ; i t is in re l ati on b y its l owe r par t w i t h t he

b ase of the b l add er, v esi c u l ae se m i nal es, and the c ommen c ement
of the prostrate gl and .

T he t hi rd porti on c u rves b ac k ward s from O pposi te the pros

trate gl and , to te rmi n ate at the anus ; it is e mb rac e d b y t he le
v atores ani, and is ab ou t one i nc h and a h al f in l en g th .

S tr u ctu r e of the I n testin a l C a n a l — T he ph ary n x h as th ree

c oats ; a muc ous c oat, a fi b rous c oat, d e ri ve d from the pharyn
g eal fasc i a, and a musc u l ar l aye r. T he e soph ag us has b u t t wo
c oats, the m ucou s and the mu sc u l ar. T he stomac h and i n tes~
t i nes h ave t h ree , m u cou s, m u sc u l a r, and an e x te rnal ser ous in
v estme nt, d eri v e d from t he peri ton e u m.
M u cou s coa t — T he m uc o us me mb rane of the mouth i nv ests
the wh ol e i nternal su rfac e of th at c av iity , and is reflec ted al ong
‘

the parotid , su b maxill ar , and sub li ng ual d uc ts, i nto the c or

y
 M A TERI A M ED I C A . 283

re spon di ng gl and s . I t term i nates an te ri orl y u pon the ou te r

m argi n of the red b ord e r of t he li ps , and posteri or l y is c onti n u
ous w i th th e m uc o us l i n i ng of t he ph ary n x . T he mu c ous
m e m b ran e of t he ph ary n x is c o nti n uo us w i t h the m u c o us l i ni ng
o f t he Eu stac hi an tu b e s, the nares, the m ou t h , and t he l ary n x .

I n the (e soph ag us it is di sposed in l ong i tu d in a l p li cce . I n the

sto mac h it is ar rang e d i n r u g ce (wri n kl e s), and at the pyl oru s

forms a spi ral fold , c all e d the p y l or ic v a lv e. In the l ower h al f

o f the d u od e n u m, the w h ol e l e n g th of t he j ej u n u m , and u ppe r

art of t h e il e u m it forms v al v u l ar fo ld s, c a ll e d v a lvu l ce c on n i

p ,

v e n tes. Th e se fold s d o n o t e n ti re l y surrou nd the c y li nd er of

the i n testi ne , b u t e x te nd for ab o ut t h re e fo u rt h s of its c i rc u m
fe re n c e . I n the l owe r h al f of t he i l e u m, t he m uc ous l i n i ng is
w i tho u t fo ld s ; h e nc e the th i nness o f t h e c oats of thi s i n testi ne ,
as c o mpare d w i t h t he j ej u n u m and d uod e nu m . A t the te r m i
n at i on of t he il eu m in t he c aec u m, the m uc ou s memb rane form s
t wo fold s, w h i c h are stre ng t h e ne d b y t he m usc u l ar c oat, an d
roj e c t i nto t he c a c u m. T h e se are the ili o cce c a l v a lv e . In
p e ~

t he c aae c u m a nd c ol on the m uc ous me mb ran e is r ai se d i n to c re

s c e n tic fold s, wh i c h c orre spon d w i t h t he sh arp e dg es o f the sac

c u l i ; and in t he re c tu m i t form s th re e v al v ul ar fold s, on e of

w hi c h is si tuate d nea r the c om me nc e me n t of the i ntesti ne ; the
sec on d , e x te n d i ng from the sid e of th e tu b e , is pl ac e d opposi te
t he m id d l e of t he sac ru m ; a nd the thi rd , wh i c h is the l arg est
a nd m ost c o nstan t, proj ec ts from the ante ri or wal l of the i ntes

t i ne o pposi te the b asi n of the b l add e r.

S tr u ctur e of th e M uc ou s M e m b r a n e — Thi s m e mb ran e i s
a nal ag ous to the c utaneous c ov e ri n g o f t he e x te ri or of the b ody ,

a nd re se mb l es t h at ti ssu e v e ry c l ose l y i n its struc tu re . I t is

c ompose d of t h re e l ay e rs, an ep i thel iu m , a r er m u cou s , an d
p p o
a
fi b rou s l a y er.

T h e ep ithel iu m is the c u ti c l e of the mu c ou s me mb rane .

T h rough ou t the ph ary nx and msophag us it rese mb l es the c uti
c le , b ot h i n appearan c e and c h arac te r. I t is c on ti n u ou s wi th
t he c u ti c l e of the ski n at the m argi n of the l i ps, and termi n ate s
b y an i rr e g ul ar b ord er at the c ardi ac orifi c e of the stom ac h . I n
t he m ou t h it is c ompose d of l am i nae of o v al v esc ic le s an d thi n
a ng u l ar sc al es, b oth i g t l n l i T h v e sc ic le s
p ossess n c e n ra u c e . e

for m the d ee pest l ayer, and b ec ome g rad ual ly fl atte ned and c on
d e nse d as th e y approac h the surfac e . I n the stomac h and ia
t estin es t h ese b odi es are py ri form in s h ape , an d h av e a c ol u m
n ar arrange me nt, the api c es be i n g appli e d to t he papill ary su r
fac e of the m e mb rane , a nd the b ases fo rmi ng, b y t h e i r approxi
mati on , the fre e i ntesti nal su rfac e Eac h c ol umn is prov id e d
.

w i th a c en tral n u c leus, w hi c h gi ves its m iddl e a swol l en ap

p e aranc e and , from the transpare nc y of its struc tu re, the nu
c le us may b e see n t h rou h the b ase of the c ol umn, wh en e x am
g
28 4 TH E TH O M S O N I A N .

i ned from the su rfac e . A round the c i rcu l ar v il li , the c ol umns,

from b ei ng pl ac ed perpendic u larly to the surfac e , h av e a radi
‘
«

ate d arrange me nt.

T he p r op er m uc ou s or p ap i ll a ry l ay er , is analagous to the
‘

a ill ary l ay er o f t he ski n, and , l ik e it, is the se c re ti ng struc ture

p p
b y w h i c h the e pi th e li u m is prod uc e d . I ts su rfac e prese nts se
v eral v ar i e ti es of appe aran c e , w h e n e x am i ne d in t he di ffe re nt

t f its e x te nt. I t h stom ac h i t form s olyg on al c el l s ih

p ar s o n e p ,

t o t he fl oor of w hi c h the g astr i c fol l i c l es ope n . I n the smal l

i ntesti ne it prese nts n u me rou s mi nu te proj e c ti ng papill ae , c al l ed
v il l i . T he v illi are of two ki nd s, cy l in d r i c a l and l a m i n a te d ,
'

an d so ab u nd ant as to gi ve to the e nti re su rfac e a b eau ti ful v el

v e t appearan ce. I n the l arg e i n testi ne , the su rfac e is c om pos
y
e d of a fi ne n e twork of m i n u te polyg on al c e ll s, m ore n u m e rou s

t h an th ose of the sto mac h , b u t rese mb li ng t h e m in rec e i v i n g

t he secre ti on from the n u merou s perpe ndi c ul ar foll i c l es i nto
t h ei r flo
ors.

T he fi brous l ay er (sub m uc ou s nervous) is the me mb rane of

-

su pport to the m u c ous m e mb ran e , as i s the c oriu m to t he pa il

p
l ary l ay e r of the ski n . I t gi v es to the m u c ou s me mb rane its
stren g th and resi stan c e , is b u t l oose l y c onn ec ted wi t h the m u

c ous l ay er, b ut is fi rm l y ad here n t to t he m u sc u l ar c oat , an d is

c all ed , in the old e r w ork s on an ato my , t he “ ”
n erv o us c oat .
I n the l oose c el l ul ar ti ssu e c on nec ti ng the m uc ous wi t h the
fi brous l ayer, are si tu ate d the gl and s and foll i c l es b el ongi ng to
the mu c ou s me mb rane : t h e se are — the

(Esoph ag e al gl an d s,
G astri c folli c l es,
D uod e nal g l and s
G land ul m solitarm,
G land ulaa agg re g atae
S i mpl e folli c l es
'

T he oesop hag eal g l an ds are smal l l ob u l ate d b odi es, si tu ate d

i n the sub mu c ous ti ssue , and ope n i ng u pon the surf ace of the
aesaphag u s b y a l on g e x c re tory d u c t, w hi c h b l iq l y
p a sse s o u e
t h rough the m u c ou s m emb rane .

T he g astr i c f ol l icl es are l on g tu b u l ar fol l i c u l ar gl an d s, sit

u ated pe rpe ndi c u l arly si d e b y sid e i n e v e r y
fi part of the m uc ous
m u mb rane of the stom ac h . A t thei r te rm i nati ons t h e y are di
l ated into smal l l ate ral pouc h es, wh i c h gi v e th e m a c l u ste re d
appearanc e . Thi s c h arac ter is more c l e arl y e xh i b i ted at the -

yl ori c than at the c ardi ac e nd of the stom ac h Th e y are in

p .

tend ed , v e ry prob ab l y , for the sec re ti on of the g astri c fl u id .

T he d u od en a l, or B r u nn er s g l a n d s , are smal l fl attened g ra
’

nul ar b odi es, c ompare d c oll ec ti v e l y to a se c ond an c re as. T he y

p
resemb l e in struc ture the smal l sal i vary g l and s so ab u nd ant b e
286 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

d i stri b u ted ov e r the enti re su rfac e . A t the te rm i nati on of the

i l eu m the c i rc u l ar fi b res are c onti n u e d i n to the t wo fold s o f th e
il i o e me e l v al v e, w h il e t he l ongi tudi nal fi b res pass on wards to
-

t he l arg e i n testi n e . I n the c re cu m and c ol on the se l on gi tudi n a l

fi bres are c ol l e c te d i n to thr ee b a n d s, w h i c h, b e i n g sh o rter than
t he i n te s ti ne , gi v e it the pu c kere d and sac c u l ate d appe aranc e
w hi c h is c h arac te ri sti c o f t he l arg e i nte sti n e . T he c i rc u l ar
fi b res are v e ry t hi n . I n t he r ec tu m the t h ree l ongi tu d i n al
b and s spre ad o ut and form a th i c k an d v e ry m usc u l ar longitu
di n al l ayer .

T he c i rc u l ar fi b res are v e ry m u c h atten u ate d e x c e pti n g at ,

i ts l ower e x tre mi ty w h e re th e y are agg re g ate d i n to the t h i c k
,

m usc u l ar ri ng wh i c h is c all e d t he i nte rn al sphi n c te r an i .

S er ous c oa t — T he phary n x and oeso ph ag u s h av e n o c o v er

.

i ng of se rous m e m b rane T he al i m e n ta ry c an al w i thi n t he

.

ab d o me n h as a sero u s l ay er d e r i v e d f ro m t he
, pe ri to n e u m .

T he s tom a ch is c o m pl e te l y su rro u nd e d b y the pe rito ne u m .

T he fi r s t o r ob l iq u e p or t i on of the d u od e n u m is a l so c om pl e te
l y i n c l u d e d b y the se ro u s m e m b rane T h e d es c en d i n g p or t i on
.

h as me re l y a parti al c o v e ri n g on i ts a n te ri o r su rfac e T he .

tr a n s ver s e p or t ion is al so b e hi n d the pe ri ton e u m b e i ng si tu ate d ,

b e twee n the two l ay e rs of the t ran s v e rse m eso c ol o n an d has -

b u t a parti al c o v e ri ng T h e rest o f the s m al l i n te st i n e s are

.

c o m l e te l y i n v es te d b
p y i t T h e c
. ce cu m a n d c om m e n c em e n t O
f
the c ol on h ave t he se ro u s m e m b rane o n l y o n t he i r an te ri o r
t wo t h i rd s to t he re st o f the c ol on it for m s a c om pl e te c ov er
,

i ng . T he u ppe r t h i rd o f th e re c tu m is c o m pl e te l y e n c l ose d b y
t he peri tone u m t he m iddl e t h i rd h as an an te ri or c o v e r i n g ou
;
l y an d the i n fe ri or th i rd n o n e w h atsoe v e r
, .

T he e x pre ssi o n c o mpl e te c o v e ri ng in the ab o ve d es c ri pti on

, ,

must b e rec e i ve d w i t h l i m i tati on N o pe ri ton e a l i nv estme n t

.

c an b e pe rfec tl o m l e te as a c e rtai n s ac e m u st n e c e ssaril y

y c
p , p
b e l e ft u n c o ve re d i n e v e ry v i sc u s fo r t he e n tranc e and e x i t o f
v e ssel s . T h i s i n te rv al c orrespond s w i t h the poi n t o f refl ec ti on
of th e sero u s m e m b ran e .
V e s s el s T he a r ter ies o f t he al i m en tary c an al ,
and n er v es .

as t h e y s u l
pp y t he t u b e f ro m ab ov e d o w n w ard s, are t he asc e nd

i ng ph ary ng e al , su pe ri o r t hy ro id , and i n fe ri o r thy roid in t he

ne c k (e soph ag e a l i n t he th ora x ; g ast ri c , h e pa ti c , s pl e ni c , su

peri or an d i n fer i o r m ese n te ri c in the ab d o me n ; an d i nfe ri or

m ese nte ri c , i li ac , and i n te rn a l pu di c in t he pe l v i s . T he v ei n s
fro m the abd om i n al al i me n tary c an al u n i te to form the v en a
ortae T h l m h ti d l te a ls O e n i n to the th orac i c
p . e y p a c s a n a c p
d uc t
T he n er v es o f the
h y x nd h ll S are d eri v e d fro m
p ar n a (B S O
p g
a

the gl osso ph a ry ng e al pne u mog astri c and sy m path e ti c

-

,
T he
,
.

ne rves of the sto mac h are the pne u mog astri c and sy mpath e ti c
 M A TERI A M ED I C A . 2 87

b ranc h e s from l ar pl ex us ; and t h ose p f the i n testi nal c a

the so ~

u a l are the su pe ri o r a nd i nfe ri or me se nte r i c a d h y pog astri c

n
l x T h e x tre m i ty o f the re c t u m i s su ppl i e d b y t he c oc
p e u se s . e

c y e al n e rve s fro m t he spi n al c ord

g .

TH EL IV ER.

T he l i ve r is a c ongl om erate g l an d of l arg e si z e , appen d ed to

t he ali me n ta ry c anal , a nd pe rfor m i ng the d ou b l e offi c e o f se pa
r ati n g i m pu r i ti es from t he ve n o us b l o od o f t he c hyl o poi e ti c v is
-

c e ra p re v i ou s to i ts re t u rn i nto t he g e n e ral v e n o u s c i rc u l ati on ,

a n d o f se c re ti ng a fl u i d n e c e ssary to c h yl i fi c ati o n — t he b il e . It
is t he l a rg est org an in t he b od y, we ig hi n g ab ou t fo u r pou n d s,
a n d m e asu ri n g t h rou g h i ts l o ng e st d i a m e te r a b ou t t w e l ve i n c h

e s. I t is si t uate d in t he r igh t h y poc hond ri ac re gi o n , and e x

t e nd s ac ross t he e pig ast rm m i n to t he l e ft h y poc h o n d r i ac , f re
q ue n tl y re ac hi ng b y its l e ft e x t re m i t y to t he u pper e n d of the
s pl e e n. It is pl ac e d o b liq u e l y in t he ab d o m e n , i ts c o n v e x sur
fac e l oo ki n g u pward s a nd forward s, a n d t he c o n c av e d o wn
w ard s a nd b ac kwa rd s .T he a n te ri o r b o rd e r is sh arp and free ,
a n d m a rke d b a d ee n o tc h, an d the t ri o r ro u n d e d and
y p p os e

b road . I t is in re l ati o n , su pe ri o rl y an d poste ri o rl y w i th t h e di

a h rag m, a nd i n f ri o rl
y wi th t he sto m a c h , asc e n d i ng po rti on
e
p
o f t he d u od e n u m , tr an sv e rse c ol o n rig ht s u pra re n al c apsu l e ,
-

a nd rig h t kid n e , an d c orres o n d s b i ts free b ord e r w i t h t he

y p y
l o we r m argi n of t he r i b s .

T he l i v e r is re tai ne d i n its pl ac e b y fi v e l i g am en ts ; four of

wh i c h a re for me d b y d upli c a tu res of t he peri to n e u m, and are

P L AT E

T he U pper S u rf a c e of the L i ver — 1 . T h e r ig h t l ob e

. . 2 T h e l e f t l ob e .
.

3 . T he a n t e r ior or f r ee b or d e r . 4 . T h e p ost e r i or o r r ou n d e d b or d e r
,
. 5 T he
.

b r oa d lig am e n t . 6 T he r ou n d l ig a m e nt. 7 , 7 . T h e t w o l a t e r al l i g a m e n t s .
8 , 8 T h e sp a c e l e ft u nc o v e re d b y t he p e r iton e u m , a nd su rr o und e d b y t h e c o
.

o nar l ig am ent. 9 . T he i nfe r ior v ena c av a 1 0 . T h e p oi nt of th e l ob u s

gp g y
.
o

r e n.
28 8 TH E T H O M S O N I A N

s i tuated u pon the c on ve x surfac e of the org an ; the fi ft h b e

i ng a fi b rous c ord w h i c h passes th ro ugh a fi ssu re in its u n d e r
su rfac e from t he u mb il i c u s to the i n fe ri or v e na c av a
, Th e y .

are — the

L ongi tu di nal ,
T wo l ate ral ,
C oronary,
Rou nd .

T he l ong itu d i n a l l ig a m en t is an antero poste ri or fol d of pe

-

ritone u m, e x te n di ng fro m t he n otc h on the an teri or m argi n of

t he l i ve r to i ts poste ri or b ord e r . B e t we e n its t wo l ay ers i n the
anteri or and free m argi n, is the ro u n d l ig a me n t.

T he two l a ter a l li g a m en ts are fo me rd b y the t wo l ay ers of

p ri tone u m w hi c h pass fro m the u nd e r surfac e of the di aph rag m
e

to the poster i or b ord er of th e l i v e r ; t h e y c orres on d wi th its l a

p
te ral l ob es.

T he c or on a ry l ig a m e n t is fo rme d b y the se parat i on of the

t wo l ay e rs for mi ng the l ate ral l ig am e n ts n e a r the i r po i n t of c on
v e rg e n c e . T he poste ri or l ay e r is c on ti n u e d u n b rok e n fro m on e
l ateral l ig am en t i nto the o th e r, b u t the an te ri or q ui ts the poste
r i or at e ac h sid e , and is c on ti n u o u s wi t h t he c orre s ondi ng l ay
p
e r of t he l ongi tu di n al l ig am e nt. I n thi s way a l arg e o v al su r
fac e ou the posteri o r b ord e r o f the li v e r is l e ft u nc ov e re d b y pe
ritone u m , and is c on nec te d t o t he di aphrag m b y a d e n se c e l lu
l ar ti ssue . Th i s s pace is forme d pr i n c i pal l y b y the righ t l ate ral
li g amen t, and is pi erc e d n e ar i ts l eft e x tre m i ty b y t he i n fe ri or
v en a c av a, pre v i ou sl y to t he passag e o f that v esse l t h rou gh th e
te ndi nou s O pe n i ng i n the di aph rag m .

T he r ou n d l ig a m en t is a fi b rou s c ord resu l ti ng from t he oh

l i te rati on of the u mb i li c al v e i n , and si tuate d b e t wee n the two
l aye rs of pe ri tone u m in t he ante ri or b o rd e r of the l on gi tudi n al
l i g am en t. I t m ay b e trac e d fro m the u m b i li c u s, al ong the lo n
it u d i n al fi ss u re u pon t he u nd er su rfac e o f t he l i v e r to t he i n
g
ferio r v e na c av a to w hi c h i t is c onn ec te d .
T he u n d e r su rfac e of t he l i v e r is m ark e d b y fi v e fi ssu re s,
w h i c h d i v i d e its su rfac e i n to fi v e c o mpartm e n ts or l o b es, two
p r i n i
c p al an d t h ree m i no r l ob es : t h e y are — the

F iss u r es . L b
o es .

L ongi tudi nal fi ssure ,

Ri g h t l ob e ,

F i ssu re for the d uc tus v e nosus ,

L e ft l o b e ,

T ransve rse fi ssure , L o b us q u ad ratus ,

F i ssu re fo r the g al l b l add e r, L ob u s S pig e lii,

F i ssure for the v e n a c av a . L ob us c au d atu s .
2 90 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

b ranc h es of the h e pati c d uc t are the most ante rior, ne x t t h ose of

t he arte ry , an d m ost poste ri orl y t he o rta l v e i n
p .

T he fi ss u r e f or the g a l l bl a d d er i s a s h all o w fossa e x te ndi n g

for wa rd s parall e l wi th the l ongi tu di n al fi ssu re from t he righ t
e x t re m i ty o f the t ra nsv e rse fi s su re to t he fre e b ord e r o f the l i v er
,
w h e re it freq u e ntly forms a n otc h .

T he fi ss u r e f or the v e n a c a v a is a d e e p an d short fi ssure oc

c asio n al ly a rou nd e d tu n n e l , w h i c h proc e ed s f rom a l i ttl e b e

h i n d t he righ t e x tre m i ty o f the t ran s ve rse fi ssu re to the posteri

or b o rd e r o f the li v e r, a nd l o d g e s t he i n fe ri o r v e n a c a v a .

T he se fi ve fi ssu re s take n c o ll e c ti v e ly re se m b l e an in ve rte d V

the b ase c o rre spo nd i n g w i t h the fre e m a1 g i n o f the li v e r, a n d
t he a pe x w i t h i ts poste ri or b o rd e r .V i e w i ng t h e m i n t hi s w ay ,
t he t wo an t e ri o r b ran c h e s re pre se n t t he l o n gib
t ud i na l fi s su re on

t he l e ft, and t he fi ssu re fo r t he g al l b l add e r o n t he r igh t sid e

t he t wo poste ri or, the fi ssu re fo r t he d u c t u s v e n osu s o n t he l e ft,
a nd t he fi ssu re fo r the v e n a c av a o n t he r i h t s id e an d the c on
g ,

n e c ti ng b ar t he t ran sv e rse fi ssu re .

L ob es — T he r ig ht l ob e is fo u r or si x t i me s l arg e r t han the
.

l e ft, fro m w hi c h it is se parate d o n t he c o nc a v e su rfac e b y the

l o ngi t ud i n al fi ssu re , and o n the c on v e x b y the lo n g i tu d i n al l ig a
m e nt . I t is m ar ked u pon i ts u nd e r su rfac e b y t he t ran sv e rse
fi ssu re , and b y the fi ssu re s fo r t he g all b l add e r a nd v e n a c av a,
l
-

a nd
pre se nts t h re e d e pre ssi o n s o n e i n f ro n t fo r t he c u r v e o f th e
asc e nd i ng c ol o n , a nd t wo b e h i nd f or the rig h t s u pra re n al c ap
-

su l e , a nd k i d n e y .

T he l ef t l ob e is s m all an d fl atte n e d , c o n v e x u po n i ts u ppe r

su rfac e , a nd c o n c a v e b e l o w , w he re i t l i e s i n c on tac t w i th t he

a n te ri or su rfac e of t he sto m ac h . It is so m e t i m e s in c o n tac t b y

.

i ts e x tre m i ty w i t h t he U ppe r e nd o f the s pl ee n , an d is i n re l a

t i on b y i ts poste ri o r b o rd e r w i t h t he c a rd i a c o rifi c e of t he sto
m ac h , an d l e ft pne u mog astri c n e rv e .

T he l ob u s q u ad ratu s is a q u ad ril ate ral l ob e si t u ate d u pon

the u n d e r su rfac e of t he righ t l o b e : i t is b ou nd e d i n f r on t b y
.

t he fre e b ord e r of t he l i v e r ; b ehi n d , b y t he t ra n sv e rse fi ss u re ;

to t he r ig ht , b y t he g a ll b l add e r a n d to t he l e t , b h e l on gi
f y t
t u d inal fi ssu re .

T he l ob u s S p ig el i i I S a s m al l tri an g ul ar l o b e also si tu ate d

,

u pon t he u n d e r su r fac e o f t he r igh t l o b e ; i t is b ou n d ed i n f r on t

b y t he transv e rse fi ssu re ; and on the s i d es, b y the fi ssu re s for
t he d uc tu s v e nosus a nd v e n a c av a .
T he l ob u s c a u d a tu s 1 s a s m all tail l i ke appe nd ag e to the l o
b us S pig e l ii, fro m w h i c h i t ru ns o u t ward s l i ke a c rest i n to the
righ t l o b e , a nd se r v e s to se parate t he l ig ht e x t re m i ty o f t he

t ransverse fi ssu 1 e fro m the c om m e n c e me n t o f the fi ssu re fo r the

v e na c av a . I n some l i v e rs t hi s l ob e IS e x tre me l y we l l mark e d ,
in h
o t ers it is smal l and il l d e fi ne d .
 M A TERIA M ED I C A . 29 1

Re verti ng to the c om pari son of the fissures wi th an i nv e rte d

i t w il l b e o b se r ve d that the q u ad r il ate ral i n te r val in front of
V 1 ,

t he t ra nsv e rse b a r re pr e se nts t he l o b u s q uad rat u s t he tri ang u

,

l a r s pac e b e hi n d t he b ar the l ob u s S p ig e lii ; and t he ape x of

,

t he l e tte r t he poi n t of u ni o n b e tw e e n the i nfe ri o r v e n a c a v a

, ,

and t he re mai ns o f t he d u c tus v e nosus .

T he v esse ls e n te ri ng i n to the struc ture of t he l i v er are al so

fi v e in n u m b er t he y are t he,

H e pati c artery ,

P o rtal v e i n ,

H e pati c ve i n s ,

H e pa ti c d u c ts ,

L y m ph ati c s .

T he h ep a ti c a r te r y , p or ta l v e i n , and hep a ti c d u c t e nte r t he

l i v e r at the tran sv e rse fi ssure , and ram i fy t h ro ugh portal c an als
to e v e r y part of t he o rg an S o t h at t he i r g e ne ral di rec ti on is
.

f ro m b e l o w u pward s, and from t he c e n t re toward s th e c i rc u m

fere n c e .
T he h ep at ic v e in s c om me nc e at the c i rc u m fe re n c e and pro
c e ed f ro m b e fo re b ac kw a rd s, t o o pe n i n to t he v e n a c a v a, o n t he
ste ri or b ord e r o f t he l i v e r H e n c e t he b ranc h es of the t wo
p o .

v e i ns c ross e ac h o t h e r in t he i r c o u rse .

T h e po rtal v e i n . h e pati c arte r y , a nd d uc t are m oreo ve r e n

v e IO pe d i n a l oose c e l l u l a r ti ssu e , t he c a su l e of G li sson, w h i c h
p
m i t t h m to c o n t rac t u o n t h e mse l ve s w h e n e m ti e d o f
p e r s e p p
i
t he r c on te nts ; t he h e pati c v e i n s o n t he c on trar y are c l ose ly
, ,

a d he re n t b t h e i r par i e te s to th e su r fa c e o f t he c an al s in w h i c h
y
t h e y r u n an d a re u n a b l e to c o n t rac t
,
B y t h ese c h arac te rs the
.

an ato m i st is e n ab l e d ,
i n an y se c ti o n o f t he l i ve r to di sti ng u i sh
,

at o n c e t he m ost m i n u te b ra n c h o f t he
.
portal v e i n from the he
a ti c v e i n th e fo rm e r w il l b e fou n d m ore o r l e ss c ol l a sed a nd
p p ,

a l w a s a c c o m an i e d b a n arte ry an d d u c t a n d the l atte r w i d e

y p y ,

l y o pe n an d sol i tar y .

T h e ly m p ha ti cs a re d esc ri b e d i n the porti on d edi c ate d to

t h ose v e sse l s .

T he n e r v es o f the l i v e r are d e ri v ed from t he sy ste ms b ot h of

a n i mal a nd o f org an i c li fe
; the for me r proc e e d from the righ t
p h r e n i c a nd
pn e umog astri c ne rv es and t he l atte r f ro m the he
,
ati c pl e x u s
p .

S t r u c tu r e and m in u te A n a tom y of the L i v er , a ccor d ing to

M r . K ier n a n .
T he li v er is c ompose d of l ob u l es , of a c onne c ti n g m edi u m ,
c all e d G l iss on s c a su l e o f the ram ifi c ati on s of t he
p
’
p , or t a l v e i n ,

hep a ti c d u c t, hep a tic a r ter y , hep a ti c v e i n s , ly m p h a tics, and

‘

n er v es , and is e nc l osed and re tai ne d in i ts re e r s i tuati on b y

p p
the peri toneum.
 2 92 TH E T H O M S O N I A N

T he l ob ul es are s mal l g ran u l ar b odi e s , of ab ou t the iz e

s of a
m il l e t see d , of i rre g ul a r fo rm and presen ti n g a n u mb e r of
an ,

ro u nd e d proj ec ti n g proc e sses u po n th e i r su rfac e Wh e n d iv id

.

e d l o ngi tu di nal l y t he y h av e a fo l i ate d appearan c e and trans

, ,

v e rse ly a polyg o nal o u tl i ne w i t h sh arp o r ro u nd e d angl e s ac

, , ,
c ordi ng to t he s m al le r o r g re ate r q u ant i ty of G li sson s c a su l e
’
p
c on t ai ne d i n t he l i ve r .

Eac h l ob ul e is di vid e d u pon its e x te ri or i nt o a b ase and a

"

c apsu l ar s urfac e . T he b as e c orrespon d s wi th o n e e x tre m i ty of

t he l o b u l e is fl atte n ed an d rests u pon a h e pati c v e i n w hi c h is
, , ,

t h e nc e n ame d su bl ob u l a r T he c ap s u l a r s u rf a c e i nc l ud e s the
.

r est o f the pe ri phe ry of the l o b u l e a nd h as re c e i ve d i ts d esi

, g
n ati on fro m b e i n g e n c l ose d in a c e ll u l ar c apsu l e d e ri ve d from
the c apsu l e of G l i sson I n the c e n tre of eac h l o b u l e is a
.

s m al l v e i n the i n tr a l ob u l a r w hi c h is forme d b y t he c on v e r
, ,

ge nc e of six or e igh t m i nu te v e n ul es from the rou nd e d pro ~

c esse s si t u ate d u o n th e su rfac e T he i n tral ob u l ar v e i n th us

p .

c o nsti tu te d tak es i ts c ou rse t h rou gh t he c e nt re o f the lon itu

, g
d i nal axi s of the l ob u l e pi e rc es the m iddl e of its b ase and opens
, ,

i nto the su b l ob u l ar v e i n T he c i rc u mfe ren c e of the l ob u l e

.
,

w i t h the e x c e pti o n o f its b ase w h i c h is al way s c l ose l y attac h e d

,

to a su bl ob u l a r v e i n is c on n e c te d b y me ans of i ts c e l l u l ar c ap
,

su l e w i h t he c apsu l ar su rfac es o f su rrou ndi n g l ob u l e s

i
T he .

c e l l u l ar i nte r v a l b e twee n t he l ob u l e s is t he i n ter l ob u l a r

fi ssu re ,

a nd t he a ng u l ar i n te rs ti c e s fo rme d b
, y th e a
pp osi t i on of se ve ral

lo b ul e s are the i n ter l ob u l a r sp ac es .

P AL TE

The L ob ul es o h L i — A . T he l ob u l e s a s the a r e see n u on th e sur

f t e v er .
y p
f a c e of t h e l iv er , o r w h e n d iv id e d t ra n sv e r se ly . 1 . T he i ntr a l ob u l ar v e in i n
t he c en t re o f e ac h l ob ul e . 2 . T he i nt er l ob u l a r fi ssu re . 3 . T he i n te rl ob ul ar
s p a ce . B . A l o ng i tu di nal se c t ion o f tw o l ob u l e s . 1 . A su p e r fi c ial l o
b u l e . te rm in a ting a b r u p tl y , a nd r e se m b l ing a se c t ion a t i ts e xtr e m it
y 2. . A
d e e p l ob u l e , sh ow i ng t he f ol ia te d a p p e ara nc e of i t s sec t ion . 3 . T he i nt r a l o
b ul a r v e in , with i ts c o nv er g ing v e nu l es t h e v e in ter m i nate s in a su b l ob ul ar
v e in . 4 . T he e xter nal or cap sul ar surfac e of the l ob u l e .
2911, T H E TH O M S O N I A N

s urfac es , the e te rn al su pe rfi c ie s of t he
x l i v er , formed b y
and are

the c apsu l ar surfac e s of t he l ob u l es, all t h e i r c anal s b e i ng

,

as i t we re ,
“
tu b u l ar i nfl ec ti ons i n ward s o f the su perfi c e s of t he
l i v e r.”
T h ese are the portal c anal s, and c on tai n, b esi des the
o rtal ve i n w i th its ramifi c ati ons, the arter y and d ue t w i th t h e i r
p
b ranc h e s .

I n t he l arge r c an al s, the v e sse l s are se parate d from the pari e

tes o f t he c a v i ty b y a w eb o f G l i sson s c aps ul e ; b u t, in the
’

s m all e r, t he po rta l v e i n is i n c on tac t w i t h the su r fac e o f the c a

n al fo r ab ou t t wo t hi rd s of i ts c y li nd e r, t he opposi te th i rd b e i n g
-

i n re l ati o n wi th t he ar te ry and d uc t an d th e i r i n v e sti ng c apsul e .

I f, t h e re fore , the po rtal v e i n we re l aid O pe n b y a l ongi t ud i nal
i n c i si on in o ne o f the se sm all e r c anal s, the c oats b e i ng t ranspa
r e n t t he ou tl i ne of t he l o b u l e s, b o u n d e d b y t h e i r i n terl ob u l ar
'

fi ssu re s, wou ld b e as di sti nc tl y se e n as u pon the e x te rn al su r

fac e of t he l i ve r, an d the s mall e r v en ou s b ran c h es wou ld b e ob
se rv e d e n te r i n g t he i nte rl o b u l ar spac es.

T he b ranc h e s of the portal v e i n are , t he v agi n al , i nterl ob u l ar,

a n d l o b u l ar . T he v ag i n a l b r a n ch es are those w hi c h , b e i n g
i v e n off i n the portal c an al s, h av e to pass t h rou gh t he sh eat h
g
v agi n a) of G li sson s c apsu l e , pre v i o u sly to e n te ri ng t he i nter
’
(
l o b u l ar spac es . I n t hi s c ourse th e y form an i n tri c ate ple x us,
t he v ag i n a l p l ex u s, w hi c h , d e pe ndi ng fo r i ts e xi ste n c e on the
c apsu l e of G li sson, n e c e ssaril y su rro u nd s the v e sse l s, as d oes

t h at c apsul e i n t he l arg e r c an al s, and oc c u pi e s the c apsu l ar sid ei

o n l y i n the s mal le r c an al s. T he i n ter l ob u l a r b r a n ches are
g i v e n off from t he v agi n al portal pl e x u s w h e re it e xi sts, and di

re c tl y from the portal v e i n s, i n th at part of t he smal l e r c an al s

w he re the c oats o f the v e i n are i n c o n tac t w i t h the w al l s of the
c anal . T h e y t h e n e nte r t he i nte rl ob ul ar spac es and di v id e i nto
b ran c h es, wh i c h c ov e r wi th t h e i r ramifi c ati ons e v ery par t of the
su rfac e of the l ob u l es w i th the e x c e pti on of t h e i r b ases, and
t h ose e x tre mi ti es o f the su pe rfi c i al l ob u l es w hi c h appe ar U pon
t he su rfac e s of t he l i v e r. T he i n te rl ob ul ar v e i ns c ommu n i c ate
f re e l y w i th e ac h o th e r, and w i th the c orrespon di ng v e i n s of ad
j oi n i ng fi ssu res, and estab l i sh a g e ne ral portal anastomosi s
.t h rou gh ou t the e nti re l i v e r. T he l ob u la r b r a n ches are d eri v ed
fro m t he i nte rl ob u l ar v e i ns ; t h e y form a pl e x us w i th i n eac h
l ob u l e , and c onv e rg e from the c i rc u mfe re n c e toward s t he c en
t re , w h ere t h e y te rm i n ate in the m i nu te radi c l es o f the intralo
b nlar v e i n. T h i s pl e x us, i nte rpose d b etwe en the i n te rl ob u l ar
ortal v e i ns an d the i n tr al ob u l ar h e pati c v e i n , c onsti tu tes the
p
v e nou s part of the l ob u l e , and may b e c all e d the l ob u l a r v e n ou s

l ex u s . T he i rreg u l ar i sl e ts of the s ub stanc e o f t he l ob ul es,

p
s e e n b e twee n the m esh es o f th i s pl e x us b y m eans of t he mi c ro~
.
sc ope, are the ac i n a of M al pighi , and a re sh own b y M r. K i er

man to b e porti ons of the l ob u l ar b il i ary pl e xus.

 M A T ERI A M ED I C A . 2 95

T he portal i
v e n re tu rn s the v e n ou sb l ood from the c hyl opoi
i i
e t c v sc e ra, to be c i rc u l ate d t h rough t he l ob u l es i t al so r e c e i v es

t he v e n ou s b l ood whi c h re sul ts from t he di stri b u t i on of the he

p i
at c arte r y .

T he hep a tic d u ct, e n te ri ng the li ve r at the transv e rse fi ssu re,

d i v i d e s in to b ran c he s, w h i c h ram i fy th rou gh the portal c an al s,
'

w i th the po rtal v e i n an d he pati c arte ry , to te rm i n ate in the su b

s tanc e o f t he l o b ule s I ts b ran c h e s, li ke t h ose of t he portal v e i n ,
.

a re v agi n al , i nte rl o b u l a r a nd l ob u l ar .

T h e v a g in a l b r a n c hes r am i fy t hrou gh the c apsu l e of (B i ll s

s on , an d fo rm a v ag i n a l b il i a ry p lex u s , w h i c h , l i ke t he v agi n a l

ortal pl e x us, su rro u nd s t he v e sse l s in t he l arg e c an a l s, b u t i s

p
d efi c i e n t o n t h at s id e o f th e small e r c a n al s n e ar w h i c h t he d uc t:
is pl ac e d .T he b ranc he s gi v e n off b y t he v agi n al b ili ary pl e x us,
a re i n te rl ob u l ar an d l ob ul ar. T he i n te r l ob u l a r b r a n ches pro
c e e d fro m the v agi n a l b ili ary pl e x u s w he re i t e xi s ts, and di re c t

l y fro m the h e pati c d u c t o n t h at sid e of the s mal l er c an al s

ag ai nst w hi c h t he d uc t is pl ac e d T h e y e n ter the i nte rl ob u l ar
.

s ac e s, a nd ra mi fy u po n t he c a su l ar su r fac e o f t h e l o b u l e s i n
p p ,

th e i n terl o b u lar fi ssu re s , whe re t he y c o mm u ni c ate fre e l y wi th

e ac h o th er T he l ob u l a r d u c ts are d e ri v e d c h i e fl y fro m th e
.

i n te rl ob ul ar b u t to those l ob u l es fo rm i ng the w al l s of the por

tal c a nal s, t h e y pass d i re c tl y fro m t he v agi n al pl e x u s. Th e y
e nte r the l ob u l e a n d fo rm a pl e x u s i n i ts i n te ri o r t he l ob u l a r

b il i ary p l ex us , w hi c h c onsti t u tes t he pri n c i pal par t of the su b

stan c e of t he l ob u l e T he d u c ts te rm i nate most prob ab l y in
.

ca e c al e x tre m i ti es.

T he c oats o f t he d uc ts are v er y v asc ul ar , an d su ppl i e d wi th

a n u m b e r of m uc ous fol li c l e s, w hi c h are di st ri b u te d i rreg u l arl y

i n the l arg e r, b u t are arrang e d i n t wo paral l e l l ongi tudi nal rows

in th e small e r d u c ts .

T he hep a ti c a r tery e nte rs the li v er wi th the portal v e i n and

h e pati c d uc t, and ram ifi e s w i th t h ose v essels t h rough the portal
c an al s. I ts b ran c h es are the v agi n al , i nte rl ob u l ar an d l o b u l ar.
T he v ag i n a l b r a n ches, l i ke th ose of the po rtal v e i n and h e pati c
d uc t, form a v ag in a l p lex us , w hi c h e xi sts t h rou g hou t the wh ol e
e x te n t of t he portal c anal s, w i th t he e x c e pti on of t h at sid e o f the
s m al l e r c anal s whi c h c orre s on d s W i th the arter y. T he i n ter
p
l ob u la r b r a n ches, ari si ng from the v agi n al pl e x u s and from the
pari e tal sid e of the artery in t he s mal le r c anal s, rami fy t h roug h
t he i n te rl ob u l ar fissu re s, and are pri nc i pal ly di stri b uted to the
c oats of the i nte rl ob u l ar d u c ts.
“
F ro m the su pe rfic i al i n terl ob ul ar fi ssures, smal l arte ri es
e me rg e , and r a mi fy i n the p r o e r c a su l e, on the c on v e x and
p p
c onc a v e surfac e of the l i ve r, and i n the lig aments. Th e se are
t he c ap s ul a r a r ter ies .
”
Wh ere the c apsul e is w e l l d e vel oped ,
“
th ese vesse l s c over the surfaces of the l i v er wi th a b e au ti ful
29 6 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

l x anastomose wi th b ranc h es of the ph reni c , i nte r

”
p e us ,
and
an d wi th the e i as
”
n al m am mar y, and su pra -
re n al arteri e s,
pg
t rio.
T he l ob u l ar b r a n ches, e x tre me l y mi nu te and fe w in n um
b e r, are t he n u tri e n t v e sse l s of the l ob u l es, an d term i nate in the
l o b ul ar v e nous pl e x us .
A ll the v e n ous b l ood re su l ti n g from the di stri b u ti on of the
h e pati c artery, e ve n th at fro m the v asa v asoru rn of the h epati c
v e i n s, is re tu rn e d i n to t he po rtal v e i n .
T he hep a ti c v ei ns c o mme nc e i n the sub stanc e of e ac h l ob u l e
b y m i nu te v e nu l e s, w h i c h rec e i ve the b l ood from t he l ob u l ar
v e nou s pl e x u s, and c o n v e rg e to form t he in tral ob ul ar v e i n .

T he i n tr a l ob u l a r v e i n passes t h rou gh the c e ntral axi s o f the

l ob u l e , and through the middl e of its b ase , to te rm i nate in a
s u b l ob ul ar v e i n a nd the u n i on of t he s u b l ob u l ar v e i ns c onsti ~

t u tes t he h e pati c t ru n ks, w hi c h te rm i n ate in the i nferi or v e n a

c av a . T he h epati c v e n ous syste m c onsi sts, th e re fore , o f th re e
s e ts o f v e sse l s i n tral ob u l ar v e i ns, sub l ob u l ar ve i ns, and h epa
t ic t ru n ks .

T he s u b l ob u l a r v ei ns are c on tai ne d in c an al s fo rme d solel y

b y the b ase s of the l ob u l e s, w i t h wh i c h , from the ab se nc e of
G li sson s c apsu l e , th e y are in i m me di ate c on tac t Th e i r c oats
’
.

a re t h i n and t ran spare n t ; and , if t h e y b e l aid ope n b y a l on gi ~

t u d in al i n c i si on , the b ase s o f t he l o b u l e s wil l b e di sti n c tl y se e n ,
se arate d b y i nter l ob u l ar fi ssu re s, a nd pe rforate d t h roug h t he
p
c e ntre b y the ope ni ng of the i ntral o b u l ar v e i n .
T he hep a ti c tru n ks are forme d b y the u n i on o f the su b lob u
l ar ve i ns ; th e y are c o ntai n e d i n c an al s (he pati c v e n ou s) si m il ar
i n str uc tu re to the portal c a nal s, and l i n ed b y a prol ong ati on of
t he pro pe r c apsu l e . Th e y procee d fro m be fore b ac k w ard s, and
t e rm i n ate b y t wo l arge ope n i ng s, c orre spo ndi ng to the rig ht and
l e ft l ob e of the l i v e r i n t he i nferi or v e n a c av a.
It is to K i e rnan t h at anato m i c al sc i e nc e is i nd eb te d for the
c l e ar, di sti nc t, an d i nte ll igi b l e id e a o f the stru c tu re of t hi s m ost

c o m pli c ate d org an , w h i c h has b e e n fu rn i sh e d b y t he researc h e s

o f th at an atom i st. T o v al u e t hi s kno wl e dg e as it d eserv es, we

h ave b u t to reflec t U pon t he u nsu c c e ssfu l , t h o ugh not fru i tl ess,
l ab ors of th ose g reat di sc ove re rs i n struc tural an atomy, M alpigh i
a nd R uy sc h , u pon t he same su bj e c t . It is not, h owe v er, in an
a natomi c al , or e v e n a phy si ol og i c al poi nt of v i e w m ere ly , t h at

we h ave to ad m i re t h e se di sc ov e ri es for i n t h e i r prac ti c al ap

l i c ati on to t he e l uc i d at i on o f path ol ogi c al appearan c es, an d the
p
e x pl an ati on of t he ph e n ome n a of di se ase , t h e y are stil l m ore in

teresting .
S m m — T h e l i ve r has b een sh own to b e c om ose d o f
u a r y p
l ob u l es ; the l ob ul es (ex c epti ng t h e i r b ases) are i nv ested and
c onnec te d toget h e r, the v esse l s supported , and the w h ol e organ
2 98 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

t he h e ati c )b e i n g si tu ate d i n the c e ntre of the l ob ul e and

on e
( p ,

t h ose o f t he o the r (po rtal ) i n t he c i rc u m fe re n c e N o w the c o .

l or o f the l o b u l e as o f th e e n ti re l i ve r d e pe nd s c h i e fl y u pon the

, ,

re porti on o f b l o od c o ntai n e d i n t h ese t wo se ts o f v e sse l s ; and

p
so l o n g as t he c i rc u l ati on is n atu ral the c o l or wil l b e u ni form .
,

B u t the i nstan t t h at an y c ause is d e v e l ope d w h i c h sh al l i nte r

fe re w i th t he free c i rc u l ati on o f e i t h e r t h e re w il l b e an i mme ,
w

d i ate d i v e rsi ty i n the c ol o r o f the l ob u l e .

T h us if t he re b e an y i m pe d i me n t to the fre e c i rc u l ati on of

,

the v e no u s b l oo d t hro u g h t he h e ar t o r l u ng s t he c i rc u l ati on in ,

t he h e pati c v e i ns wi l l b e re tard e d an d t he su b l ob u l a r and the,

i n tra lo b u l ar v e i ns w il l b e c o me c o nge ste d gi v i ng ri se to a mo re ,

o r l e ss e x te nsi v e re d n e ss i n t he c e n tre o f e ac h of t he l ob u l es ,

w h il e the m argi n al o r no n c ong e ste d porti on pre se n t s a di sti n c t

-

b ord e r o f a y e l lo w i sh w hi te y e l l o w o r g ree n c o l or ac c ordi n g

, , ,

t o t he q u a n ti ty a n d q u al i t y o f t he b il e it m ay c on tai n T h is 18 .

ass i v e c on g e s ti on o f t he l i ve r the u su a l a nd n atu ral state of

p ,

t he org an afte r d e at h ; a n d as i t c o m m e n c e s w i t h the h e pati c

,

v e i n i t m ay b e c a ll e d t he fi rst s tag e of h ep a t i c v e n ou s c on g es
,

ti o n .

B u t i f the c a use s w h i c h prod u c e d th i s state o f c ong esti on

c o n ti n u e or b e fro m t he b e gi nn i ng o f a m o re ac ti v e ki nd
,
t he ,

c o ng e st i o n wi l l e x te n d th ro u g h t he l o b u l ar v e n o us pl e x u se s i n

t o t hose b ra n c h e s o f t he po rta l v e i n s i tu at e d in t h e i n ter l ob u l a r

b u t n o t to t h ose i n t he sp a c e s w h i c h b e i ng l arg e r
fi s su r e s , , , ,

a nd i vm g o rigi n to t hose i n t he fi ss u res a re t he l ast to b e c on

g ,

g e sted I n t h i s se c o nd s tag e the li v e r has a m ottl e d appear

. ,

anc e ; t he n o n c o n ge ste d su b stan c e is a r ran g e d i n i sol a te d c i r ,

c u l ar a nd ram ose patc he s i n th e c e n tres o f w h i c h t he s pac e s

, ,

and parts o f t he fi ss u re s are se e n T hi s is an e x te nd e d d eg re e

.

of h ep a ti c v e n ou s c ong es ti on i t is a c ti v e
; c ong es t i on o f t he
l i v e r, an d v e ry c o m mo n ly atte n d s d i se ases of t he h e ar t and

l u ng
T he re is an o t her f orm of ar t al v e n o u s c o n
i g esti on wh i c h
p ,

c om me n c es i n t he po r tal v e i n ; t hi s is, the re fo re , p or t a l v en ou s

c on g es t i on I r is o f v e ry r are oc c u rre nc e , an d M r K i e rn an
. . .

h as o b se rv e d it in c hi ld re n o n l y I n t hi s f orm , t he c o ng e ste d
.

su b s tanc e n e v e r assu m e s t he d ee p re d c ol or w h i c h c h ara c te riz e s

h e pati c v e no u s c on g e suo n ; t he i n te rl o b u l ar fi ssu res an d spac es,

a n d t he m a rg i n a l por ti o n s o f t he l ob u l e s, a re of a d e e pe r c ol or

t h an u su al ; t he c o n g e s te d s u b stan c e is c o n ti n u ous and c orti c al ,

t he no n c o n g e ste d s u b s ta nc e b e i n g m e d u l l ary , an d oc c u pyi n g the .

c e n t res o f t he l o b u l e s T he sec o nd st age o f he pati c v en ou s

.

c o ng e s ti o n , i n w h i c h t he c o ng este d su b stan c e appe ars, b u t is

n ot c o rti c al , m ay b e e asil y c on fou nd e d w i t h porta l v e no us c on

g e st i o n .

f p a rti al b ut th e re me
0

T he se are i ns tan c es o c ong esti on , i s so

 M A TERI A M ED I C A . 99

t i me s g en er a l c ong es t ion o f the or g an . In ge neral c o ngesti on

t he w h ol e l i ve r is o f a re d c ol or ,
b u t t he c e n tra l por ti on s of t he

l ob ul es are u su all y of a d e epe r hu e th an the m argi nal porti ons.

G AL L -
B L A D D ER.

T he g al l b l add e r is the re se rv oi r fo r the b i le it is a py ri form

-

sac s i tu a te d i n a fossa u pon t he u n d e r surfac e of the r i g h t l ob e

, ,

o f t he l i v e r an d e x te n d i n g fro m the righ t e x tre m i ty o f the trans

,

v e rse fi ss u re to i ts free m a rgi n I t is di v id e d i nto a b od y fu n

.
,

d us an d n e c k — t he fu nd us o r b road e x tre m i ty in the natu ral

, ,

osi ti o n o f t he l i v e r is pl ac e d d o w n w ard s a nd fre q u e ntl y

p , pro ,

j e c ts b e yond the fre e m argi n o f the l i v e r w hil e the n ec k smal l , ,

a nd c o ns t ri c te d is d i re c te d u pw ard s
,
T h i s sac is c om pose d of .

t h ree c oats se ro u s fi b ro u s a n d muc ou s

, ,
T he s er ou s coat is
, .

ar ti al is d e ri v e d f ro m t he pe ri to n e u m an d c o v ers th at sid e
p , ,

o n l y w hi c h i s u n attac he d to the l i v er
,
T he m i dd l e or fib r ou s .

c oat is a th i n b ut stron g c ellu lo fi bi ou s l ay er i n te rm i ngl e d w i th

'
-

te ndi no u s fi b re s I t is c o nn e c te d b y o ne si d e to the l iv e r an d
.
,
b y t he o t h e r to the pe ri to ne u m T he i n te r n a l o r m u c ou s c oat
.

is b u t l oose ly c on n ec te d w i t h t he fi b ro u s l ay e r ; it is e v e ry
w h e re rai se d i n to m i n u te r ug ae , w hi c h gi v e it a b eau ti fu l l y re
t ic u late d appe ara nc e a nd for ms at the n e c k of the sac a s i ral
, p
v al v e .

I t is c o n ti n u o u s th rou gh the h e pati c d u e t w i th the m uc o us

m e m b ran e li n i ng all t he d u c ts o f the l i v e r and t h ro ugh the
, ,

d uc tus c o mm un i s c hol e d oc h us w i t h the m uc ous me mb ran e of ,

t he ail m e n ta ry c an al .

T he b ili a ry d u c ts a re the d u c tu s c om m u n i s c h o l e d oc h u s the ,

c ysti c a nd t he h e pa ti c d u c t .

T he d u c tu s c om m u n i s c hol ed ochu s is the c o m mon e x c re tor

d uc t of t he li v e r a nd g al l b l add er ; it is ab ou t three i n c h es in
-

l e ng th an d c o m me n c e s u pon t he papil l a si tu ate d on the i nn er

, , .

sid e of t he c yli nd e r o f t he e r e nd i c u l a r ti f th d u od e
p p p or o n o e
nu m P assi n g ob liq u e ly b e t we e n the m u c o u s and musc u l ar
.

c oats i t asc e nd s b e h i nd the d u od e n u m a n d th rou h t he righ t

, g ,

b ord e r o f t he l e sse r o m e n tu m an d d i v id es i n to t w o b ranc h es , ,

t he c y st i c d u c t an d h e pa ti c d u c t I t is c on stri c te d at i ts c om .

m e n c e m e n t in the d u od e nu m an d b e c om e s dil ated in its ro , p

g re ss u pwards .

T he c y st ic d u c t ab ou t an i n c h in l e n g th passe s outward s to
, ,

the n e c k o f t h e ga ll b l add e r w it h w h i c h it is c o nti n u ou s

-

, .

T he hep a ti c d u c t c o n ti n u es o n wards to the transv e rse fi ssu re

o f t he li v e r a nd d i v id e s i n to two b ran c h es
, w hi c h ram i fy ,

t h rou gh the portal c anal s to e v e ry ar t o f the l i v er

p .

T he c oa ts o f the h epati c d uc ts are an e x te rnal or fi b rous and

,
an i nte rnal o r m u c ou s .

T he ex ter n a l c oat is compose d of a contrac til e fi b rous ti ssue,

3 00 TH E T H O M S O N l A N

w h i c h is prob ab l y m u sc u l a r ; b u t its m u sc ul ari ty has not yet

b ee n d e monstrate d i n the h u man su bj e c t.
T he m u cou s c oat is c o n ti n uou s on the o n e h and w i t h the l i
n i ng m e m b ran e of the h e pati c d u c ts an d g al l b l ad d e r, and on
-

t he o t h e r W i t h t h at o f t h e d u od e n u m .
V ess e ls an d n er v es — T he g al l b l add e r is su ppl i e d w i th b l oo d
-

b y the c y st i c a rte ry , a b ran c h of t he he pati c I ts v e i ns re t urn

.

t h e i r b l oo d i n to t he portal v e i n . T he n e r ve s are d e ri v e d fro m

t he h epati c pl e x us .

TH E P A N C REA S .

T he p an cr ea s is a l on g , fl atte n e d , c on gl o me rate g l an d , an a o

l og on s to the sal i v ary gl a nd s ; it is situ ate d transv e rse l y ac ross

‘

t he poste ri o r w al l of t h e a b d om e n , b e h i n d t he sto m ac h , an d
rest i n g u pon t he ao rta , v e n a po rtae, i nfe ri o r v e n a c a v a, and t he
o rigi n o f t he su pe ri o r m e se n t e ri c arte r , o
y pp o si te to t he sec o n d

l u mb ar v e r teb ra. It is d i v id e d i n to a b od y , an d a g re ater and a

sm al l e r e x t re m i ty ; th e g re at e n d o r h e ad 1 3 pl ac e d to wa rd s th e

r igh t, an d is su r rou nd e d b y th e c u r v e o f t he d u od e n u m t he
l esse r e nd e x te nd s to the l e ft n e arl y as far as t he spl ee n al on g
'

i ts u ppe r b o rd e r is th e s pl e n i c arte ry an d v e i n , a nd it is se pa
r ate d from t he tran s v e rse po rti o n o f t h e d u od e n u m b e l ow b y t he
su pe ri or m e se n te ri c ar te ry an d po rta l v e i n .

I n stru c tu re , i t is c o m pose d o f re d di s h y e l l o w an g u l ar l o
b u l es ; th ese c o nsi st o f sm al le r l o b ul e s, a n d th ese latte r a re m ad e
u p of t he arb o resc e n t ra m ifi c ati on s o f m in u te d u c ts, te rm i n at i n g

i n c ae c al po u c h e s
.

T he pan c re at i c d u c t c o m m e n c es at the papill a u po n the ih

n e r s u r fac e o f t he pe rpe nd i c u l ar por ti o n o f t he d u od e nu m , c l ose
t o t he o rigi n , a nd s om e ti m e s i n c o m m o n w i th t he d u c tu s c o m
m un i s c h ol e d oc h u s, a nd passi n g ob l iq u e l y b e t we e n the m u c ou s
an d m u sc u l a r c o ats, ru ns fro m righ t to l e ft t h rou g h t he m id d l e

of th e gl an d , l y i n g n e are r to i ts an te ri or t h an to i ts poste r i or
su rfac e . A t ab ou t t he c om m e n c e m e n t of t he api c i al t h i rd of
its c ou rse , i t d i v id es i n to t wo paral l e l te rmi nal b ran c h es. I t
gi ves o ff nu me rou s sm all b ranc h e s, w hi c h are d i stri b u te d
t h ro ugh the l ob u l e s, and c on sti tu te b y t h e i r ram ifi c ati ons t he
sub stan c e o f t he gl an d . O ne of th ese b ran c h e s, l arg e r th an the
rest, re c e i v e s t he sec re ti on fro m the he ad of t he pan c re as, a n d
o urs i t i n to the pan c re ati c d u c t, n e ar to the d uod e n u m I t has
p .

b ee n n ame d the d u ctu s p a n cr e a ti c u s m i n or .

V essel s a nd n e r v es — T he arteri e s o f the panc re as are b ran c h
e s of t he spl e n i c , h e pati c , and su pe ri or m e se n te ri c ; t he v e i ns
ope n i nto t he spl e n i c v e i n ; t he ly m ph ati c s te rm i nate in the

l u mb ar gland s. T he nerves are fil aments of the spl e ni c pl ex us.

3 02 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

In struc tu re , it is c om pose d of
i l and
t wo s u b stan c e s, c ort c a

med ul l ary T he c ort i c al sub sta nc e i s o f a y e ll owi sh c ol o r an d

.
,

c onsists of st raigh t para l l e l fi b re s pl ac e d pe r pe n di c u l arl y sid e ,

b y s id e T he me d u ll a ry s u b stan c e i s g e n erall y of a d ark

.

b row n c ol o r d ou b l e t he q u an ti ty o f the y e ll o w su b stanc e soft

, ,

in te x tu re an d c o n tai n s wi t hi n i ts c e ntre the tru n k o f a l arg e

,

vein ,
the v e n a su pra re n al i s I t i s t he l arg e siz e of th is v e i n
.

t h at gi v e s to t he fres h su pra re n a l c apsu l e t he appe aran c e of a

c e ntra l c av i ty ; the d ar k c o l ore d pu l py o r fl u id c o n te n ts o f the
c apsul e a t a c e rtai n pe ri o d a fte r d e ath are prod uc e d b softe n
y ,

i ng o f t he m e d u ll ar y su b stan c e .

Dr N agl e has sh o wn t h at t he appe aran c e of straigh t fi b res

.
,

in the c orti c al su b stan c e is c au se d b y t he d i rec ti on o f a pl e x us

o f c a i lla1 esse l s O f t he n u me ro u s m i n u te ar te ri e s su ppl y
p y v .
,

i ng t he su pra re nal c apsu l e he says t he g reate r n u mb e r e n te r

-

t he c o rti c a l su b stan c e at e ve ry poi nt o f i ts su rfac e an d afte r , ,

ee di n g fo r sc a rc el y h al f a l i n e i n i ts s u b stan c e di v id e i nto
p roc ,

a pl e x u s o f straigh t c apil l ar y v esse l s S o m e fe w of t he sm al l

arte r i e s pi e rc e t he c orti c al l ay e r and gi ve o ff se v e ral b ran c h es
,
'

i n the me d u ll ar y su b stan c e w h i c h proc e e d in difi e re nt d ire c

,

t i ons a nd re e n te r the c orti c al l ay e r to di v id e i n to a c api l l ary

, ,

p l e x u s i n a si m il ar m ann e r w i t h t he
pre c e di n g F r o m th e ca .

il l ary l e x u s c o m posi n g the c o rti c al l ay e r t he b l oo d is re c e iv

p p ,

ed b n u m e ro u s sm al l v e i ns w h i c h fo rm a v e n ou s pl e x u s in t he
y
me d u ll ary sub stanc e and te rmi nate a t ac u te angl es in the l arg e
,

c e nt ra l v e i n .

V e ss e ls an d n er v es — T he supi a re n al a r ter i es are d e r i v e d

.
-

from the ao rta from the re n al and fro m the ph re n i c a1 te ries ;

, ,

t he y are re m ark ab le for the i n n u m erab l e m i n u te arte ri es i nto

“

w h i c h t h e y d iv id e pre v i ousl y to e n te ri n g t he c apsu l e T he s u .

r a r e n a l v ei n c ol l e c ti n g t he b l ood from t he m e d u l l ary v e n ou s

p
-

'
,

pl e x us and rec e i v i n g se v e ral b ran c h e s w h i c h pi e rc e the c o rt i

,

c al l ay e r o pe n s di rec tly i n to the v e n a c av a on the righ t sid e

, ,

an d i nto the re n al v e i n o n t he l e ft .

T he ly mp h a ti cs are l arg e and v e ry nu me rou s ; the y termi

n ate i n t he l u m b ar gl an d s T he n erv es are d eri v e d from the
.

ren al and from the ph re n i c pl e x us .

TH E K I D N EY S .

T he ki d n ey s are si tu ated i n the l u mb ar regi ons, b e h i nd the

e r i to n e u m an d o n e ac h sid e o f the v e rteb ral c ol u m n , w h i c h
p ,

t h e y approac h b y t h e i r u ppe r e x tre m i ti e s. T h e y are u su all y

e nc l ose d in a q u an t i ty of fat, an d rest u pon the di aph rag m and

t he an te ri or l am el l a o f the t ra n sve rsal i s mu sc l e , wh i c h se parate s

t h e m from the q u ad rat u s l u m b o rum .
T he r ig ht lri nd ey i s so me w h at l o we r th an the l e ft from the
o s i t i on of t he li v e r, and is in re l ati on b y its ante ri or su rfac e
p
 M A T ERI A M EDI C A . 3 03

w i th the l i ver and d esc en di ng porti on of t he d uod en u m wh i c h

rest u po n i t. an d is c ove re d m b y t he asc e n di ng c ol on and b y

i ts fle x u re .
T h e l ef t k id n e y, h i g he r th an the rig ht, i s c ov e re d i n front
b y t he s pl e e n , d e sc e nd m g c o l on w i th i ts fi ex u re , and b y a por
t i o n o f t he sm al l i n te s ti n e s . T he c o n v e x b ord e r o f t he ki d ne y
i s t u r ne d o u t ward s, to ward s t he parie tes o f the ab d o me n ; t he
c onc av e b ord e r l oo ks i n w ar d s to wa rd s t h e v e rte b ra l c ol u m n ,
x d d h h i l i — i h w hi c h
a nd is e c av a e t b y a ee
p fi ss u re — t e l us r e n a s

a re si tu ate d t he v e sse l s a nd n e rv e s a n d pe l v i s o f t he kid n e y , t he

re n al ve i n b e i n g t he most an te ri or, n e x t t he re n al arte ry , an d

l astl y t he pel vi s .

T he i n v este d b y a pro pe r
k i d ne y is P L A TE
fi b ro us c apsu l e w h i c h is e asil y torn
,

fro m i ts s u rfac e IV he n di v id ed b y a
.

l ongi tud i nal i nc i si on c arri e d from t he ,

c o nv e x to t he c on c av e b ord e r it pre ,

se n ts i n i ts i nte ri or t wo stru c tu re s an ,

e x t e rn al or v asc u l a r c orti c al ) a n d an
(
i n te rn al o r t ub u l ar (m ed ul l ary ) s u b
s tan c e T he t u b u l a r porti on is f orm
“

e d o f pal e reddi sh c ol ore d c on i c al b o

d i es c orrespon di n g b y the i r b a es w i t h s

and b
t he v asc u l ar str u c tu re y he i r
t ,

a p i c es w i t h the h il us o f t he org an .

T h ese b o di es are n am e d c o nes and are ,

from e i g h t to fi ftee n i n n u m b e r T he .

v a sc u l a r porti on is c o m pose d of b l oo d

v e ss e l s an d of t he pl e x i fo rm c on v o l u ti on s of u ri n i fe ro u s tu b u l i
, ,

a n d n ot on l y form s t he su rfac e o f the k id n e y b u t d i ps b e tween ,

t h e c on e s and su rrou nd s the m n e arl y to th e i r api c e s T he tu .

b u l l u rinife ri c om mu n i c ate f re q u e n tl y w i t h e ac h o the r i n t he

v as c u l ar struc tu re of t he ki d n e y and te rm i n ate i n an astomosi n g
,

l oo ps and c aec al e x tre mi ti es T h e y are e ac h surro u n d e d b y a

.

fi n e n e twork o f c apill ary v esse l s Wh e n e x am i ne d w i t h a l e ns

.

o f l o w po we r a m u l ti t ud e o f s m al l gl o b u l ar b odi es gl om e r u li
, ( )
are see n to b e i n te rs e rse d t h ro u g h t he v asc u l ar stru c ture o f
p
t he or an an d to b e c o nn e c te d t o the m i nu te t w ig s o f t he arte
cr
,

ri es . T he y are a b o u t o n e 1 3 0 th of an i n c h in di ame te r are ,

c o mpose d b f 'an agg re g ate d l e x us o f c apill ar y v e ssels and e n

p ,

c l ose a smal l c e n tral c a v i ty the u se of w h i c h is as y e t n u

,
k no w n .

4 S
. the K i d n ey— su r m ou n te d b y th e su p r a r e n a l c ap su l e . 1 . T h e
ec ti on o f -

s p p r a r e n al c a p su l e .
-
2 . T he v a sc u l a r p or tion . 3 , 3 . I ts t u b u l ar p or ti on , c on
s rst m g o f c o n e s. 4 , 4 . T w o o f t he c al ic e s, r c e iv ing t h e a p e x o f t h e ir c or r e s
p on ding c on es. 5 , b , 5 . T h e t hr e e inf u ndi b ul a . 6. T h e p e lv i s. 7 . T he ure
t e r.
3 0 41 r m : TH O M S O N I A N

'

T he con es are c ompose d of m i nu te straigh t tub ul i u rinife ri ,

of ab ou t the di a me te r o f a fi n e h ai r ; t h e y d i v id e i n to parall e l
b ranc h es in t he i r c ou rse , and c o mme nc e b y m i n ute o pe n i ng s
u pon the a e x o r a il l a o f e ac h c one . T h e a il l ae are i n
p p
p p p
v este d b y m uc o us m e mb rane , wh i c h is c on ti n u ous w i t h the l i ~

n i n g me m b ra ne o f t he t u b u ll, and form s a c u p l ik e po u c h , the -

c a l y x , aro u n dp p ill
e ac ah a .

T he c ali c e s c o mm u n i c ate wi th a c o mm on c av i ty of l arge r

siz e s i tu ate d at e ac h e x tre mi t an d i n t he middl e o f t he org an ;
, y
an d t h ese t h re e c av i ti es— th e i n u n d ib u l a — c onsti tu te b y t h e i r
f
u n i o n t he l a rg e m e m b ran ou s sac wh i c h o c c u pi e s the h i l u s re
,

na lis the p e l v i s of the k id n e y

, .

T he kid ne y in the e m b ry o and foetu s c on si sts of l ob u les [S e e .

t he an ato m y of t h e foetu s
]
T he u r e te r the e x c re tory d u c t of th e k id ne y is a d il ate d
, ,

t u b e o f ab ou t t he di am e te r o f a g oose q u i ll an d n earl y e i g h te e n-

i nc h e s in l e ng th ; i t is c o n ti n u ou s su pe ri orl y w i th the pe l v i s o f
t he ki d ne y and is c on stri c te d in fe riorl y w h e re it li es in an oh
, ,

l iq ue d i re c ti o n b e twe e n the m u sc u l ar an d m u c ou s c oats o f t he

b ase o f t he b l add e r and o pe ns u po n its m u c o us su rfac e L y
’

.
,

ing alo ng t he poste ri or w al l o f the ab d om e n it c rosse s t he pso as ,

m u sc l e the c o m m on il i ac arte ry an d the v as d e fe re ns

, ,
.

T he u re te r the pe l v i s t he i n fu nd ab u la an d t he c ali c es are

'

, , , ,

c om pose d o f t w o c o ats an e x tern al or fi b rou s c oat the t u n i c a

, ,

ro ri a an d a n i n te rn a l m u c o u s c o a t w hi c h i s c on t i n u ou s w i th
p p ,

t he m u c o u s m e m b ra n e o f t he b l ad d e r i n fe ri orl y a nd w i t h th e ,

l i ni ng o f the tu b u l i u rin ife ri ab o v e .

V e ss els an d n er v e s — T he re n a l a rte ry is d e ri ve d from the

aor ta ; i t d i v i d e s i n to se v eral l arg e b ran c h e s b e fo re e n te ri n g t he

h il u s .

T he v e i n s term i n ate in t he v e n a c av a b y a si ng le l arg e

trn n k t he l e ft re n al v e i n re c e i v i n g the l e ft s per m ati c v e i n
,
In .

j e c tio n s t h r o w n i n to t he r e n a l a rte ry an d r e t u r n i n b
g y t he v e in

e ne ral l y m ak e t he i r w a i n to i hose v esse l s b y ru pt u re ; an d

g y
w h e n t he i nj e c ti o n re tu rn s b y the tu hu h u rin ife ri it al w ays oc ,

c u rs fro m the b u rsti n g o f t h e c a il l a ry v e sse l s o f the d u c ts i n to

p
th e i r c av i t i es T he ly mp ha t ic v ess e l s te rm in ate in t h e l u mb ar
.

gl and s .

T he n er v es are d e r i ve d fro m t he re n al ple x u s w hi c h is f orm ,

e d partl y b y t he so l a r pl e x u s an d par tly b e l esse r s pl anc h

y ,
t h
n ic n e rv e T he re n a l pl e x u s gi v es b ra n c h e s to t he spe rm atrc
.

l e x u s a nd b ra n c h e s w h i c h ac c o m an y t he u re te rs : h e n c e t he
p ,
p
morb id sy m pat hi e s w hi c h e x i ts b e twe e n th e kid ne y t he u re te r , ,

an d t he te s ti c l e ; an d b t h c o m m u n i c ati on s w i t h t he sol ar
y e

l e x u s w i t h t he stomac h and di a h rag m and i nd eed wi t h the

p , p , , ,

wh ol e sy ste m .
 '

3 06
. TH E TH O M S O N I A N

B L A D D ER.

T he b l a d d er i s an ob l on g me m b ran ou s v i sc us, si tu ate d b e

h i nd the pu b i s and in fro nt o f the re c t u m . I t 1s larg e r in its
v e rt i c al a x i s t h an fro m sid e to sid e , and is di v id e d i n to b ody ,
f und us, b ase , and n e c k. T he b od y c o m pre h e nd s t he m idd le
~

z one of the o rg an t he f u n d u s , its u ppe r se g me nt ; the b a s e ,

t he l o we r b road e x tre m i ty , w h i c h re sts u pon t he r e c tu m a nd

the ne c k, t he n arro w c o nstri c te d po rti on w h i c h is appli e d

ag ai nst t he prostrate G l an d .
g
T h i s o rg an is re tai ne d i n its pl ac e b y l igame n ts, w hi c h are
di v id e d i n to t rue and fal se ; t he true li g a me nts are se ve n i n
n u m b e r t wo an teri o r, t wo l a te ral , t wo u m b il i c al , an d t he u ra
c h u s ; the fal se l ig am e n ts are fold s of t he pe ri ton e u m , and are

fou r i n n u mb e r, t wo a11 te 1 ior and t wo poste ri o r

T he a n ter i or l ig am e n ts are fo rm e d b t h e l v i c f asc i a,
,
c y e p
w hi c h passes fro m t he i n n e r su rfac e o f t he os pu b i s, on e ac h
s id e of t he s y m h y si s, to t he fro n t o f the b l ad d e r
p .

T he l a te ra l l ig ame n ts are form e d b y the re fle c ti on o f the

pe l vic fasc i a fro m the l ev atores ani m usc l es, u pon the sid es of
t he b ase of t he b l ad d e r .
T he u m bil i c a l l iv a m en ts are the fi b rou s c ord s w h i c h re su l t
from the ob l i te rati o n o f the u m b ili c a l a rte ri es o f the foetus , t h e y
pass forward s o n e ac h sid e o f the fun d us of the b l add e r, and
asc e nd b e ne a t h the pe r i to ne u m to the u m b il i c us.
T he u r a c hii s i s a s m al l fi b ro u s c ord , fo r m ed b y the o b l i tera
t i on o f a t u b u l ar c an al e x i sti n g i n t he e mb ry o ; i t is attac h e d
to the ape x o f the b l add er, an d t h e n c e asc e nd s to the u m b ili
c us.

T he f a ls e l ig a m e n ts a re fold s o f peri to neu m, the t wo l ate ral

c orre spon d w i th t he assag e o f t he v asa d e fere n ti a, f rom t he
p
s id es o f the b l add e r to t he i nte rn al ab d o m i n a l ri n g , an d t he two
ste ri or wi th th e c ou rse o f t he u m b il i c al arte ri es to the fun
p o
,
d us o f the organ .
T he b l add e r is c o mposed o f t h re e c oats, an e x te rn al or se
rous c oat, a m usc u l a r, and a m uc o u s c oat. T h e ser ou s c oat is
parti al , a nd d eri ve d fro m t he pe ri to ne u m, w hi c h i n v e s ts the
poste ri or surfac e a nd si d e s o f t he b l add e r, fro m ab ou t opposi te
t he po i nt o f te i m in atio n o f the t wo m e te rs to i ts 5 11 m m1 t w h e re
i t is g u id e d to the an te ri o r w al l o f the a b d ome n b y the u mb ili
c al lig a m e n ts an d u rac h us .
T he m usc u l a r c oat c o nsi sts o f t wo l ay e rs, an e x te rn al l a er
y
c o mposed o f lo ng it u d inal fi b t e s, t he d e truso r u ri n ez, a n d an i n
te rnal l ay e r o f o b l iq u e a nd t ra nsve rse fi b res i rre g u l arl y d ist ri
b u te d . T he an te ri o r l o ngi tudi n al fi b res c omm e nc e b y fou r
te nd ons the te nd o ns o f the b l add e r o r o f t he d e t rusor u ri nae ),
(
t wo supe ri or fro m the os u b i s, and t wo i nfe ri or fro m t he ra
p
 M A TERIA M ED IC A . O7

m us of the i sc hi u m on e ac h sid e and spre ad o u t as t h e y asc e n d

,

t he an te ri or su rfac e o f the b l add e r to its fu n d u s ; th e y t he n c o n

v e rg e u on the o t r i or su rfac e of t he o rg an an d d e sc end to
p p s e ,

i ts n ec k wh ere t h e y are i nse rte d i nto t he i sth m us o f the pro s

,

trate gl and and i n to a r i ng o f e l asti c t i ssu e w hi c h s u rro u nd s

, ,

the c omm e nc e m e nt o f t he prostati c porti o n of t he u re t h ra .

S om e of the an teri or fi b res are al so attac h e d to thi s ri ng T he .

l ateral fi b re s c o m me nc e at the prost rate g l and and the e l asti c

r i n g o f the u re t h ra o n on e sid e an d spre ad o u t as t h e y asc e n d
,

U pon t he sid e of t he b l add e r to d e sc e n d u pon t he oppos i te si d e

, ,

a n d b e i nse rte d i n to the rostrate and O o si te se g m e n t of t he

p pp
same ri n g .

I t has b e e n sh o wn t h at th e re a re no fi b res at the n e c k of the

,

b l add e r c apab l e o f fo rm i ng a sphi nc ter v esi c ae T he fi b re s

.

c orre spon di n g w i t h t he trig on u m v e si c ae are transv erse .

S ir A stl e y C oo per h as d e m onstrate d arou n d the n e c k o f the

b l add e r w i thi n t he prostrate gl and a r i ng of e l ast i c ti ssue
, , ,
whi c h has for its obj e c t t he me c h an i c al c l osi n g of the u re th ra
a g ai nst the i nv o l u n tary
pa ss ag e of t h e u ri n e I t i s i n t
. o t hi s
e l asti c r i n g t h at t he l o ngi t u di nal fi b re s of th e d e t ru sor u ri n ae

are i n serte d so t h at t h i s m u sc l e tak i n g a fix e d po i n t a t the os

, ,
'

p u b i s wil l n ot on l y c ompress t he b l add e r and th e re b y te n d to

,
forc e its con te nts al o n g t he u re t h ra b u t wil l at the same ti me
, ,

b y me an s of its attac h m e n t to t hi s ri ng dil ate the e ntran c e of

,

he u re th ra an d afi b rd a free e g re ss to t he c on te n ts o f the b l ad

d e r.
,

T he m u c ous c oat is t h i n and s mooth , an d e x ac tl y m oul d e d

u pon the m u sc u l ar c oat to w h i c h it is c o n n e c te d b
, y a so me
w h at th i c k l aye r of su b m uc ous ti ssu e , c all e d b y so me an atom i sts
the nervou s c oat i t apill a
e y m i t n d t h i
; s
p a re v e r n u e ,
a e re s
sc arc e ly a t rac e of m u c ou s folli c l es T h i s m u c ou s me mb rane
.

is c on ti nu ous t h rou gh the u re te rs w i t h the l i ni ng m e mb ran e of

t he u ri n i fe rou s d u c ts an d th rou gh t he u re t h ra w i th t hat o f t h e
, ,

p ostati c d ue ts, tu b u l i se me n i fe ry , an d C o wpe r s g l and s.

’
r

U pon the i n te rnal su rfac e of t he ham o f the b l add e r is a t ri

ang u l ar s moot h l f al e r c ol or t h an the re st of t he m a
p a n e ,
o a
p
c ou s m e m b rane t he t rig on u m v e sic m. or tr ig on e v es ic a lc .

T h i s is the most se nsi ti ve part o f the b l add e r, and t he pressu re

o f c al c ul i U
pon it gi ve s r i se to g re at su ff e ri n g . I t is b o u nd ed
on e ac h sid e b
y he ra i se d ridg e , c o rre spon di ng w i th the m us
t
c l es o f the u re te rs
b

at e ac h oste ri or angl e b t h e i n g s of
p y o p e n
the u re te rs, and in fron t b a sli g h t e l e v ati on o f the m u c ou s
y
me mb rane at the e n tranc e of t he u reth ra, c al l e d the u v u l a o es
ac re .

T he e x te rnal su r fac e of the b ase of the b l add er , c o rrespon d

m g w1 th the tr1gonu m, is al so t ri ang u l ar, and is se parated from
t he rec tum me rel y b a t hi n l ay e r of fi b rou s memb ran e the
y ,
3 08 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

-
i l fasc i a I t is b ou nd e d b e h i nd b y the rec to vesi c al
re c to ve s c a . -

fo ld o f pe ri to ne u m and o n e ac h sid e b y the v as d e fe re ns and

,

v e si c ul ar se m i n al i s w h i c h c on ve rg e al most to a o i n t at t he b ase
, p
o f t he
prostrate gl and I t 1 s t h rou gh th i s spac e t h at t he o pe n
.

i ng is m ad e i n t he re c to v esi c a l ope rati on for punc tu re o f t he

b l add e r .

P RO S T RA T E G L A N D.

T he guu os tr a te br l a n d is si tu ate d i n f ro nt o f the DEC K o f t he

r -

,
f

b l ad d e r, b e h i n d the de e p pe ri n e al fasc i a, an d u pon the re c tu m ,

t h ro u g h w h i c h it m a y b e d i sti n c tl y fe l t I t su rro u n d s the c o m
.

m e nc e m e n t o f t he u re th ra fo r a li ttl e more th a n an i n c h o f its

e x te n t a nd re se m b l e s a S an i s h c h e sn u t b o t h i n si z e an d fo r m ,
, p
t he b ase b e in d ire c t e d b ac k w ard s to wa rd s t he n e c k o f the b l ad
g
~

d e r, t he a pe x fo r 1 va rd s, a nd t he c o n ve x sid e to w ard s t he re c
.

t um . I t is re tai n e d fi rm l y i n i ts posi ti o n b y t he tw o su pe ri or
a nd t he t w o i n fe ri or te nd o n s o f t he b l ad d e r, b
y t he attac h m e n ts
o f t he e l v i s fasc i a , a nd b ro ess o f t he i n te r n al l a e r o f th e
p y a
p c y
d e e p pe ri n e al f asc i a, w h i c h for m s a sh e at h aro u n d t he m e m
b ran o us u re t hra, a n d is i n se rte d i n to t he ape x o f the gl an d . I t:
c o ns i s ts o f t lrre e l o b e s , t wo l a te ral a n d a m i d dl e l ob e o r i s th m u s
;
t he l ate ra l l o b e s a re d i st i n g u i s h e d b y an i nd e n tati on u pon its
b ase , an d b y a s ligh t fu rro w u po n the u ppe r and lo w e r s u rfac e
o f t he gl a n d . T he t hi rd l o b e o r i st h m u s is a s m al l tra n sv e rse
b an d , w h i c h passe s b e t we e n the t wo l ate ra l l ob es at t he b ase o f
t he o rg an .
I n s tru c tu re , t he pro st rate gl an d is c o m pose d of r am ifi e d

d uc ts, te rm i na ti ng i n l o b u l e s o f lo llic u lar po u c h es, w h i c h are so

c l ose l y c o m re sse d as to gi v e to a t hi n se c ti o n of th e gl an d a.
p
c e ll u l a r a ppe a ra n c e b e ne a t h t he m i c ros c o pe . I t IS pal e in te x
t u re a n d ha rd , s pl i ts e asi l y i n t he c o u rse o f i ts d u c ts, a nd is su r
ro u n d e d b y a pl e x u s o f v e i ns w hi c h a re e n c l ose d b t h e t ron g
y s

fi b ro u s m e m b ran e w i t h w hrc h it is i n v e ste d Its se c re ti o n is

.

po rrre d i n to t he pros tati c po rti o n o f t he u re t h ra b y fi fteen o r

t we n ty e x c re to ry d ue ts T he u re th ra i n passi n g th ro u g h the
.

p ros t ra te
,
l i es o n e t h i rd n e a re r t o i ts u
pp er t h a n i ts l o w er .s ur ~

fac e .
V ESI CU L E s e m m a u zs .

U po n t he u nd e r su r fac e o f t he b ase o f the b l add e r, and c on

.

v e rgi n g to w a rd s t he b a se o f t he prost rate gl an d , are tw o l ob u

l ate d and so m e w hat py ri fo rm b od i e s, ab ou t t wo i nc h e s in

l e ng th — the v esi c u l ae se m i nal e s T he i r u ppe r su rfac e is in
.

c on tac t w i th t he b ase o f t he b l ad d e r ; the u nd e r si d e re s ts u on

p
t he re c t u m, se pa rat e d o nl y b y t he rec t o ve si c al fasc i a ; t he l a rg
-

e r e x tre m i t i es a re di re c te d b ac kw ard s and ou tw a rd s, an d the

s mall e r e nd s al m os t n i c ot at t he b ase of t he prostrate T he y .

e nc l ose b e t we e n t h e m a tri ang u l a r spac e , wh i c h is b ou nd e d

3 10 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

l n i s and at the me a tus u ri nari us b e c omes c on ti n uous

g an s
p e , , ,

w i t h the m uc o us l i n i n g of the u re t h ra .

T he pe n i s is c o mpose d of the c o r pus c avernosu m and c orpus

s po ngi os u m and c on tai ns i n its i n te ri o r the l arg e st orti on of
, p .

t he u re th ra .

T he c orp u s c a ver n os u m is d i sti ng u i sh e d i n to two l ate ral

o rti o ns b y a n i m pe rfe c t se ptu m and b y a su e ri or an d i nfe ri or
p p
r oove a nd is d i v id e d poste ri orl y i n to two c ru ra It is fi rm l y
g , .

a dh e re n t b y m e an s o f its c ru ra w i t h the ram us of the pu b i s

, ,

a nd i sc hi u m I t form s an te ri orl y a si ngl e ro u nd ed e x tre m i t y

.
,

w hi c h is re c e i ve d i n to a fossa in the b ase o f the gl ans pe n i s ;

t h e s u pe ri o r g roov e l odg e s t he d o rsa l v esse l s o f t he org an an d ,

t he i n fe r i o r re c e iv e s the c orpus spo ngi osu m I ts fi b ro us t u n i c .

is th i c k e l ast i c an d e x tre m e l y fi rm and se nd s a n u mb e r o f fi

, , ,

b ro u s b and s a n d c o rd s (trab e c u l ae ) i n ward s fro m i ts i n fe ri or

g roo ve w h i c h c ross i ts i n te ri or in a radi ati n g di rec ti on ari d are
, ,

i nse rte d i nto the i nn e r w al ls o f the tu ni c T he se trab e c u l a .

a re m ost a b u n d a n t o n the m i d dl e l i ne w h ere t he y are r ang e d ,

v e rti c al ly s id e b y sid e so me w h at l i ke t he te e t h o f a c o m b a nd
, , ,

c on sti t u te t he i m pe rfe c t pa rt i ti on o f t he c or pu s c av ern osu m t he ,

s e tu m ec te mf or m e T h i s se tu m i s more c o m l e te at i ts
p p p .
p
oste ri o r t h a n to w a rd s i ts a nter i o r pa rt
p .

T he t u n i c of the c orpus c ave rn osu m c on si sts o f stron g l on g i

t u d in al fi b rous fasc i c u l i c l ose l y i nte r wov e n w i th e ac h o t her
, .

I ts i n te rnal stru c tu re is c om pose d o f e re c til e t i ssu e .

T he c orp u s sp ong iosu m is s i tu ate d a l ong t he u n d e r s u rfac e

o f t he c o rpus c av e r n osu m i n its i n fe r i o r g ro ov e
, I t c o mme n .

c e s b y i ts poste r i o r e x t re m i ty b e twe e n a n d b e ne at h the c rura

e n i s w h e re it fo rms a c on si d e rab l e e n l arg e me n t the b u l b an d
p , , _

t e rm i n ate s a n te ri orl y b y anoth e r e x pa n si o n t he g l a n s p e n is , .

l ts m i d dl e port i on o r b ody is n e arl y c yl i nd ri c al and tape rs g ra ,

d u al l y f ro m its poste ri o r to ward s its an te r i or e x t re mi ty T he .

b u l b is adh e re n t to the d ee p pe ri ne al fasc i a b y m e an s o f the ,

t u b u l ar prol ong ati o n of the a n te ri o r l ay e r w hi c h su rro u n d s ,

t he me m b ranou s po rt i o n o f t he u re t h ra ; in t he rest o f i ts e x
t e nt t he c o rpu s s pon gi os u m is attac he d to t he c o rpu s c av e rn o
su m b y c e l l u l a r t i ssu e a nd b v e i ns w hi c h wi nd a ro u nd t hat
y ,

b ody to re ac h t he d o rsal v e i n I t is c o m pose d of e rec til e ti ssue

.
,

e nc l ose d b y a d e nse fi b rou s ti ssu e m u c h t h i nn e r t h an t h at o f,

t he c orpu s c ave rn os u m and c on tai ns in i ts m te rior the spongy

,

rt i o n o f the u re t h ra wh i c h l i es n e are r to its upper t h an its

p o ,

l ower wall .

Ere c t il e ti ssu e is a pec u li ar c ellulo v asc ul ar stru c ture e nter o

i ng in c onsid e rab l e propo rti on i n to the c omposi ti on o f the or

g ans of g ene ratron It c onsi sts e sse n ti al l y of a pl e x us of ve i ns
.

s o c l ose ly c on v ol u te d and i nte rwove n wi th e ac h ot he r, as to

i ve ri se to a c e l l u l ar appe aranc e w h e n e x am i ned u pon the
g
 M A TERI A M ED I C A . 311

f
su r ac e o fa i
se c t on . T he fo rm i ng thi s pl e x us are small
i
v e ns

e r i n the gl an s pe ni s, c o rpus spo ngi o s u m , and c i rc u m fe re n c e of

the c o rpu s c a ve rnosu m, t h an in t he c e n tral par t o f the latte r,

w h e re t he y are l arg e and dil ate d . T h e y h av e no o th er c oat
t h an t he i n te rn al l i n i ng prol o ng e d f rom the n e igh b ori ng v e i ns ;
a nd th e i n te rst i c es o f the pl e x u s a re o c c u pi e d b y a pe c u li ar r ed

d i sh fi b ro u s su b stanc e . T he y re c e i ve th e i r b l ood from the c a

il l arie s o f t he arte ri e s, i n t he sa me m an ne r w i t h v e i ns g e n e
p
ra lly .

V ess el s and n e r v es — T he arte ri es o f the pe ni s are d e ri ve d

f ro m t he i n te rnal pud ic ; t h e y are the arte ri es of the b ul b , a rte
r i es o f t h e c orpu s c av e rn osu m , and d orsal e s pe n i s . I ts v e in s are
su pe rfi c i a l atrd d ee p. T he d ee p v e i ns ru n b y the sid e o f t he d ee
p
a rte ri e s, a n d te r m i nate in the i n te rn al pu di c v e i ns. T he su pe r
fi c ial v e i ns e m e rg e i n c onsid erab l e n u m b e r fro m t he b ase of the
gl ans, and c o n v e rge o n the d orsu m pe n i s, to for m a l arg e d or
s al v e i n, w h i c h re c e i v e s oth e r v e i n s fro m t he c orpus c av e rn o

s u m and spo ng i osu m i n i ts c o u rse , an d passes b ac k wa rd s b e

t wee n t wo l ay e rs o f the l ig a me nt u m suspe nsori u m , an d t h rou g h

t he d e e p fasc i a b e n e at h t he a rc h o f the pu b i s, to te rm i n ate i n
t he p rostati c a nd v esi c a l pl e x u s .

T he ly m p h a ti c s te rmi nate in the i n g u i n al gl and s. T he

n e r v es a re d e r i v e d fro m t he i n te rnal pu di c n e rve , from the sa t

c ral pl e x us, a nd fro m the h y pog ast ri c pl e x u s

U RET H RA .

T he u r et h r ais the m e mb ra nou s c an al e x te ndi ng fro m the

ne c k o f t he b l add e r to t he m e at us u r i n a ri u s. I t is sig moid i n
i ts c o u rse , a n d is c o m pose d o f two l ay e rs, a m uc ou s c oat and
a n e l asti c fi b ro u s c o a t T he m u c ou s c oat is th i n an d sm oot h
;
.

i t is c onti nu o u s, i nte rn al l y , w i th t he m u c o u s m e mb rane o f the

b l add e r ; e x te rn all y , w i th t he in v e sti ng m e mb rane of the gl ans ;
a nd , i n c e rtai n po i n ts o f i ts e x te n t, w i t h the li n i n g m e m b rane

o f t he n u m e ro u s d u c ts o f m u c ous gl an d s o f th ose of C o wpe r s

— ’

l an d s, t he prostrate g l an d , v asa d e fe re n ti a, and v e sic u lm se m

g
i n al e s. T he e l asti c fi b ro u s c oat v ari es in t hi c kness in t he d if
fe re nt parts o f t he c o u rse o f the u re th ra : i t is th i c k in t he pros
t ate gl and , fo rms a fi rm i n v est m e n t fo r the me m b ranou s o rti on
p
o f t h e c a n al an d is t hi n i n t he spongy po rti on , w h e re i t se r v e s
‘
,

as a b o nd o f c o nne c ti o n b e twe e n the m u c o us m e mb rane an d

t he c o rpus spon gi osu m . T he u re t h ra is ab ou t n i ne i nc h es

i n l e n g t h , and is di v id ed i n to a prostati c , me mb ran ou s, and
spo n gy
p i o rt o n .

T he p r os ta ti c p or tion , a l i ttl e more than an i nc h in le ng th ,

is si tuate d in the prostrate gl and , ab ou t one thi rd nearer to its
u ppe r th an its l o we r su rfac e , and e x te n di n g from its b ase to its
a pe x . U pon its l ower c i rc u mfe renc e or fl oor is a longi tu di nal.
8 12 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

fold o f mu c ous me mb ran e — the v e r u m on t a n u m , or c apu t g al ‘

l i n ag in is— and on e ac h sid e of t he v e ru a su ppresse d fossa— the

r ost a t ic s i n u s — ih wh i c h are se e n t he n u m e ro us o e n i ng s of
p p
t he prosta ti c d uc ts. A t t he an te ri or e x tre m i ty o f the v e ru m on
t an u m a re the o pe n i n g s of t he t wo ej ac u l ato ry d u c ts an d b e
,

t we e n t he m a t h i rd o pe n i ng , w h i c h l e ad s b ac k w ard s i n to a d i
l ate d sac — the si n us poc u l a ri s. T he prostati c po rti on of t he
u re t h ra, w he n d i ste n d e d , is t he m ost dil ate d part o f t he c a n al

b u t, e x c e pti ng d u ri n g the passag e o f t he u ri n e , is c o m pl e te l y

c l o se d b y m e ans o f a r i n g o f e l ast i c t i ss ue w h i c h e n c i rc l es th e

u re th ra as far as t he a n te ri o r e x t re m i ty o f t he v e r u m on tan u n r.

I n t he c o n trac te d state o f t he u re th ra, the v e ru mo n tan u m ac ts

a s a v al ve , b e i n g presse d u wa rd s ag ai n st the u ppe r w al l o f t he
p
c an al ; b u t , d u ri ng t he ac ti on of t he d e t ru so r m u sc l e o f t he

b l add e r, t he w h ol e e l asti c ri n g is e x pan d e d b y the m u sc u l ar

fi b re s w hi c h a re i nse rte d i nto it ; a nd the v e ru is e spe c i al l y
d rawn d o wn ward s b y t w o d e l i c ate te n d on s, w hi c h h a ve b e e n
t rac e d b y M r T y rre l l , fro m the poste ri o r fi b re s of the d e st ruso r
.

i n to t he ti ss ue o f this pro c e ss.

T he d i sc o v e ry o f t his b e au ti fu l s truc t u re is d ue to S ir A stl e y
’

C o ope r, and is o n e o the r i nstan c e o f t he m a rv e l l o u s i n d i c a ti o ns

o f d e sig n e v i n c e d i n t he st ruc t u re o f t he an i m al f ra me . In
st e ad o f a m usc u l ar a ppara tu s, l i ab l e to fa tig u e , N ature h as

e m pl o y e d for t he pu rpose o f re tai n i n g t he u ri n e , a n e l asti c

s u b stan c e , w h i c h c l ose s t he u re th ra c o nstan tl y , b y a n u n we a

r y ing phy si c al p ro pe rty . Ex pu l s i o n, o n the c on tra ry, oc

c u rri n g o nl y a t i n te r v al s, d e m a nd s t he e x e rc i se o f m u sc u l ar
i
ac t on t hat ac t o n i b e i ng i mm e d i ate l y appl i e d to t he e l asti c
ag e n t an d d ra w i n g it asi d e . I t is b y m e an s of t h i s i n te re sti n g
ro v i s i o n t h at t he se m e n a n d the l ast d ro ps o f u ri ne a re e x pe l
p
l ed fro m t he u re th ra w i t ho u t a c h an c e o f re flu x i n to the b l ad
d e r a nd t hat t he u ri n e is e na b l ed to pass free l y al o n g i n its c a
,

n al w i th o u t d a ng e r of e n te ri ng t he prostati c o r ej a c u l a tory
,

d u c ts .
T he m e m b r a n ou s p or tion , the n arro west part o f the c an al ,
is so me w hat l e ss t h an a n i n c h in l eng t h .I t is si tu ate d b e
t we e n the t wo l ay e rs o f t he d e e p pe ri ne al f asc i a, an d is su r
r ou n d e d b y t he fan l i ke e x pa n si o ns of the u ppe r a nd l o we r
se g m e n ts o f t he c o m pre sso r ure t l raa m u sc l e , w h i c h m ee t a t the
,

r ap / re al o n g its u ppe r an d l o w e r s u rfac e . I t is c on ti n u ou s

oste ri o rly w i th the prostratic u re t h ra, and a nte ri orl y w i t h t he
p
s o ngy po rt i o n of the c ana l .
p I ts c ov e ri n gs a re the m u c o u s
m e mb rane , e l asti c fi b rou s l aye r, c om presso r u reth ra m usc l e,
and a parti al sh e at h from the d e e p peri ne al fasc i a.

T he sp ong y p or ti on fo rms the rest o f the e x ten t of the c a

n al , and is l odg e d in t he c orpu s S pongi osu m from i ts c om
menc ement at the d eep peri neal fasc i a to the meatus uri narius .
3 1 4, T H E TH O M S O N I A N

T he sp er m a ti c c or d is the m e di u m of c om m un i c ati on b e
t wee n the te ste s a n d t he i n te ri or o f the ab d om en i t is c ompos
e d o f a rte ri e s, v e i n s, l y m ph at i c s, n e r ves, t he e x c re tory d u c t o f

t he te sti c l e a nd i ts prope r c ov e r i n g s I t c om me nc e s at t he in
.

tern al ab d o m i n al r i ng , w h e re t he v esse l s of w hi c h i t is c om pos

e d c o n v e rg e , a nd passes o b liq ue l y al on g the spe rm at i c c an al

t he c o rd t he n e sc apes a t the e x te rn a l ab d om i n al r i ng , a n d d e
sc e n d s t hrou g h the sc rot u m to t he poste ri o r b ord e r o f the te sti

c le. T he l eft c ord is som e w h at l on ge r th an the righ t, and pe r

m i ts o f the g re ate r d e pt h o f the l e ft te sti c l e .

T he a r ter i es o f t he spe r m ati c c ord are , the spe rm ati c artery

fro m t he aorta, the d e fe re n ti al arte ry , ac c o m pany i n g t he v as d e
fe re ns from t he su peri o r v e si c al , a nd the c re m aste ri c b ran c h ,
fro m t he e pig ast ri c arte ry .

T he s p er m a ti c v e in s fo rm a pl e x us w h i c h c o nsti tu tes the

'

c h i e f b u l k o f t he c o rd the y are prov id e d w i t h v al v es a t shor t

i nte r val s, an d t he small e r v e i ns h av e a pe c u l i ar te n d r il l i ke ar -

r ang e m e n t, w hi c h h as o b tai n e d fo r th e m t he n a m e o f v assa

m in i for m ia
p a p .

T h e ly m p ha ti cs are of l arge s iz e , and te rm i nate i n the l u m

b ar g l an d s.
T he n er v es are th e spe rm ati c pl e x u s, w h i c h is d e ri v e d fro m
the ao rti c an d re nal pl e x u s, a n d g e n i t al b ran c h of t he g e n i to
c ru ral n e r v e, an d the sc rotal b ran c h of t he i li o sc rotal . -

T he v a s d ef e r en s , t he e x c re to ry d u c t o f th e te sti c l e , is si tu
ate d al on g t h e po ste ri o r b ord e r o f t h e c o rd , w h ere i t m ay e asil y

b e d i sti n g u i she d b y the h a rd an d c ordy se nsat i on w h i c h it c o m

m u n ic ate s to t he fi n g e rs .I ts pari e te s are v e ry t hi c k and tou g h ,
a n d i ts c an al e x tre m e l y sm all , an d l i ne d b y the m u c o us m e m

b ran e c on ti n u e d fro m t he u re thra .

T he c ov er i ng s of the sp e r m a tic c or d are the sper m ati c fas

c ia , c re m aste r m u sc l e , a nd fasc i a propri a.

T he sp erm a ti c f a sc i a is a prol on g ati on o f t he in terc ol u nmar

fasc ia d e r i v e d from the b o rd e rs of the e x te rn al ab d om i n al r i n g
d uri n g the d esc e nt of the testi c l e in t he fce tu s .

T he c r em a s te r i c c ov er i ng (e ry t hroi d ) is t he t h i n m u sc u l ar
e x pan si on fo rme d b y the spre adi n g ou t o f t he fi b re s o f t he c re

m aste r w h i c h is l i ke wi se c arri e d d o wn b y the testi s d u ri ng its

d ese e n
o r i a. is a c o nt n u at on o f
i i the in fu n d ib iliform
T he f a sc i a r
p p
roc e ss f ro m t he t ran sv ersal i s fasc i a w hi c h i m m edi ate ly i n v e sts
p
th e v e sse l s o f the c ord , and is al so ob tain e d d uring the d esc e n t
of the te sti s .

T he tes tis (te sti c l e ) is a smal l ob l on g an d rou nd e d gl and ,

'

som e w h at c ompre sse d u po n t he s id e s and b e hi nd , a nd su spe nd

ed i n the c av i ty of t he sc ro tu m b y the spe rm ati c c ord .

q
I ts posi ti on in the sc rotum is ob l i ue, so th at the upper extre
 M A TERI A M ED I C A . 3 15

m ty i di t d u w a r d s a n d f or w a r d s a n d a l i ttl e o u t w a rd s
i s re c e p ,

th e l o we r d o wn w ard s an d b ac k ward s and a l i ttl e i n ward s ; the,

x u rf a c e l o ok s fo r w ar d s a n d d o w n w ard s and the flatte n

c o n v e s ,

d f w hi h t h d i tt h e d b ac k ward s and u
e s ur a c e ,
to c e c o r s a a c , p
w ar d s . L yi n g a g a i n s t i ts o u t er an d p o s te ri or b or d e r i s a flat ,

tene b d ody w h i c h fo ll o w s t h e c ou r s e o f t h e t es t i c l e and e x te nd s

,

f ro mi ts u ppe r to its l o we r e x tre mi ty ; t h i s b od y i s n amed from ,

i ts re l ati on to the te sti s ep i d i dy m is it is di v id e d i n to a c en tral

,

rt o r b ody a n u ppe r e x tre m i ty o r gl ob u s m aj o r and a l owe r

p a , , ,

e x tre m i ty ,
gl ob u s m i n or e pididy m i s T he gl ob us m aj or is
.

t u ate d u pon t he u ppe r e n d o f t he testi c l e to w h i c h i t is c l ose l y ,

ad he re nt ; t he gl o b u s m i n or is pl ac e d at i ts l ow e r e n d is at ,

t ac hed to the te sti s b y c e l l u l ar ti ssu e and c u r ve s u pward s to, ,

be c o m e c on ti n u o us wi th the v as d e fe re n s .

i i i d b t h t i — tu n i c a v agi n al i s tu
T he te st s
,
s n ve s te y r e e u n c s ,

n i c a a l b u gi n e a and t u n i c a v asc u l osa ; and is c onn ec te d to the

,
i nne r su rfac e of the d artos b y a larg e qu an ti ty o f e x tre me l y
l oose c e l l ul ar ti ssu e in w h i c h fat is n e ver d eposi te d b u t w hi c h
, ,

is v ery S u sc e pt i b l e of se rous i n fil trati on .

T he tu n i c a v ag i n a li s is a po u c h o f se rou s m e m b rane d e r i v
e d f rom t h e per i to ne u m i n the d esc e n t of the testi s and after ,

w ard s o b li te rate d from the ab d ome n to w i th i n a sh ort di stan c e

o f the gl an d L i ke o the r se rous c o ve ri n g s it is a sh u t sac in
’

. , ,

v e st i ng th e org an and t h e n c e re fl e c te d
,
so as to form a b ag
,

a rou n d its c i rc u mfe re n c e ; h enc e it is di v id e d i nto the t u n i c a

v ag i n al i s pre pria and t u n i c a v agi n al i s re fi e x a
,
T h e tun i c a
.

v ag i nali s propri a c ov e rs t he su rfac e of the tu n i c a al b u gi n ea ,

an d su rrou nd s the e pi d idy m i s c onn ec t i n g it to the testi s b

, y
means of a di sti n c t d u pli c atu re . T he tu n i c a v agi n a li s refi ex a
is attac h e d b y i ts e x te rnal surfac e t h rou gh the m e di u m of a
,

qu an ti ty of l oose c ell ul ar ti ssu e to the i nne r su rfac e of the dar

,

tos . B etwee n t he two l ay e rs is the sm ooth su rfac e of the s h u t

sac mo i ste n e d b y its proper se c re ti on
,
.

T he tu n i c a a l b u g i n e a is a t h i c k fi b rous me mb rane of a b lu ,

ish w h i te c o l or and the prope r tun i c o f the testi c l e

,
I t is adh e .

r e n t e x te r n al ly to t he tu n i c a v agi n al i s propri a and frdm the ,

u n i on o f t he se rous w i th a fi b rou s m e mb ran e is c on sid ered a

,

fi b re se rous me m b ran e l i ke the d ura m ater an d pe ri c ardi um

’
-
.
,

A fte r surrou ndi ng the te sti c l e the tu n i c a alb u g in ia is re flec te d

,

from its posteri or b ord e r i nto the i n te r i or o f the gl an d and ,

forms a proj ec ti n g l on gi tudi n al ridge w hi c h is c all e d the m e ,

d i a s ti n u m tes tis fro m w h i c h n u m e rou s fi b rou s c ord s are g iv

,
‘

e n off to b e i nse rte d i nto t he i n ne r surfac e o f the tu n i c

, T he .
'

m e di asti nu m se rves to c ontai n the v e sse l s and d uc ts of the te s

’

t ic le in t h e i r passag e i n to the su b stance of the org an , and the

fi b m l s c ord s are ad mirab l y fi tted to prev ent c ompressi on of the
l and
g
8 16 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

I f a transve rse se c ti on b e mad e of the te sti s, an d the surfac e

of t he m e di asti nu m e x am i ned , i t w il l b e ob se rv e d t h at t he b l ood
v esse l s o f the su b s tan c e o f t he org an are s i tu ate d n e ar t he
‘

pos
te rio r b ord e r o f t he m e di asti n u m , w h il e the di v id e d d u c ts o c
c u py a pl ac e n e are r to the fre e m a rgi n .
T he tu n i c a. v a s cu l os a is t he n u tri e n t P L ATE

m em b ran e of t he testi s ; it is si tu ate d i m m e

diate l y w i t hi n t he tu n i c a alb u g in ia, and e n
c l ose s the su b sta n c e o f t he gl an d , se n d i ng

r oc esses i n ward s b e twe e n the l ob u l es, i n the

p
same m anne r th at the i m ate r is r e fl e c te d
p a

b e tw e e n the c on v ol u ti on s of the b rai n .

T he su b stan c e of the te sti s c onsi sts o f n u

m e rous c o n i c a l fl atte ne d l ob u l es, the b ase s
b e i n g di re c te d to ward s the su rfac e of the o r
a n , an d the a i c es to ward s t he m e di as ti
g p
n u m. T he l ob u l e s a re c o m pose d of a m u l ~

t itu d e of m i n u te c on v ol u te d t u b e s, h av i ng
t he same d i ame te r t h rou gh o u t ; t h e se are
t he tu b u l i sem i n if er i the y are of a b rig h t y e l l ow c ol or, and
t e rm i n ate at t he api c es of the lob u l e s in sm al l straigh t d u c ts o f
so me w h at l arge r siz e , the v a s a r e c ta t he v asa re c ta, e n te ring
t he me di asti n u m , fo rm a v e r ti c al pl e x u s o f d uc ts, the r e te t es ti s ,
w hi c h proc e e d s fro m b e l ow u pw ard s, an d ter mi n ates at the u p
er e x tre m i ty o f the org an , in e ig h t or te n l arg e r d u c ts, w hi c h
p
q u i t the testi c l e u n d e r t he n am e o f v a s a efi e r en ti a . T he v asa
e ffe re n ti a h a v i ng e me rg e d from the pos te ri o r part o f t he u ppe r
,
D

e n d o f t h e org an , fo u n a seri e s o f c on i c a l c on v o l u ti on s, w h i c h
'

are c all e d c on i v a s c u los i ; from the b ase s of these c o ne s tu b es

of l a1 g e r siz e proc ee d , w h i c h c onsti tu te b y t h e i r c om pl e x c o n

v ol u ti o ns the b ody o f the e pididy mi s. T he tu b e s b e c o m e g ra

d u all y l arge r to ward s t he l o we r e nd of the e pididy m i s, an d te r
m i n ate i n a si n gl e l ar2g e and c onv o l u te d d u c t, the v as de fere ns .

T he ep i d id y m i s is fo rme d b y t he c on v ol u ti o n s of the e xc re
tory se mi n al d u c ts, e x te rn all y to t he testi s, pre v i ousl y to t he i r
te rm i n ati on in the v as d e fe 1 e ns. T he m ore n u m e ro u s c o n v o
l uti ons and the agg re g at i on of the c on i v asc u l osi at the u ppe r
e n d of the o rg an, fo rm t he gl ob us m aj or ; the c onti n u at i o n o f

Tr a nsver se S ec ti on of the T esti c l e —4 T he c av i ty o f the t u nica v a g ina l is

.

the m os t e xte r n al l a y e r is t he tu n ic a v a g in a lis re fl e x a ; a nd t ha t in c on ta c t

w it h t he org a n , t he t u n ic a v ag inal is p r opr ia . 2 T h e t unic a a lb u g inea . 3
. .

T he m e d ia st in um t est is , g iv i ng off nu m erous fi b r ou s c or d s i n a r a d ia t e d dir c e

t ion t o the i n te rn al su r f a c e o f t he tu n ic a al b u g in e a . T he c u t e x tr e m i ti e s o f
t he v e sse ls in f r o n t o f t h e n u m b er b e l ong t o th e r e t e t e st is, an d t h o se b e h in d
t o t he ar te r i es an d v e in s o f th e or g a n . 4 . T h e t un ic a v a sc u l osa , or p ia m a t e r
t e st is . 0o , 5 . T he l ob u l e s , c on sistin g of t h e c on v ol u ti on s of t h e t u b u l i se m in i.

f e ri , a nd term inating b y sin gl e d u c ts the v a sa r e c ta 6 . S ec ti on of t he e p idi

tl ymis
 3 18 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

sue t h at is d ue the re mark ab l edil atab il i ty of the femal e u re th ra,

a nd its s pee dy re tu rn to its origi n al di am e ter T he me atus is .

e nc i rc l e d b y a ri n g of fi b ro u s ti ssu e w hi c h preve n ts i t from d is

,

te n d i ng w i t h the same fac ili ty as t he rest of the c an al h e n c e i t ,

b e c ome s n e c essary in pe rform i ng thi s ope rati on to di v id e its m ar

in sligh t l y w i th a k n i fe
g .

V ag in a — T he v ag i n a is a m e mb ranous c an al l eadi ng from

.

the v u l v a to the u teru s a nd c orrespon di n g m di re c ti o n w i t h th e

,

a xi s of th e ou tl e t o f the pe l v i s I t is c on stri c te d at its c om

.

m e nc e m e n t b u t ne ar t he u te ru s b ec om es c onsid erab l y d il ate d

,
.

I ts l e n g th is v ery v ari ab ly : b u t it is al wa ys l ong er u pon t he

te ri or t han u o n t he an te r i or w al l the for m e r b e i n g u su a l ly
p os p ,

fi v e or six i nc h es i n l eng th an d the l atte r fou r o r fi v e

,
I t is ih .

se rte d i nto th e c e r v i c o f the u te ru s w h i c h roj e c ts i n to t he u p

p ,

pe r e x tre m i ty of the c an al .

I n s tr u c tu r e t he v agi n a is c om pose d of a m u c ou s l i n ing a ,

l aye r o f e r ecti le tis su e and an e x te rn al tu n i c of a fi b r ou s stru e

,

tu re rese m bl i n g t he d artos o f t he sc rotu m

,
T he u ppe 1 h al f of .

t he poste r i or w al l of the v agi n a i s c ov e re d on its pe l v i c su r ,

fac e b y t he pe ri ton e um ; an d in fro n t t he pe r i ton e u m l s 1 efle c t

, ,

te d fro m its u ppe r part to th e poster i or su rfac e of the b l add e r .

T h e m u cous m em b r a n e prese n ts a n u mb er of tr a n sv e r s e
a i ll a o r r u o u on its u pper an d l o we r su r fac e s, w h i c h e x
p p g ce p
te nd o u tward s o n e ac h sid e fr om a m iddl e r ap h e . T he t ran s
v e rse papill a e an d r a he are m ore a re n t u on the u ppe r t h an
p pp a p
u pon th e l o w e r su rfac e , an d the t wo r aph e are c al l e d t he col
u m n s o the v ag i n a . T e m u c ou s me m b rane is c ov e red b y a
f h
t h i n c u t i c u l ar e pi t h e li u m , w hi c h is c on t i n u ed from the l ab i a ,

and te rm i nates b y a fri ng e d b ord er at the i n ne r m argi n of the

os u te rl .

T he e x t er n a l, or d a r toid l a y er of the v a gi na ,
se rv e s to c on
n ec t i t to the su rrou n di ng
T h u s it is v er y c l ose l y
V i sc e ra . ,

adh e re n t to the u nd er su rfac e o f the b l ad d er an d d rag s t h at ,

org an d own w i t h it in prol apsu s u teri T o t he re c tu m it is .

l e ss c l osel y c on ne c ted and t h at i n testi ne is th erefore l ess fre

,

que ntly affe c te d i n prol apsus .

U T ERU S .

T he u teru s is a fl atte ne d org an of a py ri form sh ape, h av i ng

the b ase di re c te d u pward s an d forw ard s, a n d t he a pe x d o wn
ward s and b ac k ward s in t he li n e of the axi s of t he i n l e t of the
el v i s, a nd fo rm i ng a c on sid e rab l e angl e w i t h the c ou rse o f
p
the v agi n a . I n the u n i m pre g n ate d state i t is ab ou t t h re e i n c h
e s i h l e ng th , t wo i n b re ad t h a c ross t he b road est art, an d o ne
p
i n t h ic k ness, and IS di v id e d i nto fund us, b ody, c e rv ix , and os
u te r i .

T he f u n d us and b ody are enc ose l d in a d upl i c ature of peri

 M A T ERI A M ED I C A . 3 19

to ne u m , w hi c h is c onnec te d w i t h the t wo sid es of the pe l v i s,

a nd forms a tran sv e rse se te m b e t w ee n the b l add e r an d re c t u m .
p
T he fold s forme d b y t hi s d upl i c atu re o f pe ri to ne u m on e i t h er
s id e o f the o rg an a re t he b r oa d l ig a m en ts o f t he u te r us. T he
c e r v ix is t he l o wer porti on o f the org an w h i c h is di sti ng u i sh e d

from t he b ody b y a we ll marke d c on stri c t i o n to i ts u pper part

-

is at tac h e d the u pper e x tre m i ty o f t he v agi n a, a nd at its

,

x i
e t e m ty is a t r n i n g — t he O u ter i — b ou n d e d
r a n s v e rse ope s

b e fore an d b e h i n d b y t wo lab i a, the poste r i or l ab i u m b e

i ng t he l arg e r an d m ore proj e c ti n g . T he tran sv e rse o pe n
i ng o f t he os u te r i i s of c onsi d e rab l e siz e , an d is n am ed
t he o rifi c i u m u te r i e x te rn u m ; t he c an al t h e n b e c om e s n ar
r o we d a nd a t t he u ppe r e n d o f the c erv i x is c on stri c te d i n to

a s m all er o pe n i n g — t he orifi c iu m i n te r nu m . A t t hi s poi n t t he

c anal o f t he c e r v i x e x pan d s i n to the shall ow t ri an g u l ar c av i t y

o f t he u te r us, the i n fe ri or an gl e c orres on di ng w i t h t he o riflc i

p
u m i nte rn u m , an d the t w o su pe ri o r ang e l s w i th th e c omme n c e

m e n t of t he F al lopi an t u b e s . I n t he c anal of t he c e rv ix u ter i

a re t w o or three l o n gi tu d i n al fol d s to w hi c h n u m e ro u s ob liq ue

fold s c o n v e rg e so as to gi v e t he i d e a o f b ran c he s f ro m the ste m

o f a t re e h e n c e th i s appearan c e has b e e n d e no m i n ate d the a r
b or v itce u te r i n a . B e tw ee n t h e se fol d s , an d arou n d t he os u te
r i, a re oc c asi on al l y se e n some e n l arg e d m uc ou s fol li c l es w h i c h

h av e b ee n nam e d t he oc u l a of N a b oth.
S tr uc t u r e — T h e u te ru s h as th ree c oats, an i n te rn al or m a
c ou s , a fi b r ou s or m u sc u l ar, an d a p e r i ton e a l coa t. I n t he n u
i m preg n ated state t he fi b rou s stru c ture is d e nse an d pal e , an d
v ery i n di sti n c t ; b u t in t he i m pre g n ate d u te r u s it i s d e c id e dly

m u scul ar, and m ay b e c l e arl y d e m o nstrate d . T h e fi b re s are

t h e n ob se rv e d to b e di sposed in t h re e l ay e rs, an ex ter n a l c on
s i st i n g o f l on g i tu d i n a l a m i dd l e, of ob l i u e es , som e
fi b r es
q fi b r
o f w h i c h pass off u pon t he F a ll opi an tu b es, an d othe rs u on the
p
ro u nd l i g am e nts an d a thi r d l a er c o nsi sts of c on c e n tr i c c i r
y
fi b res, hav i ng th e i r c e n tre at the c o mm e n c e m e n t of the
c l es o
f
F al l opi an t ub es. I n the c e rv i x u te ri the fi b res are c i rc u l ar.
V ess e ls a n d N erv es — T he a r t er i es of the u te ru s are the
u te ri ne from the i n tern al i li ac , an d t he sperm ati c from the aorta.

T he v ei n s are v e ry l arg e an d re m arkab l e in the i mpreg nated

u teru s t hey are c all e d si nu se s, a nd c onsi st o f c an al s c h an n e ll e d

t h rou gh t he sub stan c e of the org an , b e i ng m e re ly li ne d b the

y
i nte rnal m e mb rane of the v e i ns. T he ly mp ha ti cs term i nate in
t he l u m b ar gl an d s.
T he n er v es are d e ri ve d from the hy pog astri c and spermati c
pl e x u se s , an d from the sac r al pl e x u s.
T he app en d ag es of the u ter u s are e nc lose d b y the l ateral
d u pl i c atu res of peri tone u m, c all e d the b road ligaments. Th e y
ar e t he F al lop i a n t u b es and ov ar ie s.
3 20 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

F ALL O P I A N TU B ES .

T he F a ll op i a n tu b es are t wo tu b u l ar prol ong ati o ns w h i c h

p a s s o ff,
o n e 0 11 e ac h sid e ,
f ro m th e u
ppe r angl es of t he u te ru s.
A t t h e i r c o m me n c e me nt t h e y a re sm al l , b u t t h e y g rad uall y 1 1 1
c re ase as t h e y pass o u t wa rd s a n d te rm i n ate b y e x pa nd e d
.
fi ni
b r i d l ed e i tr em i ti es O ne o f th e se fri ng es, l ong
.
c
e r t h a n t he re st
,

is attac h e d to t he o v ary , and se rv e s to g u id e the t ub e i n its

se iz u re of t h at org an .

T he tu b e is li n ed b y m u c o us m e m b rane w hi c h is arran g e d
i n tor tuous l on gi tu d in al fo ld s , it is c on ti n uou s i n te rn ally W i t h
t h a t o f t he u teru s, and e x te rn ally a t t he fi rn b riate d e x t re m i ty
w i th t he peri tone u m T hi s is the o nl y i n stan c e, in m an , o f a
. .

n at u ral O pe n i n g e x i sti n g in a se ro u s m e m b ran e T he e x tern al .

c ov e r i ng i s d e ri v e d fr o m the e ri tone u m , a nd t he m idd l e c oat is

p
c om pose d o f a v e ry v asc u l ar c e l l u l e fi b ro u s ti ssu e i n to w h i c h

som e fe w m u sc u l ar fi b res h ave b ee n t rac e d fro m t he u te ru s.

OV A RI ES .

T he ov a r i es are two g fl atte n e d b od i e s o f a w h i ti sh

ob l on

c ol or,
s i t u ate d i n t he
poste ri or fold s o f the b road l ig am e n ts .

T h e y are c on n e c ted to t he u ppe r angl es of the u te ru s at e ac h

,

sid e b y a rou nd e d c ord t he l i g a m e n ts of th e ov a r y

,
.

T he s tr u ctu r e of t he o vai y is a spon gy v asc ul ar t i ssu e c on ,

tai n i n g s e r ou s v es i c l es and e n c l ose d 1 11 a d e nse fi b ro u s t u n i c

, ,

c ov e red b y pe ri to n e u m T h e se v esi c l es are si m ple c ysts c on

.

tai ni n g a tran spa re n t al b u m i n ou s fl u i d of v ar i o u s siz e a n d fro m

,

t en to fi ftee n i n n u m b e r i n e ac h o v ary T he y are t he o v a in .

w h i c h the f u t u re e m b ry o is d e v e l oped B au e r states t h at t he .

,

v e si c l e s w h i c h are n eare s t the su rfac e h av e a m i n u te fl oati ng

b ody i n th e i r i nte ri or w hi c h i s the ru di me n t o f th e e r111

,
o

A fte r c on c e pti on a y e ll o w spo t is ofte n fo u n d in on e or b o th

,

o v ari e s and h as b e e n n a me d the c or p u s l u te u m

,
I t is for m ed .

o f y e l l o w c ond e nse d s u b stan c e d eposi te d in t he pl ac e o f t he

, ,

ov u m w h i c h h as e sc ape d T h i s w as form e rl y c o n si d e re d a
'

.
,

c er tai n e v id e n c e o f c on c e pti on h av i n g tak e n pl ac e ; b u t n othi n g

c an b e mo re fa ll ac i ou s I t is ofte n ab se n t in w om e n w ho hav e
.

b orn e c h il d re n an d i t h as b e e n fo u n d in v i rgi n s an d e v e n in a ,

c hild fi v e y e ars o f ag e .

V ess els a n d N erv es —T h e a r ter i es o f the ov ari e s a re t he

.

spe rm a ti c .l ts n e rv es are d e ri v e d from the spe rm ati c pl e x u s .

T he r ou n d l ig a m e n ts are t wo c e l u lo fi b ro us c o rd s itu ate d 1

- c
1

b e twe en the l ay e 1 s o f t he b 1 oad lig am e n ts a nd e x te n d i ng fro m ,

t he u pper angl es o f t he u te rus a n d al on the s pe r m ati c c an al s

,
or

t o the l ab i a m agora in w h i c h t h e y are l ost

, T he y are ae c o m .

an ied b y a smal l ar te ry a n d b y se v e ral fil am e n ts o f t he s pe r

p
mati c pl ex us of nerv es an d se r ve to re tai n the u ter u s in c on
,
3 22 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

b le o f e re c t on .
i L ik e the pe n i
s, it is prov id ed wi th two smal l
m u sc l e s, t he er ec tor e s c l i tor i d is .

A t ab ou t an i n c h b e n e at h t he c li tor i s is the en tr a n c e of the

va
g i n a ,
an e lli pt i c o pe n i n g ,
m ar k e d b y a
pr o j e c t i ng m argi n .

T h e e n tran c e to the v ag i n a i s c l ose d i n the v i rg i n b y a m e m

b ran e o f a se m il un ar fo rm , w hi c h is stre tc h e d ac ross t he open
i n g t hi s is the hy m en . S o m e ti m es the me m b ran e fo r ms a
c o m l e te se ptu m, an d g i v e s r i se t o g re at i n c on ve n i e n c e b y pre
p
v e n ti ng t he esc a e of t he m e nstru a l e ff usi o n I t i s t h e n c all e d
p .

an i m e e h m en m u st n ot b e c o n sid e re d
p rf or a t e h y m e n . T h y
a n e c e ssar y ac c o m an i m e nt to V i rgi n i ty , for i ts e xi ste n c e is v e ry
p
u nc e rtai n . Whe n prese n t it assu mes a v ari e ty of appe aranc es :
it m ay b e a m e mb ran o u s fri ng e , wi t h a ro u nd o pe n i n g i n t he
c e n t re , o r i t i s a se m i l u n ar fo ld , l e av i n g an o pe ni n g i n f ron t ,

or a t ransve rse se t u m h i g n i n g b ot h i n fron t a nd

p ,
av n a o
pe n
b e hi nd .
T h e ra ptu re of the h y m en or its ru di m e n tary e xi ste n c e , gi v e s
r i se to the a
ppe aran c e of g ran u l ati on a rou n d t he o pe n i n g o f the
v agi n a ; t h e se are c al l e d c a r u n c u l a m r tif o r m es
y
T he t ri a ng u l ar sm oot h su rfac e b e n e ath t he c l i to ri s an d the
e n t ran c e o f the v ag in a , w h i c h is b ou n d e d o n e ac h sid e b
y t h e

u ppe r po r ti o ns b t he n m h ae i s t he v es tib u l e
y y p ,
.

A t t he u ppe r a ngl e o f t he v agi n a is an e l e v a ti on form e d b y

th e proj ec ti o n of t he U pper w al l o f t he c an al . and i m m e di ate l y

in fron t o f this t u b e rc l e, and su rrou nd e d b y i t, is the o pe n i ng of

the u re th ra, t he m e a tu s u r i n a r iu s .

M A M M A RY G L A N DS .

T he m a m m ce are si tu a te d i n the pe c toral re gi o n, and are se

parate d f ro m the pe c tora li s m aj o r m u sc l e b y a t hi n l ay er o f s u
pe rfi c ial fasc i a . Th e y e xi st i n the m al e as w e l l as i n the fe
m al e , b u t t n a ru d i m e n tary s tate , u n l e ss e x c i te d i nto g row th b y
so m e
pe c u l i ar ac ti o n su c h as the l oss o r at roph y o f t he teste s .

T h e i r b ase rs so me w hat e lli pti c al , the l ong d i am e te r c o rres

o n di n g w i th t h d i c ti o n o f t he fi b res o f the c torali s m aj or
p e re
pe

m u sc l e . T he l e ft rnam m a is g e n e ral l y a l i ttl e l arg e r t h an t he

r i g h t.

N ear the c e n tre of the c on v e xi ty o f e ac h n ram ma is a sm al l .

proj e c t i o n o f t he i n te g u m e n t, c a l l e d the n ipp l e , w h i c h is s u r

rou nd e d b y a h a r eol a h a v i n g a c o l ore d t i n t I n t h e fe m al e b e
.

fo re i mpre g n ati on the c ol or is a d e li c ate pi n k ; afte r i m pre g na

t i on it ass u me s a b ro w n ish h u e , w hi c h d e e pe n s i n c ol o r as pre g
n a nc y ad v a nc e s ; a nd a fter the b i rt h of a c h ild , t he b rown i sh
.

t i n t c o nti n u e s th rou gh l i fe .
T he are ol a is fu rn i she d w i th a c o n sid e rab l e n u mb e r o f s eb a
e c oa s f olli cl es , w hi c h sec re te a pe c u l i ar su b stan c e for the pro

tec tion of the d e l i c ate c uti c l e arou n d the n i ppl e agai nst the
 M A TERIA M ED I C A . 3 23

fri c ti on of d ress. Dur i ng suc k li ng th ese foll i c l es are v ery mu c h

i nc reased in size , and h ave the appe aranc e of small pi m pl e s,
p r oj e c t i n g fr o m t he s k i n . A t t hi s
pe ri od t he y se rv e b y th e i r i n

c re ase d s c re ti on to d efe n d t he n i ppl e and areol a from t he e x

e
~

c oriatin ac ti o n of the sal i v a of the i n fant .

g
I n s tr u c tu r e t he m am ma is a c on gl om erate gl and , a n d c on
,

s i sts of l ob es, w hi c h are he ld tog e t he r b

y a d e nse a n d fi r m c e l
l ular ti ssue ; t he l o b es are c om pose d o f l ob u l es, and the l ob u l es
o f m i nu te c a e c al v e si c les, t he u l ti m ate te rm i n ati on of the e x ore
tory d uc ts .

T he e x c re tory d u c ts from te n to fi ftee n in n u mb e r c our

, ,

m en c e b y sm al l o pen i ng s at the ape x of the n i ppl e an d pass in ,

w ard s paral l e l w i t h e ac h othe r to w ard s t he c e n tral part o f the

, ,
gl and w h e re th e y form d il ati ons an d gi ve off n u mero us b ranc h
,

e s to ram i fy t h r ou gh the gl and to th e i r u l ti m ate te rm i n ati ons

i n the m i nu te l ob u l e s .

T he d uc ts an d c aec al v esi c l e s are li ne d t h rou gh ou t b y a m u

c ou s m e mb ran e w h i c h is c o n ti n u o u s at the a e x of the n i l e
, p pp
w i t h the i nte g u me n t .

I n the n i ppl e t he e x c re tory d u c ts are su rrou n d e d b y a ti ssue

an al og ou s to the d artos o f t he sc rot u m to w h i c h t he y o we th e i r

po wer of e rec ti l i ty . T he re is n o appe aran c e of an y stru c tu re

r ese m b l i n g e re c ti l e t i ssu e .

V es s els and n er v es — T he m am mm are su ppli e d wi t h a r te

r ies fro m t he t h orac i c b ran c h es o f t he axil l ary from t he i n ter
,
c ostal s and fro m t he i n te rn a l m am m ar
, y .

T he ly mp h a ti cs fo ll o w the b ord er of the pec toral i s m aj or to

t he axill ar y gl a nd s .

T he n er v es are d er i ve d from the t h orac i c an d i n terc ostal s .

A N A TOM Y OF T H E F CET U S .

T he m edi u m w e igh t of a c hild at the ful l pe ri od , at b i r th, is

se v e n
pou n d s, and its l e n g th n i n e te e n i n c h e s T he h e ad is o f
.

l arge siz e, an d l e ng th e n e d fro m b e fore b ac kw ard s— the fac e

s m al l . T he u ppe r e x tre mi ti es are g reatl y d ev e l oped , a n d the
t h orax e x pand e d and fu ll T he u ppe r part of the ab d o me n is
.

l arg e, fro m the g re at siz e of the l i v e r t he l ovve r part is sm al l

an d c o n i c al . A nd t he l o we r e x tre m i ti es are v e ry sm al l in pro
porti on to the rest: of t he b ody . T he e x te rn al g e n i tal org ans
are v e ry l arg e an d f u l l d l d
, y e v e o e
p .
0 sseou s sy s te m — T he d e v e l ope m e n t o f the osse ous sy ste m
h as b ee n tre ate d of. T he l i arn e n tou s sy ste m rese n ts n o pe
g p
c u l iarity d eser v i ng of re m ar k .

M u s cu l a r sy ste m — T he m usc l es of the foe tu s at b i rth are

l arg e an d fully formed . T he y are of a ligh te r c ol or th an t h ose
of the ad u l t and of a softer te x ture . T he transverse strim u p
,
3 241. T H E TH O M S O N I A N

on t he fi b res of ani mal l i fe a re n ot di sti ng ui sh ab l e u nt il the

s ix t h m on t h of faetal li fe .

V a s cu l a r s s t e m .— T he c i rc ul ati ng s yste m prese nts se v e ra l

y
ec u l i ar i ti e s : 1 st, 1 11 the h e art , th e re is a c o m m u n i c at i on b e
p
t we e n the t wo au r i c l e s b y m e an s o f th e f or a m e n ov a le . 2d l y ,
I n the arte ri al syste m , the re 1 3 a c o mm u n i c ati on b e twee n the
pu l m o n ary arte ry an d d e sc e n di ng ao rta, b y m e an s of a l arg e
t ru n k— t he d u c tu s a r ter i e su s . 3 d iy , A l so l n the arte r i al sys
t e m ; the i n tern al i li ac arte ri es, u n d e r the n am e o f hypog astri c
a nd u m b il i c a l , a1 e c on ti nu e d f1 o m the foe tu s to th e pl ac e n ta, to

w h i c h th e y re tu rn the b l ood w hi c h h as c i rc u l ated i n the sy ste m

o f t he foe tu s . 4 thly , I n the v e n ou s sy ste m , t he re is a c om m u
n ic ation b e t we e n t he u m b il i c a l v e i n an d t he i n fe r i or v e n a c av a,
c all ed the d u c tu s v e n os u s .

F CET A L C IRC U L A T IO N .

P L ATE

T he F a ta l C i r c ul a ti on — 1 T h e u mb il ic a l c or d , c on si stin g of th e u mb i

li cal v e i n a nd t w o u m b il i c al ar te r i es, p r oc e e d in g fr om t h e p l a c enta 3.

 3 26 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

d er the n ame of u m b il ic a l a r te ri es , to the pl ac e n ta, to whi c h

h y
t e re tu rn t he b l ood h
t at h as b ee n c i rc u l ate d t h rough the s s
y
te m of t e tce tus.
h
F rom a c are fu l c ons id e rati on of th i s c i rc u l ati on we sh al l per

c e rv e
1 st .T h at t he pure b l ood from the pl ac e nta is d i stri b u te d i n
c on sid e rab l e q u an t i ty to t he l i v e r b e fo re e n te ri n g th e g e ne ral
,

c i rc u l ati on H en ce ari ses the ab u n d an t n u tri ti o n of t h at o r

.

an an d i ts e normou s s iz e, in c om pari son w i t h the ot h e r v is

g ,

c e ra.
2d ly . T h at the righ t au ri c l e is the sc e ne of m e e ti ng of a
d ou b l e c urre nt ; the o n e c o m i n g from the in fe ri or c av a, the
o t h e r from t he s u peri or, an d th at t h e y m u st c ross e ac h o th e r in
‘
t h e i r respe c t i v e c ou rse H ow t hisic rossin g is effe c te d t he th e o
.

r i st w il l w on d e r ; n o t so the prac t i c a l an ato m i st ; for a c u rsory

e x a m i n ati on of t he foe tal h e art w il l s h ow , 1 . T h at t he di rec ti on

o f e ntran c e o f th e t wo v esse l s i s so opposi te , t h at t h e y m ay d is

c harg e t h e i r c u rre n ts t h rou gh t he sa me c av i ty w i t h ou t ad mi x

t u re . 2 T h at th e i nfe ri o r c av a o pe n s al m ost di re c tl y i n to the
.

l eft au ri c l e 3 . T h at b y t he aid o f the Eustac hi an v al v e , the

.

c u rre n t i n the i nfe ri o r c ava w i l l b e a l m ost e n t i re l y e x c l u d ed

fro m the r igh t v e n tri c l e .

3 d iy . T hat the b l ood w h i c h c i rc u l ate s th rou gh the arc h of
t he aor ta c o mes di re c tl y from the pl ac e n ta an d a l thou gh m ix

e d w i th the i mpu re b l ood o f the i n fe r i o r c av a, y e t is prope l l e d

i n so g re at ab u n d an c e to the h e ad a n d u ppe r e x tre m i ti e s, as to

r ov id e for t he i nc re ase d n u tri t i on o f t he se i m portan t parts, and
p
r e re t h e m , b y t h e i r g re ate r siz e a nd d e v e l ope m e n t, for th e
p p a

f u n c ti ons w hi c h t h e y are re qu i re d to pe rform at b i rth .

4 th ly T h at the b l oo d c i rc u l ati ng in t he d e sc e ndi n g aorta is
.

v e ry i m pu r e , b e i n g o b tai n e d pri nc i pall y from the re tu rn i ng c ur

re n t i n the s u pe ri o r c a v a, a s m al l q u an ti ty on l y b e i ng d e ri v e d

f ro m t he l eft v e ntri c l e Y e t i t is from thi s i mpu re b l ood t h at

.

the n u tri ti on o f t he l o we r e x tre m i ti es is prov id e d . H e n c e w e

are no t su rpr i se d at th e i r i nsig n ifi c an t d e v e l o pe m e n t at b i rt h ;

w h il e w e ad mi re t he pro v id e nc e o f natu re , t h at di rec ts the n u

t ri e nt c u rre n t i n ab u n d anc e to the org an s of se n se , of pre b e n
si o u and o f d e gl u ti ti o n, so ne c e ssary e v e n at the i nstan t of b i rt h

t o the sa fe ty a nd w e l fare of the c reatu re .

A fte r b i rth , the f or a m e n ov a l e b ec omes g rad u al ly c l ose d b y
a m e mb ran ous l ay e r, w hi c h is d ev e l ope d from the m argi ns o f

t he ope n i n g fro m b e l ow u pw ard s, and c omple te l y se parates the

t wo auri c l e s T he si t uati on of the foram e n is se e n in the ad u l t
.

h eart, u pon the se ptu m au ric ularu m , and is c all ed the f ossa
ov a l i s t he proj ec ti ng m argi n of the ope n i ng forms the a n n u
l u s ov a l is.
A s soon as the l un g s have b ec ome i nfl ated, b y the fi rst spas
 M A T ERI A M ED I C A . 3 27

me d ic ac t o f i n spi rati o n the b l ood o f t he pu l m on ary arte ry

,

ru s h es t h rou gh i ts r ig ht and l e ft b ran c h es i n to the l un g s t o b e ,

re tu rn e d t o the l e ft au ri c l e b y t he pu l m o n ary v e i n s T h us the .

u l mon ary c i rc u l ati o n is estab li sh e d th e n t he d u c tu s a r t e r i o

p ,

s u s c o n t rac ts an d d eg e n e rates i nto an i m pe r v i ous fi b rou s c o rd

, ,

se r v i n g i n afte r li fe mere ly as a b on d of un i on b e twe e n t he l e ft

l m n ary a rt e ry an d t h e c o n c a v i t y o f the arc h of th e ao rta
p u o .

T he c u rre n t t h ro u gh the u m b il i c al c ord b e i n g arres ted the ,

u m b il ic a l a r t e r i es l i ke w i se c on t rac t an d b e c om e i m pe rv i ous
,
a n d d e g e ne ra te i n to t he u m b i l i c a l l ig a m en ts o f the b l add er .
h

T he a m b i l ic a l v e i n an d d u c tu s v en os u s a l so de pri v e d of
. ,

the i r c i rc u l at i n g c u rre nt b e c o m e re d u c e d to fi b ron s c ord s the

-

, ,

forme r fo r m i n g t he r ou n d l ig a u en t of th e l i ver and the l atte r ,

a fi b rou s b an d w h i c h m ay b e trac e d al on g the fi ssure fo r the

,

d u c t us v e nosu s to the i n fe ri or v e n a c av a .

N er v ou s sy ste m T h e b rai n is v e ry soft al m ost pu l py and

.
-

, ,
h as a re ddi sh t i n t th ro ugh ou t ; t he di ffe re nc e b e twe e n t he w h i te
an d g re y su b stan c e is n ot we l l m ark e d T he ner v es are fi rm .
,
a n d we l l d e v e l ope d .

OR GAN S OF S EN S E.

Ey e — T he e y eb al l s are o f a l arg e size and we l l d e v e l ope d at

b i r th . T he pu pil is c l ose d b y a v asc u l ar m e m b ran e c all e d the
m em b r a n a p ap i l l a r i s w hi c h d i sappears at ab ou t t he sev e n th
,

m onth . S o me ti m es i t re m ai n s pe rm an e n tl y and prod u c es ,

b l i nd n ess I t c o nsi sts of t w o t h i n m e m b ran ou s l ay e rs b e tw ee n

.
,

w hi c h the c i li ary a rte ri es are prol on g e d fro m t he e dg e of the

i ri s a nd form arc h e s b y re turn i ng t o it ag ai n wi th ou t anasto
, ,
m osi ng w i t h t hose o f the o pposi te sid e .

T he re mo v al of the m e m b ran e ta kes pl ac e b y the c ontrac ti on

o f t h e i r l oo ps t ow ard s t he e dg e o f the u il T h l e of
p p e c a
psu .

t he l e n s is e x tre m e l y v asc u l ar .

Ea rn— T he e ar is re markab l e for its e arl y d e v e l ope m e n t ; the

l ab y ri n th and ossi c u l a au d i tus are ossifi e d at an e arl y pe ri od ,
a n d t he l atte r are c o m l e te l y form e d b e fore b i rth T he on l y
p .

ar ts re m ai n i n g i n c o m l e te are t he m astoid c e ll s a n d th e m e a
p p ,
t u s a u d i tori us T he m e m b ran a ty m pan i in the faetal h e ad is
.

v e r y o b l iq u e o c c u pyi n g al m ost t he b asil ar su rfa c e of t h e sku l l

,

h e n c e prob ab l y ari ses a d efi c i en t ac ute ness in the pe rc e pti on of

so u n d . I t is al so e x t re me l y v asc u l ar .

N ose — T he sen se o f s me l l is v e ry i mperfe c t in t he i n fan t as

,
m ay b e i n fe rred from the sm al l c apac i ty of the nasal fossa an d
,
t he non d eve l o pe me n t of t he e th mo id s h e no id fron tal and
p
-

, .
, ,
maxill ary srnu ses .

T he thy r oi d g l a n d is of l arg e siz e in the faetus and is d ev e ~

,
8 28 TH E T H O M S O N I A N .

l oped b y two l atera l hal ve s, w h i c h approac h an d b e c ome c on

n ec te d at t he m iddl e l i n e , so as to fo rm a si ngl e gl and . I t is
d oub tfu l w h et h e r it pe rforms any e spe c i al func ti on i n foetal l i fe .

THY M U S G L A N D.

T he thy/m us g l a n d c on si sts o f a th orac i c an d a c erv i c al por

ti on o n e a c h s i d e . T h e fo rmer is si tu ated i n t he ante ri or m e
d iastin u m , a nd the l atte r is pl ac e d i n the n e c k , j us t ab ove t he
fi rs t b o ne o f t he ste rn u m, and b e h i n d the ste rn o hy oi d e i and -

s te ri l e t hy ro i d e i m u sc l es
-
. l t e x te nd s u pward s fro m t he fo u rt h
r i b as h ig h as the t hy roid gl a nd , re sti n g u pon the pe ri c a rdi u m ,

a u d se a rate d fro m t he arc h o f t he aorta and g re at v e sse l s b y

p
t he tho rac i c fasc i a i n t he c h e st, and l y i n g on e a c h si d e of t he
t rac h e a in t he n e c k .
A ltho u g l1 d e sc rib ed u su all y as a slu ple gl an d , it c onsi sts ao
tu al iy o f two l ate ral , al m ost sy m m e tri c a l gl an d s , c on ne c te d w i th
l

e ac h ot h e r b c e ll ti la r t i ss u e on l y , a n d h av i n g n o s t ruc tu ral
y
c om m u n i c ati o n ; t h e y m ay t he re fore b e pro pe r l y c all e d a righ t

a n d a l e ft t hy m u s Orl an d .
g

B etwee n the sec o n d an d t h i rd m on th s o f e m b ry o e xi ste n c e ,

t he t hy m u s is so s m al l as to b e on l y j u st perc e pt i b l e , an d c on
t i n nes g rad u all y i n c reasi ng w i t h t he g ro wth of the foe tu s u n ti l
t he se v e n th. A t t he e igh th m on t h it is l arg e , b u t d u ri ng the
n i nth i t u nd e rg oe s a su dd e n c h a ng e , assu m e s a g re atl y t ue rc as
e d siz e , a n d at b i rth we i<r hs 2 4 0 g rai n s. A fte r b i i th, it c on ti
n u e s to e n l arg e u n ti l t he e x pi rat i on o f t he fi rst y ea r, w h e n i t
c e ases to g ro w, a nd g rad u al l y di m i n i sh e s, u n til at pu b e rty it

h as al m ost di sappe a re d .

T he t hy m us is a c ongl o m e rate gl and , b e i n g c o m pose d o f lo ‘

b u l e s di spose d i n a spi ra l form aro u nd a c e n tral c a v i ty . T he

l o b u l es w e held tog e the r b y a fi rm c e l l ul ar ti ssue (re ti c u l ate d ),
an d t he e n t i re bg la nd i s e n c l ose d i n a c oarse c e l l u l ar c apsu l e .

T he l ob u l es are v e ry n u m e rou s, an d v ary i n siz e fro m t h at

o f the h e ad of a pin to a m od e rate siz e d pe a. Eac h l o b ul e c on
tai ns i n its i n te ri o r a sm al l c av i ty or s ecr e t or y ce ll , a n d se v eral
o f t h e se c e l l s O pe n i n to a s m al l ou ch w hi c h is s i tu a te d a t t h e i r
p
b ase , and l e ad s to the c e n tral c av i ty, the r eser v oi r of the thy
m us .

T he r eserv oir is l i n e d i n its in te 1 io r b y a v asc ul ar m u c o us

m e m b ran e , w h i c h I S rai se d i n to ridg es b y a l aye r of l ig ame n tou s
b an d s si t u ate d b e ne ath it . T he l ig am e n to us b a nd s pro c ee d i n
v ari o us di re c ti on s, an d e n c i rc le t he o pe n m o n th s f h
(p o res
) o t e

se c re tory c e l l s ahd po uc h es . Thi s lig ame ntou s l aye r se rv es to

k ee p the l ob u l e s tog e t h er, and pre ven t the i nj uri ou s di ste nti on
o f the c av i ty .
330 T H E T H O M S O N IA N

In an e x am i nati on of the th y m i c fl uid PLA T E ,

m ad e w i th a m i c rosc ope m ag n i fyi ng 5 0 0

t i me s li ne ar m easu re it was o b se rve d th at , ,

t he c o rpu sc u l e s we re v e ry n u me rous s mall ,

e r t h an t he b l ood c orpu sc u l e s g l o b u l ar and ,

ov a l in for m i rre g ul ar in o u tli ne v a ri ab l e

, ,

i n siz e and prov i d e d w i th a s mal l c en tral

,

n u c l e us .

In the h u man foet u s thi s fl u id has b ee n ,

fo u nd b y S ir A stl e y in too sm all pro porti o n

t o b e su b mi tte d to c he m ic al anal ysi s B ut .

the t h y m i c fl u id o f t he fre tal c a l f w hi c h e x ,

ists i n g reat ab u nd an c e g av e t he fo ll o w i ng ,

an aly t i c al res u l ts : o n e h u nd re d parts of t h e

fl uid c on tai ned six tee n parts of solid m atte r,
'

w hi c h c o nsiste d o f ,

I nc i pi e n t fi b rine ,

A l b u me n ,

M u c u s and m u c o e x trac ti v e m atte r

,
-

M u ri ate and ph osph ate o f potass,

P h osph ate o f sod a ,

P h osph o ri c ac id a trac e ,
.

T he a r ter i es o f the t hy m u s gl an d are de

ri v e d fro m the i n te rn al m a mm ar y an d fro m
the su pe ri o r a n d i n fe ri or t hy ro id .

T he v ei n s te r m i nate i n t he l e ft v e n a in
n om i nata an d so me s m al l b ranc hes in t he
,

t hy roid v e i ns .

T he n er v es are V e ry m i n u te a n d are d eri v e d c h i e fl y th rou g h ,

the i nte r n al m a m m a ry pl e x us fro m the su peri or tho rac i c g an

u

gli o n o f th e sy mpat he ti c .

T he ly m p ha ti cs te r m i n ate in the g e ne ral u ni on o f the l m

y
h ati c v e sse l s at t he j u n c ti o n o f the i n te rn a l j u g u l ar an d s u b
p
c l av ia n v e i ns S ir A stl e y C oo pe r has i nj e c te d the m o n ly o n c e
.

i n the h u m an foetus b u t i n t he c al f he fi nd s t wo l a rg e ly m h a
,
p
t ic d uc ts w hi c h c o m me n c e i n the ri ppe r e x tre ni ihes o f t he
,

gl and s and pass d o w n wa rd s to te rm i nate at t he j u n c ti on o f t he

, ,

j ug ul ar and su b c l av i an v e i n at e ac h si d e T he se v esse l s he .

c o n s i d e rs t he “
a b sor b e n t d u c ts o f the gl and s ‘t/u m i c d u c ts ’
; / ;
th e y re the c arr i e rs o f t he fl u id fro m t he thy m u s i nto the
v e i ns
a.

'

The C ou r se a nd T er mi na tion of the fl b sor b en t D u c ts o f t h e t hym u s o f th e

c al f — 1 T h e tw o i nt er n a l
. u g u l a r v e in sj 2 S u pe ri or v e na c a v a .. .3 . T he
t h ora c i c d u c t, di v idi ng i n to t w o b r a n c h e s , w h ic h r e u n i te p r e v i o u sl y t o the ir
j
-

t e r m inat io n i n t he r o o t o f t h e l e f t u g u la r v e i n 4 T he t w o t hy m ic d uc ts ; . .

t ha t o n t h e l e ft si de e n t e r s i nto t h e t horac ic d u c t, and th a t on th e r i g ht in to

t he r oot of the r i g h t ug ul ar v ei n. j
 M A T ERI A M ED I C A . 33 1

S ir A stl e y c on cl ud es his an ato mi c al d e sc ri pti on of thi s gl and

w i th the foll o w i ng i n te re sti ng physi o l ogi c al o b se rvati on
A s the th y m us se c re tes all the parts of the b l ood , v iz. al b u
me n, fi b rine , and parti c l es, is i t not prob ab l e th at t he gl and is
d esig ne d to pre pare a fl uid we l l fi tted fo r the foetal g ro wth and
n ou ri sh m e n t fro m t he b l ood of t he mothe r, b e fore t he b i rth o f
the fmtu s, a nd , c onse q ue n tl y, b e fo re c h yl e is for me d from food ?
an d t hi s roc ess c o nti n ue s fo r a s h o rt ti me a fter b i rth , the q u an
p
ti ty o f fl u i d se c re te d fro m the thy m us g rad u al l y d ec li n i ng , as
”
t h at of c hyl ifi c ation b ec o mes pe rfe c tl y e stab li sh e d .

F OETA L L U N GS .

T he l u ng s , prev i ousl y to the ac t of i nspi rati on , are d e nse and

s ol id in stru c ture , and o f a d e e p re d c o l o r ; t he i r spe c ifi c g rav i

ty is g reate r t h an wa te r, in w hi c h t h e y si n k to ,the b ottom,

w he reas l u ng w hi c h has re spi re d w i l l fl oat u pon th at fl u id .
T he spe 0 1 fi c g ra v i ty is, h o we ve r, n o test of t he re al we igh t of
t he l u n g , t he re spi re d l u n g b e i n g ac tu al l y h e av i er t h an the fre
ta l : T h us the we ig ht of t he fce tal l ung , at ab ou t the midd le
pe ri od o f u te ri ne l i fe , is to t he b ody as 1 to 6 0 B ut afte r res
.

piration, the re l ative we igh t of the l u n g to the e n ti re b ody is as

1 to 3 0 .

F OS T A L H EA RT .

T he hea r t of the foetus is l arg e i n proporti on to the siz e of

the b ody ; it is al so d e v e l ope d v e ry e arl y , re prese n ti n g at fi rst a
s i m pl e v e sse l , and u nd e rg oi ng v a ri ou s d e g rees of c o m pli c ati on

u ntil it arrives at the c o m po u n d c h arac te r w h i c h it prese n ts all

te r b i rth . T he t wo v e n tri c l e s fo rm , at o n e per i od , a si ngl e c a

v ity, w h ic h is a fte r ward s di v id e d i nto two b y the se ptu m v e n

t ric u loru m . T he t wo aur i c l es c o mm u n i c ate ti p to t he mome nt

o f b i rth , the se pt u m b e i ng i n c o m pl e te , an d le av i n g a l arg e o en
p
i ng b e twe e n t he m, the f or a m en ov a l e.
T he d u c tu s a r ter iosu s is an ot h e r pec u l i ari ty of the foetus
c o nne c te d w i th t he he art ; it is a c o mm u n i c ati on b e tween the

p u l m o n ar y arte r
y an d the aorta. I t d e g e ne rates i n to a fi b ro us
c ord afte r b i rth, fro m the d ou b l e c au se o f a d i v e rsi o n in the c ur

re n t o f t he b l ood to ward s the l u ng s, and fro m the

pressure of
t he l e ft b ronc h us, c ause d b y its di ste n si on w i t h air.

V I S C ERA O F TH E A B DO M EN .

A t an e arl y pe ri od of u te ri ne l i fe , an d so me ti mes at the e ri

p
o d of b i rth , t wo m i nu te fi b rous t h re ad s m a i g
y b e se e n , p
a ss n
fro m t he u m b i li c us to the me se n te ry . T h ese are t he re mai ns
o f the o m ph al o mese n te ri c v esse l s.
-

T he om p /t a l o m es en ter ic are the fi rs t d e vel ope d vesse l s of

~

the g erm ; t h e y rami fy u pon the vesi c u l a u mb il i c ali s or y olk

,
3 32 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

b ag , and suppl y the ne wl y formed ali me n tary c anal of the e m

b ryo. F rom th e m, as from a c e n tre , t he g e n e ral c i rc u l ati ng
syste m is prod u c e d . A fte r the e stab li sh me n t of the pl acen tal
c i rc u l ati on , the y c e ase to c ar ry b l ood , and d wi n d l e to the siz e

of m e re t h re ad s, w hi c h m ay b e e asily d e m onstrate d i n t he e arl y

e ri od s of u teri ne l i fe b t o m le te l y re mo v e d , e x c e t u n
p u a re c p p
d er pe c u l i ar c i rc u mstan c e s, at a l ate r pe ri od .
T he ap p en dix v er m if or m is cce c i is l on g and of l arg e siz e ,
and is c on ti n u e d d i re c tl y from t he c e ntra l part of t he c u l d e sac - -

of t he c a e c u m , o f w hi c h i t appe ars to b e a c o nstri c te d c on ti n u a~

t i on. T h i s is the c h arac ter of the appe ndix c a e c i i n the h igh er

q u ad ru mana.
T he l arg e i n testi n es are fi l l e d w i t h a d ark g re e n v i sc ou s se
c re ti on, c all e d m econ i u m fro m i ts re se m b l an ce to t he in s issa
, p
te d j u i c e of the poppy .

F (ET A L L IV ER.

T he l i ver is the fi rst for m ed o rg an i n the e mb ry o i t is de.

v eloped from t he al i m e n tary c anal , an d at ab ou t t he t hi rd w e e k

fill s the wh ol e ab do men , and is one hal f t he we igh t o f the e n
t i re e mb r y o. A t t he fou rt h m on t h t he l i v e r is o f i m mense size
i n proporti on to the b u l k of the fce tu s. A t b i rth it is of v e ry
l arge size , and oc c upi es the w h ol e u pper part of the ab d ome n.
T he l e ft l ob e is as l arg e as t he righ t, an d th e fal c i fo rm lig am e nt
c orrespond s wi th the m iddl e l i n e of t he b od y . T he l i v e r di mi
n i sh es rapi d ly afte r b i rth , prob ab l y from t he o b l i te rati on o f t he
u mb ili c al v e i n .

K I D N EY S A N D S U P RA REN
-
AL CA P S U L ES .

T he k i d n ey s prese n t a l ob u l ate d appea ran c e i n the foe tus,

wh i c h is the pe rm ane nt ty pe am ong st som e an i mal s as in t he .

b ear, the otte r, and c e tac e a.

T he sup r a r e n a l c ap su l es are org an s whi c h appear, from
-

th e i r e arl y an d c onsid e rab l e d e v e l ope m e n t, to b e l on g e spe c i all y

to the e c ono m y o f the fce tu s. Th e y are di sti nc tl y fo rme d at t he
se c on d m on t h o f e m b ry o li fe , and a re g re ate r in siz e an d we igh t

t h an the ki d ne y s . A t t he fo u rt h mo n th th e y are e q u all e d i n

b u l k b y the kid n e ys,and at b i rt h t h e y are ab o u t one t h i rd l e ss
t h an t h ose g
or ans.

V I S C ERA O F TH E P EL V IS .

T he b l a d d er in t he fce tus is l ong an d c on i c al , an d is si tu ate d

al toge th er ab ov e t he u ppe r b o rd e r of t he pu b i s, w hi c h is as y e t

small and u nd e ve l ope d .I t is i nd ee d an ab d omi n al v i sc u s, and

is c onnec ted su pe ri orl y wi th a fi b ro us c ord c all e d the m a c/ ms,
of w hi c h i t appe ars an e x pan si on .
T he u ra chu s is c onti nued upward s to the u mb il i cu s and b e ,
33 4 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

ON T H E M U S C L ES .

M uscl es are the mov i n g or an s o f

i mal frame th ey
g t he an
,

c on sti tu te b y th e i r si z e and n u mb e r the g re at b u l k of the b od y ,

u pon w hi c h t h e y b estow form and sy mm e tr y I n t he l i mb s .

,

t h e y are s i tu ate d a ro u n d the b o ne s w h i c h t he y i nv est a nd de ,

fe nd and th e y form to som e of t he j oi n ts a pri nc i pal prote c ti on

, .

I n the trunk th e y are spre ad ou t to en c l ose c av 1 ti e s and c on

, ,

stitu te a d e fe i i sive w all c apab l e of yi e ldi n g to i n te rn al ssu re

, p re ,

an d ag ai n re tu rn i n g to its origi nal form .

Th e i r c ol or prese n ts the d e ep red w h i c h is c h arac te ri sti c of

fl esh and th e i r form i s v ari ousl y modi fi ed to e x e c u te the v ari ed
, ,

rang e of mov e me nts w h i c h t h e y are re q u i re d to effe c t .

M usc l e i s c o mpose d of a n u m b e r of parall e l fi b res pl ac e d sid e

by sid e and su ppo rte d an d h el d tog e t h e r b y a d el i c ate w eb o f
,

c e l l u l ar ti ssu e so t h at i f i t were possi b l e to re m ov e the m u s

c u lar sub stanc e t h ere w ou l d re mai n a b e au ti fu l c e l l u l a r frame

,

work posse ssi n g t he e x ac t form an d siz e of the m u sc l e w i t h ou t

, ,

its c ol or an d solidi ty T o ward s t he e x tre m i ty of the organ the

.

musc u l ar fi b re c ease s a nd the c e ll u l ar struc t u re b e c o me s ag

,

re ate d an d modifi e d so as to g iv e r i se to t h ose gl i ste n i ng fi

g g ,

b res and c ord s b y w h i c h t he m u sc l e is t i e d to the su rface o f

b one and w hi c h are c all e d ten d on s A l m ost e v e ry m u sc l e in the
,
.

b ody is c onn ec te d w i th b on e e i t h e r b y te n di n ou s fi b res o r b y

, ,

an ag re g ati on of t h ose fi b re s c on sti t u ti n g a te n d on an d the

g ,

u n i on i s so fi rm t h at u nd e r e x tre m e v i o l e n c e th e b o ne i tse l f r a
t h er b re ak s t h an perm i ts the se parati on of the ten d on from its
a ttac h m e nt I n t he b road m u sc l es the te n d on is spre ad so as to
.
,

form an e x pansi on c all e d ap on eu r oszs a n erv e w id e l y spre ad ou t

’

.
,

M u sc l es prese n t v ari ou s m odifi c ati ons i n the arran g e me nt o f

t h e i r fi b res in re l ati o n to the te n di nou s struc tu re S o me ti mes .

t h e y are c ompl e te l y l ongi tu di n al and te rmi n ate at e ac h e x tre

,

m i ty in tend on the e nti re m u sc l e b e i ng f u sifor m in its s h ape ;

,

i n oth e r si tu ati on s the y are d i spose d of lik e the ray s of a fan ,

c on v ergi n g to a te n di nou s po i n t as t he te m poral pec toral g lu

, , ,

tei & c and c onsti tu te a r a d i a te m u sc l e

, ., A g ai n t h e y are p e n . .
~

n if or m c on vergi n g l i ke t he pl u mes of a pe n t o on e sid e of a.

,

te nd on wh i c h r u ns the w h ol e l e ng t h of t he m u sc l e as in t he
rone i ; or bi e n n for m n vergi ng to b ot h si d e s of the te n
p e
p i c o ,

don . In oth e r m usc l es the fi b res pass ob liq ue l y from the su r

,

face of a tendi nous e x pansi on spre ad ou t on on e sid e to th at o f ,

anoth e r e x te n d ed 0 11 the o
pposi te sid e as in the se m ime mb ra
~
,

nosu s ; o r th e y a re c ompose d o f e nn i fo rm or b i pe nn i form tas

p
c ic u li as i n t he d e l to id a n d c on sti tu te a c om pou n d m u sc le
, ,
.

T he nome n c l atu re of t he m u sc l es 1s d e fec ti v e and c on fuse d ,

and IS g e n eral ly d er i ve d from some prom i n e n t c h arac te r wh i c h

e ac h musc l e prese nts T h us some are n amed from th ei r si tu
.
,
~
 M A TERI A M ED I C A . 33 5

a iion, as i b i al i s pe ro ne u s ; oth e rs from t h e i r u ses as the

the t , ,

fi e xors e x te nso rs add uc to rs ab d uc tors l e v ato rs te nsors doc

, , , , , .

S o m e ag ai n fro m t h e i r fo rm as the t rapezi u s tri an g u l ari s d el

, , ,

t oid doc .and o t he rs fro m t he i r di re c ti on as t he re c tus oh , ,

,

l iq uus tran sve rsal i s doc

,
S o me h a ve re c e i ved n am es e x pres
,
.

s i v e o f the i r attac h m e n ts as t he ste rno m as toid ste rno hy o id - -

, , ,

Ge e : and o th e rs of t he i r di v i si o ns as t he b i c e ps t ri c eps dig as , , ,

t ric 1is c o m ple xu s & c

, ,

I n the d esc ri pti on o f a m u sc l e we e x pre ss its attac h me nt b y ,

t he w ord s o rig i n a n d i nserti o n

c
T he t e r m or ig i n is g e n e rall y
.

a ppl i e d to t he m o re fix e d o r c e nt ral attac h m e n t o r to t he poi n t ,

t o wa rd s w hi c h t he m o ti o n is di re c te d w hil e i n ser ti on is assig n ,

e d to t he m ore m o v ab l e po i n t o r to t h at m os t d i stan t ro m the ,

i

c e ntre ; b u t th e re are m an y e x c e pt i on s t o t h i s pri nc i pl e a nd as ,

m an y m u sc l es pu l l e q u all y b y b ot h e x tre mi ti e s the u se of s uc h ,

t erm s m u st be reg ard e d as pu re l y arb i trary .

I n st ru c t u re m u sc l e is c o m pose d of b undl es o f fi b res of v a

,

t i ab l e siz e c a ll e d fasc i c u l i and i s e n c l ose d i n a c e ll u l ar m e m

,

b ran o us i n v est me n t or s he ath w h i c h is c on tin u ous wi th the ,

c e ll u l ar fram e w ork of t he fi b re s Eac h f a sc icu lu s is c om pos .

~

e d o f a n u m b e r o f s m al l e r b u n dl e s a n d these of s i ngl e fi b res , ,

w h i c h fro m th e i r m i n u te si ze an d i n d e pe n d e n t appe aran c e h av e

b e e n d i st i n g u i sh ed b y t he n ame o f u l ti m ate fi b res T he u lt i .

m a te fib r e is fo u n d b y m i c rosc opi c i n v esti g ati on to b e i tse l f

m ad e u p o f a n u mb e r o f u l t i m a te fi b rils e nc l ose d i n a d e l i c ate ,

s h e ath o r m ole ma T w o k i nd s f u l t i m t m usc u l ar fi b res e x

, y . o a e

ist in t he an i m al e c o no my v iz th at o f v ol u n tary or an i mal l i fe

,
.
,

a nd t h at o f i n v o l u n tary o r o rg an i c l i fe .

T he f ib r e of a n i m a l l if e is r ec og n iz e d fro m be i n g m ark ed
b y tran s v e rse and slig htl y wav i n g stri ae ; w hil e the fi b re of ar
g a n ie l if e 18 kn o wn b y the ne g at i ve c h arac te r of an abse nce of
t rans v e rse str i a e .

T he u l ti m a te fi b r i ls are m i n u te b e ad e d o r v ari c ose fil am ents ,

in the fi b re of an i mal li fe and c y li nd ri c a l and u n i form in the

,

o rg an i c fi b re .

M u sc l es are d iv id e d i n to two g re at c l as ses v ol u ntary and m ,

v ol u n tar
y to w hi c h m ay b e add e d as a n i nte rm ed i ate and c on
,

n ec ting l i n k the m u sc l e of the v asc u l ar sy ste m — th e h e art

, .

T he v olu n ta ry or sy stem of a n i m a l l ife is d e v e l ope d from

, ,

t he e x tern a l o r se rous l ay e r of t he g e rmi n al m e m b ran e and ,

c o m pre h e nd s the w h ol e of the m u sc l e s of the l i mb s and of the

t ru n k . T he i n v ol u n ta r y or org a n i c sy s te m is d e v el ope d from

, ,

t he i n te rn al o r m u c ou s l ay e r and c on sti tu tes the t hi n m usc u l ar

,

s tr u c t u re o f the i n te st i nal c an al b l add e r and i n te rnal org an s of , ,

ge ne rati o n A t the c omme n c e m e nt of the al i me n tar y c anal in

.
,

t he (e soph ag u s and n e ar its te rm i n ati on in the re c tu m the mus ,

c u lar c oat is fo rmed b y a b l e ndi ng of t he fi b res of b oth c l asses.

336 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

T he h eart 1s d e ve l ope d from the m iddl e 0 1 v asc u l ar l ay er of the

g erm i nal me mb ran e , and al th o ugh in v ol un ta1 y 1 n its ac ti on , is
c om pose d of u l ti m ate fi b res, h av i n g t he t1 ansve rse stri ae of i he
m usc l es of an i mal l i fe .
T he musc l es may b e arrang e d i n c onform i ty w i th the g e ne
r al di v i si on o f t he b ody , i n to— 1 . t h ose of t h e h ead an d ne c k ;
2 t h ose o f the tru n k ; 3 . t h ose of the u ppe r e x tre m i ty ; 4 t h ose
. .

of the l ower e x tre m i ty .

M U SC L ES OF TH E H EA D A N D N EC K .

T he m usc l es of the h e ad an d n e c k ad m i t o f a su b d i v i si on ih
to t h ose of the h e ad an d face , and t h ose o f th e n e c k .
D issec ti on . —T he oceip itoj r on ta l is is to b e di sse c te d b y
'

m aki n g a l ongi tu di nal i nc i si o n al ong the v e rte x o f the h e ad ,

from the tu b e rc l e on the o c c i pi tal b on e to the roo t of the n ose ,
and a se c on d i n c i si on al on g the fore h e ad an d a rou n d t he sid e

of the h e ad , to j oi n the t wo e x tre m i ti e s o f t he pre c e d i n g D is

.

sec t t he i n te g u m e n t and su pe rfi c i al fasc i a c are fu ll y o u tw ard s,

b egi n n i n g at t he an te ri or angl e o f the flap, w h e re t he m usc u l ar
fi b res are t h i c kest, an d re m o v e i t al tog e th e r . T hi s d i sse c ti on
re q u i res c are ; for t he m u sc l e is v e ry t hi n , and w i t ho u t at

te nti on w ou l d b e rai sed w i th the i n te g u me nt . Th e re is no

d ee p fasc i a on t he fac e and h e ad , nor is i t req u i1 e d ; for h e re the
musc l es are c l ose l y appl i e d ag t,
a i n st the b o nes u po n w h i c h t h e y

d epe nd for su pport, wh i l st 1 11 t h e e x tre m i ti es the su ppor t is d e

r i ve d from th e d e nse l ay e r o f fasc i a b y w hi c h t h e y a re i n veste d ,

and w h i c h form s for e ac h a di sti n c t she at h .

T he occ ip i to f r on ta l is is a b road m usc ulo te ndi n ou s lay e r,
-

w h i c h c o vers the w h o l e o f o n e sid e o f t he v e rte x o f th e sk u l l ,

from t he o c c i put to t he e y e b ro w. I t a r i s es from the o u te r tw o
t h i rd s of the su pe ri or c u rv e d li n e o f t he oc c i pi tal b on e , an d from
the m astoid porti on of the te m poral , an d is i n s er t e d i n to the or
b ic ul aris pal pe b raru m m u sc l e an d n asal t u b e rosi ty of the fron tal
b one . T he m usc l e is fl e sh y i n fron t o v e r the fro n tal b one , an d
b e hi nd ov er the oc c i pi tal , the tw o porti o n s b e i n g c o nn e c te d b y
a b road apone urosi s . T he t wo m u sc l es c o v er the wh o l e o f the
v e rte x of the sk u ll , h e n c e its d esig n ati on g a l e a c a p i t is Th e y
.

a re l oose ly ad h e re n t to the pe ri c ran i u m, b u t v e ry c l ose l y to t he

i nte g u men t, parti c u l arl y ov er t he fore h e ad .
A ct ion .— to r ai se t he e ye b ro ws, th ere b y throw i n g t he in teg u
me nt of the fore he ad i n to tranv erse wri n kl es so m e poi sons .

h av e the powe r o f m ov i ng the e n ti 1 e sc al p u pon the pe ric 1 aniu m

b y me ans of these m u sc l e s.
D issec t i on —T he d i ssec ti on o f the fac e is to b e e ffe c te d b y
.

c onti nu i n g t he l on g i tu di n al i n c i si o n o f the v e r te x o f t he pre v i

ou s di sse c ti o n on ward s to the tip of the n ose , a nd t h e nc e
d ownward s to the margi n of the uppe r lip ; th en c arry an i n c i
338 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

f rag me n ts of the roof of the orb i t re m o v ed . T he pe ri oste um

.

wil l th e n b e e x pose d u nb ro ke n an d u nd i stu rb e d . Re mo v e t he

i ste u m from t he w h ol e o f t he u ppe r s urfac e of the e x ose d
p er o
p
orb i t, an d t he m u sc l e s m ay t h e n b e e x am i n ed .
A c ti on s — T he l e v ator pal pe b rm raise s t he u pper e ye l id . T he
fou r re c ti , ac ti n g s i n gl y, pu ll the e ye b al l i n the fou r d i re c ti ons
o f u pw a rd s, d own w ard s, i nw a rd s, a nd ou t ward s. A c ti n g b y
ai rs, t h e y c arr y t he e y e b al l i n t he di ag on al o f the se di re c ti o n s ,
p
v iz. u pward s and i n ward s, u pw a rd s and o u tward s, d own w ard s

and i n w ard s o r d o w n w ard s an d o u t wa rd s.

, A c t i ng al l toge th
e r, t he y di re c t l y r e t rac t t he gl ob e W i th i n t he o rb i t. T he su pe
r i or ob liq ue m u sc l e a c ti ng a l o n e , ro ll s t he gl ob e i nw ard s and

forward s, and c arri e s t he pu pil o u t ward s an d d o wnward s t o t he

l o we r and o u ter angl e of t he orb i t. T he i nfe ri or ob l iq ue , ac t
ing a l on e , ro ll s the gl ob e o u tward s and b ac kw ard s, an d c arri es
t he pu pil ou t ward s a nd u pward s , to t he u ppe r an d ou te r ang l e
of t he e y e . B ot h m u sc l e s ac ti n g tog e th e r, d raw t he e y e b al l for
ward s a nd gi ve t he pu pi l t h at s li g h t d eg ree of ev ersmn w h i c h
,

e n ab l es i t to ad m i t t he l arg e st fi e l d of v i si on .

D issec tion (for pl ate M ak e an i n c i si on al ong the u ppe r

-

b ord e r o f the zig o m a, fo r t he pu rpose of se parati n g the te m pora l

fasc i a f rom i ts attac h me n t. Th e n sa w t h ro u g h t he zy g om ati c
roc ess o f the m al ar b on e , an d t h rou gh t he ro ot of the zyg om a,
p
n e ar t o the m e at u s au di tor i u s D raw d o wn the zyg o ma, an d
.

w i t h it the origi n o f the m asse ter, and d i sse c t the l atte r m usc l e
away fro m t he ram u s and angl e of t he i n fe ri or m axil l a. N ow

P L A TE

T he M us c l es of the Ey eb all— t he v ie w b e i ng t ak e n from t he ou te r sid e of

the r i g h t or b it. l . A sm al l f r a g m e n t of the sp h e n o id b on e ar ou n d t h e e ntr a n c e
-

o f t h e o p t i c n e r v e i n to t h e o r b i t , 2 . T h e op tic n er v e . 3 . T he g l o b e of t he
e ye . . q
4 . T h e l e v a t or p a lp e b r m m u scl e . 5 T h e g su p e rior ob li u e m usc l e 6.
I ts c ar t il a g i nou s pu l l e y fl
7 . I ts r e e c t e d te n d dn .
.

8 . T h e i nf e ri or o b l 1 q u e
q
.

m u sc l e ; t he sm al l s u a r e k no b at i ts c omm e nc e m e nt i s a p i e c e of i ts b on y
o r i g in b r ok e n off . . 9 T h e su p e r ior rec t u s . 1 0 T h e e xte r nal r e c tu s, al m ost
.

c on c eal e d b y t h e o p t ic n e rv e . .1 1 P ar t of t h e i nte r n al r ec tu s, sh owi n g i ts tw o

h e a ds of or ig in . 1 2 . T he ex tr e m i ty of t he ex te rn al r ec t us a t i ts i n se r tion ; t he
i nt er m e dia te p or tio n o f t h e m u sc l e hav in g b e e n r e m ov e d . 1 3 T h e i nfe r i o r
.

r e c t u s. 1 4 T h e t u ni c a al b u g in ea , form e d b y t h e e xp an si on of the t e nd on s of
.

t he f our r e c ti .
 M A T ERI A M ED I C A . 339

re mov e the te m pora fasc i a from the rest of i ts attac h ment,

l and
the w h ol e of th e te mporal m usc l e w ill b e e x pose d .

A c ti on s — T he m axil l ary m u s P L A TE

c l e s a re t he ac ti v e ag e nts i n m asti
c ati on , a nd fo rm an a aratu s b e au
pp
t ifu ll y fi tte d fo r t h at offi c e . T he
b u c c i n ato r c i rc u msc ri b es the c av i ty
o f t he m ou th , and w i t h t he aid o f

the to ng ue ke e ps the food u nd e r the

i mme di ate pressu re of the tee th B y .

m e ans of its c on ne c ti on w i t h the su

pe i
r o r c o nstr c tor i h orte ns
it s the c a
v ity of the h a ry n x fro m b e fore
p ,

b ac k ward s, an d b ec o m e s an i m portan t au xil i ary i n d egl u ti ti on

T h e te mporal , the m asse te r, an d the i nte rn al pte ryg oid , are t he
b ru i si ng m usc l e s, d rawi ng t he l o we r j aw ag ai nst the u ppe r wi th
re at forc e T h t w l tt b t h o b l iq u i t y o f t h e i r di rec ti on ,
g . e o a e r, y e

assi st the e x te rn al te r g oi d i n g ri ndi ng t he food , b y c a rry i n g

p y
t he l owe r j aw forw ar d u on t he u ppe r ; t he j aw b e i n g b rou gh t
p _

b ac k ag ai n b y t he d e e p po rti o n o f the m asse te r an d poste ri or

fi b re s o f t h e te m poral . T he w h ole of th ese m usc les, ac ti ng in
su c c e ssi on r d uc e r otar m o v e me n t o f the te e t h u pon e ac h
p o a y
o t h e r, w hi c h , w i t h the d i re c t ac ti o n of the l ow e r j aw ag ai nst

t he u ppe r, e ffe c ts the prope r m ast i c ati on of the food .

D iss ect ion s (for pl ate — T he di sse c ti on of the ne c k sh oul d

b e c om me n c e d b y m aki n g an i n c i si on al on g the m i d dl e li ne of
t he n e c k fro m the c h i n to t he sternu m , and b ou nd ing it s u pe ri
o rl y an d i n fe ri o rl y b t w o tr n r i n c i si o ns, the su e ri or o ne
y a s v e se
p
b ein g c arri e d al o ng the m argi n o f the l owe r j aw, and ac ross the
m astoid proc ess to the t ub e rc l e on t he oc c i pi tal b one , the i n fe ri
o r on e al o ng the c l a v i c l e to the ac ro m i on T he sq u are
proc e ss .

flap o f i n teg u me n t th us i nc l u d e d shou l d b e turn e d b ac k from

t he e n ti re sid e of t he n e c k , w h i c h b ri n g s i n to V i e w t he s u pe rfi

y
c ial fasc i a, and on the re m o v al o f a t hi n l a er of su e rfi c i a l fas
p ~

c ia the pl aty sm a m y oid es w il l b e e x pose d .

T he ste rno hyoid , ste rn o th y roid , t hy ro hyoid an d om o hyoid
- - - -

musc l e s are b ro u g h t i n to V i e w b y re m ov i n g t he d e ep fasc i a fro m

o ff the f ron t of t he n e c k b e t wee n t he t wo ste rn o m asto id m u s -

c l es .T he o mo h y oid , to b e se e n i n i ts w h ol e e x te n t, re q u i res
-

t h at th e ste r no mastoid m usc l e b e d iv id e d from its o rigi n and

-

turne d as id e .

A c ti on s — T he sterno -
mastoid s are the g reat anteri or mu sc l es

z
T he two P ter yg oid M usc l es. T h e yg om atic ar c h a nd th e g r e at er p ar t of
t h e r am us of t h e l ow e r j aw h av e b e e n r e m ov e d , i n or d er t o b r in g t he se m u s
c l e s i nt o v ie w — 1 . T he sp e n oid al o r ig in of th e e xter na l p te r y g oid m u scl e .
.

2 . I ts p ter y g oid or ig in . 3 . T he i nter nal p te r y g oi d m u sc l e .

3 10 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

o f c o nnec t on b e twee n the thorax and the h e ad

i B oth m usc l e s .

ac ti n g tog e t h e r w il l ho w the he ad di re c tl y forward s. T he c la

v icu la r po rti o ns, ac ti n g m ore fo rc i b l y t ha n t he ster nal , gi v e sta
’

b il ity and ste adi ne ss to the h e ad i n su ppo rti ng g re at we igh ts.

Ei th e r m u sc l e ac ti n g si ngly w o u l d d raw the he ad towards the
s h o u ld e r o f the sam e s id e , and c ar ry t he fac e to ward s the o
ppo
s i te sid e .

A c ti on s.— T he ste rno hyo i d ste rno th y roid , th y ro hy oid and

- - -

o m o hy o i d , are the d e pre sso rs o f the os hy oi d es and l ary n x .

-

T he d ig astri c us, the styl o , m yl o, a nd g e n i o hyo id s, an d the

g e n i o hyo g lo ssus, ac t u po n the os hy oid e s w hen the l o we r j aw
- -

is c l ose d , and u po n the l o we r j aw w h e n the os hy o id es is drawn

d own ward s, and fix e d b y the d e pressors o f the os h yoid e s and
l ary nx .

P L ATE

I
T he M usc l es of the a n ter i or a sp ec t of the N ec k .— O n t he l e f t s ide the su
p er fi c ial m u sc l es ar e se en, a n d o n t he r ig ht the d ee p 1 . T h e p o ster i or b ell y
.

o f t he dig a str i c u s m u sc l e 2 I ts a nte ri or b e ll y

. . T he a p one urot ic p ul l e y ,
.

t hr o u g h w hic h i ts t e n do n is se e n p a ssi ng , i s a t tac he d t o the b ody o f t he os

.

hy oid e s 4 . T h e st yl o h y o id e u s m u scl e , t ra n sfi xe d b y t he p ost e r or b e ll y

-

of t he dig a str i c u s. 5 T he m y lo hy o id e u s.
.
-
6 T h e g e ni o hy o id e u s. 7 T he
. -
.

t on g u e . 8 T he h y o g l ossa s
. -
9 T h e sty l o g l ossu s.
. .
-

1 0 T h e sty l e p h ar y n
.
-

g eus . 1 1 T. h e ste r no m a sto id m u sc l e . _

-
1 2 I ts s te r na l or ig i n
. 1 3 I ts c
. l av i.
.

c u l a r ori g i n . 1 4 . T he ste r n o l1 y o id ~
1 5 . T h e ste rn o thyroid o f t h e r ig ht side
.
-
.

1 6. T he t hy ro hy oid . 1 7 T he hy o id p or tio n o f th e o m o l1 y 0 1 d .
. -
1 8 , 1 8 I ts .

sc a p ul ar p o rtio n ; o n the l e f t sid e t he te n d on of t h e m u sc l e i s see n t o b e b o u nd

d o wn b y a p o r tio n of t he d e e p c e rv ic a l fasc ia. 1 9 . T he cl av ic u l a r p or tion of
z
t he tra p e ius. 2 0 . The sc al e nu s a ntic us of the r ig ht sid e . 2 1 . T h e sc a l e n u s
‘

p osticu s.
3 42 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

ton ue , re n e r it c on ve
g d x al ong the midd le l i ne It is d rawn .

U pwa rd s at its b ase b y t he pal ate gl ossi an d b ac k w ard s or to

-

e i t h e r si d e b y the st l o gl ossi T h u s the w h ol e of the c ompli

y
-
. ‘

c ate d mo ve m e n ts o f t he tong u e m ay b e e x pl ai ne d b re ason i ng

y ,

u pon the d i rec ti on of t he fi b re s o f the m usc l es a nd t h e i r

'

, prob a
b le ac t i ons .

D is se ction (for pl ate — T o di sse c t the

ph ary n x , the tra
c h e a a nd ce s0 ha u s are to b e c u t t h ro u gh at t he l o we r part of
p g
the n e c k, and d rawn u pwa rd s b y di v idi n g the l oose c e l l u l ar tis
s u e w hi c h c o nne c ts t he
ph ary n x to the v e rte b ral c ol u m n . T he
saw is t he n to b e a l i d b e h i n d the styl o id ro e sse s , and the
pp e p c

b ase o f t he sk ul l sawn th ro ug h . T he v e sse l s and l o ose stru e

tu res s h o uld b e re mo ve d fro m the pre pa rati on , an d the ph ary nx
stuffe d w i t h to w or wool , for the pu rpose o f di ste n di ng it, and

re nd e ri ng the m usc l e s m ore e as y of di sse c t i on .

A c ti on s .— T he th re e c on stri c to r m u sc l e s c ontrac t u pon the
m orse l o f food as soon as it is re c e i ve d b y the ph ary nx , and
c o nve y g rad u all y d o wn ward s i n to t he (e so ph ag us T he sty
it .

l o ph ary ng e i d ra w t he phary n x u pward s and wi d e n it l ateral l y

-

, .

T he pal ate ph aryng e i al so d raw it u pward s, and narrow the

-

O pe ni ng of the fau c es .

P L A TE

4 9 S id e V i ew of the M usc l es of the P har ynx — l . T h e t r ac he a

. . 2. T he cr i
c oid c a r tila g e . 3 . T he c ric o th y r oid me m b r a n e .
-
4 . T h e t hyr oid c ar tila g e .
5 . T he t hyr o hy o id e a n m e m b r a ne . 6 . T he os hy oid e s.
-
T he sty le hy oid
-

e an l i g am e n t . 8 . T he oe sop hag u s. 9 . T h e i nfe r i or c o nstr ic tor . 1 0 T he

.

m iddl e c o nstric t or . 1 1 . T he su p e r ior c onstr ic tor . 12 . T he sty le p har y ng ea l:

-

mu sc le p assing d ow n b e tw e en the su p erior a nd m id dl e c onstr ic tor . 1 3 . T he

u pp er c o nc av e b or d e r of t h e su p e r ior c on str i c t or ; a t t hi s p o in t th e m u sc u l ar
fi b re s of the p ha ry nx ar e d e fi c ie nt . 1 4 . T h e p te r y g o m a xil lary l ig am e n t. 1 5 .
-

T he b u c c in at or m uscl e . 1 6. T he orb ic ul ar is ori s 1 7 . T he m yl o hy oideus. -

 M A T ERIA M ED I C A . 3 43

D issec ti on (for pl ate — To P L ATE

e x am i ne t he se m usc l e s, the pha

r yn x m u st b e o pe n e d fro m b e h i nd ,
a nd t he m u c o u s m e m b ra ne c are

fu ll y re mo ve d fro m off the poste

r i or su rfa c e o f t he so ft pal ate . T he

l e v ato r pal ati m usc l e m u st b e tu r

n e d d o w n fro m its or igi n o n on e
s id e and re mo v e d , an d t he su pe ri

o r c o nstri c to r di sse c te d a way fro m

i ts pte ryg o id o rigi n , to b r i n g the

te nso r pal ati i n to V i e w .

A c t ion s T he l e v ator pal ati rai ses the soft pal ate , w h il e the
—

te nso r spre ad s it ou t l ate rall y so as to for m a se ptu m b e tw e e n the

ph ary n x an d poste ri o r n are s d u ri ng d egl uti t i o n . T he pal ate

lossu s a n d phary ng e u s c o n str i c t t he o pe ni n g of t he fa uc e s,
g
a nd b y d ra wi n g d o wn t he so ft pal ate t h e y se rv e to press the

mass of food from the d orsu m of the tong u e i n to the ph ary nx .

D i ssec ti on (for pl ate — T he m u sc l e s h av e al re ad y b ee n

e x ose d , b y t he re mo v al o f the fac e fro m t he an te r i or aspec t o f
p
t he ve rte b ra l c o l u mn .

A c tion s — T he re c t us an ti c us m aj or an d m i n or pre se rve the

e q u i li b ri u m o f t h e h e ad u po n t he a t las ; a n d , a c ti n g c o nj o i n tl y

w i t h t he l o ng us c o l l i , t he y fle x an d ro tate t he h e ad a n d t he c e r
v i c a l po rti o n o f the v e rte b ral c ol u m n . T he sc al e n i m usc l es,
ta ki n g th e i r fi x e d poi n t fro m b e l o w are fi e xo rs o f t he v e rte b ral
c ol u m n ; a n d , fro m a b o v e , e l e v ato rs of t he r i b s, and the re fo re

i nspi ratory m usc l e s.

T he M us c l es of the S of t P a l a te — 1 . A t ra n sv er se se c tion thr ou g h t h e m id

dl e of t he b ase of th e sk u ll , d iv idi n g t he b a sil ar p r o c ess o f t h e o c c ip ita l b one
i n t he m id d l e lin e , a nd t h e p e tr o u s p or ti on of t he t e m p or al b on e a t eac h sid e .
2 T he v o m e r , c ov e r e d b y m u c ou s m e m b ra n e a n d se p ara t ing t h e two p o ster i
.

o r n ar es. 3 , 3 T h e Eu sta c hi a n tu b es .
. 4 T h e l e v a tor p a l a ti m usc l e of the
.

l e f t sid e t h e r ig h t ha s b ee n r e m ov e d . 5 . T h e h am u l ar p roc ess of t he inter

n a l p t e r y g o id pl a te of t h e l e f t sid e , ar o un d w h ic h t he a p o ne ur osi s of th e t e nsor
-

p a la ti i s se e n t u r n in g . 6 T h e p ter y g o m axil l ar y li g am e n t . 7 . T h e su p e r i or
z
-
.

c o n s tr i c tor m u sc l e o f t he l e f t sid e , t ur n e d a sid e . 8 T h e a y g os uv ul ee m u s

.

c le . 9 . T h e i n te r nal p t e r y g oi d p l a t e
. 1 0 . T h e e x ter nal p te r yg o id p l a te . 1 1 .
T h e t e n so r p al a ti m u sc l e . 1 2 . I ts a p on e u r osi s, e x p a nd i n g i n t h e stru c tur e of
t he so f t p a lat e . 1 3 T h e e x te r n al p te r yg o id m u sc l e . 1 4 . T he a t ta c hm e n ts of
.

t w o p a ir s o f m u sc l e s c u t shor t. T h e su p e r ior p a ir b e l on g to t h e g e ni o h y o -

g l oss i m u sc l e s ; t he in fer ior p a ir t o t h e g e n io h y oid e i . 1 5 T h e a ttac hm e n t

-
.

o f t he m y l o h y oid e u s of o n e si d e a n d p ar t of t he o p p osite .
-
1 6 T he an te ri or
.

a t ta c h m e n t s o f t he d ig a str ic m u sc l e s. 1 7 . T h e d e pr ession on th e l ow er j aw,

c orr e s p ondin g wit h t h e su b m ax illar y g l a nd . T h e d e p r e ssion a b ov e t he m y l o
h y oi d e us on w hic h t he n um b e r 1 5 r e st c or resp ond s w ith th e su b li ng u al
g l and .
3 44 TH E T H O M S O N I A N

P L ATE

D issections (for pl ates 3 3

-
an d —T he musc l es of the fi rst
l aye r a re to b e di ssec te d b y maki n g an i nc i si o n al on g th e mid
d le l i ne o f the b ac k , fro m the tu b e rc l e o n the oc c i pi ta l b one m
the c oc c yx . F ro m th e u ppe r po i nt o f t hi s i n c i si on , c a rry a se~

co n d al o ng the sid e of the n e c k, t o t he m iddl e o f th e c l av i c l e .

I n fe ri orl y , an i n c i si on m u st b e m ad e fro m t he e x t re mi ty of t he
sac ru m , al o ng t he c re st o f t he il e u m , to ab out i ts m iddl e . F or
c o n ve n i e n c e of d isse c ti on , a fo u rt h m ay b e c arr i e d fro m t he
m i d dl e o f t he spi ne to t he a c ro m i o n proc e ss. T he i nte g u m e n t
and s u pe rfi c i al fasc i a , t o g e t h e r, are to d e di sse c te d off the m us
c l es, i n t he c o u rse o f th e i r fi b re s, o v e r t he w h o l e of t h i s re gi on .

T he sec on d l ayer is b rou gh t i n to v i e w b y di v idi n g th e two

r e c e d i n g m u sc l es n ear to t h e i r i n se rt i on an d t u rn i ng t h e m to
p , ,
t he o pposi te sid e .

T he th i rd l aye r c o n si sts of m usc l es w hi ch ar i se from the s pi ~

nous pro c e sses of t he v e rte b ral c ol u mn an d pass ou twa rd s

,
It .

i s b ro u gh t i n to v i e w b y d i v idi ng t he l e v ato r an g tt li sc apu l ae

n e ar its i nse rti on an d re fl e c ti n g t he t wo r h om b oid m u sc l es u p
,

Ward s fro m t h e i r i nse rti on i n to the sc apul a and re mov i ng th e m,

al tog e t h e r .

—
T he P r ce ver teb r o l G r oup of M us cl es of the N ec k s 1 . Th e r e c t u s antic u s
j
ma o r m u sc le . 2 T h e sc al e n u s a nt ic u s. 3 . T h e l ow e r p art o f th e l on g us
j
.

col li o f t he r i gh t sid e ; i t i s c on c e al e d sup er i orl y b y t he r e c t u s an tic u s m a or .

4 T he r e c t u s a nt ic u s m in or . 5 . T h e u p p er p or t io n of t he l on g u s c ol li m u sc l e
.
.

6 I ts l o w er p or ti on
. t he fi g u r e r e st s u po n t he se tre n th c e rv i c al v e r te b r a . 7 .
T he sc al enus p ostic u s. 8 . T he rec tu s l aterali s of the l ef sid e .t 9 . O ne of the
i n te rtrans v ersali s m u scle s.
 346 TH E T H O M S O N I A N

T he musc l es of the prec e di ng l ay e r are to b e re mov e d b y

di v idi ng th e m transv e rsel y t h ro ugh the m iddl e , an d tu rn i ng
o ne e x tre m i ty u ward s, th e o th e r d own w ard s. I t h i s way
p n
the w h ol e of the m u sc l e s of t he fo u rt h lay e r m ay b e g o t rid of,
and the re mai n i ng m u sc l e s o f the s i ne b rou h t i n to a state to
p g
b e e x am i n e d .
T he se mi spi n al es m u sc l e s m u st b oth b e re mo ve d to ob tai n a
-

g ood V i e w o f t he m ul tifi d us spin m w h i c h l i es b e ne at h t h e m, and

fil l s u p the c o nc av i ty b e twe e n the spi n ous an d transve rse pro
c esse s, the w h ol e l e ng th of t he v e rte b ral c ol u m n .

P L AT E

The f our th a nd fif th a n d p ar t of the six th l ayer of the M u scl es of the B a c k .

1 . T he c omm on or i g in of th e e r e c tor sp i nae m usc l e . 2 . T he sac r o l u m b ali s.
-

3 . T he l on g issim u s d or s i. 4 T h e sp in a l is d or si .
. 5 . T h e c e r v ic ali s a sc e nd
e ns. 6. T he t ran sv e r sa l is c oll i . 7 . T he tr a c h e l o m a stoid e us . 8 . T he c om
-

l e xu s 9 . T h e tr a nsv e r sal i s c ol l i , sh ow in g i t s or i g in. 1 0 . T he se m i spm a h s

p .

d orfi . 1 1 . T h e se m isp in alis c olli 1 2 T h e r ec tus p osti c us m in or . 1 3 . T he

j q q
. .

r ec t us p osti c u s m a or . 14 . T h e o b li u u s su p er i or . 1 5 . T h e o b li uu s in feri or .
1 6 . T he m ul tifi d u s sp ine . 1 7 T h e l e v ator e s costar um . 1 8 . I nt er tr ansv er
sal e s. q
1 9. T h e uadr at u s l um b orum .
 M A TERIA M ED I C A .

Ac tions — T he fi b res of the trapezi us d raw the sh oul

u pper
d e r u pward s and b ac kw ard s t he m iddl e fi b re s di rec tl y b ac k ,

w a rd s and the l o we r d o wn ward s a nd b ac k ward s

,
T he l ower .

fi d res al so ac t b y prod u c i n g rotati on of the sc apu l a u pon the

c h e st . I f the shou ld e r b e fix e d the u ppe r fi b res wi l l fle x the
s i ne to ward s the c orre s on di ng sid e
p p T h e l a t i ssi m u s d orsi is
.

a m u sc l e o f t he ar m d raw i n g it b ac k ward s a nd d o wn w ard s

, ,
a n d a t the sam e ti m e r o tati ng i t i n w ard s
; i f th e a rm b e fix e d ,

t h e l ati ss i mu s d orsi w i l l d raw the spi ne t o t h at sid e and r ai s ,

ing the l o we r r i b s b e an i nspi ratory mu sc l e ; a nd if b o th arms

b e fix ed t he two m u sc l es w i l l d raw the w h ol e tru n k forward s
, ,
a s i n c l i mb i n g o r w al ki ng o n c r u tc h es T he l e v ator angn li
.

s c a u l a3 l i fts t he u ppe r angl e o f th e sc a u l a an d w i th i t the

—
p p ,
e n ti re sh o u ld e r and the r h o m b oid e i ca rry the sc a u l a and
, p
sh ou ld er u pward s a nd b ac kward s .

T he serrat i are re spi ratory m usc l e s ac ti ng in opposi ti on to

e ac h ot h e r— the serr a tu s os ti c u s s u e r i or d raw i n g t he ri b s
p p ,
u pward s and t h ere b y e x an di n g the c he st ; and t he i n e r i or
, p f ,
d rawi n g t he l o wer ri b s d o wn w ard s and di m i n i shi ng the c av i ty
o f the c h e st . T he forme r is an i n spi rato ry the l atte r an e x pi ,

r atory m u sc l e T he spl e n i i m usc l es of o ne sid e d raw the ver

.

te b ral c o l u m n b ac k w ard s and to on e sid e an d rotate the h e ad ,

t o ward s t he c orrespon di n g s h ou ld e r T he m usc l es o f opposi te

.

sid es ac ti ng tog e th e r w il l d raw the h e ad di re c tly b ac k ward s

, .

T h e y are the n atu ral an tag on i sts of the ste rno masto id mus -

c l es.

T he sa c r o l u m b a l i s w i th its a c c essory m u sc le the long ig

-

, ,
.

s i m u s d ors i and sp i n a l is d ors i a re k n o wn b y the g e n eral te rm

,

o f er e c tor sp i n e w hi c h su ffi c i e n tly e x pre sses t h e i r ac ti on s Th e y

, .

k ee p the spi n e su pporte d in the v er ti c al posi ti on b y th e i r b road

o rigi n from b e l ow and b y m e an s of t h e i r i nse rti on b di ti nc t
, y s
t e nd on s i n to the ri b s an d spi n ou s proc e sse s B e i n g m ade u
p
.

o f a n u m b e r of d i sti n c t fasc i c u l i wh i c h al tern ate in t h e i r ac

,

t i on s the spi ne is k e pt e rec t w i th ou t fatig u e e v e n w h e n th e y

, ,

h av e to c ou nte rb al anc e a c orpu l e n t ab d om i n al d e v e l opeme n t ,

T he c o n ti n uat i ons u pw ard s o f t h ese m u sc l es i nto the ne c k

p re serv e t he steadi ne ss and u prig htne ss o f th at re gi o n Wh e n .

t he m usc l es of on e sid e ac t al on e t he n e c k is ro tate d u on its

, p
a xi s. T he c om p l ex u s b y be i n g attac h e d to the oc c i pi tal b on e
,
,
d raws the h ead b ac kward s an d c o un te rac ts the musc l es on the
,

a n te ri or part o f the ne c k I t assi sts al so in the ro tati on of the

.

h e ad .

T he s em i sp in a l es and m u l tifi d u s sp i n e m usc l es ac t d i re c tly

-

on the v e rte b rm and c o ntr i b u te to the g e ne ra l ac ti on of su

,
p
orti n g the v erteb ral c ol um n e re c t
p .

T he four l i ttl e m usc l es s i tu ate d b etween the oc c i pu t and the

two fi rst v erteb ra , e ffe c t the v ari ous mov e me nts b e tween t h ese
34 8 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

P L AT E

The M us c l es of the «i n ter i or A sp ec t of the T r unk . th e l e f t sid e t he

s u p e r fi c i al l ay e r i s se e n , a n d o n t h e r ig ht t h e d e e p e r l a y er . 1 . T h e p e c t or a
j
l is m a or m u sc l e . .2 T h e d e l t o id the i n t e r v a l b e tw e e n t hese m u sc l e s
l o dg es t he c e p hal i c v e i n . . 3 T h e a n te ri or b or d e r of th e l at issim u s d or si .
.

‘
4 T he serr ati on s of the ser ra t us m a g nu s. 5 . T he su b c l av iu s m u scl e o f t h e
.

r i g h t sid e . 6 . T he p e c tora li s m in or . 7 . T h e c o ra c o b r a c hi al i s mu sc l e .
-

8 . T he u pper pa r t of th e b ic e p s m usc l e , showi ng i ts tw o h ea d s. 9 T he

.

c orac oi d p roc ess of t he sca p u l a . 1 0 T h e se rr a tu s m a g nu s of th e r ig ht

.

si d e 1 1 . T he e x t e r n al i nt er c ostal m u scl e of the fi f th int erc o stal S p a c e

q
.

1 2 T he ex ter na l ob l i u e m u sc l e . 1 3 I ts a p on e u r osis , th e m e dia n l i ne t o

.

t h e r ig ht o f t hi s n u m b e r i s th e lin ea alb a ; t h e fl e xu o u s li n e t o i ts l e f t i s t he
l ine a se m il u n ari s ; a n d t he t ra nsv erse l i ne s a b ov e a nd b el ow th e nu m b e r , t he
l ina: tra n sv er sae of w h ic h t he r e w e r e o nl y thr e e in t hi s su b ec t j . 1 4 . P ou p ar t s
’

l ig a m e nt . 1 5 T he ex te r n al a b d om inal r i ng ; t he m arg in a b ov e the r in g i s the

.

su p e ri or or i nt e r n al p illar ; t h e m ar g in b e l ow t he r in g , t he i n fe r i or or e xter nal

p ill ar ; th e c u rv e d i n te r c ol u m n ar fi b res a re se e n pr oc e e d in g u p war d s fr om

P ou par t s l ig a m e nt to str e n g t he n t h e r ing . T h e n um b e r s 1 4 an d 1 5 ar e si tu
’

a te d u p on t he fa sc i a l a ta o f t h e thi g h ; t he o p e n in g imm e dia t e l y to the r ig ht

of 1 5 i s t he sap h e n ou s O p e n i n g . 1 6. T h e r e c t u s m u scl e of t he r ig ht sid e,
b rou g ht i nto v ie w b y t he re m ov al of th e ante ri or se g m e n t of i t s sh eath ; t he
p ost e rior se g m e n t of its she a t h w ith th e d i v id e d e dg e of t he an t er i or se g m e n t .
q
1 7 . T he p y r am id ali s m u scl e . 1 8 T he in ter n a l o b l i u e m u sc l e . 1 9 T h e c on
j q
. .

oin e d t e n d o n o f t he i nt er na l obli u e and t ra n stre r sa l i s, d esc e nding b e hin d

P ou p ar t s l ig am e nt t o the p ec tine a l l in e . 20 . T h e arc h f orm e d b e tw e e n the
’

q
l ow er c urv e d b o rd e r of t he i nte r n al ob li u e a n d P o u par t ’s lig am ent i t is b e
nea th t his arc h th a t t h e sp er m ati c cor d an d he r nia p ass.
35 0 TH E TH O M S O N IA N

D issec tion (for pl ate —T he di sse c ti on o f the ab d omi n al

musc l es is to b e c omme nc e d b y m aki n g t h re e i nc i si ons T he -

fi rst, v er ti ca l, in the m id d l e l i n e, f rom o ve r the l ower part of

th e stern u m to the pu b es ; the sec o nd , ob li qu e , fro m u m b ili c u s,
u pw ar s and o utwar s, to t he o u te r s
d d i de of t he c h est as hig h ,

as the fi fth or six t h rib an d th i rd ob li u e from t he u mb ili c u s

q , , ,

d own ward s and ou tw ard s to the m iddl e of the c rest of t he

,

i l i u m T he three fl aps i nc l ud e d b y t h ese i nc i si ons sh ou l d

.

the n b e di sse c te d b ac k i n t he di re c ti o n of t he fi b res o f the e x

te rn al ob liq ue mu sc le b e gi nn i ng at t he an gl e of e ac h
,
T he .

in te g u me nt and su pe rfi c i a l fasc i a s h o u ld b e di sse c te d off to

g ether so as to e x pose t he fi b res of the m usc l e at on c e .

I f t he e x te rn al o b l iq ue m u sc l e b e di sse c te d o n b oth sid e s a ,

w hi te te n di nou s l i ne w ill b e se e n a l ong the m iddl e o f the ab d o

me n e x ten di ng from th e e nsi form c artil ag e to the pu b i s thi s is
,

t he l in e ar a l b a A l i ttl e e x te rn al to it o n e ac h sid e tw o c u r v e d
.
, ,

l i nes w il l b e ob se rv e d e x te ndi ng fro m t he si d e s of the c h est to

'

th e pub i s and b ou n d i ng t he re c t i m u sc le s : t h ese are the l in eaz

,

s em il u n a r es S o me t ran sve rse li ne s ti n em tr a n sv ers e t h ree

.
, ,

or fo u r i n n u m b er c on n e c t t he l i n e ae se mil u n ares w i t h t he l i
‘
~
,
n ea al b a .

T he e x te rn al ob l iq ue is no w to b e re mo v e d b y m aki ng an ih
c ision ac ross t he ri b s j u st b e l o w i ts ori gi n to its oste ri or b or
, p ,

d er and an ot h er al on g P ou part s lig ame n t an d t he c rest of the

,
’

ili u m . P ou part s l ig am e n t s h ou ld b e l e ft e n ti re as it gi v es at
’
,

tac hme n t to t he n e x t m u sc l e s T he m usc l e m ay t h e n b e tu rn

.

e d forward s to ward s the l i n e a al b a o r re m o v e d al tog eth er ,

.

T he i nte rn al ob liq u e m usc l e is to b e re m ov e d b y se parati ng

'

it from its attac h me n t to the r i b s ab o v e an d to the c re st of the ,

ili u m and P ou par t s l ig am en t b e l o w I t sh ou ld b e di v id e d b e

’
.
,

h i nd b y a V e rti c al i n c i si on e x te n di n g f rom the l ast rib to t he c res t

of the ili u m as i ts l u mb ar attac h m e nt c a n n o t at pre se n t b e e x a
,

m i ned T he m u sc l e is th e n to b e t urne d forward s C are will b e

. .

re q u i re d i n pe rfo rm i ng t h i s di ssec ti on fro m t he di ffi c u l ty of d is

,

ting u ishin g b e twee n t hi s m usc l e and the o ne b e n e at h A t hi n .

l aye r of c e l l u l a r ti ssue is al l t hat se parates th e m for t he g reate r

part of t h e i r e x te n t N e ar the c re st of t he il i u m t he c i rc u m
.

fle x ilii arte ry asc end s b e t we e n t he t wo m u sc l es an d form s a ,

v al u ab l e g u id e to t he i r se arat i on J st ab ove P ou part s lig

’
u
p .
‘
ame n t t h e y are so c losl o n n ec te d t h at i t is i m possi b l e to di
y c
v id e t h e m .

T o di ssec t the r e ctu s m u sc l e. the sh eat h s h ou ld b e opene d

b y a v erti c a l i n c i si on e x te ndi n g f rom ov e r the c artil ag es of the
l ower ri b s to the front of t he pu b i s T he s h e ath m ay t h e n b e .

di sse c ted off and tu rne d to e i t h e r sid e : thi s is e asily d one e x

ceptin at the l i neae transv e rse} w h ere a c l ose ad hesi on s ub si sts
g .
 M A T ERI A M ED I C A . 35 1

b e t we e n the m u sc l e and t he e x te rn al b ou nd ary of the sh e ath .

T he s h e at h c o n tai ns the re c tu s and py rim ad al is m usc l e s.
T he re c tu s m ay n o w b e di v id e d ac ross t he m iddl e , and t he
t wo e nd s d ra w n asi d e for t he pu rpo se o f e x a mi n i ng the m od e
o f form ati o n o f its she at h .

T he t wo n e x t m u sc l e s c an o n l y b e e x am i ne d w h e n the w h ol e
o f t he v i sc e ra a re re m o v e d T o see t he q u ad ratus l u mb oru m ,
.

i t is a l s o n ec e ssar y to d i v i d e an d d raw asi d e t he psoas m u sc l e

a nd t he a nte ri o r l am e ll a o f t he apo ne u rosi s o f the transv e rsal i s.

T o o b tai n a g ood V i e w of t he di aphrag m, t he pe ri tone u m

s h ou ld b e di ssec te d fro m i ts u n d e r s ur fac e .

P L AT E 38“

T he u nd er or a b d omi n a l sid e of the D i a phr ag m — l , 2 , 3 . T h e g r e ater

fl
m usc l e ; t h e fi g ur e 1 r e sts u p o n t h e c e ntr a l l e a e t of t h e te nd in ou s c e ntr e ; t he
n um b e r o n t he l e f t or sm a l l e st, a n d n um b er 3 o n t he r ig h t l ea e t . fl 4 . T he
t hi n f as c ic u l u s w hi c h ar ise s f rom t h e e n si for m c ar til ag e a sm all tria n u l ar
g
s p ac e i s l e f t o n e i t he r sid e o f t h is f asc i c u l u s, w h ic h is c om p l e te d onl y b y t he se,
r ou s m e m b ran e s of t h e ab do m e n a n d c h es t . 5 T h e lig am e n t um ar cu a tum e x
.

t e r n u m o f th e l e f t side . .6 T h e l i g a m e n t u m ar c u a t u m i n t e r n u m . A
7. sm all
a rc he d o p e n in g o c c a sion all y f o u n d , t hr o u g h w h ic h t h e l esser sp l an c h nic n er v e

p a sses 8 T he ri g ht o r l ar g e r te n d on o f t h e l e sser m usc l e ; a m u sc u l ar fa sc i .

.

c u l u s fr om t his t e n d on c u r v e s t o t h e l e ft sid e of t he g r e a t e r m u sc l e , b e twe en

t h e (e sop h a g e al a n d aor ti c op e n i n g s . 9 T he f ou r th l um b ar v er t e b ra . 1 0 .
.

T h e l e f t o r sh or te r t e n d on of th e l e sse r m usc l e . 1 1 T h e a or ti c op e n in g
.

t hr o u g h w hic h t he aor ta is se e n i ssu in g . 12 . A

p or ti on o f th e mS O p hag u s i s
s u in g t hro u g h t he m so p ha g e al p p e n in g . 1 3 T h e op e ning f or t he in f er i or v e
.

n a c av a , 1 11 t t e n d in ou s c e ntr e of t he dia p hr ag m . 1 4 T he p soa s m ag nu s

.

m u sc le p assm g b e ne a t h th e liga m e nt u m ar c ua tu m i nt ern um ; i t h a s b e e n r e

m ov e d o n t he o p p osite si d e , t o show t h e ar c h m or e d istinc tl y . 1 5 T h e u ad . q
r a t us l u m b o r um p assin g b e n e a t h t h e l ig am e n t um arc u a tu m e xte r n u m ; t hi s
m u sc l e h as als o b e e n r em ov e d on th e l e ft sid e. 1 6. I n t er tr an sv er sal e s m u s
c les .
35 2 T H E TH O M S O N M N

A ction s — T he e x ter n al ob l iq u e m usc l e , ac ti ng si ngl y , wou ld

d raw t he th orax to ward s t he pe l v i s, an d t w i st the b od y to t he
o ppos i te sid e . B ot h m u sc l es, ac t i n g tog e t h e r, w o u l d fle x t he
t h ora x di rec tl y o n t he pe l v i s . T he i n te rnal o b l iq ue o f o ne sid e
d raws the c h est d own w ard s and o u tward s b ot h t og e th e r b e nd
i t di re c tl y forward s Ei th e r t ra ns v e rsali s m usc l e , a c ti ng si ngl y ,
.

w ill di m i n i s h the si ze o f the ab d o m e n o n its o wn sid e , and b oth

tog e th e r w il l c onstri c t t he e nti re c yl i n d e r o f the c av i ty . T he
re c ti m usc l es, assi ste d b t h r a m id al es , fle x t he t h o ra x u pon
y e
p y
th e c h e st, and , t h ro ug h t he m ed i u m o f t he l i ne ae t ransv e rs ae .
ar e e nab l ed to ac t w he n t he i r sh e at h is c u rv e d i n w ard s b y t he
'

ac t i on o f the t ran sv e rsal e s. T he py ramid al es are te nsors o f the

l i n e a al ba . T he ab d o m i n al a re e x pi ratory m usc l e s, an d the
c h i e f ag e nts of e x u l si on b t h e i r ac t i o n t he foe tu s is e x pe ll e d
p y
from the u terus, th e u ri ne fro m the b l add e r, the fenc e s fro m the
re c tu m , t he b il e fro m the g a l l b l add e r, th e i n g e sta from the sto
-

mach and b owe l s i n v o m i ti ng , a nd t he m u c ous and i rr i tati ng

su b stan c e s f rom t he b ron c hi a l tu b es, t rac h e a, an d n asal passa
e s, d uri n g h i n g an d sn ee zi ng . T d t h e se e ff or ts
g g c o u o
pro u c e

t h e y al l ac t tog e th e r . T h e i r v i ol e nt and c on ti n u e d ac ti on pro

d u c es h ern i a ; and , ac ti n g spasmodi c al ly , the y m ay oc c asi on
ru ptu re of the v i sc e ra. T he q u ad ratu s l u m b oru m d raws the
l ast rib d o wn ward s, an d is an e x pi rator y m usc l e it al so ser v es
to b e n d t he v erte b ral c o l u m n to on e or the oth e r sid e . T he
i t f t h il i f sc i a, and , tak i n g i ts fix e d
p so a s p ar v u s s a e n sor o e ac a

origi n from b e lo w , it ma a ssi st i n fl e xi ng t he v e rte b ral c o l u m n

y
for ward s. T he di aph rag m is an i n spi ratory m u sc l e , and the
sol e ag e n t in tran q u i l i n s i rati on
p . W h e n in ac ti on , t he m u sc l e

is d rawn d o w nw ard s i ts pl an e b e i n g re n d ere d ob l i q ue from the

l ev e l of the e nsi form c artil ag e , to the u ppe r l u m b ar v e rte b rae .
D uri ng re l ax ati on i t is c o n v e x , and e n c ro ac h es c on sid erab l y on
the c av i ty of the c he st, par ti c u l ar ly at; t he sid e s, w h e re it c or
respon d s w i th the l u n s I t assi sts th e ab d o m i n a l m u sc l es pow
g .

e rfu l l i n x u l i o n y t o f th at ki nd b e i n g pre c e d e d o r
y e
p s , e v er ac

ac c o mpan i e d b d e i n i t i on . S a smo di c ac ti on o f t h e
y a e p s
p r a p
di aph rag m prod u c e s hi c c ough and sob b i n g, and its rapid alte r
n at i on o f c on trac t i o n an d re l ax ati on , c omb i ne d w i th l ar y ng e al
an d fasc i al m ov e m e n ts, l a u gh i ng a nd c ryi n g .

M usc l e s o the P er in eu m .
f
T he mu sc l es o f the peri n e u m are si tu ate d in the ou tl e t of the
e l v i s, an d c on si st of t wo g rou s, o n e o f w h i c h b e l o n g s espe
p p
c ially to t he org an s o f g e n e rati on an d u re thra, t he ot h e r to t he
te rm i n ati on of t he a l i m e nta ry c a n al T o t hese m ay b e add ed ,
.

the onl y pai r of m u sc l es w h i c h is prope r to the pe l v i s, t he e c o

c y eu s. T h e m usc l es o f t hi s re gi on i n the m al e , are , the
g
3 5 4. m s TH O M S O N I A N

and ramu s of the i sc hi um ,

and ra mus of the pub i s, to the op
i id e o f th e sc ro tu m w h e re the two e x tre mi ti e s m a
p o s ts s , y be
c o nn e c te d b y a t rans ve rse i nc i si o n . T hi s i nc i si on w il l c om
ple te l y s u rrou n d the pe ri n e u m , fo l lo w i ng v e ry nea rly t he ou t
l i ne of i ts b o u nd ari e s N ow le t t he stud e n t d i ssec t off the ih
.

te g u me n t c ar e fu l l y from the w h ol e o f t he i n c l u d e d spac e , and

h e w il l e x pose the fatt y c e l l u l ar s truc ture of the c om m on su
pe rfi c ia l fasc i a, w h i c h e x ac tl y re se mb l es the s u pe rfi c i al fasc i a
i n e v e ry o th e r si tu ati on . T he c om m on su pe rfi c i al fasc i a is
t h e n to b e r mov e d to the sam e e x te n t, e x posi n g t he su pe rfi c i al

pe ri n eal fasc i a. T hi s l aye r is al so to b e t u rn e d asid e , w h e n the

m usc l es of the g e ni tal re gi on o f the peri ne u m wil l b e b ro ugh t
i n to V l e W .
P art o f the l e v ator ani m ay b e se e n d uri n g the di sse c ti on of
the ana l porti on of the pe ri ne u m b y re m ov i n g t he fat w hi c h
s urrou nd s the ter mi nati on o f th e re c tu m . B ut to stu dy t he e n ;
t i re m u sc l e , a l ate ral se c ti on o f the pe l v i s m u st b e m ad e b y saw
i ng t h ro u gh t he pu b i s a l i tt l e to on e si d e o f t he sy m phy si s, se
p a rati n
g t he b o ne s b e h i n d at t h e sac ro i li a c sy m p h y si s ,
and
t u rn i ng d o w n t he b l ad d e r an d rec tu m . T he pe l v i c fasc i a is
t h e n to b e c are fu ll y rai se d , b e gi nn i n g at the b ase o f t he b l add e r
a nd
proc ee di ng u pward s, u n til the w h ol e e x te n t o f the m usc l e
is e x pose d .

I n t he fe mal e th i s m usc l e is i nserte d i n to the c oc c yx and fi

b rou s raph e — e x tre m i ty o f the re c tum an d v agi n a.
T he m usc l es o f t he pe ri ne u m in the fe mal e are the sam e as
in t he m al e , and h av e re c e i ve d an al ag ous n ames . T h e y are
s mal l e r i n s iz e and are m od ifi e d to su i t t he d i ff e re nt form of
,
the org an s.
A c ti on a — T he ac c e leratore s ur l um b e i n g c on ti nu ou s at the
m iddl e l i ne , and attac h e d o n e ac h sid e to t he b one , b y me ans of
t h e i r pos te ri o r fi b re s w ill su pport the b u l b o us porti on of t he
u re th ra and ac ti ng su d d e n ly w ill pro pe l t he se m e n o r t he l ast
,

d rops o f u ri ne fro m the c an al . T he middl e an d poste ri or fi

b res, ac c o rdi ng to K rau se , c o n tri b u te to ward s the e re c ti on o f the
c o rpus s on g i osu m , b rod u c i ng c om pre ssi o n u po n t he v e n o us
p yp
s tru c t u re o f th e b u l b , a nd the a n te ri or fi b re s, ac c o rdi n g to T r
y
r e l l , assi st in t he e re c ti on o f t he e n ti re o rg an , b c om re ssi n g
y p
t he v e n a d orsal i s, b m e ans of th e i r i n se rti o n i n to t h e fasc i a pe
y
n is. T he e re c to r pe n i s b ec o me s e n ti tl e d to i ts n am e fro m
s pre ad i ng o u t u on t he d orsu m of t he o rg an i n to a m e m b ran ous
p
e x pan si o n fasc i a i hi h ordi ng to K rau se , c o m ress
( pe n s
) w c ,
a c c p
e s t he d orsal v e i n d u ri ng t he ac ti on o f the m u sc l e , a nd es pe

c ial ly a fte r the e re c tio n o f t he o rg an h as c o m m e n c e d . T he

t ransv e rse m u sc l e s se r v e to ste ad y th e te ndi n ou s c e n te r, t h at the
m usc l es attac h e d to it m ay ob tai n a fi rm poi n t o f su pport A o .

c ordi ng to C ru ve il h i er, th e y d raw the an us b ac k ward s d uri n g

 M A TERI A M ED I CA . 35 5

the e x pu l si on of the faec es, and antag on i se the l e v atore s an i

w h i c h c arry the anus forward s. T he c o m pressor u re thrse tak
ing i ts fix e d poi n t fro m the ram us of t he i sc hi u m at e ac h sid e ,
c an , say s M r G u t h ri e ,
. c om pre ss the u re th r a so as to c l ose i t ;
I c onc e i ve c o m pl e te ly after the m an ne r of a S phi n c te r
,
.
”
T he
t ransv e rse porti on w il l al so h ave a te nd e nc y to d ra w the u re
t h ra d o w n w ard s, w h il st t he pe r pe n di c u l ar porti o n w i l l d raw it
u pward s to ward s the pu b i s. T he i nfe ri o r fasc i c u l us o f the
tr an sve rse m usc l e , e nc l osi n g C ow per s gl an d s, w il l assi st t h ose
’

b odi e s m e v ac u at i n g t h e i r se c re ti on . T he e x ter n a l sp hi n cte r

b e i ng a c u tan e ous m u sc l e c ontrac ts the i n te og u m e n t a ro u n d the
an u s, a nd b y its attac h me nt to t he ten d ino u s c e n t re , and to t he

p o i n t o f t he c o c c yx , as si sts t h e l e v at or a m i n gi v i n g s u pp or t t o
t he ope n i ng d u ri ng e x pu l si v e e fforts. t he i n t er n a l sp hi n c t er
c ontrac ts the e x tre mi ty of the c yli nd e r of t he i n te sti ne . T he
u se o f th e l e v ato r a ni is e x presse d i n its n a me . I t i s t h e a n te g
o nist of t he d i a h rag m an d t he re st o f the e x u l sory m u sc l es,
p p
a nd ser ve s to su ort the re c tu m and v agi n a d u ri n g t he i r ex
pp
p u l s i v e e fforts . T h e l e va to r a n i ac ts i n u n i so n w i t h t h e d ia

h g m an d ri ses and fal l s l i ke t h at m u sc l e i n forc i b l e res i ra

p ra , p
t i on . Y i e ldi n g to t he r u l si ve ac ti on o f t he ab d o m i n al m us
p po

c l e s i t e n ab l e s t he o u tl e t o f the pe l v i s to b e ar a g re ate r forc e

,

t h an a re si sti n g str uc tu re , and on t he re m i ssi o n of su c h ac tion s,

i t re stores t he peri ne u m to its origi n al form . T he c oc c y g e i
m usc l es restore t he c oc c y x to its natu ral posi ti on , afte r it has
bee n pre ssed b ac k wards d ur i ng d e fec ati on or d u ri n g pa rtu ri ti on .

M U S C L ES OF TH EU PP ER EX T REM IT Y .

D iss ec tion — M ake an i nc i si on al ong the l i ne of th e c l av i c l e

from the u ppe r part o f the stern u m to the a c ro m o n
proc e ss a i
sec on d al o ng the l o w e r b ord er of the g re at pe c tora l m u sc l e ,

from the l o we r e nd o f the s te rnu m to the i nse rti on of its te n

d on i nto the h u me rus , and c onne c t t he t wo b y a t h i rd , c arri e d
l ongi tud i n al l y al on g t he mid d l e of t he sternu m T he i n te .

u m e n t and su pe rfi c i al fasc i a are to b e d i sse c te d tog eth e r from

g
o ff the fi b res of t he m u sc l e , and al w ay s l n the di r ec ti o n of t h e i r

c ourse . F or thi s purpose t he d i sse c to r, if h e h av e the righ t

a r m , w i ll c om m e n c e w i th the l o we r an g le o f t he fla i f t h
p ; e

l eft, w i th the u pper angl e H e w ill th u s e x pose the pec toral i s

.

m aj or m usc l e l n i ts who l e e x te n t .

A c ti on s —T he pe c torali s m aj or d raws the ar m ag a i nst the

t h orax , w h il e its u ppe r fi b res assi st t he u ppe r par t o f t he t rap
e ziu s i n rai si ng the s h ou ld e r, as in s u ppo rti n g we igh t. T he
l o we r fi b res d e pre ss the s hou ld er w i th the aid of t he l ati ssi m us
d orsi . T a ki ng i ts fix e d poi n t from the sh o ul d er, the pec torali s
maj or assi sts the pe c toral i s m i nor, sub c l av i us, and serratus mag
35 6 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

n us, d raw i ng u p and e x pand i ng the c h est T he pec toral i s

in .

m i n or i n addi tion to t hi s ac ti o n d raws u pon the c orac oid pro

, ,

c ess an d assi s ts i n rota ti ng t he sc apu l a u pon t he c h e st

, T he .

su b c l av i us d raw s the c l av i c le d o wn w ard s a n d forward s an d ,

t h e re b y assi sts i n ste adyi ng t he shou ld e r A ll t he m usc l e s of .

t hi s g rou p are ag e n ts i n forc e d respi rat i on b u t are u n ab l e to ,

ac t u nti l t he s ho u ld e rs b e fix e d .

T he se rratu s m ag n u s is the g reat e x te rn al i nspi ratory mu s

c le rai si ng t he r i b s w he n th e s h o u ld e rs are fix e d an d t h e re b
, y ,

i nc reasi ng the c av i ty o f the c h est A c ti ng u pon the sc apu l a i t.

,

d raws the sho u l d e r forw ard s as we see to b e the c ase in di se as

,

e d l u ngs w h e re t he c h e st has b e c o me al m os t fi x e d fro m a

, ppre
he nsio n o f th e e x pan d i ng ac ti on of the respi ratory m u sc l e s .

T he su b sc apu l ari s rotate s t he h e ad of t he h u me r us i n ward s ,

and is a
powe rful d e fe n c e to the j oi nt Wh en the arm is rai s .

ed it d raws t he h u meri s d o wn ward s

, .

P L ATE

D i ss ec ti on for pl ate — T he
( co

t ac o -

b rac h i al i s, b i c e ps,
b rac hi ali s an d

an ti c u s a re e x ose d on the re mo v al of
p
the i n te g u me n t a nd fasc i a from the ah
terior h al f of the u ppe r arm , and c l e ar
i ng away the c e ll u l ar ti ssue .

A ct ion s — T he c orac o b rac hi ali s d raws

-

t he h u mer i s i n ward s, an d ass i sts i n fle x~

i ng it u po n the sc apu l a T he b i c e ps and
.

b rac hi ali s an t i c u s are fi e xors of the fore

a r m , a n d the form er as u i n ato r T he
p .

b rac hi a li s anti c u s is a powe rfu l prote c

t i on to the e l bo w j o i nt.

The M u sc l es of the a n ter ior a spec t of the U pp er fi r m — l . T he c ora c oid

,

p r oc e s s o f t he sc a pu l a . 2 t he c or ac o c l av icu l ar l i g a m e nt (tr ap e zio d ) p a ssin g

. -

u p w a r d s t o t h e sc a p u l a r e n d of t h e c l av i c l e . 3 . T he c orac o a c r om ial lig am e n t-

p a ssi n g o u tw ar d s t o t he a c r om io n . 4 T h e su b sc a pu l ari s m u sc l e . 5 . T he
j
.

t e re s m a o r . 6 T h e c or a c o b rac h ia l is. 7 T h e b ic e p s
. -
. 8 T he u p p e r e n d of
. .

t he ra di u s . 9 . T he b r ac h ial is a n tic u s 1 0 T he i nt e rn al he a d of t he t ric e p s .

. .

1 1 . I ts e xte r nal h ea d . 1 2 . A p ar t of t he thir d or m iddl e h e ad . 1 3 . T he su ~

,

p inat or l ong u s m uscle c u t off .

 35 8 T H E r n o mso n u u .

of the fo re arm, c ross n

i g e ac h e x tre mi ty b y a transve rse i nc i si on ,
and t urn i ng asid e t he fl a s T he su pe rfi c i al and d ee p fasc i a
p .

a re th e n to b e re mo ve d .

D issec ti on or pl at e —T h i s g rou is b ro ug ht i nto v i e w

to r radi i te res
g ,
p
b y re mo v i n g t e fle xor sub l i mi s and d rawi n g asid e the r
p ona
.

A cti on s — T he pronator radii teres and ron ator qu ad ratus

p
P L A TE P L AT E 4 4 .r
’

I he D ee L azer o M us c l es o the F ore fi r m — 1 . I n te rn al l at eral h g am en t

e i
o f th e l b o oi n f . f
T h e a nt e ior lig a m en t. 3 . T he or b 1 cu l ar h g am e n of
t
t he he a d o f th e r a diu s . 4 T h e fl e xor p r ofu n du s d 1 g 1 t or u m m u sc l e . 5 . he
T
“

q
.

fl e xor l on g us p olli c i s. 6 . T h e p ron ator u adr a t u s. 7 . T he a b du c tor p ol hc 1 s

m u scl e . 8 . T h e d orsal in t e r osseou s m u sc le of t h e m 1 ddl e fi ng e r , a n d p al rnar
i nt er o sseou s o f th e r ing fi n g e r . 9 T h e d orsal i n t er osse ou s m u scl e of t he r i ng
.

fi ng e r , an d p al m e r i nt er o sse ous of the l i ttl e fi ng er .

O

h S aI er c i al L a yer 0f M us c l es on the P oster i or A sp e t of the F or e A r m .

f i£
t1 c
— 1 T l e l o v p art of the b i c e p s. 2 . P ar t of t he b r ac hiah s an ti cu s . 3 T h e
. .

l ow er p ar t of t he t r ic e p s , i n ser te d i nto t he ol e c r an on . 4 . T h e su p i n ator l on

o

g u s. 5 . T h e e xte n sor c ar p i r ad ial is l on g m s. 6 . T he e x te n sor c ar pi r ad1 a l1 s

b r ev ior . 7 . T h e t e n don s o f in ser tion of t he se tw o m u sc l e s . 8 . T h e e xte n sor
c om m u nis d ig it or um . 9 . T he e xt ensor m i n i m 1 d i g i ti . T h e xtensor c ar pi
e
ul naris. 1 1 . T he ancon e us. 1 2. P art of t he fle xor c ar p i u lnari s . 1 3 T he .
 M A TERI A M ED I C A . 35 9

musc l es rotate the ra di us u pon the u l n a an d rend e r the h an d ,

p r o n e . T h e re m a i n i n g m u sc l es a re fl e x o rs z— t wo fle xors o
f
t he w ri st fle x or c ar i rad i ali s and u l n ar i s t w o o f the fi ng e rs
, p ,
fl e xo r su b l i m i s a nd profu n d us the fo rm e r fl e xi ng the se c on d
,

ph al an g es the l atte r t he l ast ; o n e fi e xo r of the last phalanx o f

‘

t he t h u m b fi e x o r l on g u s
, p o l li c i s T h e
pal m ari s l on g us is a
.

t e n sor o f t he a l m ar fasc i a
p .

D iss e c ti on (for pl ate — T he i n te P L ATE

u m e u t is to b e di v id e d an d t u rn e d
g
a sid e ,
a nd the fasc i ae re m o v e d i n t he

same m an ne r as fo r t he an te r i or b rac h i

al re gi on .

T h i s m usc l e m ust b e d i v id e d t h rough

t he m iddl e an d the two e n d s tu rn e d to
,

e i th e r s id e to e x pose t he ne x t m u sc l e
,
.

Di i f l — T h e m us
s s e c t on
( p
or a te

c l e s of t he su pe rfi c i al l ay e r sh ou ld b e re

m o v e d in ord er to b ri ng the d eep g rou p

,

c om pl e te l y i n to V i e w .

A c ti on s — T he an c o ne u s l s asso c i a
te d in its ac t i on w i t h t he tri c e ps e x te n
sor c u b i ti : i t assi sts in e x te ndi n g t he

fore arm u pon t he arm T he s u pi n ator .

l ong us an d b re v i s effe c t the su pi n ati on

o f the fore arm an d an tag o niz e t he t wo
,

r o n ato rs T h e e x te nso r c arpi radi a l i s

p .

l ongi or an d b re v ior a nd u l nari s e x te nd

, ,

t he wri st in opposit1on to t he two fle xors

of the c a rp us T he e x te nsor c o mm u n i s
.

d igi toru m restores t he fi ng e rs to t he

straigh t posi ti on a fte r b e i n g fl e x e d b y
,

t he t wo fi e x ors s u b li m i s a nd pro fu nd us
, .

T he e x te nsor ossi s m e tac arpi pri m i ih ,

te rn od ii a n d se c u nd i i ntern od ii pol l i c i s
, ,

a re the e spec i al e x te nso rs of t he t h u mb ,

an d se r v e to b al anc e t h e a c ti ons o f t he

e xt e n sor os si s m e ta c arp i
p r im i i n tern odu m u scl e s l yi n g t og e the r . 1 4 .
an d

T h e e x te n sor se cu n d i in ter n od ii i ts t en d on i s se en c r ossi ng t he tw o t en d ons

o f t he e xt e n sor car p i r ad i a l is l on g i or a n d b r e v i or . 1 5 . T h e p oste r i or a nnu l ar
l i g a m e nt . T h e t e n d o ns o f t he c om m on e xte n sor ar e se en u on th e b ac k of
p
t h e h a n d , an d t he ir d i str ib u tion on th e d orsu m of th e fi n e r s .
g
T he D eep L ay er of M u sc l es on the P oster i or .d s ec t o the F ore fi r m — l
p f
T h e l ow e r p ar t of t h e hu m eru s . 2 . T he ol ec ran on . 3 . T h e u l n a . 4 . T he
a n c on e u s m u sc l e . 5 . T h e sp in ator b r ev i s m u sc l e . 6 . T h e e x te n s or ossi s m e
t a c ar p i p oll i c i s. 7 . T h e e xte n sor p r im i in ter n odi i p ol l ic i s 8 T h e e xt e n sor
. .

s e c u n d i i n te r n od n p ollic is. 9 . T he e xt e n sor in di c i s. 1 0 . T he fi r st d or sal in t er

-r

o sse o us m u sc l e . T h e o the r thr ee d or sal inter ossei ar e se en b e tw e e n the m e

ta c ar p al b ones of the oth er fi n g er s.
3 60 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

fi e xor oss i s metac arpi , fle x or b rev i s, and fle xor l ong us polli c i s.

‘

T he e x te nso r i ndi c i s gi ve s the c h arac te r of e xte ii si on to the i a

d e x fi n g e r, an d is h enc e n am e d i n di c ator, and the e x te nsor m i
n i rn i d igi ti su ppl ie s t h at fi n e r w i th t he power of e x erc i si n g a
g
d i sti nc t e x te nsi on.

P L ATE

Dissection (for pl ate T h e h an d is b est d i ssec te d by

-

maki ng an i nc i si o n al o ng the m id d l e o f t he pal m, from the

wr i st to the b ase o f t he fi ng e rs, an d c rossi ng it at e ac h e xtre m i‘
t y b y a tra n sv e rse i nc i si o n , t h e n t u rni ng asid e t he flaps of i nte a

g u m e u t. F o r e x pos i n g t he m u s c l e s o f t he radi a l re
gi o n,
t he re »

m o v al o f t he i nteg u m e nt and fasc i a o n the radi al sid e wil l b e

s uffi c i e n t.
T he fi e xor ossi s m e tac arpi m ay n ow b e d i v id e d from its ori o

i n and tu rne d aside i n o rd e r to sh ow the ne x t m usc l e

g ,
.

The M usc l es of the H an d ~—1 Th e an nu lar l ig ame nt. 2, 2. T h e or ig in

. .

an d i nse r t ion o f t h e ab d u c t or p ol li c is m u sc le th e m i ddl e p or tion has b e e n r e'

m ov e d. 3 . T h e fle xor ossis m e ta c arpi , o r op p on e ns poll ic i s 4 . O n e p or tion
.

O f t h e fle x or b r e v i s p o ll ic i s . 5 . T he d e ep p or ti on of th e fl e x or b re v is p olli c i s.
6 T h e a dd uc tor p oll icis. 7 , 7 . T h e l u m b r i c a l e s mu sc l es, a r isin g fr om t he ra
.

d ial sid e o f t he d e e p fi exo r t e n d on s, up o n w h ich the n u m b e s a r e pl a c e d T he

r
.

t e n don s of th e fl e xor s u b lim is hav e b e e n r e mov e d f rom t h e p alm of t he

h an d. 8 . T he t e n d on of t h e d ee p fl e xo r, p assi n Cr b e t w e e n t he t wo t er m inal
s li ps of t he tendon o f the fle xor su b l imi s t o r e a ch t he l ast p hal anx . 9 T he
.

t en do n of t he fi exor l o n g u s p olli c is , p assing b e tw e en th e t w o p or tions of t he

fle xor b rev is to t he la st p hal a nx. 1 0 T he ab d u c tor m inim i dig iti. 1 1 . T h e
.

fl e xor b re vi s m ini mi dig iti. The e d g e of t he fle xor o ssis m e tac ar p i, or ab duc

j
t or mini mi d ig it i, i s se e n p ro ec tin g b e y o nd t he i nn er b or d e r o f t he fl e xor
b re vis. 12. T he promi ne nc e of t he p isifor m b one. 1 3 . The fi r st d or sal i n
t e ro s se ous m usc l e.
 TH E T H O M S O N IA N

g l m di h l d w b e re mov e d from i ts or igi n

T h e u te u s e u s s ou n o

an d t u r n e d d o w n ,
so a s t o e x p os e t h e n e x t w h i c h i s s1 tu nte d b e

n e at h it.
h i gi t h t d l y f t h b t ur a t or e xte n u s c an b e
In t s r e o n e e n o n o n o e o
i t d d l b t w n t h e e m e ll u s 1 n fe ri o r and the
se e n , s tu a e ee py e e e
g
o se t h i s m u sc l e
0

u ppe r b o r d e r o f t h e q u a d r a t u s fe m o r i s
. T o e x p
l y i i y t di t t f m t h e an te r i o r pa rt of t he
fu l , t s n e c e ssa r o ss e c i ro

th ig h, a f te r t h e re m o v a l o f t h e p e c ti n e us a n d a dd u c tor l ong us

and b re v i s m u sc l es.
— T gl i m l b d t f t h t h i h,
A c ti on s h e u t e u s c e s ar e a u c o r s o
.
e
g
h y k h i fix d i f m th l T a km
w e n t he t a e t e r e p o n t ro e p e v 1 s
.
.
g
h i fix d i f m h t h ig h t h y t dy t h e l V 1 s on t he
t e r e p o n t ro t e , e s e a e
p '

h e ad o f the fe m ur— t h i s ac ti on is pe c u li arl y ob v i ou s i n stand i ng

h y i l i yi g t h l f r ward , i n pro
on o ne le g ;
o
t e a s s s t a s o n c a r r n e e
g
gl m i i m b i h e d t o the an te r or
g res sion . T h e u t e u s n u s e n g a t ta c
i
d h m j t t t h l i m b sl i g h t ly m
b o r er o f t h e t roc a n te r a o r ,
r o a e s e

w ard s. T h e gl u te u s m e di u s a n d m a xi m u s
,
f ro m t h e r inse r
i
i
t on in to the p o s te ri o r a sp e c t o f t h e b o n e ,
ro t a t e th e l i m b ou t

P L AT E

The D eep M u sc l es of the G l u tea l Reg i on — l . T h e e xt e r na l su rfac e of t he

.

iliu m . 2 . T he p o st e r i o r su r fa c e o f t h e sa c r u m . 3 , T h e p os te r ior sacro ilia c -

l ig a m e n t s . 4 T h e t u b er osi t y o f t he i sc hiu m
. 5 . T he g re a t o r p oste r ior se
.

c ro isc hi ati c l i g am e n t . 6. T h e l e sse r or an te r ior sa cr o isc hiatic l i g am e nt . 7 .

j
- -

T he t r oc ha n t e r m a or . 8 T h e g l u t e u s m i nim u s. 9 T h e p y riform is
. . .

T h e g e m e l lu s su p e r ior . 1 1 . T h e ob tu r a t or i n te r nu s m u sc l e , p a ssi ng ou t o f
.

t he l e ss e r sa cr o isc hia tic f oram e n . 1 2 T h e g e m e l l us in f e rior . 1 3 T h e u a d

-
. . q
r at u s f e m or is . 1 4 . T h e u p p e r p a r t of the a ddu c t or m a g nu s. 1 5 T h e v astu s .

e xter nu s. 1 6. T he b ic e ps. 1 7. T he g r ac ili s. 1 8 . T h e semi te ndinosu s . -

 M A TERIA M ED I C A . 3 63

ward s ; the l atte r is moreov e r a tensor of t he fasc i a of the th igh

, , .

T he oth e r m usc l es ro tate the li m b o u tward s e verti ng the k nee ,

a nd foo t ; h e nc e t he y are n ame d e x te rn al rotators .

D iss ec t i on (fo r pl ate — M ake an i n c i si on al on g the li ne

of P o u part s l i g a me n t fro m t he ante r i or s u pe r i or spm ou s pro
’
,

c ess o f t he il e u m to t he spi ne of the pu b i s a nd a se c on d fro m ,

t he m iddl e o f t he prec e d i n g d o wn t he i nn er sid e of t he t high ,

a nd ac ro ss the i n ne r c o n d l e o f the fe m u r to the h ead o f t he
y ,

t i b i a w h e re it m ay b e b ou n d e d b y a t ran sve rse i n c i si on

,
T u rn .

b ac k t he i nteg u m e n t fro m t he w h ol e of t hi s re gi on and e x am ,

ine the su perfi c i al fasc i a w hi c h is n e x t to b e re mov e d in the

,

s a me m anne r A fte r t he d ee p fasc i a has b e e n we l l c on si d ere d

.
,

i t is l i ke wi se to b e re mo ved b y d i sse c ti n g it ofi i n the c ourse of

’

t he fi b res o f the m u sc le s A s it m igh t n o t b e c on v e n i e nt to the

.

j u ni o r st ud e n t to e x pose so l arg e a su rfac e at onc e as ord ere d in

t hi s di sse c ti o n t he v e rti c a l i nc i si o n m ay b e c rosse d by one or
,

t wo transve rse i nc i si o ns as may b e d ee me d m ost proper

, .

T he re c tu s m us t n o w b e d i v id e d t h ro u gh its m id d l e and the ,

t wo e n d s t urne d as id e to b ri ng c l e arl y i n to V i e w the n e x t m u s
,

c l es.

T he musc l es of t he i nte rnal fe m oral re gi on are e x pose d b y

t he re mo v al of t he i n ne r fl ap of i n teg ume n t rec om me nd e d in
the d i sse c ti on of the a n te ri o r fe moral re gi on T he ili ac u s and .

o as ari si n g fro m w i thi n the ab d om e n c an o nl y b e see n in

p s

t h e i r e n ti re e x te nt a fte r the re mov al of the v i sc era from t h at c a

v 1t

Th e pe c t ne u si mu st b e
di v id ed n e ar its origi n and turne d
o u t ward s an d t he add uc tor l o ng us t h rou g h its m iddl e turni ng
, ,

i ts e n d s to e i t he r sid e to b r i n g i nto V i e w the add uc tor b re v i s

, .

T he add uc to r b re v i s m ay no w b e di v id e d fro m its origi n an d

t u rn e d o u tward s o r its i n n e r t wo t h i rd s m ay b e c u t awa y e n
,

t i t e l y w h e n t he ad d uc to r mag n u s m u sc l e w il l b e e x pose d i n
,

i ts e n ti re e x te n t .

A c t ion s — T he te nsor v agi na fe mor i s re nd ers the fasc i a l ata

te n se a n d sl igh tl y i n ve rts the l i m b
,
T h e sartori us fle x es the .

l eg u pon the th igh ; and c on ti n u i n g to ac t the t high u pon the

, ,

e l v i s a t the sa me t i me c arryi ng the l e g ac ross t h at of the 0

p , p
osite sid e i nto the posi ti on i n w hi c h tail ors sit ; h e n c e i ts n ame .
p ,

T aki ng i ts fix e d poi nt fro m b el ow it assi sts t he e x te nsor m us ,

c l e s i n ste ad y i n g the leg for the su pport of the tru n k , T he .

o th er fou r m u sc l es h av e b ee n c oll e c t i v e l y n ame d qu a d r i c e s

p
ex te n sor from t h e i r si m il ari ty of ac ti on
, Th e y e x ten d the leg .

u pon the thig h an d ob tai n a g re at i n c rease of powe r b y t h e i r

,
'

attac h m e n t to th e pate l l a w hi c h ac ts as a fu l c r u m ,
T aki ng .

t h e i r fix e d poi n t from the t i b i a t h e y ste ady the fe mur u pon the ,

l eg and t he re c tus b y b e i ng attac h e d to the pe l v i s se r ves to

, ,

b al anc e the trun k u pon the l owe r e x tre mi ty .

3 64 m s TH O M S O N I A N

T he il i ac us, psoas, pe c ti ne us, and ad d u c tor l ong u s musc l es,

b e nd the t hig h u po n the pe l v i s, and , at the same t i me , from
the ob l iq u i ty of t h e i r i nserti on i n to ,t he l esse r t roc h an ter an d
l i ne a as pe ra, rotate the e n ti re l i m b ou tward s : the pe c ti ne us
and add u c to rs ad d u c t the t high pow e r fu ll y ; and from the
P L AT E

The M usc l es o
f the fl n ter i or F emoral Reg i on — 1 . T he c r e st of t he ilium .
2 . I ts a nte r ior su p e r i or sp in ous p roc e ss. 3 . T h e g l u teus m e di us. 4 T h e t e n
.

sor v ag ina e f em or i s i ts i nse r tion into t he fasc ia l a ta i s sh ow n in fe r i orly . 5 .

T he sar t ori us. 6 . T he r e c t u s. 7 . T he v astu s e xt er nu s. 8 . T h e v astus i nte r
n u s. 9 . T h e p a t e l la . 1 0 T he il i ac u s i nte r nu s. 1 1 . T h e p soa s m a g n u s. 1 2.
.

T he p ec tine u s. 1 3 . T he a ddu c tor l ong us. 1 4 . P a r t of t he a b d u c t or m a g nu s.

1 5 . T he g r ac ili s.
t T he M us c l es of the P o st er i or F emor al an d G l u tea l Reg i on — l . T h e gl u
t eu s m e dius . 2 . T h e g lu te u s m axim u s . 3 . T he v astus e xter nu s c ov e re d in
b y fa sc ia l ate . 4 . T h e l on g he ad of t h e b ic ep s. 5 . I ts shor t h e ad. 6 . T h e
se mi ten din osu s. 7 . S em i m e m b ran osus. 8 . T h e g r a c il is . 9 . A p ar t of t he
- o

inner b order of t he ad d u c tor ma g nus . 1 0 . T h e e dg e of th e sar tor iu s. 1 1 . T h e

l i te al sp ac e . 1 2 . T he
g ast r oc n emiu s mu sc l e it s two h e a d s. T h e te ndon
p po

of the b ic e p s f or m s th e ou t er h am string a nd t he sar tor i u s w ith t h e t e n d on s

,

of the g racil i s, se m i te ndi nou s, and semim emb ran osu s, the inn er hamstr ing .
-
3 66 TH E T H O M S O N I A N

of . the l eg to theheel , b ou ndi ng it i nferi orl y b y a tran sv erse in s

c ision passi ng b e t we e n t he tw o m al l e ol i . T u rn asid e t he fl aps

of i nte g u me n t and re m ov e the fasc i ae f ro m t he w h ol e of th i s r e
gi on t he g astroc ne m i u s m u sc l e w il l th e n b e e x pose d .

A c t i on s — T he th ree m u sc l es of the c al f d raw powe rfu l ly on

the os c al c i s, and l i ft theh ee l c on ti n u i ng t h e i r ac ti o n, th e y rai se

P L AT E P L A TE 5 L T

The M us c l es of the «i nt er i or T ib i al Reg i on — l . T h e e xte nsor m u sc l es i n

ser te d i nto t he p a te ll a . 2 . T h e su b c u ta ne ou s su rfa c e of th e t ib ia . 3 . T he ti
b iali s a n tic us. 4 . T he e xte n sor c o mm u n is d ig ito ru m . 5 T he e xt e nsor p r o
.

pr iu s p oll ic is. 6 . T he p e r o ne u s t e r ti u s. 7 T h e pe r one u s l o n g u s. 8 . Th e

.

p er oneu s b r ev is. 9 , 9 T he b or d er s of t he sol eu s m u sc l e . 1 0 A p ar t of t he

. .

i nner b e ll y of t h e g a st roc nem i u s. 1 1 . T h e e xte nsor b r e v is dig i tor um th e t e n .

d on i n f r on t of t his n um b e r i s t ha t of the p er on e u s t er tius a nd t hat b e hind it ,

th e ten d on of the p e ro ne u s b re v i s.
T T h S p fi i l M l h P i fl h L — 1 T h e b ic e p s
e u er c a u sc es
f
o t e oster or sp ec t of t e eg .

mu sc le for m ing t he o u t er ha m str ing 2 T h e t e nd ons f or m ing the in ne r ha rm

. .

string . 3 . t he p o pl i te a l sp a c e . 4 . T h e g a str oc n e m i u s m u sc l e . 5 , 5 T h e se
.

l e u s. 6 . T he te ndo A c hi ll ts . T h e o s c al c i s . 8 . T h e t e nd o n s o f the p e r o~
n eu s l on g u s a nd b r e vis m usc l e s, p a ssing b e h i nd th e o u t er a nkl e . 9 . T he ten»
d ons of th e d e ep l aye r , p assi ng into the f oot b e hind the inner ankl e .
 M A TERI A M EDI C A . 3 67

t he e nt re i T hi s ac ti on is attai ne d b y me ans of a l eve r of

b ody.
t he se c o nd po we r t he fu l c ru m (the t oe s ) b e i n g at on e e n d the
, ,

we igh t (the b od y su ppo rte d o n t he ti b i a) in the m id d l e and the ,

w m l he r e x tre m i t y
p o e r
(th e se us c e s
) a t t he o t .

Th e y a re t he re fore the w al ki ng m u sc l e s and pe rform all

, ,

m ov e m e nts th at req u i re the s u ppo rt of the w h ol e b od y from the

g rou nd as d anc i n g l eapi n g &.c T aki ng th e i r fix ed poi nt
, , ,
.

fro m b e l o w t he y ste ad y t he le g u pon the foo t

,
.

D iss ec t ion (fo r pl ate — A fte r the re mo v al o f the so l eu s t he

d ee p l aye r w il l b e fo u nd b ou nd d o w n b y a n i n te rm u sc u l ar fas ~

c ia w hi c h b i ng d i sse c te d a w ay t he m u sc l es m ay b e e x am i ne d
, e .

T he fi e xor l o n g us po l l ic i s m u st n o w b e re PL A T E
m o ve d fro m its o ri g i n a nd t he fle xo r l o ng u s ,

d igi toru m d raw n asi d e to b ri ng i n to V i e w t he ,

e nt i re e x te n t o f t he t i b i al i s pos ti c u s .

T he stud e n t w ill o b se rv e that t he tw o l atter

m usc l es c h an ge the i r re l ati v e po si ti on to e ac h
o the r in t h e i r c o u rse T h u s in the le g the
.
, ,

o si ti o n o f t he t h re e m u sc l e s fro m w i t h i n o u t
p
Wa rd s is fle xo r l o ng u s d ig ito ru m t i b i ali s pos
, ,

t i ou s fi e xor l o ng us pol li c i s
,
A t t he i n n e r m al .

l eo l a s t he re l ati on o f the te nd o ns is ti b i al is
,

osti c u s fle xor l ong u s di g i to ru m b oth i n th e

p , ,

s am e she at h ; the n a b road g roo v e w hi c h ,

l odges the po ste ri or t i b i al a rte ry v e nue c o m i ,

te s and n e r ve ; an d l astly t he fle x o r l ong u s

, ,

p o ll ic is .

A c ti ons — T he popl i te u s is a fle xor of the

t i b i a U pon t he thigh c arry i ng i t at the sa me
,

t i me i n ward s so as to i n v e rt t he le g
,
T he .

fi e xor l on g us pol li c i s and fle x o r l o ng us digi to

,

r u m a re t he l o ng fi e xo rs o f t he toes ; t h e i r te n
d ons are c o nn ec te d in the fo o t b y a sh ort te n
d in o us b an d h e n c e t h e y n ec e ssarily ac t tog e
,

t he r . T he t i b i ali s post i c u s is an e x te n sor of

t he tarsu s u pon the le g a nd an an tago ni st to ,

t he ti b i ali s an tic us I t c o m b i ne s w i t h t he ti b i
.

a l i s an ti c us in ad d u c ti o n o f t he fo ot .

T he D eep L ayer of M usc l es of the P oster i or T ib i a l Reg i on . —1 . T h e l ow er

e x tr e m it y o f t h e fe m u r , 2 T he l ig am e n t um p ostic u m Win sl ow ii
. 3 . Th e .

t e n d on o f t h e s em i m em b ra no u s m u sc l e , div id in g i n to i t s thr e e sl i p s. 4 . T h e
j
-

i nt e r nal la te r a l li g a m e nt of t he k n e e oi nt 5 T h e e xt e r n al l at e r al l ig am e n t .
. .

6 . T h e p o p li te u s m u sc l e . 7 . T he fle x or l o n g u s di g i tor um 8 . T he t ib i al is .

p o stic u s. 9 T h e fl e xor l ong us pol l ic is

. 1 0 . T h e p e r o n e u s l on g us m u sc l e .
.

1 1 . T he p e r on e us b re v i s 1 2 T he t e nd o A c hil l is, div id e d a t i ts i n se r ti on i nto

. .

t h e os ca l c is. 1 3 . T h e te n d on s o f t he tib ial is p ostic u s a n d fi e xor l on g u s d ig i.

j
t or nrn m u sc l e s , u st as th e y ar e ab ou t to p a ss b e n e a t h t he i n ter n a l a n nu l ar l i
g a m e nt o f th e a nkl e ; t he i n te rv al b e tw e e n th e l a tter t e n d o n a n d t he te n d on of
t he flexor lo n g us po ll ic is is oc cu pi e d b y t he post er i or tib ia l v e ssel s and n erv e .
3 68 THE TH O M S O N I A N

P L ATE P L A TE

D issecti on (for pl ate

T he l
so e o f t he foo t is b est
di sse c te d b y an i nc i si on a
rou nd the h ee l and al on g
,

t h e i nn e r and o u te r b or
d ers of the foot to the g reat ,

an d l i ttl e toes T h i s i nc i
.

si o n sh ou ld d i v id e t he in

te g u me n t and su pe rfi c i a l
fasc i a and b ot h tog e t h e r
,

s h o uld b e di sse c te d from

t he d e e p fasc i a as far for,

ward as the b ase oi the pha

l anges w h e re th e y m ay b e
,

re mo ve d from th e foo t al to
g e the r T he d e e p fasc i a
.

s h ou ld th e n b e re mo ve d ,

an d t he fi rst l ay e r o f m us

c l e s w il l b e b rough t i n to

V iew .

T he th re e pre c edi ng mu sc l es (3 , 4 and 5 , on pl ate ,) mu st b e

‘

di v id e d from t h e i r origi n, and an te ri o rl y th rou gh th e i r te nd ons,

and re mov ed , i n ord er to b r i ng i n to V i e w the se c on d l ay e r.

D issectoit (fo r pl ate T h e te nd ons o f the l on g fle xors

-

and t he m u sc l e s c onne c te d w i t h t h e m m ust b e r e mov e d , to see

c l e arl y t he attac h m e n ts of the t h i rd l ay e r.

A c ti on s — A ll the prec e di n g m u sc l es ac t u pon the toes ; and

the m ove me n ts w hi c h th e y are c apab l e of e x ec u ti ng , m ay b e
re fe rre d to fou r h e ad s, v iz., fi ex ion, e x te nsi on, add u c ti on , and
ab d uc fi on .

F ir st L a yer of M usc l es i n the S ol e of the F c ot — T hi s l ay er i s e xp ose d b y

the r e m ov al o f th e p l a ntar f a sc i a . l . T h e 0 5 c al c i s 2 T h e p o ster i or p ar t o f
. .

t he p l a n tar f a sc i a , d iv i d e d t r an sv er se l y . 3 . T he a b d uc tor p oll i c i s. 4 . T he

ab du c t or m inim i d ig iti . 5 T h e fle xor b r e v is d ig itor u m .
. 6 . T he te n d on of t he
fl e xor l on g u s p oll i c i s m usc l e 7, 7 . T he l u m b r ic al es. O n t he se c on d an d
.

t hir d t oes, t he t e n d on s of t he fle x or l on g u s d ig it or u m ar e se e n p assing t hr ou g h

the b ifur c a ti on of th e te n d ons of th e fl e xor b r ev i s dig i toru m .

t T he T hi r d a n d a p ar t of the S ec ond L a yer of M usc l es of the S ol e of the

F oot .— l . T h e d iv i d e d e dg e o f th e p l an tar f asc ia . 2 . T h e m u scu lu r a c c e sso
r i u s. 3 . T h e te n d on o f t h e fl e xor l ong us d ig i toru m , p r e v i ou sly t o i ts div isi on .
4 T he t en d on of t he fl e xor l ong u s p ollic is
. 5 T h e fl e xor b r e v i s p oll ic i s. 6 .
. .

T he a dd u c tor p oll ic i s. 7 . T h e fl ex or b r ev i s m inim i dig iti . 8 . T h e tra nsv er ~

sus p e di s. 9 . I n terossei m u sc l es, p l an ta r a n d d or sa l . 10. A
c o n v e x r id g e ,
f orm e d b y t he te nd on of t he p eroneu s l ongu s m u scl e in i ts ob l iqu e c ourse
ac ross the f oot .
3 70 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

l
s c apu a, e l b ow ,
an d
w ri st i n t he u pper e x tre m i ty . I t assi sts
t he m u sc l es in t he i r ac ti on , b y ke e pi n g U p a ton i c pre ssu re on
t h e i r surfa c e ; an d aid s m ate r i al l y i n t he c i rc u l at i on of t he fl u
ids i n o pposi ti on to the l aws o f g rav i ty ; and i n t he pal m o f the
'

h and and sol e o f the foot is a po we rfu l prote c ti on to t he strue

t u re s o f w h i c h t h ese org ans are c o m pose d . I n some si tu ati on s
i ts te n si o n is re g ul ate d b y m usc u l ar ac ti on , as b y the te nsor
v agi na fe m o ri s an d g l u te u s m axi m us i n t he t high , a n d b
y the
b i c e ps and pal m ari s l on g u s i n the arm and in o t he r si tu ati o ns
i t aff o rd s an e x te nsi v e su rfac e fo r t he o rigi n of the fi b res o f m us
l
c e s.
T he fasc i a m ay b e ar ran ge d l i ke the oth e r te x tu res of t he
b od y i nto — 1 Th ose
. o f t he he ad a nd n e c k 2 Th ose o f . . the
t ru n k. 3 T h ose o f
. the U ppe r e x tre m i ty 4 T h ose o f. . t he
l o wer e x tre m i ty.
F A S C I ZE O F TH E H EA D A N D N EC K .

T he tem p or a l f a sc i a i s a stron g te n d ino fi b rous m e mb ran e -

w h i c h c ov e rs in th e te m pora l m u sc l e at e ac h sid e of the h ead ,

a nd g i v e s origi n b y its i nte rn al surfac e to th e su e ri or m usc u
p
l ar fi b res.
P L ATE

fl T r a n sv er se S ection of the N ec k — sh owin g th e d e e p c erv ic al f a sc ia and

i ts nu m e ro u s p r ol ong a ti o n s, f or m in g s h e a ths f or t he d iff e re nt m u sc l e s. A s
t h e fi g ur e is sy mm e tr ic a l , t he fi gu r e s of r e fe re nc e ar e p l a c e d on ly o n on e sid e
z
.

—1 T he p la t ism a m y oid es. 2 . T h e trap e iu s 3 T h e lig am e n tu m n u c ha ,

z
. . .

f r om w h ic h t he f asc ia m ay b e trac e d f or ward s b e ne a t h t he t ra pe iu s, e n c l os

i n g the ot her m u sc l e s of t he n e c k . 4 . T he p oint a t w h ic h the f a sc ia div id es,
t o f or m a she a t h f or th e ste r no m a st oid m u sc l e
-
6. T he p oi nt of r eu ni on
o f t h e t wo l a y e rs o f th e st er no m a stoid she a t h . 7 . T h e p oi n t of u ni on of t h e
d eep cervic al fascia of op posite sides of the neck . 8 . S e c tion of the ste rno
 M A TERI A M ED I C A . 3 71

T he s up er fi c i a l c er v i c a l f a s c i a c on ta ns i b e tween i ts layers
t he platysm a m yoid es m usc l e .

T he d eep c e r v i ca l f a sc i a is a strong c e ll u l o fi b rou s laye r

-

w hi c h i n v e sts the m usc l es of the n ec k, an d re tai n s an d su pports

t he v e sse l s an d n e rv e s .

F AS C I A ] OF TH E T RU N K .

T he thor a c i c f a s c i a is a d e nse l ay e r o f c ell ulo fi b ro u s m e m -

b rane stre tc he d horiz on tal l y ac ross t he su pe ri o r ope n i n g of the

t h o ra x . It is fi rm l y at tac hed to t he c on c ave m argi n o f t he fi rst
ri b , a n d to the i n n e r s urfac e o f the ste rn u m .

T h e t h orac i c fasc i a pe rform s t h ree i mportan t offi c es, v iz.

1 . I t fo rms the u ppe r b ou nd ary of the c h est, as t he di aph r ag m
d oes the l owe r .

2 I t ste ad i ly pre se rve s the re l ati v e si tu ati on of the parts

.

wh ic h e n te r a n d q u i t t he t h orac i c ope n i n g .

3 I t attac h es and s u pports the h e art i n i ts si t u ati on thro ugh

.
,

the m edi u m of i ts c onne c ti on w i t h t he aorta a nd l arg e v e sse l s

w h i c h a re pl ac e d at i ts c urvature .

B D O M I N A L F A S C I ZE
A .

T he l owe r part of the pari e tes of the ab d om en and the c av i ,

ty o f t he pe l v i s a re stre ng the n e d b y a l ay e r o f fasc i a w hi c h

,

l i tres the i r i n te rn al su rfac e an d at t he b ottom of the l atter c av

,

i ty is refl e c te d i n ward s to t he s id es o f the b l add e r T his fasc i a .

i s c on t i n u ou s t h ro ugh ou t the w h ol e o f t h e su rfac e .

T he f a s c ia tr a n sver s a l is is a c e llul o fi b rous l ame l l a w h i c h -

,
l i nes t he i nne r surfac e o f t he tran sve rsali s m u sc l e .

T he i n te rn al ab d o mi nal r i ng is si tu ate d i n t hi s fasc i a at ,

ab ou t m id way b e twe e n the spi ne of the pu b i s and the an te r i o r ,

su pe r i or spi ne of the ili u m a n d h al f an i n c h a b ov e P ou part s

’
,

lig ame nt ; it is b ou nd e d u pon its i n ner sid e b y a we l l m arke d -

fal c i for m b ord e r b u t is il l d e fi n e d arou n d i ts ou ter m arg i n

, .

F ro m the c i rc u m fere n c e o f thi s ri n g is gi v e n off an in fu nd ib ili

fo rm proc ess w hi c h s urro u nd s t he testi c l e and sper m ati c c ord
c o nsti tu ti ng t he fasc i a ro ri a of t he l atte r an d form s the fi rst
p p ,

i n v e stment to t he sac of o b l iq ue i ng u i n al he rni a I t is t he .

stre ng t h of thi s fasc i a i n the i nter v al b e twe e n the e d g e of t h e

,

h y oid . 9 O m o hy oid . 1 0 S te r no thy r o i d

. -
.
-
1 1 . T he l at e ral l ob e of th e t hy
.

r oi d g l an d . 1 2 T he tr a c h e a . 1 3 . T he a sop h a g u s. 1 4 . T h e sh e a t h c on tai n
j
.
‘
i ng th e c om m on c ar otid a r ter y , in te r nal u g ul ar v e in , a n d p n e u m og a str i c
n er v e . 15 . T h e l on g u s c ol l i T h e n e r v e i n fr on t of t h e sh e a t h of t hi s m u sc l e
j
.

i s th e sy m pa th e tic . 1 6 T h e r e c tus a n t icu s m a or

. 1 7 . S cal e nu s a n t ic u s
. 18 . .

S c a l e n u s p os tic u s . 1 9 T h e s pl e ni u s c a p iti s. 20 S pl e n iu s c oll i . 2 1 L e v a t or

. .

li l a 2 ° C om p l e xu s. 23 T r ac he l o m a sto id 24 T r a n sv e r sa li s
a gn u s c a p u . .
-
. .

c oll i . 25 C e rv ic al is asc e nd e n s
. . 2 6. T h e se m i sp in a li s c ol li . 27 T h e m u l ti
-
.

fi d u s sp i na . A
28 . c erv ic al v e r te b ra . T h e tr a n sver se pr oc e sse s ar e se en t o
b e trav ersed b y the v er teb r al ar ter y and v ein.
3 72 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

re c tus and the i ntern al abd o mi nal ri ng th at d e fend s th i s porti on

,

of the p i
ar e tes from the freq ue nt o c c u rre nce of di re c t i ng u i nal
l

h e rni a .

IN GU IN A L H ERN IA .

I ng u i nal h ern i a is of t wo ki n d s, ob l iq ue , and d i re c t.

I n ob liq u e i ng u in a l he r n i a , the i n test i ne esc apes from the
c av i ty o f t he a b d o me n i n to the sperm ati c c an al , t h ro u g h the
i n te r n a l a b d om i n a l r i ng , pre ssi n g b e fore it a pouc h of pe ri to
n e u m w h i c h c onsti tu te s t he h er n i a l s a c , a nd di ste nd i n g t he in
fun d ib iliform proc ess o f t he tran sv e rsali s fasc i a. A fte r e me rg
i ng th ro u gh the i nte rn al ab d om i nal r i n g , it passe s fi rs t b e ne ath
t he l o we r and a rc h e d b ord e r o f t he trans v e rsali s m u sc le then
b e n eath t he l o we r b ord e r o f t he i nte rn al ob liq ue m usc l e ; and
n a ll , th rou gh the e x te rn al ab d o m i n al ri n g in the apo n eu rosi s
fi y
o f t he e x te rnal o b l iq u e . F ro m the t ran sv e rsali s m u sc l e it re
c e iv es n o i n ve stm e n t w hil e passi ng b e n e ath the l o we r b ord er
o f the i nte rn al o b l iq ue , it ob tai n s the c re m aste r m u sc l e ; an d ,

u pon e sc api ng at t he e x te rnal ab d o m i n al ri n g , rec e i ve s the l n

te rc olu m nar fasc i a.
T he spe rm ati c c anal , w h i c h , i n the normal c on di ti on of the
ab d o m i n al pari e te s se rves f or t he passag e of the spe rm at i c c ord

i n the m al e , a nd the rou nd lig am e n t wi th its v e sse l s in t he fe

mal e , is ab ou t o ne i nc h and a h al f i n l e ng th . I t is b ou nd e d i n
n t b y the aponeu rosi s o f t he e x te rn al o b l iq ue m usc l e ; b eh i n d ,
f r o
b y the tran sv e rsali s fasc i a, and b y the c o nj oi ne d te nd o n of the
i n te rn al ob l iq ue and t ran sv e rsal i s m usc l e ; a b ov e, b y the arc h e d
b ord e rs o f the i nte rn al ob l iq ue and t ran sv e rsal i s ; b el ow, b y the
g roov e d b ord er o f P ou part s l ig am en t ; and at e ac h e x tre mi ty,
’

b y on e of the ab d om i n al ri n gs, the i n te rnal ri n g at the in ner

t e rm i nati on , the e x te rnal ri n g at t he o u ter e x tre m i ty .
T h ere are th re e v ari e ti es o f o b l iq ue i ng u i nal h e rni a— c om
mon , c ong e n i tal , and e nc yste d .
C om m on ob l iqu e her n i a, is th at w hi c h h as b ee n d esc ri b ed
ab o v e .

C ong en ita l her n i a resu l ts from the nonc l osu re of the pouc h
o f pe ri to ne u m c arri e d d o w n ward s i n to t he sc rotu m b y the tes

t ic le , d u ri n g i ts d esc e n t i n the foetu s .

T he i n testi ne at som e pe ri o d of l i fe is forc ed i nto t hi s c an al ,

an d d e sc e nd s t h rough i t i n to the t u ni c a v agi nal i s, w h e re it l i e s

i n c ontac t wi t h the testi c l e ; so th at c ong e n i tal h e rnia h as n o

ro e r sac , b u t is c on tai n e d w i thi n the tu n i c a v agi n al i s. T h e
p p
o th e r c o ve r i ng s are the same as t h ose of c ommon i n g u i nal he r

ma .

En cysted hern i a is th at form of protrusi on in wh i c h the ‘

o u c h o f pe ri toneu m for mi ng the tu n i c a v agi n ali s b e i ng onl y

p ,

rti al ly c l osed and re mai n i ng o en e x ternally to the ab d omen

pa , p ,
3 74 »
T H E TH O M S O N I A N

e r, w h i c h c ove rs the m usc l es of the g e n i tal porti on of the peri

n e u m and t he roo t o f t he pe n i s .

am pe r s l ig am e n t, tri an g u l ar l i
’
T h e d eep p e r i n i
am e n t ) is s it o f the pe ni s, a nd is fi rm l y
g ,

s tre tc he d ac ross b e t we e n t he the pu b i s a n d i sc h i u m

o f e ac h s id e , so as to c o nstit se ptu m of d e fen c e to

the ou tl e t of the pe l v i s .

F AS C IE OF TH E U P P ER E X T REM ITY .

T he su
p er fi ci al
f a sc i a o f t he u e r e ict re m ity c on ta ns
pp i b e;
t we e n i ts l aye rs the su e rfi c i l i
v e n s and l ym ph ati c s and the
p a ,

s u pe r fi c i al n e r v es.

T he d eep f a s c i a is thi n o v e r the d e l toid and pe c toral i s ma

j or m u sc l e s, and in t he axill ary spac e , b u t th i c k u po n the d or
s u m of t he sc apu l a, w h ere i t b i nd s d ow n t he i nfra s pin atus m u s -

c le . I t is attac h e d to the c l av i c l e , ac ro mi on proc ess and spi ne

.

o f the sc a pu l a .

T he te nd o n s, as t h e y pass b en e ath the ann u l ar lig am e nts,

are surro u nd e d b y sy n ov i al b u rsae . T he d orsu m of t he h an d
is i n v e sted b y a th i n fasc i a, w h i c h is c on ti n uous w ith the pos
t ari o t ann u l ar lig a m e nt.
T he p a l m a r f asci a is di v id e d i n to th ree porti ons. A c en

P L A TE 57

T he P u bi c flwith the fi tta chments of the P er i nea l F asc i a — 1 ,

r c h,
T he su p e r fi c ial p er i n e a l f a sc ia d iv id e d b y a A sh a p e d in c i sio n in to t hr ee ap s ; fl
t h e l a t e ra l fl
a p s ar e t u r n e d ov e r t he ram u s of t he p u b is an d th e i sc hium a t
e a c h sid e , t o whic h t h e y a r e fi rm l y a t ta c he d ; t he p o ste r i o r fl ap i s c onti nu o u s

w i th t he d ee p p e ri n eal fa sc ia . 2 . T h e d e e p p e r in e a l f a sc i a . 3 . T h e o p e nin g
f or t he p assa g e of t he m e m b r an ou s p or tion o f th e u r e t hr a, p rev iousl y t o e n .
j
t e ri ng t h e b u l b . 4 . T w o pr o e c tion s of t h e an ter i or l ay er of t h e d e e p p erineal
(acia, c orr esp onding wi th C owp er ’s g l ands.
 M A TERI A M ED I C A . 3 75

tral port on ,w hi c h oc c upi es the m idd l e of the pal m , an d two

i
l ate ral porti ons, whi c h spread ou t o v e r the S i d es of the h and ,
and are c o nti n uou s w i th the d o rsa l fasc i a.

F A S C I JE O F T H E L O W ER E X T REM ITY .

b e twee n its t w o l ay e rs the

i
T he p fi
su f
er ci a l a sc i a c on ta ns

su pe rfi c i al v e sse l s a nd n e rv e s o f t he l o we r e x tre m i ty A t the .

g roi n t he se t wo l aye rs are se parate d from e ac h o the r b y the su

e rfi c ial l y m ph ati c gl an d s a nd t he d ee pe r l ay e r IS attac he d to
p
P o u part s li g a m e n t, w h il e t he s upe rfi c ral l ay e r i s c onti n u e d l n
’

to the su pe rfi c i al fasc i a o f t he ab d om e n .
T he d eep f a s c i a of the thigh is n amed , from i ts g reat e x ten t,

P L AT E

fl S id e V i ew of the V i sc er a of the P el v i s— sh owi ng t he d i s trib u ti on of the

i l d l i f i — 1 . T h e s m h si s u b is. 2 T he b l a d d er . 3.
p e r n e a a n p e v c a sc ae .
y p y p .

T h e r ec to v e sic al f old of p e r i t on eu m , p a ss in g f r om t h e an teri or s ur fac e of the

-

r e c t u m t o t he p o ster i or p ar t of t h e b l a d d e r ; f r om t he u p p e r p ar t o f th e fu n
d us of t h e b la d d e r it i s r e fl ec te d u p on t he a b dom in a l p ar i et e s . 4 . T he u re t er .
5 . T he v a s d e fer e n s c r ossin g th e d i r e c tion of th e u r e t er . 6 T h e v e si c ul a se
.

m in alis of t he r ig h t sid e . 7 , 7 . T h e p r os tr a te g l an d div id e d b y a l on g itu din al

s e c ti o n
. 8 , 8 . T h e sec tion o f a r i ng of e lasti c ti ssu e e n c ir c li ng the pr o sta tic
p or ti o n of t he u r e thr a a t i ts c om m e n c e m e nt. 9 T h e p r ost at ic p or ti on of t he
.

u r e t hr a. 1 0 . T he m e m b r a n ou s p or ti o n, e n c l ose d b y t he c om p ressor u r e thra

m u sc l e . 1 1 T h e c om m e n c e m e n t o f t he c or p u s sp on g iosum p e n i s, t h e b u lb .
.

fl
1 2 . T he an t e r ior li g am e nts of th e b l a d d e r , f or m e d b y th e r e e c ti on of t h e p el
v ic fa sc ia , fr om t he in t e r n al sur fa ce of the o s p u b is t o the n e c k of t h e b la d der .
fl
1 3 . T h e e d g e of t h e p elv i c f a sc ia a t the p oin t; w h e r e i t i s r e ec t e d u p on t he
r ec t um . 14 A n interv al b e tw e e n th e p el v i c fa sc ia an d the d e e p p eri n eal fa s
.

c ia , oc cu p i e d b y a p l e xus o f v e in s. 1 5 . T h e d e e p p e r in eal fasc ia ; i t s two

l y rs
a e . 1 6 C ow p er s g l and of t h e r ig h t side , situ ate d b e twe e n th e tw o l ay ers
.
’

b e l ow th e m e m b r anou s p or tio n of t he ure thra . 1 7 . T h e su p er fi c ial p er in e al

f a sc i a asc e n din g in fr ont of t he r oot of th e p e ni s to b ec om e c on tinu ou s wit h
t he d a r tos of th e sc r otum 1 9 . T he l a y e r of th e d e e p f asc ia , w hic h i s
p ro l on g e d to t he r ec t um . 20 . T he l ow er p ar t of the l e v ator an i ; i ts fi b r es ar e
c on c e al e d b y t he an al fasc i a . 2 1 . T h e i nf e r ior se g m e n t of the f unn e l sha p e d
-

p r oc e ss g iv e n off f rom th e p oste ri or l a y e r of t he d e e p p er in e al f a sc i a, w h ic h

i s c on tin uou s wi th t he re c to v e sic al f a sc i a of T y rre l l . T h e atta c hm en t of this
-

f asc ia t o the r e c to v esi c al f ol d of p eritone um i s seen at 22 .

-
3 76 T H E TH O M S O N IA N

t ha f a sc ia l a t a i t i s thi c k and strong u pon the o u te r sid e of

t he l i m b and t h i nn e r u pon its i nn e r a nd poste ri or si d e .

,

T he i li a c p or t i on of the u ppe r fasc i a l ata, is si tu ate d u pon

t he i li ac sid e o f t he saphe on u s o pe n i n g . i t is attac h e d to the
c rest of t he il i u m and a lon g P o upa rt s l ig am e n t, to t he sp i ne o f
’

t he pu b i s, fro m w hi c h poi n t it is refl e c te d d o wn ward s a nd ou t

ward s, and forms a fal c i fo rm b ord e r, w h i c h c onsti tu tes t he ou t
e r b ou nd ary o f the saph eno us o pe ni ng . T he ed g e of t h i s b or
d er i mmedi atel y o ve rl ay s and is refle c te d u pon the s h e ath o f
t he fe mo ral v e sse l s, and the l o we r e x tre m i ty o f t he c u rv e i s
c on ti n u o us w i t h the pub i c porti on.
T he p u b ic p orti on is attac h ed to the spi ne of the pub i s and
ti n e a l l i n e , an d passi ng ou twa rd s b e h i n d th e sh e at h o f the
p e c
fe m oral v e sse l s di v id es i n to t wo l ay e rs ; t he an te ri or l aye r is
c o nt i n u o us wi t h th at porti on o f the il i ac fasc i a w hi c h form s t he
s h e at h of the il i ac u s a nd pso as m u sc l es, and t he poste ri or l ay e r

i s l ost u po n the c apsu l e of the hip j o i n t.

‘
P L A TE 5 93

2S
1
. i
ec t on of the S tr uc tu res whic h p ass b eneath the F e mor a l .d rc h. 1 . P ou
’
p art s lig am e nt. 2, 2 T he il ia c p or ti on of t he f asc ia l a ta, a ttac h e d al on g t he
.

m arg in o f the c rest of t he iliu m , a n d al ong P ou p ar t ’s l ig am e n t, t o t he spine of

t he p u b i s 4 . T h e p u b ic p or t ion of t he f asc ia l at a , c on tinuou s a t 3 wi th t he
i liac p o r ti on , a nd p a ssin g ou t wa r d s b e hi nd the she a t h of t he f e m oral v esse l s
t o its o u ter b o rd er a t 5 , w her e i t di v id e s in t o tw o l ay e r s ; o n e i s c onti n u ou s
with t h e sh eath of t h e p soa s (6) a n d iliac us an d t he o th er (8 ) i s l ost u p
j
o n t he c a psu l e o f t h e h ip oi nt 1 0 . T h e f e m or al n e r v e , e n c l ose d i n the
1 1 . G im b e r na t s lig am e nt . 1 2 . T h e f e m or al
’
s e at h o f t he p soas an d ili a c u s.
h
r i n g, w it hin t he f e moral sh e at h. 1 3 . T he f e m or al v e in . 1 4 . T he f e m or al
a r t er y . T he tw o v esse l s an d t he r i ng ar e sur rou nde d b y t h e f e m or al she a t h ,
a n d t he ir se pt a ar e se nt b e twe e n the a nte r i or an d p osterio r w al ls of t h e sheath ,

d ivi d ing t he ar tery fr om the v e in, and the v ein fr om the fem or al r ing .
3 78 TH E TH OM S O N I A N

A rter i es are c ompose d of h

t ree c oats, e middl e, and
x te rn al ,

inte rnal . T he ex te r n a l or c el lu l a r c oa t is fi rm an d stron g , a nd

se r v es at the same ti m e as the c h i e f m e ans of re si stanc e o f the
v e sse l , a nd o f c o nn e c t i on to su rro u n di ng parts. It c o nsi sts of
c ond e nse d c e ll u l ar t i ssu e , st re ng th e ne d b y an i nte r l ac e me nt o f
gli steni ng fi b re s whi c h parti al l y e nc i rc l e the c yl i nde r of the t ub e
i n an o b liqu e d i rec ti o n . U pon t he surfac e the c e l l u l ar ti ssue is
loose , to pe rmi t o f the mov e me nts o f the artery in d i ste nsi o n and
i
c on trac t on .
T he m id d le b ou s coa t is c o mpose d of y e l l o wi sh fi b re s
or
fi r
'

of e l asti c t i ssu e , w hi c h are d i spose d i n an o b l iq u e d ire c t i on

arou n d the c yli nd e r o f t he v esse l , a n d c ross e ac h o th e r in the i r

c ou rse . T hi s c oat is e l asti c and fragil e , and t h i c ke r t h an the

e x te rn al c oat . I ts e l asti c i ty e n ab l es t he v e sse l to ac c ommod ate
itsel f to the q uan ti ty of b l ood w hi c h d may c on tai n ; an d its fra
g ility is e x hi b i te d in so me c ase s o f a ne u r i sm , and in the d i v i si on
of the t wo i nte rn al c oats i n lig atu re o f an arte ry .
T he i n te r n a l c oa t is a t h i n se rous m e m b ran e w h i c h l i n e s th e
i nteri or of the artery , a n d gi v es i t the sm oo t h pol i s h w h i c h th at
su rfac e pre se nts . I t is c o n ti n uo u s Wi t h t he l i ni ng m e m b ran e
of t he h e ar t, a nd t h rou g h th e m e d i u m of the c api l l ari es w i t h t he
v e nous sy ste m . T he in te rn al is c onne c te d to t he fi b ro u s c oat
b y a c l ose c e ll u l ar ti ssu e w h i c h is v e ry li ab l e to di se ase an d d e
si ti ons o f v ar i o us ki nd s
p o ; an d is the se at of the fi rst c h an g es
w hi c h pre c e d e ane u ri sm. T he re se arc h e s of H e n l e h av e d e
mon strated an e pi the l i u m, c o m pose d of v e si c l es and sc al es, w i t h
c e ntral n u c l e i , u pon the s u rfac e of t hi s i n tern al c o at, an al ag ou s
to the e pi th e l i um o f se rou s an d m u c ou s m e m b ran e s .

T he arte ri es i n th e i r di stri b u ti on throug h t he b ody are inc l u

d ed in a l oose c e l l u l a r i n v e st me n t w hi c h se parates t he m fro m
the su rrou nd i n g ti ssu es, and is c al l e d a s hea th . A rou n d the
ri nc i pal v e sse l s the s h e ath is an i m ortan t stru c tu re it is c om
p p
p ose d o f c e l l u lo fi b rou s ti ssu e , i n term i ngl e d w i th te n di n o u s fi
~

b e rs, an d is c on ti n u ous w i t h t he fasc im of the regi on in w h i c h

t he arteri es are si tu ated , as wi t h the t h orac i c an d c e rv i c al fasc im
in the nec k , t ransv e rsal i s and ili ac fasc i ae, and fasc i a l ata in t he
thigh , & c . T h e sh e at h of t he arte ri es c on ta i ns al so t h e i r ac
c ompan yi n g v e i ns, an d some ti me s a ne rv e .
T he c oats o f arte r i e s are su ppli ed w i t h b l ood l i k e oth er or
g ans of t he b ody , and the v essel s whi c h are d is tri b u te d to th em
a re n am e d v a sa v a sor u m . Th e y are al so prov i d e d wi t h
ne rves ; b u t the mod e of d i stri b u ti on of t h ese n erv es is at rese nt
p
un di sc ov ere d .

In the id e rati on of the arte ri es we s h al l fi rst d esc ri b e the

c ons
,

aorta and the b ran c h es o f t h at tru n k wi t h th e i r su b di v i si ons

, , ,

whi c h tog e th e r c onsti tute the e ffe re n t porti on of the systemi c

 M xr s n m M ED I C A . 3 79

i l i
c rc u at on, and t h e n the pul monary arte ry as the effe rent trunk
o f t he pu l mon ar y c i rc u l ati on .

A O RT “.

T he a or ta ari ses fro m the l eft v e ntri c l e , at the m iddl e of the

root of t he h ea rt, o ppo si te t he art i c ul ati on of the fou rt h c ostal

c artil ag e wi t h t he ste rn u m . It asc e nd s at fi rst to the righ t, th en

c u rv e s b ac k wa rd s an d to the l e ft, and d esc e n d s on the l e ft sid e

o f the v e rte b ral c ol u m n to t he fou rt h l u m b ar v e rte b ra. H e nc e

it is d iv id e d i n to— asc e n di n g arc h — and d esc endi ng aorta.
‘
P L ATE 60 3

T he L a rg e V essel s whi ch p r oc eed f r om the r oot of the hear t , wi th their Re

l a ti on s — T he h ear t h as b ee n r e m ov e d . 1 . T h e asc en ding aor ta . 2 . T he
a rc h . 3 T he t horac ic p or ti on of t he d esc endi ng a or ta . 4 T he a r te r ia inn o
. .

m inata d iv idi ng in to 5 , t he r ig ht c ar oti d, w hi c h a g a in div id es a t 6, i n to th e e x

t e rnal a nd i nte r nal c arotid s ; a n d 7 , t he r ig ht su b c l av ia n ar ter y . 8 T h e ax il
.

l ar y a r te r y ; i ts e xte nt i s d e sig n ate d b y a d ot te d l in e . 9 T h e b rac hial ar ter y .

.

1 0 . T he r ig ht p ne um og a str i c n e rv e , r u nni ng b y th e sid e of t he c om m on c ar o

t id , i n f ron t of t h e r ig ht su b c l av ia n a r te r y , a n d b e hin d t he root of t h e r ig h t
l u ng . 1 1 . T he l e f t c omm on c ar otid , h a v i n g t o i ts ou te r sid e the l e f t p n e u m o
g astric n e rv e , w h ic h c r osse s t he a r c h of t he a or ta, a nd a s it r e a c he s i t s l ow e r
b ord er is se e n to g iv e off th e l e f t r ec ur r e n t n e rv e . 1 2. T he l e f t su b c l av ian ar
t ery b ecom in g a x illary , an d b r a c hi al in it s c our se , lik e t he a r te r y of the opp o
site sid e . 1 3 T he tru nk of t he pul m on ar y ar te r y c on nec te d t o t he c on c av i ty
.

o f t he arc h of t he a or ta b y a fi b r ou s c or d , t he r e m a ins of t h e d u c tu s a r te r io
s u s. 1 4 . T he l ef t p ul m onar y ar tery . 1 5 . The ri g ht pu l m onar y ar t er y. 1 6 ,
3 80 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

Rela tions ~
. T he as cen d ing aorta has in re l ati on wi th it, in
-

front, the trun k of t he pu l monar y arte ry, t h orac i c fasc i a, and

i rdi u m ; b e hi nd , t he righ t pul m onary v e i ns and arter y
p e r c a
;
to the righ t s id e , t he righ t a u ri c l e and s u pe r i or c av a ; and to
t he l e ft, t he l e ft auri c l e and the t ru n k of the pu l mon ary artery .
A r ch — T he u ppe r b ord e r of the arc h is paral l e l wi th the ,u p
e b o rd e r o f t he sec on d ste rno c ost al arti c u l at i on of t he r ig ht
p r -
-

s id e in fro nt, a nd the sec o n d d orsal v e rte b ra b e hi n d , an d term i

nates opposi te the l o we r b ord e r of the t hi rd .

T he an te ri o r surfac e of the arc h is c rosse d b y the l e ft pne u
m og astric n erv e , and b y the c ardi ac b ranc h es o f t h at ne rv e , and
of t he sy m ath e t i c .
p
T h e poste ri or su rfac e of the arc h is i n re l at i on w i th the b i
furc ati on of the trac hia and g re at c ardi ac pl e x u s, the c ardi ac
ne r v es, l e ft r ec u rre n t n erve a nd t he t h orac i c d uc t.
T he superi or b ord e r gi v es off the th ree g reat arteri es, v iz. the
i nnom i n ata, l e ft c arotid , and l e ft su b c l av i an .
T he in fe rio1 b ord e r, or c on c av i ty of the arc h, is i n rel ati on
wi t h the r e mai ns of the d u c tu s arte ri osu s, the c ard i ac g angli on
and the l e ft r e c u rre n t n e r ve , an d h as passi n g b en e at h i t, t he

r igh t u l m on ar y a rte r y and l e ft b ro nc h us.

o p
T he d esc en d i ng aorta is sub di v id e d i n c orrespon d enc e w i th
the two g re at c av i ti es of the tru n k , i n to the t h orac i c an d ab d o
mi nal aorta.

T he thor a c i c aorta is si tu ate d to the l e ft sid e of the verteb ral

c ol u m n, b u t a pro ac h e s t he m iddl e l i ne as i t d esc en d s, an d at
p
t he aorti c ope ni n g of t he di aph rag m i s al tog e th e r 1 n fron t of the
c ol u mn . A fte r e nte ri ng the ab d ome n , i t ag ai n fal l s b ac k to the
l eft sid e .
’

Re l a ti on s — I t is in re l ati on, b e h i nd , wi t h the v erteb ral c c

l umu and l esse r v e n a azyg os ; in fro nt, wi t h t he (e soph ag u s
and righ t pn e u m og astri c ne rv e ; to th e l e ft sid e w i t h the pl e u
ra, and to the righ t w i t h the t h or ac i c d u c t.
T he a bd om i n a l aorta e n ters t he ab d ome n th rou gh the aorti c
open i n g of the di aph rag m , an d d esc e nd s, lyi ng rat h e r to the l e ft
'

sid e of the v erte b ral c ol u m n , to the fou rt h l u mb ar v erteb ra,

w h e re it d i v id es i nto t he tw o c omm on il i ac arteri e s.

Rel a ti on s —I t is c rossed in fron t, b y the l eft ren al v e i n , pan
.

c re as, transv e rse d u od e n u m , a n d m e se n te ry , an d is e m b rac e d

b yg t he aort i c pl e x u s ; an d b e hi n d 1 8 in re l ati on w i th the t h orac ~

i c d u c t, re c e ptac u l u m c h il i , an d l eft l u mb ar v e i ns.

T he t ra c he a . 1 7 T h e r ig ht b r on chu s. 1 8 T h e l ef t b r on c hu s. 1 9 , 1 9 . T he
. .

a n d 1 9 , o n t he r i g h t sid e
p ulm on ar y v e ins. , a d
n a n d 1 9 , o n t he

l e ft, c on sti t u te t he root s of the c orr e sp ondin g l u ng s, and t h e r el ati v e p osi ti on

of t hese v e ssel s i s c a r e f ull y p r ese rv e d 20 B r on c hi al ar ter i es.
. 21, 21. I n
t er c ostal ar te r i e s t h e b r a nc h e s fr om th e f r on t o f t h e a or ta ab ov e and b e l ow
t he n um b er 3 ar e pe r icar diac an d (e sophag eal b r an c hes.
3 82 TH E m o n so n rm

so more anteri or ; and , i n c onseq ue nc e of proce edi ng from a

b ranc h instead of fro m the m ai n trun k, it is l arg e r t h an its fe l
lo w.
T he r ig ht c omm on c arot id arte ry (pl ate 60 , N o. asc e n d s

the n ec k pe rpe nd i c u l arl y , fro m t he rig ht stern o c l av i c u l ar a r ti -

c u l ati on to a l e ve l wi th the u ppe r b ord e r of t he t hy ro i d c art i

l ag e , w h e re i t d i v id e s i n to the e x te rn a l and i n ternal c arotid .

T he l ef t c om mon c arotid (pl. 60 , N o passes so me wh at .

ob liq u e l y ou tward s fro m t he arc h o f the aorta to t he sid e of the

n e c k , and t h e nc e u pward s to a l e v e l w i th t he u ppe r b ord e r of
t he t hy roid c artil ag e , w h e re i t di v i d es li ke the righ t c om mon c a»
r otid i nto the e x te rn al and i nte rn al c arotid .

Re l a tion s — T he righ t c o mmon c arotid rests fi rst u pon the , ,

l ong us c oll i m usc l e t h e n u pon t he rec tus anti c u s m aj or the

, ,
sy m at h e ti c n e r v e b e i n g i n te rpos e d T he i nfe ri or t hy ro id ar
p .

te ry an d re c urren t l ary n g e al n e rve pass b e hi n d it at i ts l owe r

part . T o i ts i n n er sid e is the t rac h e a re c urre n t l ary ng eal ,

ne r ve and l ary n x ; to i ts o u te r s id e an d e n c l ose d in t he sam e

, ,

s h e ath t he j ug u l ar v e i n an d
, pn e u m og astri c n e rv e ; and in
front the ste rn o th y roid ste rn o hyoid ste rn o m astoid om o hy
,
-

,
-

,
-

,
-

o id and
pl ati sma m usc l es an d t he d esc e n d e ns n oni n e rv e T he
, .

l e ft c omm on c arotid i n ad di ti on to t he re l ati ons j ust e n u me rat

,

e d w h i c h are c o mm on to b ot h
,
is c rosse d n ear its c o mme nc e ,

m ent b y the l e ft v e na i nnom i nata ; it l i e s u pon the trac h e a ;

t h e n g e ts to i ts sid e and is in re l ati on w i t h the (es oph ag us and
,
th orac i c d uc t .

E X T ERN A L CA ROT I D A RT ERY .

T he id arte ry asc e nd s pe rpe nd ic u l arl y from

e x ter n a l c arot

o pposi te th e u ppe r b ord e r o f t he t hy ro id c artil ag e t o t he s ace

p ,

b e twee n the n ec k of the l o wer j aw and the m e atu s au di tori us .

Rel a ti on s — Ih fro nt it is c rosse d b y the poste ri or b ell y of the

digastri c us styl o h yo id eus an d pl atysma myoides musc l e s ; b y
,
-

t he li ng u al ner ve n e ar its origi n h igh e r u p it is si tu ate d in the

su b stan c e of the parotid gl and a nd is c rosse d b y the fac ia l n e r v e , .

B e hi n d it is se parate d from t he i n ternal c arotid b y t he sty l o

,

h ary ng e u s an d styl o g lossu s m usc l es gl osso ph ary ng eal n erv e

p
- -

, ,

and part of th e paro tid gl an d .

B ra n ches — T he b ranc h es o f the e x tern al c arot id are te n in

nu mb er an d m ay b e arran g e d i n to t h re e g ro u ps v iz — A n ter i
, ,

or su pe ri or th y roid l i ng u al fasc i al
, , p os ter ior m astoid oc c i
, , ,

i tal te r i or au ri c u l a r ; u er i or asc e n di n g har n ial

p , p os s p p y g , ,

transve rse fasc i al te m poral inte rn al maxil l ary

, ,
.

T he S up eri or thy r oid a r tery c u rv es d ow n wards to the thy

roi d gl an d to w hi c h i t is di stri b u te d a n astom osi n g w i th i ts fe l ,

low of the opposi te sid e and wi t h the in fe ri or t h y roid arte rie s

,
.

T he L ing u al artery c rosses ob liq ue l y the g re at c orn u of the

 M A TERI A M ED I C A . 3 83

as h y oid es ; sec ondl y it passes fo rward s paral l el w i t h the os

,

h yoid es thi rdly it asc e nd s to the u nd e r surfac e of the tong u e ;

,

a nd fo u rt hl y ru ns forward i n a se r e nt i ne d i re c ti on to its ti
, p p
u nd e r t he n am e o f t he r a n i n e a r ter
’

y .

Rel a t i on s — T he fi rst part of its c o urse rests u pon the g reat

c orn u of t he os h y oi d e s and the origi n of t he m iddl e c onstri c tor
,
m usc l e of the ph ary n x the se c o nd is si tu ate d be twe e n t he m id
d le c on st ri c tor a nd hyo g lossus m u sc l es t he l atter se parati ng it
-

from the l i ng u al n e r ve ; i n the thi rd part of its c ou rse it l i es b e ,

t we e n the hyo lossu s and g e n i o h o lossus ; a nd i n t he fourth

g y g
- -

r an i ne rests u po n t he l in g u l is to the ti
p of the tong u e .

F a c i a l a r tery — T he fac i al arte ry asc e nd s ob l iq ue l y to the

s u b m axillar I t t h en c u rves
; gl and in w h i c h i t l i es e m b e dd e d
r
.
,

a rou n d t he b od y o f t he l o we r aw c l ose to t he an te ri or i n feri or

j ,
a ngl e o f the m asse te r m usc l e a sc e nd s to the angl e of the mou th
, ,
a nd t he nc e to t he angl e o f t he e y e w h e re it is n am e d the a n u
, g
l ar a r tery . T he fac i al arte ry is v ery tortu ous in its c ourse over

P L ATE

T he C arotid .d rt er i es, w i th the B r a nc hes of the Ex ter n a l C arotid — 1 . T he

c om m o n ca r otid . 2 T h e e xtern a l c ar otid
. 3 . T he i nt e r nal c ar otid . 4 . The
.

c a r ot id f o ra m e n i n t he p e t rous p or tio n of t he t e m ora l b on e . 5 . T he su p e ri or

p
t hy r oid arte r y . 6. T h e l in g u al a r te r y . 7. T he fa sc ia] a rte r . 8 T he m as
y ,

t old ar t e r y . 9 . T he oc c i p ita l . 1 0 . T h e p oste ri or au r ic ula r. 1 1 T h e tr ans

.

v e r se f a sc ial a r tery . 12 . T he i nte rnal m axi ll ar . 1 3 . T he tem oral . 1 4 . T he

y p
a sc e nd i ng p hary ng eal ar ter .
y
3 84 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

the b uc c i nator musc l e to ac c om mo ate

d i tse l f to the mov e men ts
of the j a ws .

Rela tion s B e l ow t he j aw it passes b eneath the d ig astri c us

.
-

and sty lo hy oid m u sc l es ; on t he b od y of the l owe r j aw i t is c b ,

v e re d b y the pl aty sm a m yo id es a nd at the ang le of the month

,

b y the d e pressor ang ul i ori s an d z yg omat i c m usc l es .

T he M a stoid artery t u rn s d o w n w ard s t o b e d i stri b u te d t o

,

the stern o m as toid m usc l e an d t he l y m ph at i c gl and s o f the

,

ne c k som e ti m es it is re l ac e d b t wo m l l b h
p y s a ran c es .

T he O c c ip it a l a r tery passes b ac kward s b e ne ath t he poste ri

or b e ll y o f the dig astri c u s, t he t rac he l o m astoid , and ste rno m as
toid m u sc l e s to the o c c i pi tal g roo v e in t he m astoid po rti on of
,

the te m poral b one . I t th e n asc e n d s b e twee n t he sple n i us an d

c om pl e x us m u sc l es, an d is di st ri b u te d u pon t he oc c i pu t, anas
tomosing w i t h the opposi te oc c i pi tal , t he poste ri or au ri c u l ar, and
te mporal arte ri es T he li ng u al ne r v e c u rv e s arou nd thi s arte
.

ry, n e ar i ts or igi n fro m the e x te r na l c arot id .

T he P os ter i or a u r i cu l a r a r tery a ri se s fro m th e e x te rn al c a
rotid, ab ov e the dig astri c an d s t y l o hy oi d m u sc l es, an d asc e n d s
b e ne ath the l o we r b ord e r o f the paro tid G l an d, and b e h i nd the
c ou c h a, to b e d i str i b u te d to t he e x te rn al e ar and sid e of the
head , anastom osi ng wi th the oc c i pi tal an d te mpora l arte ri es ;
so me of i ts b ran c h es pass th rou g h fi ssu res i n t he fi b re c a rtil age , -

to b e di stri b u ted to the an te ri o r su rfac e of the pi nn a. T he an

terior au ri c u l ar arter i e s are b ran c h es of the te m poral .

T he A sce n di ng p ha r y ng ea l a r tery ari ses from the e x te rnal

c arotid n e ar to its b i fu rc a ti o n , an d asc e nd s b e twee n the i nte rn al
c arotid an d the sid e of t he phar y n x to t he b ase o f t he sk u ll ,
w h ere i t di v id es i n to b ran c h es w h i c h e n te r the fo ram in a in th at
re g i on, to b e di stri b u te d to t he d u ra m ate r. I t su ppl i es the
h ar y nx , ton si l s, an d Eu stac hi an tu b e .
p
T he Tr a n s v ers a lis f a sc e i a ri se s from the e x ternal c arotid ,
wh il st that tru n k is l odge d wi thi n the parotid gl an d ; i t c rosse s
the m asse ter musc le , lyi n g parall e l w i t h and a l i t tl e ab ov e S te
non s d uc t ; an d is di stri b ute d to t he m u sc l es an d i nte g u me n t
’

on the sid e o f the fac e , i n osc u l ati ng wi t h the i n fra orb i tal and -

fasc i al arteri es .

T he Temp or a l a r tery is o ne of the t wo termi nal b ranc h es

of the e x te rna l c arotid I t asc e n d s o v e r the root of the zyg o
.

ma ; and at ab out an i nc h and a hal f abov e the zy g o m ati c arc h

di v ides i n to an anteri or and a poste ri or te mporal b ranc h T he .

a n ter i or te m poral is di stri b u te d ov er the front o f the te mpl e

and arc h of the sk u l l , and a n astom ose s wi th the o pposi te an te
r i or te mporal , an d w i t h t he s u pra orb i tal an d fron tal arte ri es.
T he p oster ior te mporal c u rv es u pward s an d b ac kw ard s, and
inosc ul ates wi th its fell ow o f t he opposi te sid e , wi th the posteri
or auri c ul ar and oc c i pi tal arte ri es.
8 86 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

T he c a ver n ou s port oni tuate d in the i n ner ‘wall of the

i is s

c ave rn ou s si n u s and is in re l ati on b

, y its o ute r s id e w i th the
l i n i n g m e m b rane of the si n us the six t h n erve a nd the asc e nd
.
, ,

i ng b ranc h e s o f the c aro tid pl e x u s T he thi rd fo u rth and

. , ,
O ph th al m i c ne rve s a re
pl ac e d in the o u te r w al l o f the c av e rnous
s i n us an d are se parate d from the a rtery b t h l i g me m
,
y e i n n
b rane o f t he si nus .

T he c er e b r a l po rti on of the arte ry is l odg e d i n the fi ssu re of

S yl v i us .

S UB C LA V I A N A RT ERY .

T he S b c l a v i a n a rte ry, on the righ t sid e , ar i ses fro m the ar

u

t eri a i n nom i nata, o pposi te the ste rno c l av i c u l ar arti c u l at i on

'

,
an d on t he l e ft f ro m the arc h o f t he ao rta .

T h e c o urse of the su bc l av i an arte ry is d i v i si b l e i nto t h ree

porti on s .

T he fi rs t po rti on , on the righ t sid e, asc e nd s ob l iq ue l y ou t

w ard s to t he i n ne r b ord er o f t he sc al e n u s an ti c u s. O n t he l e ft
s id e i t asc e n d s pe rpe ndi c u l a rl y to t he i nn e r b ord e r o f t h at m u s

c le . T he se c on d porti on c u rv es ou tward s b e h i nd the s c al en us

a n ti c us ; and the thi r d porti on passes d ow n ward s and o u t
w ard s, be ne at h the c l av i c l e , to t he l o we r b ord er o f the fi rst rib ,
wh e re it b e c o mes the axil l ary artery .
Rel a tion s — T he fi rst porti on, on the righ t s id e, is in rel a
P L A TE

The B r a n c hes of the r i g ht S u b c l a v i a n .d r ter y — l . T he ar t er ia inn om in a ta .

.

2 . T he r ig ht c ar otid . 3 . T he fi r st p or tion o f t he su b c lav i a n ar t er y . 4 . T he

s e c on d p or t ion . 5 . T h e th ird p or tion . 6 . T he v e r te b ra l ar te r y. 7 . T h e 1 n
.
'

f e rior t hyr o id . 8 . T he t hy ro id a x is. 9 T h e su p e rfi c ia li s c e rv i c i s. 1 0 . T h e

.

p ro f u n da c e rv i c i s. 1 1 T h e p ost e r i or sc a p u l ar or t r a n sv e r s ah s c o l l i . 1 2 T h e
:
.

s up r a scap u lar .
-
1 3 . T he i ntern al m amm a r y ar ter y . 1 4 . T he su p e r i or i n ter
c osta l .
 M A TERIA M ED I C A . 3 87

ti on in front i nternal j u g u l ar and su b c l av i an v e i n s and

wi th the ,

is c rosse d b y the pne u mog astri c n erv e c ard i ac n e rv e s and phre

, ,

n ic nerve B e hi n d and b e neat h it is i n v este d b y the ple ura

'

.
,

a nd is c rosse d b y t he righ t rec u rre nt l ary ng e al n e rv e and v e r

te b ral v e i n T he fi rst porti on o n the l e ft sid e is in re l ati on in
.
‘

fron t w i t h t he pl e u ra the ve n a i n nom i n ata the pne u m og astri c

, ,

a nd ph re ni c ne rves whi c h l ie para ll e l to i t) an d t he l e ft c arotid

( ,

arte ry T o i ts i nne r si d e is t he (e soph ag us ; and b e hi n d the

.
, ,

t h orac i c d u c t l ong us c ol li and v e rte b ra l c o l u mn

, ,
.

B r an ches — T h e b ran c h e s of the su b c l av i an are gi ve n o ff

f rom the arte ry b e fore it ar ri v es at the m argi n o f the fi rst rib .

T he profu nd a c e rv i c i s and su pe ri or i nte rc ostal freq u e n tl y e n

c roac h u pon t he se c on d porti o n and in v ar i e ti e s of o rigi n a
,

b ran c h or b ranc h e s m ay b e fou n d proc e e di ng from the t h i rd

orti on .
p
T he pri mary b ran c h es are fi v e in nu mb e r, the th ree fi rst b e
ing asc e nd i n g , and the t wo l atter d esc e n di n g . T h e y are— the
v erte b ral , t he t hy ro id axi s i n fe ri or th y ro id , su pra sc apu l ar , pos
( -

te rior sc apu l ar, su pe rfi c ial is c erv i c i s), the profun d a c e rv i c i s, su

i or i nte rc ostal , and i nte rn al m am m ar y .
p er

T he V e r teb r a l a r t e r y is t he l argest o f the b ran c h es of the

sub c l av i an artery ; i t asc e nd s t h ro ugh the forami n a in t he tran s

v erse proc esses of all t he c er v i c a l v e rte b rae, e x c epti n g the l ast ;

t h e n w i nd s b ac k w ard s arou n d t he ar ti c u l ati ng proc ess o f the
atl as ; and pi e rc i n g the d u ra m ate r, e nte rs the s ku l l th ro u gh t he

fora me n m ag nu m . T he two arte ri es u n i te at the l o wer b ord e r

o f the po ns V aro l ii , to for m t he b asil ar arte ry .

T he B a s i l ar a r tery , so n am e d fro m its posi ti on at the b ase

of t he sk u l l , ru ns forward s to the u ppe r b ord e r of the pons V a
r olii, w h e re it d i v id es i nto fou r u l ti mate b ranc h es, t wo to e i t h er
s id e .

B — T he b ranc h es o f the v e rteb ral and b asil ar arte

r a n ch es

r i e s are the foll owi ng :

V er teb r a l — l ateral spi n al , an te ri or spi nal , poste r i or spi n al ,
te ri or me n i ng eal , i n fe ri or c e re b e l l ar ; b i l a r — tran sv e rse ,
p os a s
su pe r i or c e reb e lle r, posteri or c e re b ral .

T he l a ter a l sp i n a l b ran c h es e n ter the i n te r verteb ral forami

n a, an d are d i stri b u te d to the d ura m ate r o f t he S pi n al c ord .

T he a n ter i or sp i n a l is a sm all b ranc h w h i c h u n i tes w i th its

fe l l ow of the o pposi te sid e , on t he fron t of the m e d u ll a ob l on g ata.
T he arte ry form e d b y the u n i on of th ese two v e sse l s d esc e nd s
al o n g t he an te ri or as pe c t o f th e spi n al c ord , t o w h i c h it d istri
.

b ute s b ran c h es as far as the c au d a e q u i n a.

T he p os ter i or sp in a l w i nd s aro u n d t he med u ll a ob l ong ata,
to the poste ri or aspec t of the c ord , and d e sc e nd s on e i the r si de
n earl y as fa r as the c au d a e q u i na, c omm u n i c ati n g v e ry free l y
'

wi th the spi nal b ranc h es of the i n terc ostal and l umb ar arteri es.
388 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

T he p oster i or m en i ng ea l , o fte n a b ranc h of the i n feri or c c

reb e ll ar, is a sm al l b ranc h to the d u ra mater, l i n i n g t he i n fe ri or
o c c i pi tal fossae.

T he i nf er ior c er eb ell a r arte ri e s w i n d arou n d the u pper part

o f the m e d u ll a o b l ong ata to t he u nd er surfac e of the c e re b el

l u m, to w h i c h t he y are di stri b u te d .
T he tr a n sver s e b ran c he s o f t he b asil ar arter y suppl y the pons
V arol ii a nd adj ac e nt parts o f the b rai n«
T h e s u p er i or c er eb el l a r arte r i es, two of the te r mi n al b ranc h
e s of t he b asil ar, a re di stri b u te d t o t he u ppe r su rfac e o f t he c c
'
-

r e b e l lu m , i n osc ul ati n g wi th the i nfe ri or c e reb e l l ar. T hi s ar

t ery gi ves off a s mal l b ranc h , w h i c h ac c o mpan i es the seve nth
ai r of ner ves i nto the me atus a udi tor i us i n te rnus .
p
T he po ster i or c er eb r a l arte ri e s, the oth er te rmi nal b ran c h es
o f the b asil ar, ass off on e ac h sid e to the poste ri or l ob es of the
p
c ere b ru m, a nd c o mmu n i c ate o n the c or pu s c ol losu m w i th the
a nteri or c e re b ral arteri es . Th e y are se parate d fro m the su pe
r i or c ere b e l l ar arte ry , n e ar th e i r or igi n , b y the t hi rd pai r of
n er ves , and are in c l ose re l ati on w i t h the fou r th pai r, i n th e i r
‘

c ourse aro u n d t he c rura c e re b ri . A nte ri or l y , n e ar th e i r o rigi n,

'

t he y gi v e off a tufi t of sm a ll v esse ls, w h i c h e n te r the l oc u s pe r

foratus, and th e y rec e i v e the posteri or c ommu ni c ati ng arter i es
from t he i nte rnal c arotid .
The C i r c l e of Willis — T he c ommu n i c ati ons e stab l i sh e d b e
t wee n the a nteri o r c ere b ra l arte ri es i n fron t, and the i n te rn al
c arotid s and poste ri or c e re b ral ar ter i e s b e hi nd , b y t he c om mu
mic atin g arte ri es, c onsti tu te the C i r cl e of Wil lis. Th i s re
m ark ab l e c ommu ni c ati on at the b ase of the b rai n is forme d b y
th e an te r i or c o mm u n i c ati n g b ran c h , an te ri or c ere b ral s, and ih
-

ternal c arot id arte ri es in fron t, and b y the posteri or c om m u n i

c ati n g , poste r i or c e re b ral s, and b asil ar arte r y b e hi n d .
T he T hy roi d a x i s is a sh o rt tru nk , w h i c h di v id es al most
immedi ate l y after i ts o rigi n i n to four b ran c h es, some of w h i c h
a re oc c asi on al ly b ranc he s o f the sub c l av i an arte ry 1 tse l f.

T he I n f e r io r thy r oi d a r te r
y as c e nd s o b liq u e l y b e h i n d the
s h e ath of t he c arotid v esse l s, to the i n fe ri or part of the t h y roi d
gl and , to w hi c h it is d i stri b uted , and se nd s b ranc h e s to the tra
c h e a, l o we r part o f the l ary n x , an d (e soph ag us. I t is in rel a
t i on w i t h the m iddl e c e rv i c al g angl i on of the sy mpath e ti c , w h i c h
rests u po n it.
T he S up r a scap u l a r a r ter y passes ob l iquel y b ac k ward s b e
-

hi n d the c l av i c l e , and o ve r the ligament o f t h e notc h , to the su

ra spi natus fossa. I t c rosses in its c ou rse the sc al e nu s an ti c us
p
-

m u sc l e , ph re ni c n erv e an d su b c l av i an artery , is di stri b u ted to

t he mu sc l es on the d o rsu m o f t he sc apu l a, and i n osc u l ate s w i th
t he poste ri or sc apu l ar, an d b e ne ath the ac romi on roc ess wi th
p
t he d orsal b ranc h of the sub sc apu l ar arte ry .
3 90
,

T H E TH O M S O N I A N .

of i nosc u l ates wi th the profund a

posi ta the an gl e the sc apu l a
c e rv i c i s .I t s u ppl i es the m usc l es o f the posteri or b ord e r of the
sc apu l a and estab l i sh es an i mportan t an astomoti c c om mu nic a
,

t i on b e t wee n t he b ranc he s of t he e x te rnal c arotid , su b c l av i an ,

and a xill ar y arte ri e s .

T he S np e rfi c i a l is c erv ic is a rtery (c erv i c al i s ante ri or) is a

s mal l v e sse l w hi c h asc e n d s u pon t he an te ri or tu b e rc l es o f t he
,

tra ns ve rse proc e sses o f t he c er v i c al v e rte b ra and di stri b u tes ,

b ranc h e s to t he d ee p m usc l e s and gl and s of the n e c k .

T he P r of u n d a c er v i c is (c erv i c ali s poste ri or) passes b ac k

w ard s b e twee n the tran sve rse proc e sse s oi t he se v e n t h c e rv i c al
a n d fi rst d orsal v e rte b ra an d t he n asc e nd s t he b a c k part o f the
,

n e c k b e t we e n the c om pl e x u s a nd se m i spi n al i s c o ll i m usc l es

,
-
.

I t i n osc u l ates ab ove wi t h the pri n c e ps c e rv i c i s of the oc c i pi tal

a rte ry an d b e l ow w i t h t he poste ri o r sc apu l ar
, .

T he S up er ior i n terc os ta l a r tery d esc e nd s b e hi n d the pl e u ra

u po n the n ec k of the fi rst t wo ri b s an d i nosc u l ates w i t h the fi rst
,

ao rti c i n te rc o stal s It gi v es off two b ran c h e s w h i c h su pply the

.

t wo fi rst i n te rc osta l spac e s .

T he I n t e r n a l m a m m a r y a r tery d esc e n d s b y the sid e of the

ste rn u m resti n g u po n the c ostal c a rtil ag e s to t he di aph rag m :
, ,

i t t he n pi e rc es th e an te ri o r fi b res of t he di aph r ag m an d e n te rs ,

t he s he at h o f t he re c tu s w h e re i t i n osc u l ate s wi t h t he pig astri c

,
e

a r te ry a b ranc h of the e x te r nal i l i ac

, I n the U ppe r part o f its
.

c ou rse it is c rosse d b y th e p h re ni c ne rv e and l owe r d o w n li es ,

b e twee n the tri an g ul ari s ste rn i and i ntern al i nterc ostal m usc l es .

A X I L L A RY A RT ERY .

T he a x il l a ry a r te r y fo rms a g e n tl e c u rv e th rou gh the m id

d le o f the axill ary spac e fro m the l o we r b ord e r of the fi rst r ib to
t he l o w e r b o rd e r of t he l at i ssi m us d orsi , w h ere i t b e c omes t he
b rac h i al
“

Rel a t ion s — A fte r e me rgi ng from b en eath the margi n of th e

c osto c orac o id m e m b ran e , it is in re l ati o n w i t h the a xill a ry v e i n ,
-

w h i c h l i es at fi rst to the i nne r sid e , and th e n in front of t h e ar

t e ry. N ear the m i d dl e o f the a xi ll a it is e m b rac e d b y t he two
h e ad s o f the med i an n e rve , a nd is c ove re d in b y the pe c toral
m u sc l es U po n the i nn e r or t h orac i c sid e i t is in re l ati on , fi rst
.

w i t h the fi rst i n te rc ostal m usc l e ; i t ne x t re sts upon the fi rst se t

rati o n of t he se rrat us m ag n u s a nd is t h e n se arate d fro m t he
p
c h est b y t he b rac h i a l pl e x u s o f ne r v es. B y i ts ou te r or h u me
ral sid e it is at fi rst se parate d f rom th e b rac hi al pl e x u s b y a tri
an g u l ar c e l l u l a r i nte rv al ; it n e x t re sts ag ai nst the te nd on of
t he su b sc apu l ari s m u sc l e ; an d thi rdl y, u pon th e c orac o b rac h i -

al i s m u sc l e .

B r a n ches . T he b ranc h es of the ax illiary artery are — the

-

t h orac ic o ac ro mi ali s, superi or th orac i c , i n fer i or t h orac i c , th ora

-
 M A TERI A . M ED I C A . 3 9]

c io a
-
xill ari s, sub sc apu ar, c rc u m
l i fl e x i
an te r or, c rc u m
i fle x pos
terio r.
T he thorac ic o -
ac ro m a i t h orac i c are fou nd in
i l i s and s u pe r o r

t he t ri ang u l ar spac e ab ov e the pe c to ral i s m i nor .

T he i n fe ri o r t horac i c and t horac io ax ill ari s b e l ow the pec to

-

t al i s m i n or .

A n d the th ree re mai n i ng b ran c h es p L A TE

b e l o w the l o we r b ord e r of the sub

l i
sc apu ar s.

T he t horac io ac rom i al i s is a sh ort

-

t ru n k, w h i c h asc e nd s to the spac e

ab o v e t he pec torali s m i n or m u sc l e ,

an d di v id es i n to t h re e b ranc he s

thor a c ic , wh i c h is di stri b u te d to the

e c to ra l m u sc l e and m amm ar y gl and ;
p
a c rom i a l , w h i c h passes o u t ward s to
t he ac ro m i on , an d i n o sc u l ates wi t h
t he b ran c h e s o f t he su pra s c a pu l a r a r
te ry ; an d d e sc e n d i ng , w hi c h foll o ws
the i n te rspac e b e twe e n t he d e l toi d
and pe c to ra li s m aj o r m u sc l e s, and is

i n re l ati on wi t h the c e ph al i c v e i n .

T he sup e r i or thor a c i c (sh ort)ru ns

al o ng the u ppe r b o rd e r o f the pe c
o tral is m i n o r, and is di st ri b u te d to

t he pe c toral m u sc l es an d m am m ar y
gl and , i n osc u l ati n g w i t h the i n te r
c osta l m ammar y arte ri es.
and

T he i nf er or thor a c i c (l ong ) ru ns
al ong the l o we r b o rd e r o f the pe c to

re li s m i nor . an d is di stri b u te d to the

e c tora l an d se rratus m u sc l e s, an d
p

T he .tl x il l a r y a nd B r ac hi a l fl r ter ies, wi th thei r B r an c hes —4 . T h e d el toid

m u sc l e . 2 T he b ic e ps . 3 T he t e n di nou s p r oc e ss g iv e n off fr om t he te n don
. .

of t he b ic e p s, t o t h e d e e p f a sc ia of t he f or e ar m . -
I t is t his pr oc e ss whi c h se
p a r a t e s t h e m e dia n b a si li c v e in f r om t he b r a c hial ar te r y . 4 T he ou t er b or .

d e r o f th e b ra c hial i s a nt ic us m u sc l e . 5 . T h e su p ina t or l ong u s . 6 T he c or a co .

b ra c hial is. 7 . T he m iddl e p or tion of th e t ric e p s m u sc l e 8 . I ts inn er h e a d

. .

9 T he a xillar y ar t e ry . 1 0 . T he b ra c hial ar t er y ; 8. d a rk li ne mark s t h e l im i t

.
'

b e tw e e n t h ese tw o v esse l s. 1 1 . Th e t hora c io ac r om i al i s ar te r y di v i ding i nto

-

i ts t h r e e b ran c h e s ; t he nu m b e r r e s ts u p o n t he c or a c oid pr oc ess . 1 2 . T he su

p e r ior a nd i n fe ri or t hor ac ic art e r ies. 1 3 T h e serr a tu s m ag nu s m u sc l e . 1 4 .
.

T he su b sca p ul a r ar te r y . fl
T he p oste r i or c i rc u m e x a nd t hora c i o axill aris -

b r a nc he s ar e se e n i n t he fi g u r e b e tw ee n t he infer i or t h or a c ic a n d su b sc ap u lar .
fl
T h e a nte r i or c ir c u m e x i s o b se rv e d c r o ssing the ne c k of t h e hu m er u s b e tw e e n
t he t wo h e a d s of the b ic e p s. 1 5 T h e su p e r ior p r of und a a r te ry
. 1 6 T he ia. .

f e ri or p r o f u nda . 1 7 . T he ana stom ot ic a m ag na, in osc u l a tin g i nf e r i orl y w i th

t h e a nte ri or u l nar r e c u rre nt . 1 8 . T h e t er m i n ati on of t h e su p e ri or p r of u nd a ,
i no sc u l a t i ng Wi th t he r adial r e c ur re nt in the interspac e b e tw e en the b r ac hia
lis antic us and su pinat or l ong us.
 3 92 TH E T H O M S O N IA N

mam mary gl and i noscul ati ng wi th the super or i t h orac i c , i nter

c ostal and m ammar y arte ri e s
,
.

T he thor a c io ax illa r is is a sm all b ranc h di stri b uted to the

l x s of nerves and gl and s i n t he a x ill a. I t 1 5 fre q ue ntl y d e
p e u

r i ve d fro m o ne of t he ot h er th orac i c b ran c h es.

T h e s u b sc ap u l ar a r tery , t he l arge st of the b ran c h es of the
a xill ar y , r u ns al o ng the l o we r b ord e r of the s ub sc apu lari s m us

c le , to t he i nfe ri or an gl e of the sc apul a, w h e re it i nosc u l ates

w i th the poste ri or sc apu l a r, a b ranc h o f the su b c l av i an . I t su p

li e s, i n i ts c ou rse, the m usc l e s o n t he u nd er su rfac e , and i nfe
p
r i or b ord e r o f the sc apu l a, and sid e of the c h est. A t ab o ut an
i nc h and a h alf from the axill ary , it gi v e s off a l arg e b ranc h , the
d or sa l is sc ap u l ee , w hi c h passes b ac k ward s t h ro ug h the triang u
l ar spac e b ou n d e d b y the teres m i nor, teres m aj or, and sc apu l ar
he ad of the t ri c e ps, and b e neat h the i nfra spi 11 atus to t he d or
-

su m of the sc apu l a, w h e re i t is di stri b u te d , i nosc u l ati n g w i t h

t he su pra sc apu l a r and poster i or sc apu l ar arte ri e s . T he d orsal i s

sc apu l a : is o fte n l arg e r t h an t he tru n k from w hi c h i t ari ses.

T he c ir c u mfl ex a r ter i es w i nd aroun d the nec k o f the h u me

r u s. T h e a n ter i or , v ery small , passes b e ne at h the c orac o b ra -

c hial is and s hort h e ad o f t he b i c e ps, an d se nd s a b ranc h u p

ward s al on g the b i c i pi tal g roov e to su ppl the s h oul d e r j oi nt.
y
-

T he p os ter i or c irc u mfl ex , of l arg e r si z e , passe s b ac kward s

t h ro ug h t he q u ad rang ul ar space b ou nd e d b y the teres m i nor
and m aj or, the sc apu l ar h e ad o f t he t ri c eps a nd the h u me ru s,

a nd 1 s d i stri b u te d to t he d e l to id m usc l e and j o i n t. S ome ti me s

'

t hi s ar te ry is a b ran c h o f the su pe ri o r profu n d a of the b rac hi al .

It t h e n asc e nd s b e hi n d the te nd o n o f t he te res m aj or, and 1 s d is
t ri b u te d to the d e l toid wi th ou t passi ng th rough the q u ad rang u
lar spac e .

B RA C H I AL A RT ERY .

T he b r a chia l a rtery passes d own the i nner sid e of the arm,

fro m t he l o we r l1 0 1 de r of the l ati ssi m u s d orsi , to the b end of the
e l b o w ,w h e re it di v id e s i n to the 1 adi al and u l n ar arteri es

Rel a ti on s. —I h its c ou rse d o wn ward s, it rests u pon the c ora

c o b rac hi al i s m u sc l e , i nte rnal h e ad o i t he tri c e s, an d b rac hi al i s
p
an ti c u s. T o i ts i nner sid e I S the u l nar ne rv e ; to the oute r sid e
the c orac o b rac hi ali s and b i c e ps m u sc l e s ; and in front, it has
-

‘
the b asil i c v e i n , and is c rosse d b y t he m e di a n nerve . I ts re l a
t i ons w i thi n its sh e at h ar e the v e nae c om i te s.
T he b r a n ches of the b rac hi al arte ry are — the su pe ri or pro
_

fu nd a, i nfe ri o r p rofun d a, and anasto moti c a mag na.

T he s up er ior p r of u n d a ar i ses o pposi te the l owe r b ord e r of
the l ati ssi m us d orsi , an d wi nd s arou nd the h ume rus, b e t ween
the tri c eps and the b one , to the s pac e b etwee n the b rac hi al i s
an ti c u s and supi nator l ongus, wh e re it i nosc u l ates wi th the ra ~
3 94
5
1 . T H E T H O M S O N IA N

the w r st i and the h an d t h e y are — f or e a rm re c u rre nt radi al , ,

mu scu l ar ; wr is t su pe rfi c ialis v olze c arpal i s an te ri or c a rpal i s

, , ,

p o ste r i or m e tac arpal is d o rsal es po l l i c i s

, ,
h a nd pri nc e s
p poll i ,

c is, radi a l i s i ndi c i s, i n te rosse ae pe rforan te s ,

.

U L N A R A RT ERY .

P L A TE

T he u l n a r a r tery , the oth er d i v i s

i on of the b rac h i al arte ry, c rosses the
arm ob l iq ue l y to t he c o m m e n c e m e nt

of i ts m id d l e t hi rd i t th e n ru ns d own
t he u l n ar sid e of t he fore ar m to the -

w ri st, c rosses the an n u l ar l ig am e n t,

an d form s the s u pe rfi c i al pal m ar a rc h ,

w h i c h term i n ate s b y i n osc u l ati n g

w i th the su pe rfi c ial is v ol ae .
Rela tion s — I h t he u ppe r or ob
l iq u e porti on o f its c o u rse , i t l i e s b e
t wee n th e su pe rfi c i a l and d e e p l ay e rs
of m u sc l e s of t he fore arm I n th e
-

se c on d par t of i ts c ou rse , it is pl ac e d

b e twe e n the flex or c arpi u l nari s and

flex or su b l i mi s digi to ru m Wh il e .

c rossi ng the an n u l ar l ig am e n t, i t is
ro tec te d fro m i nj u r y b y a stron g
p
te ndi n ou s arc h , t h ro w n o ve r it fr o m
the pi si fo rm b o n e ; an d i n t he pal m
i t rests u pon the te n d on s of t he fle xo r
su b li mi s, b e i ng c o v e re d i n b y t he

al m ar i s b re v i s m u sc l e an d pal m ar
p
fasc i a. It is ac c om pani e d i n its,c o u rse
b y the v e n ae c o m i te s, and is i n re l a
t i on w i t h the u l n ar n e rve for the l o w
e r two t hi rd s o f i ts e x te nt.

T he fi r ter i es of the F or e~fl r m .The l ow er p a r t o f th e b ic e p s m u sc l e .

2 . T he i nn er c ond y l e of t h e h um e r u s, w it h the h um e ral or ig i n of t h e pr on a tor
ra d ii te r e s a nd fl e xor ca r pi r a d i al is d iv id e d ac r os s. 3 T he d e e p p or tion of
.

th e pr on a tor r a d ii t e r es. 4 T he su p in a tor l on g u s m uscl e . 5 T h e fl e xor l on

q
. .

l li c is. 6 . T he
p r on a t o r ua dr at u s. 7 . T h e fl e x or of d s d i i t
g u s p o p r un u g o~

r um . 8 . T he fle xor c ar p i u l n ar i s. 9 T he a n n ul ar l ig am e nt , w i th the t e n
.

d ons pa ssin g b e ne a th i t i nt o t he p a lm of t he h and ; t he fi g ure i s pl a c e d on the

t e nd on of the p al m ar i s l ong u s m u sc l e , div id e d c l ose t o i ts i nse r ti on . 10 . T h e
b ra c h ia l ar ter y . T he an astom otic a m a g n a i n osc u l ati ng su p e ri or l y w ith
t he i nfer ior p r of un da , and in fe r ior l y w i th t he a n t er ior u l n ar r e c urr e nt . 1 2 .
T he r a dia l ar ter y . 1 3 . T h e r a d ial r e c ur re n t a r te ry , i n osc u l ati ng w i th th e
t e rm i na tio n of th e su p er ior p rof u n d a 1 4 . T h e su p e r fi c ial is v olwf 1 5 . T he
.

u l nar art er y . 1 6 I ts su pe r fi c i al p al m ar a r c h , g ivi n g ofl dig i tal b ran c he s t o

.

t hree fi ng er s a n d a h al f . 1 7 . B r a nc he s of th e r adial ar ter y , suppl y ing one fi n

 M A TERI A M ED I C A . 395

T he b r a n ches of the u l n ar arte ry m ay b e arrang ed lik e th ose

o f t he radi al , i n to t h re e g rou s : th ose o f t he f or e ar m , an te ri o r
p
-

an d oste ri or u l n ar re c u rre n t, i n te rosse o us an te ri or and poste

p (
r io r , m usc u l a r ; wr is t, c ar ali s a nte ri or an d poste r i or); h a n d ,
) p (
digi tal es .

T he m u sc u l a r b ranc h es su ppl y the m u sc l es si tu ate d al ong

the u l n ar b o rd e r o f t he fo re ar m. -

T he s up erfi c i a l p a l m a r a r ch rec e i v es the term i n ati o n of the

d ee p pal m a r a rc h from b e twe e n the ab d u c tor m i ni m i digi t i and
fle xo r b re v i s m i n i m i d igi ti n e ar th e i r origi ns, an d te rm i n ates b y
i nosc u l ati ng w i t h the s u perfi c ial is v ol ae u pon t he b al l of the
t h u mb . T he c o mm u n i c ati on b e twe e n the su pe rfi c i al and d ee p
arc h is g e ne ral l y d e sc r i b e d as t he c o m m u n i c at i n g b ran c h o f

t he u l nar arte ry .
T h e m od e of di stri b u ti on of the arteri es to the han d is sub
j e c t to g reat v ari e ty .

B r a n c hes o the T hor a c ic A — B ron c hi al h ageal ,

f or ta . , (e sop
and i n te rc ostal .

T he b r on c hi a l a r ter ies are four in nu m b er, and v ary b oth

in siz e an d origi n T he y are di stri b u te d to the b ron c hi al gl and s
.

a nd t u b es, and se n d b ran c h e s to the (e soph ag us, pe ri c ardi u m ,

an d l e ft a uri c l e o f the h e art. T h ese are t he n utri ti ou s v esse l s

o f the l u n g s.

T h e oes op hag e a l a r ter i es are n u m erou s small b ran c h e s,

w h i c h are d istrb u te d to the mosphag u s, an d e stab l i sh a c h ai n
o f anasto mosi s al o n g t h at tu b e : t he su pe ri or i n osc u l ate w i th

ce sophag eal b ran c h es of the i n f ri or t h yroi d arte ri es, an d the

e

i nfe ri or w i t h si m il ar b ran c h es of the ph re n i c and g astri c arteri es.

T he i n te r c os ta l , or poste ri or i nte rc ostal arte ri e s, are te n i n
n u mb e r on e ac h sid e , t he t wo su peri or spac e s b e i n g s u ppl i e d b y
t he su pe r i or i n te rc ostal a rte ry , a b ra n c h o f the su b c l av i an .
T he ri g ht i nte rc os tal s are l on g er th an the l e ft, 0 11 ac c ou n t o f t he
os u ion o f the aorta. T h e y asc e nd so me w h at o b liq u e l y fro m
p
t h e i r o rigi n , a nd c ross the v e rte b ra l c ol u mn b e hi nd the t h ora c i c
d uc t, v e na azygos m aj or, and sym pathe ti c n erv e , to t he i nte r
c osta l spac e s, t he l e ft passi n g b e n e at h t he v e n a azyg os mi n or
and sy m path e ti c . In the i n te rc ostal spac e s, o r rath e r, u pon the
e x te rn al i nte rc ostal m u sc l e s, eac h artery gi ves off a d orsal
b ran c h for the su pply of the spi n al c ord an d m u sc l e s of the b ac k .
I t th e n c o mes i n to re l ati on wi th i ts v e i n an d n e rv e , the forme r
b e i n g ab o v e , and t he l at ter b el ow an d di v id es i nto t w o b ranc h
e s w hi c h r u n al ong the b ord e rs o f the c on tig u ou s r i b s b e twe e n

g e r an d a 1 8 . T he p oste r i or u l nar r e cur r en t.

h al f . 1 9. T he a n te r i or i nter
osse ou s ar t ery . 20 . T he p ost er i or i nte r osse u s, a s i t is pa ssing throug h t he
i nt er osseou s m em b rane .
3 96 TH E T H O M S O N I A N

the t wo pl an es ofi nterc ostal m usc l es and anastomose wi th the

,

ante ri or i nte rc ostal arte ri e s b ranc h e s o f t he in te rn al m am m ar

‘
, y .

lt h e b ran c h c orrespondi ng wi th the l o we r b ord e r of e ac h rib

r

is the l arg e r of the t wo T h e y are prote c ted from pressure d u

.

r i n g the ac ti on o f the i nte rc ostal m u sc l e s b y l i ttl e te ndi nou s

,

a rc h e s t h ro wn ac ross and attac h e d b h x m i

y ea c e tre ty to the
b one .

B RA N C H ES OF TH E A B DOM I N A L A O RT A .

h ren i c
P ,
c ce l iac a xi s (gastri c h e pati c
,
an d s
pl e ni c
) ,
i
su per or

m esenteri c ,
s e rm auc ,
p 1 nferior mese nteri c , l
su ra re n a , re nal ,
p
-

l umb ar, and sac ra -

m edi a.

P L ATE

T he fl b domi n a l fl or ta with i ts B r an ches.— 1 . T h e p hr e nic ar t er ie s. 2 . T h e

c mlia c a xis . 3 . T h e g a stri c ar te ry . 4 T h e h e p atic ar ter y , dividing i nto t h e
.

r ig ht and l e f t h e pat ic b ran c h e s. 5 . T h e sp l e n ic ar te r y , p a ssin g o u tw ar d s t o

t h e sp l e e n
. 6 . T h e su pr a r e nal ar te r y of t h e r ig h t si d e . 7 . T h e r i g ht r ena l
-

ar ter y, which is l ong er t han t he l e ft, p assing outward s to t he right kidne y . 8 .

3 98 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

ab d omi nal aorta. It i te the u ppe r b ord er o f the fi rst

i
ar ses oppos

l u mb ar verte b ra is ab ou t h al f an i nc h i n l e ng th and di v id e s
, ,

i n to t hree l arge b ranc hes— g astri c h e pati c and spl e n i c , , .

Rel a ti on s — T he tru n k of the c oel i ac axi s is i n re l ati on on

e ac h s id e w i t h the se m il u n ar g an gli on and is s urro u nd e d b
y ,

t he sol ar pl e x u s I t is c o v e re d i n an d c on c e al e d i n the ex am
.

i natio n of the ab d o me n b y t he le sse r o m e n tu m .

T he g a s tr i c a r t er y t he sm al l e st of the t h r e e b ran c h e s of the

,

c ce l iac a xi s asc e n d s b e twe e n the t w o l ay ers of l e sser o m e n t u m

,

to t he c ardi ac o rifi c e o f t he sto m ac h th e n r u ns a l on g t he l e sse r ,

c u rv ature to t he y l o ru s and i n o sc u l ates w i th th e py l o ri c b ranc h

p
o f the h e ati c I t i di s tr i b u te d to the l o w e r e x tre m i t y o f the
p . s

oesoph ag us a nd l e sse r c ur v e o f t he s to n ac h a n asto moses w i t h ,

t he oesoph age al arte ri e s and v asa b re v i a o f t he spl e n i c a rte r y .

T he hep a ti c arte ry c u rv es forwa rd s a nd asc e n d s al o n g the ,

r igh t b ord e r o f the l e sse r o m e n tu m to t he l i v e r w h e re i t di v id e s ,

i nto t wo b ran c h es (righ t an d l e ft) w hi c h e n te r the trans v e rse ,

fis su re an d are di stri b u te d a l o n g t he po rtal c an al s to th e righ t

,

and l e ft l o b es I t is i n re l ati on i n t he righ t b o rd er of t he le sse r

.

om e nt u m wi th the d u c tus c o mm u n i s c hol ed oc h u s and portal

,

v e i n and is su rrou n d e d b y the h e pati c l e x u s of n e rv e s and

, p
n u me rou s l y mph ati c s .

T he b r a n c hes are — the pyl ori c g astro d uod en al i s (g astro ep ,

- -

iploic a d e x tra pan c re ati c o d uod e nali s) and c ysti c

,
-

, .

T he sp l en ic artery the l arg est o f the th re e b ran c h es of the

,

c aeliac axi s passes h o r iz ontal l y to t he l e ft al on g the u pper b or

,

d e r of the pan c re as an d d i v id es i n to fi ve o r six l arge b ran c h es

,

w hi c h are di stri b u te d to th e spl e en I n its c o urse it is tortu ous .

an d se rpe n ti n e an d fre q ue n t l y m a kes se v e ral c o m l e te tu rn s

, p
u pon i tse l f I t is ac c o m pan i e d b y the spl e n i c v e i n an d b y the
.
,

S pl e n i c pl e x u s of n e r v e s .

T he b r a n ches of the spl e n i c ar te ry are— pan c reati c ae parv a ,

a n c re ati c a m ag n a v asa b re v i a a nd g astro e pi pl oi c a s an istra
p
-

, .
,

T he s up er i or m esen ter i c arte ry the se c on d of the si ngl e ,

tru n k s and the l arg e st o f the b ran c hes of the ab d o m i n al aorta

, ,

ari ses i m m edi ate l y b e l o w the c ce l iac axi s and b e h i n d the an

p ,

c re as . I t t h e n passe s forw ard s b e tw ee n the pan c re as an d tran s

v e rse d u od e n u m an d d esc e nd s w i t hi n the l ay e rs o f t he m e se n te
,

r y to the ri g h t i li ac fossa w h e re i t te rm i nates v e ry m u c h di m i

, ,

n ishe d in siz e .I t form s a c u r v e i n its c ou rse t he c on v e xi ty ,

b ei ng di re c te d toward s t he l eft an d the c on c av i ty to the righ t ; ,

i t is in re l ati on n e ar its c o m me nce men t w i t h t he portal v e i n ;

and is ac c om pan i e d b t w o v e i ns and the su peri or m ese n ter i c
y ,

pl e x us of nerv es .

T he b r a n ches of the su peri or mesen te r i c artery are — the v a

sa i ntesti n i te n u i s il i o c ol i c a c oli c a d e x tra an d c ol i c a m edi a
,
-

, ,
.

T he sp erm a tic arteri es are two small v esse l s wh i c h ari se

 M A TERI A M ED I C A . 3 99

from the fron t o f the b e l ow the su pe ri or mese n te ri c ; from

aorta

t h i s o rigi n e ac h a rte ry passes o b l iq ue l y o u t wa rd s, and aec o m

an i c s t he c o rres o ndi ng u rete r a l o ng t he f ron t o f the
p p psoas
m usc l e to t he b o rd e r o f t he pe l v i s, w h e re it is in re l ati on w i th
t he e x te rn al i li ac It is t h e n d i re c te d o ut ward s to t he i nte rn al
.

a b d o m i n a l r i n g , a n d fo ll o ws t he c ou rse o f the spe r m ati c c ord

a l on g the s e r mat i c c an al a nd t h ro ugh t he sc ro tu m to t he te sti

p
c le , t o w h i c h it is d ist ri b u te d
.
T he rig ht spe rm ati c arte ry l i es
.

i n fro n t o f t he v e n a c av a, a n d b ot h v e sse l s are ac c o m pan i e d b y

t h e i r c orrespo n d m g v e i n s, a n d s pe r mati c pl e x uses o f n e rv e s.
T he spe r m ati c a rte ri es i n t he fe m al e d e sc e nd i n to t he pe l v i s,
and ass b e t we e n t he two l aye rs o f t he b road lig am e n ts of t he
p
P L ATE

T he C o urse a nd Di str i b u ti on of the S up er i or M esen ter i c fl r t er r —l . T he

y
d e sc e n d in g p o r t io n o f th e d uo d e n um . 2 . T h e tra nsv e r se or ti on 3 . T h e p an
p .

c r e as. 4 T he Je j u n um . 5 . T h e il e um
.
6 T h e c mc u m . 7 . T he asc e ndin
g
. .

c o l on. 8 T h e t ra n s v e r se c ol on
.
9 T he c om m e nc e m e n t o f the d e sc e n din
g
. .

c ol on 1 0 T h e s u p e r i or m e se nter i c ar te r 1 1 . T h e c o l ic a m e di a . 1 2 T h e
y
. .
.
.

b r a nc h w h ic h i no s c u la te s w it h t h e c o l ic a si nistra . 1 3 . T h e b ra n c h of the m e
se n te r i c ar t e r y W ll l C ll i n o sc u l at e s w ith t h e
p a ncr e a t ic o~ du od e nali s.'
1 4 . T he
c oli c a d ex tr a . T he i li o c o l ic a .
-
1 6, 1 6 T h e b ra nc he s fr om the c onv exit
.
y
o f t he su p er i or m e s e n ter i c t o t he sm all i rn te stin e s.
z
i OO TH E T H OM S O N IA N

u terus, to b e di stri b u te d to t he o v ari es, F al lope an tu b es, and

r ou n d l ig ame n ts, al o ng w h i c h th e y are c on ti n ued to t he i n u i
g
n al c ana l and l ab i a at e ac h sid e .

T he i nf er i or m es e n ter i c a rte ry , sm all e r th an t h e su pe ri or.

ari se s fro m the ab d omi nal aorta ab ou t two i nc h e s b e l o w the ori
in of t h at v e sse l , an d d e sc e n d s b etwee n t he l a ye rs o f the l e ft
g
mesoc ol on, to the l eft ili ac fossa, w h e re it d i v i d e s in to t h re e
b r a n ches, v iz — the c ol i c a si n i stra, the sig moi d e ae, a nd su peri or
hae morroid al .
T he sup r a r en a l are two smal l v esse l s, some ti m e s b ranc hes ,
-

P L A TE 69 .

T he D is tr ib u ti on a n d B r a n c hes of the I nf er i or Jlfesw h r i r .A’r ter y . I

T he su p e r ior m e se nt e ric a r te r y , w i th i ts b r a nc he s a n d t he sm a ll in te stin e s
t ur n e d ov er to t h e r ig ht sid e . 2 . T h e c ae c u m a n d a p p e n d ix ” r m . 3 A sce n d
.

i ng c ol on . 4 . T ran sv e r se c ol o n . 5 . De sc e n din g c ol on . 0 i ts sig m oid fl ex~

ur e . 7 . T he re c tu m . 8 T h e a or ta . 9 T h e in f e r io r m e se n t e r ic a : i t r y . 1 0 . T h e
.
‘

c oli ca sin istra , inosc u l a t in g w i t h 1 1 , t h e c ol ic a m e d ia , a I r a m h t i t he su p er i or

m e se nteric ar te r y . 1 2 , 1 2 . S i g m oid b ranc he s. 1 3 . T h e su p r r ir r he m or ah e i.
dal artery. 1 4 . T he p a ncr e as. 1 5 . T he d e sc en d ing p or ti on c l t he d u ode num
“

.
4 02 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

t he m gi n of the pe l v i s opposi te the sac ro il i ac sy mph yses,

ar -

w h e re th e y di v id e i nto the i n te rnal and e x te rn al il i ac a rte ri es .

T h e l ef t c ommon il i ac is so me wha t l o ng e r than t he righ t

a nd fo rm s a m o re o b tuse angl e w i th the te rm i n ati on o f t he

aorta ; t he a ngl e of b i furc ati on is g re ate r i n the fe ma l e t h an i n

the m al e .

Re l a t ion s —T he re l at i on s o f the t wo arteri es are d i ffere nt

.

o n t he t w o sid e s of the b ody T he rig h t c om m o n il i ac is i n

.

re l ati on i n fro n t w i th the e ri ton e u m an d is c r osse d n e a r its

p ,

b i fu rc ati o n b y t he u re te r ] t is in re l ati o n poste ri orl y w i t h the

. .

t wo c om m o n ili ac v e i ns and e x te r nal l y w i th t he psoas m ag n u s

,
.

T he l e ft is in re l at i on in fron t w i t h the pe ri tone u m and is ,

c rosse d b y t he re c tu m a nd i n fe ri o r m ese n te ri c a rte ry a nd at its ,

b i furc ati o n b y the u re te r I t is i n re l ati on b e hi nd w i t h the l e ft

.

c om m on i l i ac ve i n and e x te rna ll y w i th t he soas m ag n u s

, p .

IN T ERN AL IL IA C A RT ERY .

T he i nte rn al i li ac y is a sh ort tru nk wh i c h d esc e n d s

arte r ,

argi n o f t he g re at sac ro i sc hi ati c fora

'

o b l iq ue l to t h e u e r m
y pp
men and di v id e s i n to an an te ri o r and poste ri or tru n k
,
.

P L A TE

T he D istr ib u ti on a nd B r a nc hes of the I l i a c .fl r ter ies . —1 . T h e a or ta . 2 .

T h e l e f t c om m o n i l ia c ar te r y . 3 . t he e xt e r nal ilia c 4 . T h e e p i g astr i c ar te
.

r y. 5 . T h e c irc u m flexa ilii . 6 T h e i n te r nal i l ia c ar te r y . 7 I ts a n teri or

. .

t r u nk . 8 I ts p ost e r ior t ru nk . 9 . T h e u m b ili c al a rt er y g iv in g off 1 0 , t h e su

.

p e r i or v e s ic a l a r te r y
. A f te r th e or ig i n of t his b r an c h, t he u m b ilic al ar ter y
b e c om es c o nv e r te d i n to a fi b r ou s c or d— th e u m b il ic a l lig am e nt . 1 1 T he i n .

t e r nal p u d ic ar te ry p a ssi ng b e h in d t h e sp i ne of t he i sc hiu m ( 1 2 ) a n d l e sser

sac r o i sc h ia t ic l i g am e n t
-
.1 3 . T h e m i d dl e haem or r ho id a l a r t er y 1 4 . T he is
.

c hiati c ar t e r y , a l so p a ssin g b e h i n d t h e a nte r i or sa c r o i sc h ia t i c l ig am e nt t o e s

c ap e fr o m th e p e l v is . 1 5 . I ts i n fe r i or v e sic al b ra n c h 1 6 . T h e i ll o l u m b ar ,
.

t he fi r st b ra n c h o f t h e p ost er ior t ru nk (8 ) a sc e n di n g t o i nosc u l a te w i th t h e

c ir c um fle xa l l ll a rt e r y (5 ) a nd f or m a n a rc h a l ong t h e c r e st of t he i l ium . 1 7.
T h e ob t u ra tor a r t er y . 1 8 T h e l a te r al sac ral
. 1 9 . T h e g lu t e a l a r t e r y e sc a p
.

i ng f rom t h e p e lv is thro u g h t he u p p e r p ar t o f t h e g r e a t sacro i sc h ia t ic f or a

-

m e n . 20 T he sac r a me dia. 2 1 . T he r ig ht c omm on ili ac arter y c u t off . 22 .

.

T he f e m oral art e ry .
 M A TERIA M ED I C A . 4 03

Rel a tion s — Thi s arte ry rests e x te rn al ly u po n the sac ral pl e x

u s and o rigi n o f the py ri form i s m u sc l e ; poste ri orl y it is in re l a
t i on wi th t he i nte rn a l iliac v e in an d ante ri orl y w i t h t he u re ter
'

, .

B r a n c h es — T he b ra n c h e s o f t h e a n te ri or t r u n k a re — t he

u mb il i c al m iddl e v e si c al m iddl e h ae morr h oid al i sc h i ati c and

, , , ,

i nte rn al pu d i c .

A n d o f t he poste ri or trun k the il i o l u m b ar ob tu rator l ateral

, , ,

sac ral an d gl u te al
,
.

T h e i s c hi a ti c arter y is on e o f the te rmi n al b ran c hes o f t he

a n te r i or d iv i si o n o f t he i n te rn al il i ac I t passes d o w nw ard s .

b e twee n t he poste ri or b ord e r o f t he l e vator an i an d the pyri ,

form i s to t he l o we r b ord e r of t he g re at i sc hi at i c n o tc h an d e s
, ,

c apes fro m t he pe l v i s b e l o w t he py ri form i s m u sc le I t th e n .

d esc e nds in t he spac e b e twe e n t he troc h an te r m aj or an d the t u

'

b erosity o f t he isc hi u m in c o mpany w i t h the i sc h i ati c n e rv es

and di v id e s i n to b ran c h es ;

I ts b ran c h es w i thi n the pe l v i s are h ae m orrh oid al w hi c h su p ,

l t h e re c t u m c o nj oi n t l y w i t h t he m iddl e h a e m o rrho id al a n d
py
so me ti m es t a ke t he plac e of t h a t a rte ry and i n fe ri or v e si c al , ,
w h i c h a re di stri b u ted to the b ase o f t he b l add er v e si c u l ae se m ,

i nal es and prostate gl and

,
T he b ran c h es e x tern al to t he pel
.

v is ,
are fo u r in n u m b e r— c oc c yg e al i n feri or gl ute al c o mes , ,

n erv i i sc hi ati c i an d m u sc u l ar b ran c h es

,
.

T he i n ter n a l p u d i c a rte ry the o the r te rm i n al b ran c h of the

,

an teri or t ru n k of t he i n ter n a l i li ac d e sc e nd s w i th the i sc hi ati c

,

ar tery to t he l o we r b ord e r o f t he g re at i sc h i ati c fo ra m e n It .

e merg es fro m the pe l v i s t h rou gh the g re at sac ro isc hia ttc fora -

m en b e l ow the py ri form i s m u sc l e c rosse s the s pi n e o f the is

, ,

c hi u m and re e n te rs the pe l v i s t h rou gh t he l e sser sac ro isc hiat

,
-

i c foram e n i t t he n c rosses the i n ter n al ob tu rator m u sc l e to the

ram u s o f the i sc h i u m b e i n g si tu ate d at ab ou t an i nc h fro m the
,

m arg i n o f the tu b erosi ty an d b ou nd d own b y t he o b t u rator fas

,

c ia ; i t ne x t asc e nd s t he ram u s o f th e i sc h i u m e nte rs b e tw ee n ,

the t wo l ay er s o f t he d ee p pe ri ne al fasc i a l y i n g al o n g the b or

d e r of t he ram us o f t he pu b i s an d at the sy mphy si s pi e rc es t he
,

a n teri or l a er o f t he d e e e ri n e al fasc i a and v e r y m u c h di

y pp , ,

m i n i sh e d in siz e re ac h es th e d o rs u m of th e pe n i s al o ng w hi c h
, ,

i t ru n s su ppl y i n g t h at o rg an u nd e r the n ame of d orsal i s pe n i s

, .

B r a n ches — T he b ran c hes o f the i n te rn a l pu di c arter y wi th

i n the pe l v i s are t he hmmo rrho id al w hi c h su ppli e s t he m iddl e
, ,

o f the re c t u m and fre q ue n tl

, y take s the pl ac e o f t he m i dd l e hm .

m orroid al b ranc h o f th e i n te r nal il i ac .

T he b ra nc hes e x te rn al to the pe l v i s are the e x tern al hae mor , ,

r hoid al su pe rfi c ial is e ri n et t ran sve rsal i s i n i te ri a b u l

, p p e r e a r ,

b osi arte ri a c o rpori s c a ve rnosi and arte ri a d orsali s pe n i s

, ,
.

T he i n te rnal pud i c arte ry is s mal l e r i n the fe m al e th an in the

mal e ; its b ranc h es wi th t h e i r di stri b u ti on , are the sam e T he
,
.
4 0 4, TH E TH O M S O N I A N

a rte r y of the b u l b su ppl es i the v e sti b u l e a nd the m eatus i

u r na
ri u s.
T he ob tu r a tor arte ry passe s fo rward s a li ttl e b e l o w the b ri m
o f t he l v i s, to t he u ppe r b o rd e r o f the o b turator forame n. It
pe

t h e re e sc apes from the pe l v i s t hro u gh a te n di nou s arc h forme d

b y t he o b tu rator m e m b ran e , and d i v id es i n to two b ran c h es ;
an te ri o r, wh i c h rests u po n the add u c tor b re v i s, su ppl y i ng t h at

m usc l e , tog e th e r w i th the pe c ti neu s and add u c tor l o ng us ; and

o s te r i o r w hi c h fo l l o ws t he di re c ti on o f the o b tu rato r e x ter n u s
p
m usc l e to t he spac e b e t we e n the g e m e ll us i n feri or and q u ad ra
t us fe m ori s, w h e re i t i n osc u l ate s w i t h t he i sc h i a ti c a rte ry . I t
se n d s a b ran c h th rou gh the n otc h i n the ac e tab u l u m to th e hi
p
J oi n t .

T he l a ter a l s a c r a l is a sm al l arter y wh i c h d e sc e nd s al on g
the sid e of t he sac ru m, a nd se nd s b ran c h e s t h ro ugh the an te ri or
sac ral foram i na to su pply t he s ac ral n e rv e s. I t i nosc u l ate s
w i th the sac ra medi a and w i th i ts fe ll o w of the o pposi te sid e .
T h e re are ge neral l y t wo l ate ral sac ral arteri es at e ac h sid e .
PL A T E 7 1 3 "

T he fl r ter i es of the P er in eu m.— O u t he r ig ht sid e t h e su p e r fi c ia l a r teri e s

a r e se e n , a nd on t he l e ft t he d e e p . 1 . T h e p e nis, c on si sting of c or p u s spong i
o su m a n d c or p u s c a v e r nosu m . T h e c r u s p e nis o n th e l e ft sid e i s c u t thr ou g h
2 . T he ac c e le ra tore s u rinee m usc l es, e nc l osing t he b u l b ou s p or t ion of t h e c or
p u s spo n g i osum . 3 . T h e e r e c tor p e n is , s pr e a d o u t u p on th e c ru s p e ni s of th e
r ig ht s id e .4 T he a n u s, su r ro u nd e d b y t he s p hinc t e r a n i m usc l e
. . 5 T he r a
.

m us o f t he i sc hi um a n d p ub is . 6 T he t ub e ro si ty of th e i sc hi u m . 7 . T he l es s
.

e r sa cro isc hia t ic l ig am e n t, a tta c h e d b y i t s sm all e x tr e m i ty to t h e s p ine of th e

-

i sc hiu m . 8 . T h e c oc c y x. 9 . T he i n t er nal p u d i c a r te ry , c r o ssi ng th e sp ine of

t h e i sc hi u m , a n d e n te r in g t h e p e r i ne um . 1 0 . Ex t er na l h azm orr ho id a b r anc h
es . ] 1 . T h e s u p e r fi c ia l is p e r ine i ar te r y , g iv in g off a sm a l l b ra nc h , t ra nsv ersa
l is p e r ine i , u p o n t he t ra n s ve rsus p e r i ne i m usc l e . 1 2. T he sam e ar t er y on th e
l e f t sid e c ut off . 1 3 . T he a r te r y of t he b u lb . 1 4 . T h e t w o t e r m i n a l b r an c h e s
o f the i nt er nal p u dic ar t e r y ; o n e i s se e n e n te r ing t he div id e d e x tr e m it y of t he
e r u s p e ni s, t he ar t e ry of t he c or p u s c av e rnosu m ; t he othe r the dor sal is p enis,
,
a sc e nd s u po n the d or sum of t he or g an.
4 06 TH E T H O M S O N I A N

ar ter y passe d own the i n ne r sid e of t h e thigh from P ou part s

s ,
’

l ig ame n t at a poi nt m id way b e twee n the an te ri or su pe ri or spi

,

n o us p roc e ss o f the il i u m and sy m phy si s pu b i s to t he h o l e i n ,

the ad d u c to r m ag n us at the j u n c ti o n of t he m iddl e wi th t he i h

,
fe rior t hi rd o f the t high w h e re it b e c omes the popl i te al artery
,
.

‘
T he fe moral arte ry an d v e i n are P L A TE 72 3
e n c l ose d i n a fi rm s he at h , f e m or a l
o r c r u r a l c a n a l , w hi c h is fo rm e d fo r

t he g re a te r par t o f its e x te n t b y fi
b ro us a nd c e ll ul ar t i ssu e , a n d b y a
proc e ss o f fasc i a se n t i n ward s fro m
t he fasc i a l ata. N e ar P ou par t s lig a
’

m e nt t h i s s h e at h is muc h l arg e r th an
the v esse l s it c on tai ns, an d is c o n t i
n u ou s w i t h the fasc i a t ran sv e rsali s,
and il i ac fasc i a. I f the sh e at h b e
o e n e d at t hi s o i n t th a rte r y w il l
p p ,
e

b e see n to b e si tu ate d in c on tac t w i t h

t he o u te r wal l o f the s h e ath . T h e
v e i n l i e s n e x t to t he arte ry , b e i n g se

r ate d fro m i t b y a fi b ro us se ptu m ,

p a

a nd b e t we e n t he v e i n and t he i nn e r

w al l o f the sh e ath , and di v id e d f rom

t he v e i n b y an ot h e r t hi n fi b ro u s se p
t u m , is a t ri an g u l a r i n te rv a l, i nto
w h i c h the sac is pro tru d e d in fe mo
r al h e rn i a. T hi s spac e is oc c u pi e d
in the n o rm al state o f t he parts b y
l oose c e l l u l ar ti ssu e , and l y mph atic
v e sse l s w h i c h pi e rc e th e i n ne r wal l

o f the sh e at h to m ak e t h e i r w ay to a
gl and , si tuate d in t he fe m oral ri ng .

Rel a t ion s — T he u ppe r th i rd of

the fe moral arte ry is s u pe rfi c i al , b e
ing c o v e re d o nl y b y the i nteg u m ent

V i ew of the fl n ter i or a nd I nn er .Hap er t of the Thig h— showing the C our es

a n d B r a n c hes of the F emor a l fl r ter y .
— l . T h e l ow e r a r t o f t h e a on e u r osi s
p p
o f t he e xt e r n al o b q
l i u e m u sc l e ; i t n i
s i fe r or m ar g in i s P ou p ar t s lig am e n t .
’
2.
T he ext e r nal a b d om in al r in g . 3 , 3 . T h e sa rtoriu s m usc l e ; i ts m id dl e p or tion
h a s b e e n r e m ov e d . 4 T he r e c t u s . 5 T h e v a stu s i n t er nu s. 6 . T he p a te ll a .
. .

7 . T h e iliac u s a nd p soa s, t he l a tt e r b e ing n e a r est t h e a r t e r y . 8 . T h e p e c tin e

u s. 9 . the a dd u c tor l on g u s. 1 0 . T he te nd i nou s c anal f or t he f em oral a r tery ,
f orm e d b y t he a dduc tor m a g nu s , a n d v a st u s i nte r n u s mu sc l e s. 1 1 . T he a d
d u c t or m a g nu s . 1 2 T h e g rac il is.
. 1 3 . T h e te nd on of t h e se mi t e ndinosu s.
-

1 4 . T h e f e m or al ar te ry , I f) . T he su p e r fi c ial c ir c u m fle xa ili i, t aking i t s c our se

a l o n g t h e l i n e of P o u p ar t
’
s l ig a m e n t , t o t h e c r e st of t h e i li u m . . 2 T h e su p er.

fi c i al e pi g ast r ic ar tery . 1 6. T he tw o e xte r nal p u dic ar ter ies , su p e r fi c ial a nd

d e e p. 1 7. T he p rofu nda ar ter y , g iving off 18 , i ts e xter nal c ir cum ex b ranc h ; fl
 M A TERI A M ED I C A . 4 07

an d su per d e e p fasc i a T he l o wer two th i rd s are

fi c i al and . -

c ov e re d b y t he sartori us m usc l e T o its o u te r sid e t he arte r y

.

is fi rst i n re l ati o n w i th t he psoas n e x t w i t h the re c tu s and t h e n

, ,

w i t h the v as tu s i n te rn u s B e hi nd it re sts u po n the i nn e r b or

. ,

d e r of the psoas m usc l e it is n e x t se parate d from the pe c ti neu s

v ei n rofu n d a v e i n a nd arte ry an d t h e n l i e s on th e add u c tor
, p ,

b y t he fe mora l l o ng us to i ts te rm i n ati o n N e a r the l o we r b or .

d e r of the add uc tor l ong us it is pl ac e d in an apon e u roti c c an al

, ,

form e d b y an arc h of te ndi n ous fi b res t h ro wn fro m t he b ord e r ,

o f th e ad d uc tor l on g u s an d the b o rd e r in t he o pe n i n g of t he
,

ad d u c to r m ag n u s to the sid e o f th e v astus i n te rn us

,
.

T he i m m e di ate r el a ti on s of t he arte ry are the fe m oral v e i n ,

an d t wo saph e no u s ne rves T he v e i n at P ou part s lig ame nt ’

.

l i es to the i n ne r sid e o f t he arte ry b u t l owe r d o wn ge ts altog e ,

t h er b e h i n d it T he sh o rt sa phe n ou s ner ve li es to the ou te r

.

sid e a nd so me w h a t u on the s h e at h fo r t he l o we r tw o t hi rd s o f
, p
i ts e x te n t an d t he l ong saph e nous is si tu ate d wi thi n the sh eath
,

for t he sam e e x te n t .

B r a n ches — T he b ran c h e s o f t he fe moral arter y are— the su

perfi c ial e irc u m fle x a il ii s upe rfi c i al e pig astri c s u pe rfi c i al ex
, ,

te rn al a nd d e e p e x te rn al pu di c profu n d a mu sc u l ar and an as
, , ,

tom otic a mag na .

T he p r of u n d a f em or is ar i se s from the fe moral arte r y at two

i n c h es b e l o w P ou part s l ig ame n t ; it passe s d o wn ward s and
’

b ac k ward s an d a l i t tl e o u tward s b e h i n d the add u c tor l on g u s

, ,

m u sc l e pi e rc e s the add u c to r m ag n u s an d is di stri b u te d to the

, ,

fi ex or m usc l e s of the le g .

Rela tion s — I h its c ourse d o wn ward s, i t rests suc c e ssi v e l y

u pon th e c o nj o i ne d te n d on of t he pso as and il i ac u s the
pe c ti ,

n e u s ad d u c tor b re v i s and add u c to r m ag n u s m u sc l es

, , T o its .

o u te r sid e t he te n d i nou s i nse rti o n o f t he v astu s i n tern u s m u s

,

c l e i n te rv e nes b e tw ee n it an d the fe m u r an d i n fron t i t i s se a

p ,
rate d fro m the fe m ora l arte ry ab ov e b t he pr ofu n d a v e i n an d
y
fem o ral v e i n and b e l o w b y t he ad d uc to r l on g us m u sc l e
, .

T he b r a n ches of the profund a ar te ry a re th e e x te rn al and ih

te rn al c i rc u mfle x an d t h ree pe rforati ng arteri e s
, .

P O P L I T EA L A RT ERY .

T he p op li te a l a r te r y c om me nc es from t h e term i nati on of the

fe m o ral , at the ope n i n g in t he add u c tor m ag n us m usc l e , and
passe s o b l iq ue l y ou t w ard s th rou gh t he m id d l e of the popl i te al
s ac e to the l owe r b o rd e r o f the
p o
p p l i te u s m u sc l e , wh e re it di
v id e s i n to the an ter i or a nd posteri or ti b i al arte r i e s.

an d l ow e r d own , t he thr e e p er f oran te s. A sm all b end of th e i n te r nal c irc u m

j
o

fle x ar te ry (8 ) i s see n b e hi nd t he i nn er m ar g in of the f e m oral , u st b e l ow the

d e e p e xter nal p u dic ar ter y . 1 9 . T he ana stom otic a m ag na , d e sc e ndi ng to t he
k nee up on w hi c h i t r amifi es.
 408 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

Rel ati on s — In its c ourse d own ward s it rests fi rst on the fe ,

m u r t h e n on the posteri or l ig ame nt of the knee j oi n t t h e n o n

, ,

t he fasc i a c ove ri n g t he po pl i te u s m u sc l e ; su pe rfi c i a l an d e x te r
n al to i t is the popl i teal v e i n a nd stil l more su perfi c i a l and e x
,
tern al t he po pl i te al ne rve
, .

T he b r a n ches of the popl i te al arte r y are — the su per i or e x te r

n al a nd i n te rn al arti c u l ar t he azyg os art i c u l ar t he i nfe ri or e x
, ,
te rn al and i nte rn al arti c u l a r a n d t he su re ]
,
.

A N T ERI O R T I B I A L A RT ERY .

T he a n te r ior tib i a l forward s b e t we en the two

arte ry p asse s
h e ad s o f t he t i b i al is posti c us m usc l e an d th roug h t he open i n g
i n the u ppe r part o f t he i nte rosseo us m e m b ran e , to t he an ter i o r
t i b i al re gi o n. I t t h e n ru ns d o wn the an te ri or aspec t o f the le g
to the a n kl e j oi n t, w h ere i t b e c om e s the d o rsal i s pe di s .

Rela t ion s — I n i ts c ou rse d ow n ward s, i t P L AT E 73 .

re sts u pon t he i n te rosseou s me mb ran e , t he
t i b i a, an d the a n te ri or l ig am e n t o f th e j o i n t.
I n t he u ppe r thi rd o f its c o urse i t is sit uate d
b e t we e n t he ti b i al i s a nti c u s an d e x te nsor
l ong us digi toru m ; l o we r d o wn , b e twe e n t he
t i b i a li s an ti c u s and e x te nso r propri us pol l i
c is an d j ust b e fo re i t re ac h es the ankl e it is

c rosse d b y t he te n d o n o f the e x te nso r pro

ri us l li i d b m l d b w
'

p p o c s,
an e c o es
p a c e e t e en

t h at te nd o n and the te nd on s o f the e x te nsor

l on g us d i gi toru m. I ts i m medi ate re l ati o ns
are t he v e nae c o m i te s a n d t h e a n te r i or t i b i a l

n e rv e , w h i c h l i e s a t fi rs t to its o u te r si de ,
a nd a t ab o u t t he m iddl e o f t he le g b ec o m es

p l ac e d s u e rfi c i a ll y t o t he artery .
p
T he b r a n che s of the an te ri o r ti b i al arte ry
are — t he re c u rre nt, m usc u l ar, a nd e x te rnal
_

a nd i n te rn al m all e o l ar .

T he d or s a li s p e d is arter y is c on ti n u e d
for ward s al o ng the t i b i al sid e o f t he d ors u m
o f the foot, fro m t he an kl e to the b ase of t h e

m etatarsal b o n e of t h e g re at toe , w h e re it d i
v id es i nto t wo b ran c h es , the d orsal i s h a ll u
c is and c om m u n i c ati ng .

Rela ti on s —T he d o rsali s pedi s is si tu ated

.

al o ng t he o u te r b o rd e r o f t he te n d on o f the

e x te nsor pro pr i u s pol l i c i s ; o n i ts fi b u la r sid e

i s the i nn e rm ost te n d o n o f the e x te nsor l on

us digi tor u m , and n e ar to i ts te rm i n ati on it
g
The .fl nteri or fl sp ec t o f the L eg a nd F oot— showi ng t he an te r ior t ib ial an d
dorsal i s p e dis ar teri es, Wi th t he i r b r an c he s — 1 . T he te nd o n of in ser tion of the
4 10 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

Rela tions — T he pe rone al arte r y re sts u pon the ti b i al i s pos

mu sc l e, and is c o ve re d i n b y the fle xor l ong us pol l i c i s
'

tic us
f
,

hav i ng the fi b u l a to its ou te r sid e .

T he b r a n ches of the pe rone al arte ry are m u sc u l ar to the
nei gh b ori ng m usc l es, and the two te rm i nal b ranc h es an te ri or
‘

and poste ri or perone al .

The an ter i or p er on ea l pi e rc es the P L A TE

i nterosseous memb ran e at the l ower
t hi rd of the le g, and is di stri b u te d on
the front of the o ute r m al l eo l us, an
astomosin w i t h the i n tern al m all eo
g
lar and tarsal arte ri e s.
T he p oster ior p er on ea l c on ti n ues
on ward s to the posteri or aspe c t of the
ou te r mal l eol u s, an astom osi ng w i th
t he anteri or pero neal , tarsal , e x tern al
l antar, and pos te ri or ti b i al art e ri es.
p
T he m u sc u l a r b ranc hes of t he
p o s te ri or t i b i al arte ry are d i stri b u te d
-

to the m usc les on the poste ri or aspe c t

of the l eg .

P L AN TA R A RT ERI ES .

T he i n tern a l p l a n ta r artery pro

c eeds from the b ifurc ati on of t he pos
terior t i b i al at the i n ne r m al l e o l u s,
and passes al ong t he i nn e r b ord e r of

b ic e p s f or m in g th e ou te r ha m str in g 3 . T h e p opl ite u s m u sc l e . 4 . T h e fle x

.

or l on g u s d ig i t or u m . 5 T h e tib i a l i s p osti c u s .
. 6 . T h e fi b u l a ; i m m e d ia t e l y
b el ow th e fi g u r e i s th e or ig i n of t he fi exor l on g u s p ol li c is ; t h e m u sc l e h as
b ee n r em ov e d in or d e r t o e x p o se t h e p eron e a l ar t e r y . 7 P e r on e i m u sc l e s.
.

8 . .The l ow e r p ar t of t h e fi exor l on g u s p oll ic i s m u sc l e , w i th i ts t e n d on . 9 .

T he p opl it eal ar te r y , g iv in g off i ts ar ti c u l ar a n d m u sc u la r b ra n c h e s t he tw o

su p eri or art ic u l a r a r e se e n i n th e u pp e r p ar t of t h e p op l it eal s p a c e , p a ssing
ab ov e th e t w o h e a d s o f th e g a str o c n e m iu s m u sc l e , w hic h ar e c u t t h r ou g h n e a r
t o t heir or ig in . T h e tw o i nf er ior ar e in re la ti on w i th t he p o pl it eu s m u sc l e 10
. .

T he anteri or tib ial a r t er y , p a ssin g thr ou g h t he an g u l ar int ersp a ce b e tw e en th e

two h eads o f t he t ib iali s p osti c u s m u sc l e . 1 1 . T he p oste r i or ti b ial ar t e r y .

1 2. T h e r el ativ e p o si t ion of t he t e nd on s a nd a r t e r y a t t he i nn e r a nkl e , fr om

w ith in ‘ou tw ar d s , p r ev iou sl y to the ir p a ssin g b ene a th th e i nte r nal a nn u la r l i
g am e n t . 1 3 . T h e p e r on eal ar t e r y , d iv iding into t w o b r anc h e s
0
t h e a nte r ior
p er ontaal t s see n p ier c in g th e interosse ou s m em b r ane 1 4 . T he p oster ior p e
.

r on e al .

The fi r ter ies of the S ol e of the F T he fi r st and a p ar t of t he second

oot. -

l ayer of m u sc l es h a s b e e n r em ov e d . 1 . T he u n d e r a n d p ost eri or p a r t of the

os c al c is , t o w hic h th e or ig in s of t h e fi rst l a y e r of m u sc l e s r em a in a tta c h e d .

2. T he m u sc u l u s a cc e ssor ius. 3 T h e l ong fle xor t e n d on s . 4 T h e t e nd on of

. .

the p er on eu s l ongu s. 5 . T h e t erm ina tion of t he p oste r i or tib ial a r t er y . 6.

T he inter nal p l an tar . 7 T h e e x ter nal p l an tar ar te r y . 8 T he p l a n tar ar c h ,
. .

g iv ing ofi fou r d i g i tal b r anc he s, w hich p ass f orward s on t he inte r oss ei mu s

' ’

c l es to d iv ide i nto c oll ater al b ranc hes.

 M A TERIA M ED I C A . 411

t he foot, b e tween the d uc tor polli c i s and fle xor b rev i s digi to

ab

rum m usc l es, su pplyi ng the i nner b ord er of the foot and g reat

toe.
T he e x ter n a l l a n t a r arte ry , m uc h l arg e r t h an t he i nter nal ,
p
sse b liq e ly ou tw r d s b e t we e n the fi rst an d se c on d l ay ers
p a s o u a

o f the pl an tar m usc l e s, to the fi fth m e tatarsal spac e . It th e n

t urns h oriz on tally i n w ard s, b etwee n the se c on d and t hi rd l ay
e rs, to the fi rst m e tatarsal spac e , w h ere it i nosc u l ate s w i th the

c omm un i c ati n g b ranc h from t he d orsal i s pedi s. T he h oriz on

t al port i on o f the arte ry d esc ri b es a s ligh t c urve , h av i n g the
c on v e xi ty for ward s ; t hi s is the pl antar a rc h .
T h e b r a n ches of the e xte rnal pl an tar artery are — the mus
c al ar, digi ta l , and posteri or pe rforati ng .
T he m u s cu la r b ranc h es are di stri b uted to the mu sc l es in the
sol e of the foot.
T he dig i ta l b ranc h es are fou r in nu mb e r : the fi rst is d istri
b u te d to t he o u te r sid e of the l i ttl e toe ; the t h ree o th ers pass
fowards to the c l eft b e twe e n the toes, and di v id e i n to c ol lateral
b ranc h es, w hi c h supply the adj ac e nt sid e s of the t h ree e x te rnal
toes, and t he ou te r sid e of the se c on d .
T he p oster i or p erf or a ti ng a re t h re e smal l b ranc h es, wh i c h
pass u pward s b e twe e n the h e ad s of the t h re e e x tern al d orsal i h
t erosse i m u sc l es, to i nosc u l ate w i th the arc h forme d b y t he me
tatarsea arter y.
P ULM ON A RY A RT ERY .

T he p u lm on a ry a r tery ar i ses fro m t he l eft sid e of the b ase of

the righ t v e n tr i c l e in fro nt of t he origi n of the aorta, and asce nd s
ob l iq ue l y to the u nd er su rface of the arc h o f t he aorta, w h ere it

d i v id es i n to the rig h t an d l eft pu l monary arte ri es. In i ts c ou rse

u pward s a nd b ac kw ard s i t i n c l i n e s to the le ft sid e : c rossi ng the
c o m m e nc e me n t o f the aorta, an d is c onn e c te d to the u n d er su r

fac e of th e arc h b y a l ig ame ntous c ord , t he rem ai ns of the d ue

tus arte ri osus.

Rel a ti on s — I t is e nc l ose d for one h al f o f its e x tent b y the

pe ri c ardi u m and rec e i v es t he attac h m ent o f the fi b rou s porti on
,

o f t he e ri c ardi u m b it t i B h i d it ts ag ai nst
p y s u er
pp p o r on. e n r e s

t he asc e ndi ng aorta ; o n e i t h e r sid e is the appe nd ix of the c or

res ondi n
p g a u ri c l e an d a c o ron ar y artery a nd ab ove the c ard
,
iac g an gl i on and the re m ai n s of the d u c tus arte ri osu s .

T he r ig ht p u l m on a ry artery passes b ene ath the arc h an d

b e h i nd the asc e ndi ng aorta and in the root of t he l u ngs di v id es
i n to t h ree b ranc h e s for the t h re e l ob es .

T he l ef t p u lm on a ry arter y rath e r l arge r th an t he righ t passes ,

in front of the d esc e ndi n g ao rta to t he root of the l eft l un g to

,

w h i c h it is di stri b ute d . T h ese arteri es di v id e and su b di vid e

i n the struc ture of the l ungs and termi n ate in c apil l ary v esse l s
,
4 12 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

whi c h form a n etwor k arou n d the b ronc h i al ce ll s

, and termi
n ate in the radi c l es of the pu l monary v e i ns.
Rela ti on s — In the root of the righ t l ung e x ami ned from
ab ove d ownward s, t he pu l m on ary arte ry is si tu ate d b e tw ee n
t he b ron c h us, and pu l monar y v e i ns ; the forme r b e i ng ab ov e ,
the l atte r b e l ow ; w hil e in the l e ft l u n g the arte ry is the h igh est,
ne x t the b ron c h u s, and th e n t he v ei ns. O n b oth sid e s, from
b efore b ac k ward s, the arte ry is si tu ated b e tween the v e i ns and
b ronc h u s, the form er b e i n g in fron t, and the l atte r b e hi nd

OF T HE V EIN S .

T he v ei n s are the v esse l s wh i c h re tu rn the b l ood to t h e na r

'

i cl es of the h eart, after i t h as b e e n c i rc ul ate d b y the arte ri es

t hrou gh the v ari ou s ti ssue s of the b ody . T h e y a re mu c h t hi n
n e r in stru c tu re t h an the arte ri es, so th at w h e n e m pt i e d o f t h ei r
b l ood th e y b e c ome fl atten ed an d c oll apse d . T he v e i ns of t he
sy ste m i c c i rc u l ati on c on v e y the d ar k c ol ou re d an d i mpu re o r
-

v en ous b l ood , from t he c apil l ary sy ste m to t he righ t au ri c l e o f

t he h eart, and are fou nd afte r d e at h to b e m ore or l e ss di ste nd e d
w i t h th at fl u id
. T he v e i n s o f the pu l mon ar y c i rc u l ati on re sem
b le the ar te ri es i n c o ntai n i n g u urin g l i fe the pu re or arter i al
b l ood , w hi c h t h e y tran sm i t from the c apill ari es of t he l u ng s to
the l e ft aur i c l e .
T he v ei n s c om men c e b y m i nu te radi c l es in the c apill aries
wh i c h are ev e ry w h ere d i stri b u te d th rou gh the te x tt res of the
b ody, and c on verge to c onsti tu te l arger an d l arg er b ran c h es,
t il l th e y term i n ate i n t he l arg e tru n k s w hi c h c on ve y the v e n ou s
b l ood di re c tly to the h eart. I n d i ame ter th e y are m u c h l arg e r
t h an th e arte ri e s, a nd li ke th ose v esse l s t h e i r c o mb i n e d are a
w ou ld c onsti tu te a c on e , wh e reof the ape x wou ld b e pl ac e d at
the h e art , an d the b ase at t he su rfac e of the b ody . It fol l ows
from t hi s arran g e m e n t, th at the b l ood in retu rn i n g to the h e art
is passi ng from a l arg e r to a small er c h annel , an d th erefore ih
c re ases i n rapidi ty d uri n g i ts c ourse .
V e i n s ad m i t of a th reefold d i v i si on, i nto superfi c i al , d ee p and
i
s nu ses.
T he s up erfi c i a l v e i ns re tu r n the b l ood from the i n te g ume nt
and su perfi c i a l st ru c tures, a nd t ake th e i r c ou rse b e twe e n the

l ayers of the su pe rfi c i al fasc i a ; t h e y t h e n pi erc e the d ee p fasc i a

i n the m ost c on v e n i e nt and protec ted si t uati on , an d te rm i nate
i n the d e e p v e i ns. T h e y are u nac c om pan i e d b y arteri e s, and
are t he v e sse l s u su al l y se l e c ted for v e n e se c ti on.
T he d eep v e i ns are si tu ate d am ong the deeper stru c tures of
the b ody and g e n e ral l y in rel ati on w i th the arte ri es ; i n the
l i mb s t h e y are e n c l ose d i n the sam e sh eath wi t h th ose v esse l s,
and t h e y re tu rn the v e n ou s b l ood from the c apill ari e s of the
d eep ti ssues. In c ompan y wi th all the small er, and al so wi th
4 14 TH E T H O M S O N I A N

the y l
are a so ab se nt in the l arg e t runk s, as in the v e na c av ae,
v en a azyg os i n ominatee and il i ac vei ns.
, n

S i n u ses are v enous c h anne l s, e x c av ated i n the struc ture of

an org an , an d l i n e d b t he inter na l c o at of the v e i ns ; of t h i s
y
stru c t ure are the si n uses of the d u ra m ate r, w h ose e x te rn al c o
'

y eri ng i s the fi b ro us m em b ran e , and t he i n ter nal , t he serou s

l ay er of the v e i ns. T he e x te rn al i n v estme nt of the si nuses of
the u terus is the ti ssu e of t h at org an and t h at of t he b one s,
the l i n i n g me mb rane of t he c e ll s an d c an al s.
V e i ns, lik e arteri e s, are su ppli ed w i th n u tri ti ou s v esse l s, the
v asa v asoru m d it i t b resu me d th at n e rv ou s fi l am e n ts
; a n s o e p
are di stri b u te d to t h e i r c oats .

We sh all d esc ri b e the v e i ns ac c ordi n g to the pri m ary di v i

si on of the b ody
; t aki n g fi rst th ose of the h e ad and n ec k , n e x t
t h ose of the u ppe r e x tre m i ty , th e n t h ose of the l ower e x tre m i ty ,
and l astly the v e i ns of the t ru n k .

V EI N S OF TH E H E AD A N D N EC K .

T he v e ns of the
i h ead m ay b e arrang ed i nto th ree
and n e c k
g rou ps, v iz. 1 V e i ns of the e x te ri or of the h e ad . 2 V e i ns of
. .

t he di pl oe and i n te r i or of the c ran i u m 3 . V e i ns of the n e c k .

.

T he vei ns of the e x teri or of the he ad are— the fac i al , i nte r

'

n al maxill ar y , temporal , te mporo max il l ary , poste r i or au rt c u l ar,

-

and oc c i pi tal .

V EI N S OF TH E DIP L O E.

T he di pl oe of the b ones of the h ead is furn i sh e d in the ad u l t

w i th i rreg u l ar si n uses w hi c h are form e d b y a c on ti nu ati on of
,

the ser ou s me mb ran e of the v e i ns i n to the osse ou s c an al s in

w h i c h t he y are l odg ed A t the middl e per i od of l i fe th e se si
.

muses are c onfi ne d to the parti c u l ar b ones ; b u t in old age after ,

the ossifi c ati on of t he su tures t h e y m ay b e t rac e d from on e

,

b on e to t he n e x t T h ey re c e i v e th e i r b l ood from the c apil l a

.

r i es su ppl y i ng th e c e ll u l ar stru c ture of th e di pl oe an d te rm i ,

n ate e x tern al ly i n the v e i n s of t he per i c ran i u m an d i n ternal l y ,

in the v e i n s and si nuses of the d u ra m ater T h ese v e i ns are .

separate d from the b on y w all s of the c an al s b y a t h i n l ay er of

marrow .

C ERE B RAL A N D C ERE B ELL A R V EI N S .

T he cer ebr a l v e i ns are rem arkab l e for the ab se n c e of v al ves,

and for the e x tre m e te n u i ty of th e i r c oats. T h e y m ay b e di
v ided i nto the su pe rfi c i al , an d d ee p or v e ntri c u l ar v e i ns.

T he p en ce G a l en i pass b ac k ward s in the str uc ture of the v e

l um i nterposi tu m and e sc api ng th rough the fi ssure of B i c h at,
t ermi nate in the straigh t s i n us .

T he cereb ell ar v ei ns are di sposed , l ik e t h ose of the c ere

 ’

M A TERIA M ED t C A . 4 15

b rum, on the su rfac e of thel ob es of the c e reb ell um ; th ey are

s i tu ate d some o pe n t he supe rio r and some u pon the infe ri or
,

su rfac e w hil e oth ers oc c u py the b ord e rs of the org an

,
T h ey .

t erm i nate in the l ate ral and pe trosal si n u ses .

S I N U S ES OF
. TH E DU R A M A T ER.

T he si n uses of the d ura mater are i rre g u l ar c h annel s forme d

b y the spl i tti n g o f the l aye rs of th at me mb rane, and l i ned u pon
t h e i r i nne r s urfac e b y a c on ti nu at i on of the serous l aye r of the
v e i ns. T he y m ay b e di v id e d i nto two g rou ps — 1 . Th ose si
t u ated at the u ppe r an d b ac k part of the sk u l l . 2 . T he si nuses
at t he b ase o f t he sk u l l .

T he forme r are — the su pe r i or and i n feri or l ongi tu dinal si

nu se s , t he straigh t si n u s, an d the oc c ipi tal and l ate ral si n uses.
T he term i nati on o f the su pe ri or l ongi tu di nal si nus in the two .

l ateral sinuses, forms a c onsid erab l e d il atati on, i nto whi c h the
s traigh t si n u s o pe ns fro m the front, and t he o c c i i ta l si nu ses
p
from b e l ow. T h i s dil ati on is n ame d the t orc u l a r H er op hi li ,
and is the poi nt of c o m m u n i c ati o n o f six si nu ses— the su eri or
'

p
_

l ong i tudi n al , two l ateral , two oc c i pi tal , and th e straigh t.

T he si nuses of the b ase of the s k u l l are — the c av e rnous, in
ferior pe trosal , c i rc ul ar superi or petrosal , and transverse .

P L ATE

The S i nu es of the U pper a nd B a c k ar t o the S hul l .

. O s p f The su p erior
l on g i tu di n al sm u s 2 , 2. T h e c ere b ral v e ins o p enin i n to th e sinu s. 3 . T he
g
.

f alx c er e b ri . 4 T h e i nfer i or l on g it udinal sinu s.

.
5 . T he straig ht or f our th
s i n u s. 6 The v e n G al e ni . 7 . T he t or c ul ar H e ro hil i. 8 . T h e tw o l ater al
.
a p
s i nu se s , W i th t h e occ i p i t al sinu se s b e tw e en t he m 9 . T he t erm in ation of the
i nfe ri or p e trosal sin us of on e side . 1 0. T h e dil atations corr es ondin with the
g
j
j u g ular 165 5 69 . 1 1 . Th e i nternal ugular v eins.
p
 4 16 TH E T H O M S O N I A N

V EI N S OF TH E N EC K .

T heve i ns of the n ec k wh i c h re turn the b l ood from the head

are— the ex ternal , ante ri or and i ntern al j ug ul ar, and the v erte
b ral .

V EI N S UP P ER EX T REM I T Y
OF THE .

T he v e i ns of the u pper e x tre m i ty are the d ee p and supe rfi

c ial . T he de ep v e i ns ac compan y the b ran c h e s and trun ks of
the arte ri es and c onsti tu te t h e i r s en ce c om i tes T he v ena: ~
.
,

c omi tes of the radi al and u l n ar arteri e s are e n c l ose d in the same
sh eath wi th th ose vessel s and term i n ate at the b e n d of the e l b ow
,

in the b rac hi al v e i ns T h e b rac h i al v e n ae c om i tes are si tu ated

.

one on eac h sid e of the artery and ope n i nto the ax ill ar y v e i n
, l

the axil l ary b ec omes the su b c l av i an an d the su b c l av i an u n i tes

,

wi th the internal j u gu l ar to form the v en a i nnom i n ata .

T he sup erfi ci a l v e i ns o f the fore arm are— the an teri or u l n ar

-

ve i n steri or u l nar ve i n b asil ic v e i n r adi al v e i n , c eph al i c

,p o , ,

ve i n, me dian v e i n, me di an b asili c m edi an c e ph al ic ,

.

‘
P L A T E 77 3

The S f
i n uses o the B f th
ase oe S k ul l — 1 . T he O p htha lmic v ein s. 2 . T he
cav ern ous sinu s of on e sid e . 3 . T h e c ir c u l ar sin u s ; th e fi g ur e oc cu p ie s t h e
p osi tion of the p itu i tar y g l and in t he c ell a tu r c i c a . 4 . T he i nfer i or p e tr osal?
s inus. 5 . T he tran sv er se or an te r i or oc c ipital sin u s. 6 . T h e su p er i or p e tr osah
j
sinu s. 7. T h e inte rn al u g ul ar v e in . 8 . The f oram en m a g nu m . 9 . T he on
cipital sinu se s. 10 . T he torcul ar H er ophili . T he la te r al sin u se s
4 18 TH E m omsom m

P O P L I T EA L V EI N .

T he popl i te al v e i n asc e nd s t h rou gh the popl i te al regi on, l y

i ng , i n the fi rst i nstanc e , di rec tl y u pon the arter y, and t h e n
e tt i n g som e w h at to i ts ou te r sid e . I t re c e i v e s se v e ral mu sc u
g
l ar and arti c u l ar v e i ns, and the e x te rnal saph enous v e i n . T he ,

v al ves i n t hi s v e i n are fou r or fi ve i n n u mb e r.

F EM O RAL V EI N .

T he fe m oral v e i n passi n g t h rough t he open i ng i n the ad

,

d u c tor m ag nu s mu sc l e asc e nd s the th igh in t he sheath of the

,

fe moral a rte ry and e n te ri n g the pe l v i s b e neath P ou part s l ig a

’
,

men t b ec omes the e x te rnal il i ac v e i n

,
I n the l o we r part of its
.

c ou rse it is si tu ate d u pon t he o u te r sid e of t he arte r y it th e n ,

b e c omes pl ac e d b e hi n d that v e sse l and at P ou part s l ig am e nt

’
, ,

l i e s to its i n ne r sid e I t re c e i ves t he m usc u l ar an d profun d a

.

v e i ns and t h roug h th e sa h e n ous o pe n i n g the i nte rn al sa he

, p p ,

n ou s v e i n T he v al ves i n t hi s v e i n are fo ur or fi ve in n u mb er
. .

V EI N S OF TH E T RU N K .

T he v e ns of
i m ay b e di v id e d i nto— 1 . T he su pe
the tru n k
rior v e n a c av a, wi t h i ts for mati ve b ran c h e s. 2 . T he i nfe ri or
v e na c ava, w i t h i ts for m ati v e b ranc h e s. 3 . T he azyg os v e i ns.
4 . T he v e rteb ral and spi n al v e i n s. 5 . T he c ardi ac v e i ns. 6 .
T he portal v e i n . 7 . T he pu l mon ary v e i ns.

S U P ERI O R V ERA C A V A .

T he i su
per ois a s h ort tru n k ab ou t t h ree i nc h e s i n
r c av a

l eng th forme d b y the j un c ti on of the two v e na i nnomin atae

'

, .
'

I t d esc e n d s pe rpendi c ul arl y on the r igh t sid e of the m ed iastin

u m and e nter i ng the pe r i c ardi u m ter m i nates in the u pper par t
,

o f the r igh t au ri c l e .

I t is i n re l ati o n in f ront w i th the t h orac i c fasc i a w h i c h sepa ,

r ates it from the t h y mu s gl an d an d w i th the peri c ar di u m

, be
h i nd w i t h the righ t pul monary artery an d righ t su peri o r pul
, ,

mc nary v e i n ; i nte rnall y w i t h the asc e n di ng aorta ; and e x te r

,

n al ly w i t h the righ t ph re n i c n e rv e and righ t l u n g

, I mm e d i
, .

ate ly b efore e nter i ng the pe ri c ardi u m it re c e i ves the v ena azyg os

maj or.
IN F ERI O R V EN A CA V A .

T he i n fe r i or ve na c av a is forme d b y the u n i on of the t wo

c ommon ili ac v e i n s, U pon the i n te rv e rte b ral s u b stan c e b etwe en
the fou rt h and fi ft h l u mb ar v e rte b ra . I t asc e n d s al on g the
front of the v e rte b ral c ol u m n on the righ t sid e of the ab d omi
n al aorta, an d passi n g t h rou gh the fi ssu re in t he poste ri or b or
d e r of the l i v e r an d the q u ad ril ateral o pe n i n g in t he te n di nous
c e nt re of the di aph rag m, te rmi n ates i n the i n fe r i or an d poste
ri or part of the righ t auri c l e .
“
T h ere are no v al v es in th i s v ei n.
 M A TERI A M ED I C A . 4 19

It is in from b el ow u pward s, in front wi th the me

r el a ti on,
se n te ry transv e rse d u od e nu m, portal v e i n , pan c reas and l i ve r,
w hi c h n e arl y and som eti m es c ompl e te l y su rrou n d s i t ; b e hi nd ,
it re sts u pon the v e rteb ral c ol u mn and r igh t c rus of the d ia
h ra m, from whi c h it is se parate d b y the righ t re nal and lu m
p g
b ar arte r es i ; to the igh t it h as the
r PLA T E 793 “

i toneu m and sy m ath e ti c nerv e

pe r p
and to the l e ft t he aorta , .

T he b r a n ches wh i c h the i nfe ri or

c av a re c e i v e s i n i ts c o urse are the ,

l u m b ar righ t spe rmati c re nal , supra

, ,

ren al , ph re n i c h e pati c ,
.

A Z Y G OS V EI N S .

T he a z yg os v e i ns for m a syste m
of c o mm u n i c at i on b e t we e n the su pe
r i or and i nfe ri or v e n a c av a, an d se rv e
to re tu rn the b l ood from t hat part of
the trun k in w hi c h th ose v e sse l s are
d e fi c i ent, on ac c ou nt of th e i r c onn e c
ti on w i t h the h eart. Thi s sy ste m
co nsi sts of t h re e v esse l s, the v e na
azyg os maj or, v en a azyg os m i nor,
super i or i n te rc ostal v ei n .
V ERT EB RA L A N D S P IN A L
V EI N S .

T he n u me rou s v e nous
pl e x u ses of
the v e rteb ral c ol umn and spi n al c ord
m ay b e arrang e d i nto th ree g rou ps,
t he d orsi spi nal , men i ng o rac hidi an,
- -

med ulli spi nal .

-

C A RD A C v n m s I .

T he v e i n s retu rn i ng the b l ood

from the su b stanc e of th e h e art, are
the g re at c ardi ac v e i n posteri or c ar ,

di ac v e i ns anterioréc ardiac v e i ns v e
, ,

ri m T heb esii.

The V ein s of the T ru n k a nd N ed a — l . T h e sup eri or v e na c av a . 2 T he .

l e ft v e n a inn om inat a . 3 . T he r ig h t v e na i nnom inata 4 the r ig ht sub c l av i an

j j
. .

v e in . 5 . T he i n t er n al u g u l ar v e in . 6. T h e e xt er n al u g u l ar . 7 . T h e an t e
j
r i or u g ul ar . 8 . T he i nfe r i or v e na c av a . 9 . T h e e xte r n al il i ac v e in . 1 0 . T he
i nt er nal il i ac v e in . 1 1 T h e c om m on i li ac v eins t he sm all v e in b e tw e e n th e se
.

i s th e v e n a sa c ra m e dia . L u m b ar v e in . 1 3 T h e r i g ht sp erm atic

.

v e in . 1 4 . T he l ef t sp e rm atic , op e ning in to t he l e ft r e n al v ein 1 5 . T h e r ig ht .

r e n al v e in 1 6. T h e tr u nk of t he h e p a tic v e i n s. 17 T he g r e a t er v e na azy
z
. .

os c o mm e n c in g i n f eri orl y in the l u m b ar v e in s. 1 8 . T h e l esse r v e n a a y g o s,

g ,
a l so c om m e n c ing i n t he l um b ar v e i ns. 19 . A
b ran c h of c om m u n i c a tion w i th
t he l ef t r e n al v e in . 20 . T he t e rm in at ion o f t h e l esse r i n t h e g r e a t er v e na
z
a yg os. 2 1 . T h e su p e ri or in t er c ostal v e i n, c om m u nic a tin g i nf e r i o r l y w i th t he
z
l esser v ena a yg os, and t erm inating sup eri orl y in t h e l ef t v e na in nominata .
4 20 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

P O RT A L S Y S T EM .

T he portal syste m is c om posed of fou r l arg e ve i ns, wh i c h re

t urn t he b l ood from the c h yl o poi e ti c v i sc e ra t h y — the
; e are
-

i nfe ri o r and su peri or mese nteri c , the spl e ni c , and the g astri c .

ve i ns.

T he V en a P or tre , forme d b y the u ni on o f the spl e n i c and

s u er i o r m ese nte ri c v e i ns b e hi n d the an c re as, asc e n d s th ro ug h
p p
t he r igh t b ord e r of the l esse r o me n tu m , to tran sv erse the fi ssu re
o f the l i v er, w h e re i t di v id e s i n to t wo b ran c h e s on e for e ac h l a
,
t e ral l ob e . I n the righ t b o rd e r of the l e sse r o me n tu m it is si tu
a te d b e hi nd and b e twee n t he h e ati c arte ry an d d u c tu s c omm u
p
h is c h ol ed oc h us, and is su rrou nd e d b t h h ti l x u s of
y e e pa c p e

E 80
"
P L AT

T he P or ta l V ei n — 1 . T h e in fe rior m e senter ic vein ; i t is tra c e d b y m e ans

o f d otte d l in e s b e hi nd t h e p an c r eas to ter m i nat e in t h e spl e nic v ei n
4 . T he spl e e n . 5 . G a stric v e ins, o p e nin g into t he spl e nic v e in . 6. T h e su p e
r ior m ese nt e r ic v e in . 7 . T h e d e sc e n ding p or tion of the d u od e n um . 8 . I ts
t r a n sv er se p or tio n, w hic h is c r ossed b y t he s u p er i or m e se n te r i c v e in snd p ar t
o f t h e tru nk of th e s u p e ri or m e se n t er i c ar te r y . 9 . T h e p or ta l v e i n. 1 0 . T h e
h e pa tic a r tery . 1 1 . T h e d uc t u s c om m u nis c h ol e d oc hu s . 1 2 . T h e div ision of
t he d uc t a n d v e sse l s a t the tr a nsver se fi ssur e of the l iv er . 1 3 . T h e c y sti c
d uc t l eading to t he g all b l ad der .
-
4 22 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

an d from w h i c h proc eed the esc api ng or eff eren t v essels some
w h at l arge r in siz e and fe wer in n u m b er, to b e ag ai n and ag ai n
su b di v id e d i n ot h e r gl and s, and a li ttl e m ore i nc re ased i n siz e .

L y m ph ati c v essel s ad mi t o f a t h ree fo ld di v i si on i nto super

fi c ial, d e e p, and l ac teal s. T he s up erfi c ia l l y mph ati c v esse l s,
u pon the s urfac e of the b ody , fol l o w the c ou rse of the ve i ns, and
i e rc e the d ee p fasc i a i nc on v e n i en t si tu ati ons, to j oi n the d ee
p p
l y mph ati cs. U pon the surfac e of org ans t h e y c on v erge to the
n earest ly mph ati c trun k s.
T he s up erfi c ia l ly m ph ati c g l and s are pl ac e d in the most
prote c te d si tuati ons of t he su perfi c i al fasc i a, as in the h oll ow of
t he ham and g roi n i n the l o we r e x tre m i ty , an d u pon the i nn e r
sid e of t he arm in the u ppe r e x tre mi ty . T he d eep ly mphati c s
ac c om pan y the d ee pe r v e i ns ; t h ose fro m the l o we r parts of the
b ody c onve rgi n g to the n u merous gl and s se ate d aroun d the
i l i ac v e i ns and i n fe ri or v e n a c av a, and term i n ati ng i n a l ar ge
t ru n k si tu ate d u pon t he v e rteb ral c ol u mn — the th orac i c d uc t.
F ro m the u ppe r part o f t he tru n k on the l eft sid e , an d from the
l eft si de of the h e ad and n ec k, th e y al so proc e e d to the t h orac i c
d u c t. T h ose on t he r igh t sid e of the h ead an d n ec k, r igh t
u ppe r e x tre m i ty , a nd r igh t sid e of the t h ora x , form a di st i n c t
‘
d u c t w hi c h te rm i nates at the poi nt of the j un c tion of t he su b el a
v i an w i th the i n te rn al j u g u l ar v e i n on the righ t sid e of t he
root of t he nec k .
T he l a c te a ls are the l y m ph ati c s of the sm al l i nte sti nes ; th e y
hav e re c e i v e d t h e i r di sti nc ti v e appe l l ati on f rom c on v e yi n g t he
m il k l i k e prod uc t of dig esti on— t he c h y l e — to the g reat c e ntre
-

o f t he ly m ha ti c sy ste m — the t h orac i c d u c t. Th e y are si tu ate d

p
i n t he m ese nte ry , and pass t h rou g h the n ume rous m esente ri c
gl an d s in t h e i r c ou rse .
T he c o mm u n i c ati ons b e twee n ly m ph ati c v e sse l s are l ess fra
q ue n t t h an t h ose o f a rte ri es o r v e i ns ; the i r an astom oses take
l ce b m e an s o f b ran c h es of e q u al c al i b re that u n i te at ac u te
p a y
a ngl e s, a nd c o n sti tu te a c o m b i ne d t ru n k w h i c h is sc arc e l y l ar er
g
th an e i t he r of the s i ng l e b ran c hes b y w hi c h it is fo rm e d .
L y m ph ati c v e sse l s a re c o mposed of two c oats ; an e x te rnal or
c e l l u lar, an d an i n te rn al or se rous.

T h e ex ter n a l c oat re se mb l es the e x ternal tun i c o f ve i ns and

a rteri e s, b u t is e x tre m e l y t hin and d e nse . T h e i n ter n a l c oat
is c o n ti n u ous w i th the i nte rn al l i n i ng o f t h e v e i ns and, l i ke
t hat me m b ran e , is m ost prob ab l y prov i d e d w i t h an e pi t h e l i u m .

A t s h ort i n te rv al s t hi s c oat forms se mil u nar fold s w hi c h are

di spose d in pai rs in the c yl i nd e r of t he v essel and c onst i tu te
the v al ves. It is to t h e se v al ve s w h i c h are e x tre me l y n u me
rous in ly mph at i c s, t h at th e i r pe c u l i ar k n otte d appe aranc e is
d ue , wh e n fill e d w i t h i nj e c ti on .
T he ly mph ati c gl ands are smal l ov al and some w h at fl atte ne d
 M A TERI A M ED I CA . 4 23

or roun e d d b odi es, c om posed of a pl e x us of m i nu te ly mph ati c

v e sse l s assoc i ated w i t h a l e x us of b l ood vesse l s and e nc l ose d
p
-

, ,

i n a t h i n c e ll ul ar c apsu l e . T he l arg e r gl and s h av e a l ob ed or

c e ll u l ar appe aranc e . T h e l y mph ati c v esse l s and gl an d s are
s u p l i e d w i t h arteri es v e i ns and n e rve s l ik e o t h e r stru c ture s
p , , , .

I sh al l d esc ri b e t he l y m ph ati c vesse l s and gl and s ac c ordi ng

t o the arrang e me n t ad opte d for the v e i n s c o mme nc i n g wi th
,

t h ose of t he h ead and n ec k and proc e e di n g ne x t to t h ose of the

,

u p e r e x tre m i ty, l owe r e x tre m i ty , and tru n k

p .

L Y M P H A T IC S OF TH E H EA D A N D N EC K .
T he s upe rfi c i al l y mph ati c gl and s of the h ead and face are
sm al l and fe w in n u m b e r ; t h e y are the oc c i pi tal , w h i c h are
si tu ate d n e ar the origi n of the oc c i pi to fron tali s m usc l e
-

poste
r i or auri c u l ar, b e h i n d the e ar ; parotid , i n t he par otid gl an d ;
zygomati c , in the zyg omati c fossa ; b uc c al , u pon the b uc c i nator
m usc l e ; and sub maxil l ar y, b e n e ath t he m argi n o f the l ower
ati c gl and s w i thi n the c rani u m .
j a w . T he re ar e n o d e e
p ly m ph
T he su pe rfi c i al c e rv i c al ly mph at i c gl and s are fe w in n umb e r ;
th e y are si tu ate d in the c ou rse of t he e x te rn a l j ug u l ar v e i n ,
b e twe e n the stern o m asto id and trape zi u s m usc l es, at the root of
t he n e c k and a b ou t the l ary n x .
T he d eep c e rv i c al gl an d s are v e ry n u me rous and of l arge
s iz e ; th e y are si tu ate d arou n d t he i n tern al j ug u l ar v e i n and

s h eat h o f the c aro tid a rte ri e s, b y the sid e o f t he phary n x , ce so

phag u s, and trac h e a, and e x te n d from the b ase of the sk u l l to

t he root o f t he n e c k, w h e re t he y are conti n u ou s w i th the l y m
h ati c v esse l s an d gl an d s o f the t h orax .
p
T he su pe rfi c i al l y mph at i c v esse l s o f the h e ad and fac e are
di spose d in t h ree g ro upes ; oc c i pi tal , w h i c h tak es the c ou rse of
t he oc c i pi tal v e i n to t he oc c i pi tal an d d ee p c e r v i c al gl and s ;
te mporal , w h i c h fol l o ws t he b ran c h e s of t he te m poral v e i n to
the parot id and d e e p c er v i c al gl an d s ; an d fac i al , w hi c h ae c om
an ie s the fac i al v e i n to the su b m a xi ll ary ly m hati c gl an d s.
p p
T he d e e p ly m ph ati c v essel s o f t he h ead are t he m en i ng e a l
an d c e re b ral ; the fo rm e r are si t u ate d i n c on ne c ti on w i t h the

m e ni n g e a l v e i n s , and esc ape t h rou gh fo rami n a at the b ase of

the sc u ll , to j oi n the d e e p c e rv i c al gl and s. T he c e re b ral ly m
h atte s, ac c ordi n g to F o hm ann , are si tu ate d u on t he s urfac e
p p
of t he pia mate r. T h ey pass most prob ab ly t h rough the fora
m i n t. at the b ase of the sku l l , to te rm i nate in t he d e e p c e rv i c al
s
c l an i s.
a
T h e d ee p l y mph ati c v esse l s of the fac e proc ee d from the nasa
fossm, mou th, and ph ary nx , and termi n ate in the sub maxill ary
and d ee p c erv i c al g l and s.
'

T he supe rfi c i al and d eep c e rvi c a l l y mphati c vessel s of the

4 24 T H E TH O M S O N I A N .

n ec k ac c ompan passi ng from g land to gl and ,

y the j ug ul ar v e i ns ,

a nd at the root of the nec k c om m un i c ate w i t h the t h orac i c l m

y
p h at i c v esse l s,
an d term i nate on the r igh t sid e , in the d u c tu s
,
l y mph at i c us d e x ter, and, on the le ft, in the th orac i c d uc t, ne ar
to its t e rm i n ati on .

L Y M P H A T rc s O F U PP ER EX T REM I T Y
TH E .

T he su perfi c i al l y mph ati c gl and s of the arm are n ot mo re

th an fou r or fi v e i n n u mb e r and of v e ry small siz e
, O ne or .

t wo are si tu ate d ne ar the m e di an b asil i c and c e ph al i c v e i ns at

, , ,

the b e n d o f the e l b o w and one o r t wo ne ar to t he b asil i c v e i n ,

on the i nn e r sid e o f the u pper arm, i mme di ate l y ab ov e t he

e l b ow .

T he d eep gl and s in the fore ar m are e x c e ssi ve l y sm al l and

i nfre q ue n t ; t wo or th re e may g eneral l y b e fou nd i n the c ou rse
o f therad ia l and u l nar v esse l I n the u ppe r arm th ere 1 5 a c h ai n
.

of sm al l gl an d s ac c o mpan yi ng the b rac hi al ar te r y

, .

T he a xill ary l and s are n u mero us and of l arg e size

g .

are c l ose l y ad h e re nt to the v esse l s so me are d i spose d i n the

,
l oose c e l l ul ar t i ssue of the axill a and a s mal l c h ai n m ay be
,

o b se rv e d e x te n di n g a l on g the l ower b ord er o f the pe c toral i s

maj or to the m am m ary gl an d T wo or th ree su b c l av i an gl an ds

.

a re s i tu ate d b e n e at h t he c l a v i c l e an d se rve as the m edi u m o f

,

c om m u n i c ati on b etwee n t he a xil l ary and d e ep c arvic al l ym

p h ati c gl an d s .

T he su pe rfi c i al ly m ph ati c v essels cf the u pper e x tre mi ty

co m me n c e a t the e x tre m i ti e s of t he fi ng e rs and pass al on g the ,

b ord e rs of the fi ng e rs to t he d orsu m o f the h an d ; th e y ne x t

asc e n d the fore arm so me o n its poste ri or a nd so me on i ts an te
-

r i o r aspec t ob se rv i n g pa rti c u l arl y t he di re c ti o n of the v e i ns

,
.

A t the b e nd of the e l b o w t h e y c on v e i g e to fo rm two g rou ps,

wh i c h ac c o mpan y the b asi li c and c e phali c v e i ns T he l m

y .

atic s o f the b asil i c g rou p c om m u n i c ate w i th t he g and s s i tu

p h
l ,

ate d i m m edi ate l y ab ov e the e l b o w an d asc e n d t o j oi n the axi l

,

l ary g l and s Th ose of the c ephal i c g ro u p for t he most part

.

c ross the u pper part o f the b i c e ps m usc l e and al so e nte r the ,

axilary gl and s w hil e t wo or t h re e are c onti nu e d o n ward s

,

al ong t he c e ph al i c v e i n in the i n terspac eb e t we e n the pec to1 alis

,

maj or and d e l to id m usc l e to c om mu n i c ate w i th the sub c l av i an

,
gl and s .

T he d eep l y m ph ati c s ac c ompan y the v esse l s of the U ppe r

e x tre mi ty an d c o mm u ni c ate oc c asi on al ly w i th the superfi c i al
,

l y mph ati c s T h e y e n ter the axill ary and sub c l av i an gl and s

.

and z ,
it the root o f the n e c k te rmi nate on the l e ft sid e in the
,

t h orac i c d uc t, and on t he righ t sid e 1 n the d uc tus l y mph ati c us

de x ter .
4 26 T H E TH O M S O N I A N
l

j oi ni ng the d ee p i ng ui nal gl and s th e y pass b e neat h P ou part s ’

l ig ame nt to c ommun i c ate wi th the n um e rou s gl and s si tu ate d

,

aro u nd t he ili ac v e sse l s T he d ee p l y m ph ati c s o f the g lu teal

.

regi on fol l ow the c o urse of the b ran c h es of the gl u te al an d is

c hiatic arte ri e s T he forme r j oi n the gl an d s si tu ate d u pon the
.

u ppe r b ord e r of the py ri fo rm i s m usc l e and the l atte r afte r c om , ,

~

m u nic ating wi t h t he ly mph ati cs of the th igh e n te r t he isc hiat ,

ic gl and s .

L Y M P H A T ICS OF TH E T RU N K .

T he l y mph ati c s k m ay b e arrang e d u nd er th ree

o f the tru n
h e ad s— superfi c ial d eep and v i sc eral, ,
.

T h e su perfi c i al l y m ph ati c v e sse l s of the u ppe r h al f of the

tru n k pass u pward s an d o u tward s on e ac h sid e and con ve rg e , ,

so me to the axill ar y gl an d s an d ot h e rs to the gl an d s a t the roo t

,

o f the ne c k T he l y mph ati c s from the m ammary gl and s fol

.

l ow the l owe r b ord e r o f t he pe c toral i s m aj or c ommu n i c ati ng ,

wi th a c h ai n of ly m ph ati c gl and s to the ax ill ary gl and s T he

“

.
,

su pe rfi c i al l y mph at i c v esse l s of the l o we r h a l f of the t ru nk of ,

t he gl u teal regi on per i ne u m and e x tern al org a ns of enerat i on

, , g ,

c on v e rg e to the su per i or g roup o f su pe rfi c i al i n g u i n al g l an d s .

S ome smal l gl an d s are si tu ated on e ac h sid e of t he d orsal v ei n

of the pe n i s from w hi c h as from t he su pe rfi c i al l y m ph ati c s the
, , ,

effere n t v e ssel s pass i n to the su peri or g rou p of su perfi c i a l i ng ui

n al gl and s .

T he d eep l y mph ati c gl and s of the t h or ax are the i nte rc ostal ,

i ntern al mammary anteri or me di asti n al an d posteri or medi

, ,

astin al .

T he i nte rc ostal gl an d s are o f sm al l siz e , and are si tu ated on

e ac h sid e o f t he v e r te b ral c o l u mn , n e ar the a rti c u l ati ons of t he

h ead s of the r i b s, an d in the c ou rse of the i nte rc ostal arte ri es.

T h e i n te rnal m ammar y gl an d s, al so v e ry small , are pl ac e d
i n t he i nterc ostal spac es, b y the sid e of the i nternal mamm ary .

arte ri es.

T he m edi asti nal gl ands oc c u py the l oose c e l l ul ar

an te r or i
t i ssu e of the ante ri or medi asti nu m, r esti ng so me on the dia

phrag m , b u t the g re ater nu mb er u pon the l arge v esse l s at the

root of the h e art .

T he poste ri or medi asti n al gl and s are si tuate d al ong the

c ou rse of t he aorta and (e soph agu s, in the poste ri or me di ast i

n u m , and c omm u n i c ate ab ove w i t h the d e e p c e rv i c al gl and s,

on e ac h sid e wi th the i nterc ostal , and b el ow w i t h the ab dom i
l d
nal g an s.
T he d ee p ly m ph ati c v esse l s of the th orax are the i nte rc ostal ,

inte rnal m amm ary and di aph rag mati c , .

T he i nterc ostal l y mph ati c vesse l s fol l ow the c ourse of the

 M A TERIA M ED I C A . 4 27

arte r es o f
i the same n ame ; and reac n the v erteb ral c o u mn , hi g l
c u rve d o wn war s, to term nate in t he t orac c
d i i d uc t. h
T he i nte rn al mammary ly mph ati c s c omme nc e in the pari e tes
o f the ab d o me n c om mu n i c ati ng w i t h the e pig astri c ly m ph ati c s .

T h ey asc e n d b y the sid e of the in tern al m ammary v esse l s ,

b e i ng j oi ne d i n th e i r c ou rse b y the an teri or i n te rc ostal s and ,

t ermi n ate on t he r igh t sid e in the tri b u tari es of the d uc tus

l y mph ati c us d e x te r ; and on the l eft sid e in the th orac i c d uc t .

T he di aph rag mati c l y mph at i c s pursue the di rec ti on of t he

c orre spondi n g v ei ns and te rm i n ate some in front in the i nte r
, ,

nal m am mary v esse l s and some b e hi nd , in the posteri or me di

,

astin al l y mph ati c s .

T he d eep ly mph ati c gl and s of the ab d omen are the l u mb ar

gl and s ; t h e y are v ery nu merous and are seate d around the ,

c ommon il i ac v e sse l s the aorta an d v e n a c av a

,
.

T he d ee p l y mph ati c gl and s of the pe l vi s are the e x ternal

il i ac i nte rnal i l i ac and sac ral
, ,
.

T he e x te rnal i li ac are pl ac e d arou n d t he e x te rnal i li ac v es

se l s be i ng i n c on ti n uati o n b y one e x tre m i ty w i th the fe mora l
,

l y mph ati c s and b y the oth er w i t h the l u mb ar gl ands

,
.

T he i nte rn al ili ac gl an d s are situ ate d in t he c ou rse of the

i nte rnal il i ac v esse l s and the sac ral gl and s are su pporte d b y the
,

c on c ave su rfac e of the sac ru m.

T he d e e p l y mph ati c v e sse l s are c onti nue d u pward s from the
t hig h , b e ne ath P ou part s lig ame n t, an d al on g the e x te rnal i l i ac
’

v e sse l s to the l u mb ar gl and s, rec e i v i n g i n t h e i r c ourse the e i

p
g astri c , c i rc u mfle x ilii , and i l i o l u mb ar l y mph ati c v essel s.
-

T h ose from the pari e tes of the pe l v i s, and from the gl u te al, is
c hiatic , and ob tu rator v e ssel s, foll ow the c ourse o f the i nte rn al
i li ac arte ri es, and u n i te w i th the l u mb ar ly mph ati c s A nd the .

l u mb ar lym ph ati c v e sse l s, after re c e i v i n g all the l y mph ati c s

from the l owe r e x tre mi ti e s, pe l v i s and l o i n s, termi nate b y se v e
ral l arge tru n k s in the rec eptac u l u m c h yl i .

L Y M P H A T ICS OF TH EV I S C ERA .

T he ly mph ati c v esse s of l the

l ungs are di stri b ute d over e v e
ry part o f the su rfac e and t h rou g h t he te x tu re of th ese org ans,
,

a nd c on v e rg e to the nu merou s gl an d s si tu ated aroun d the b i

furc ati on o f the trac h e a an d roots of the l ungs— the b ron c hi a l

gl and s S ome of th ese gl and s of smal l size may b e trace d in
.
, ,

c onnec t i on wi th the b ron c hi al t ub es for some di stanc e i n to the ,

l ungs T he effe re nt v esse l s from the b ronc hi al gl and s u ni te

.

w i th the trac h e al and (e soph age al gl ands and termi nate pri nc i ,

ally ih the t h orac i c d uc t at t he root o f the ne c k and partl y i n

p ,

the d uc tus l y m ph at i c u s d e x te r T he b ronc hi al gl and s in the

.
,

ad u l t pre sen t a v ari ab l e ti nt o f b rown and in old age a d eep

, ,

b l ac k c ol or In i nfanc y th e y h av e none of thi s pig me nt and

. ,
4 28 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

are n ot to be di sti ng ui sh e d from ly m ph ati c gl and s in oth e r i tu

s

ation s.

T he l y mph ati c v essel s o f the heart origi nate in the su b se

rou s c e l l u lar ti ssu e of t he su rfac e and i n t he d ee per t i ssu es o f
,

t he o rg an an d foll o w t he c o u rse of t he v e sse l s pri n c i pal l y

, , ,

al ong the r igh t b ord er o f the h e art to the gl an d s si tu ate d arou n d

t he arc h of the aorta an d b ro nc h i al gl and s w h e n c e th e y pro ,

c ee d to t he t h orac i c d uc t .

T he peri c ardi ac and thy m i c l y mph ati c v e sse l s proc eed to

j oi n the ante ri or m edi asti nal and b ron c h i al gl and s .

T he ly m ph ati c v e sse l s o f th e l i v e r are di v i si b l e i n to the d ee p

and su pe rfi c i al . T he fo rm er take t h e i r c ou rse th rough the por
tal c an al s and t h rou gh t he r igh t b ord e r of the l esse r o me ntu m
, ,

t o the ly mph ati c gl and s si tu ate d in t he c ou rse of t he h e pati c

,

arte r y an d al ong the l e sse r c ur v e o f the stom ac h . T he su pe r

fi c ial l y mph ati cs are si tu ate d in the c e l l u l ar stru c ture of t he
ro e r c apsu l e ov e r the w hol e su r fac e o f t he l i ve r Th ose of
p p .
,

t he c on v e x s u r f a c e a r e di v id e d i n t o t w o se ts
.
— 1 t h ose w h i c h
ass fro mb e fore b ac k ward s 2 t h ose w hi c h ad v an c e from b e
p
.

h i nd forward s T he former u ni te to form trunks w h i c h e nte r

. ,

b e twee n th e fold s o f the l ate ral lig ame n ts at the r igh t a nd l e ft

e x tre m i ti e s of the o rg an an d of t he c oron ary li g ame nt i n the
,

m iddl e . S ome o f t h ese pi erc e the di aph rag m and j oi n t he pos

te rior m e di asti n al gl and s ot h e rs c o nv e rg e to t he l y mph ati c
,

l an d s si tu ate d arou n d the i nfe ri or c av a Th ose w hi c h pass

g
.

from b e h i nd for ward s c o nsi st of t wo g rou ps ; on e asc end s b e

t we e n the fol d s o f t he b road l ig am e n t an d pe rfo rate s the d ia ,

h r a m to te rm i n ate i n t he an te ri o r m e d i asti n al gl and s ; t he

p g ,

o th e r c u r v e s aro u nd th e an te ri or m argi n of t he l i v e r to i ts ( on ,

a v e s u r fa c e a n d f r o m t h e n c e to t he gl and s in the righ t b o rd er

c ,

h l m t m T h ly m h ti l s of t he c onc ave
of p
t e e s se r o e n u
. e a c v e s se

s u r fa c e a r e v a r i o u s ly di st r i b u
,
t e d a c c o rdi ng to t h e i r
posi ti on ;
t h o se f r o m t h e r i g h t l o b e ter m i n ate i n the l u m b ar gl an d s
; th ose
from th e g a l l b l a d d
,
e r w h i c h a re l a r g e a n d form a r e m arkab l e
l e x u s e n te r t he gl and s i n t he righ t b o rd e r of t he l esse r o me n
p ,

t u rn ; and t h ose from t h e l e ft l ob e c on v e rg e to t he l y m ph ati c

gl an d s si tuate d al ong the l esser c u rv e of the stom ac h .

T he ly m ph ati c gl and s of the spl ee n are si tu ate d arou nd its

h il us an d t h ose of the panc re as in the c ou rse o f the spl en i c
,

v ei n
. T h e ly m p h a t i c v e s se l s o f t h e se o rg a n s
pas s t h rou gh

t h e i r re spec ti v e gl an d s, and j oi n the aorti c gl and s prev i ou sly to ,

te r mi n ati n g in t he t horac i c d u c t .

T he l ym ph ati c gl and s of the stom ac h are of smal l siz e, and

s i tu at e d a l o n g th e l e s s er a n d g rea t e r c u rv e s of th at org an
i
. T h e

lymph ati c v essel s as in oth e r v i sc era are su pe rfi c ial and dee p ;

, ,

f m i i ti n g i n th e su b sero us and the l atter in t he

th e o r e r o r g n a ,

su b m u c o u s t i ss u e ; t h e y p a s s f r o m th e sto m a c h i n fou r di ffer en t

4 30 THE T H O M S O N I A N

h r a m, and al ong the fron t of the v erte b ral c ol u m n, lyi ng b e

p g
t wee n the t h orac i c aorta and v e n a az y g os, to the fou rth d orsal
‘

v e rte b ra. I t t h en in c l i nes to the l eft sid e, passe s b e hi n d the

arc h of the aorta, and asc e nd s P L A TE

b y t he sid e of the oesoph ag us

and b e h i nd t he perpe ndi c u l ar
ti n of the l eft su b c l av i an ar
p o r o
te ry to the root of the ne c k 0 p

posite the se ve n th c er v i c al v er
teb ra, w h ere it ma ke s a s u dd e n
c u rv e forward s and d own ward s,
and ter m i nates at the poi nt o f

j unc ti on o f the l eft su b c l av i an

w i th the l e ft i n ternal j u g u l ar
vei n.
T he th orac i c d uc t is eq ual in
siz e to the di ame ter of a g oose
q u il l at its c om me n c e ment from
the re c e ptac u l u m c hyl i , di m i n
ish es c onsid e rab ly in di ameter
toward s the middl e of the poste
r i or m e di asti nu m , and ag ai n b e
c omes dil ate d ne ar i ts ter mi na
tion . A t ab ou t the m iddl e of
i ts c ourse it freq ue ntl y di v id es
into two b ran c h es o f e q ual size ,
w h i c h re un i te afte r a sh ort
c ou rse ; and som e ti m e s it gi ve s

o ff se v e ral b ranc h es, w hi c h as

su me a pl e xi fo rm arrang me nt in

t hi s si tu ati on . O c c asi on ally the

th orac i c d uc t b i fu rc ate s at th e
U ppe r part of the th orax i nto

T he C ou r se a nd T er mina tion of the T hor ac i c D u c t —l . T he ar c h of t he

.

aor ta . 2. T h e t hor ac ic aor ta . 3 . T he a b d om in a l aor ta , showing i ts p r i n c ip al

b ran c h e s d iv id e d near t h eir or ig in . 4 T h e ar teri a i n nom inata , div i din g into
.

t he r ig h t ca r otid a n d r ig ht su b c l av ia n ar ter i es. 5 T he l e f t car otid

. . 6 T he
.

l ef t su b cl av ian . 7 . T h e su p e r ior c av a , f orm e d b y t h e u ni on of 8 , t he tw o v e

n a inn om inatae ; an d t he se b y t he ju n c t ion 9 , of the i nt er nal j
u g u l ar a nd

su b cl av ian v e in a t e ac h sid e . z
1 0 . T h e gr e ate r v e n a a yg os. 1 1 T h e t erm i
z
.

n ation o f th e l e sser i n th e g r eate r v en a a y g os. 1 2 T he r e ce p tac u l u m c hyl i ;

.

sev er al l ym p hatic tr u n k s ar e se e n op enin g i nt o it . 1 3 . T h e t h orac i c d u c t, d i

v iding o pp osite t he m id d l e of t h e d orsal v er t e b r a e in to t wo b ra n c h e s, w hic h

soon r e u nite . T h e c our se o f t he d u c t b e hind t he ar c h of th e a or ta a nd l e ft

su b c lav ian ar te r y i s sh ow n b y a d ot te d l ine . 1 4 . T h e d u c t m ak in g i t s tu r n a t
t he r oot of the n e c k , a nd r e e e iv in g sev eral l ym phatic t r u nk s p r ev i ou sl y to te r
j
m inating in t he p ost er ior a sp ec t of t he unc t ion of t h e i nterna l u g u l ar a nd j
su b c l av ian v ein . 1 5 . T he t erm ination of the tru nk of the d u c tu s l ym p hat ic u s
d exter .
 M A TERIA M ED I C A . 431

two b ranc h es, o ne o f w hi c h

i the poi nt o f j unc ti on b e
ope ns nto
t we e n t he rig ht su b c l av i an and j u g u l ar v e i ns w hil e the oth er ,

d t t h m l t mi ti f th d t on t he l e ft sid e
p ro c ee s o e n o r a e r na on o e u c .

I n rare i nstan c es the d uc t has b e e n fou nd to term i n ate in the

e na azyg os w h i c h is the n ormal d esti n ati on in so me m am ma

y1 a.
,

T he th orac i c d u c t pre se n ts fe we r v al ves i n its c ourse th an

‘

l y m ph ati c vesse l s g e ne ral l y ; at its term i nati on it is prov id e d

w i t h a pai r of se mil u nar v al v es, w hi c h preve nt the ad mi ssi on of
v e n o us b l ood i n to i ts c y l i n d e r .
B r a n c he s . T he t h o rac i c d uc t re c e i v e s at its c o m me n c e me nt
-

fo ur o r fi ve l a rg e l y mphati c tr u n ks w hi c h u n i te to for m the re

c e ptac u l u m c h y l i
; it n e x t re c e i ves the t run k s o f the l ac te al v es
se l s. Wi th i n t he thorax it is j oi ne d b y a l arge l y m ph ati c tru nk
from the li ve r, and in i ts c o u rse t h roug h the poste ri or m edi as
t i n u m re c e i ves the l y m ph ati c v esse l s b ot h fro m the v i sc e ra and
fro m t he pari e tes of the t h orax . A t i ts c ur v e forward s in the
n e c k it is j o i n e d b y the ly m phat i c t ru n k s f ro m the l e ft sid e of
t he h e ad a nd n e c k, l e ft u ppe r e x tre mi ty , and fro m t he u ppe r

p a r t o f t he t h ora x ,
a nd th or a c i c v i sc era.

T he d u c tus l y m ph ati c us d e x te r is a sh ort tru nk , w hi c h re

c e ives t he l y m ph at i c v e sse l s from the r igh t sid e of the h e ad and
n e c k , r ig h t u ppe r e x tre m i ty an d righ t sid e of th e t h orax , and
te rm i nate s at t he j u n c ti on o f th e righ t su b c l av i an w i t h the r igh t
i n tern al j ug u lar v e i n , at the poi n t w h ere th ese v e i ns u n i te to
form the r igh t v e n a i nn om i n ata I t is prov id ed at its te rm i na
.

ti on w i t h a pai r of se m il u n ar v al v es w h i c h pre v en t the e n trance

o f b l ood fro m the v e i n s.

'

ON ERvous S Y S T EM
THE N .

T he n er v ou s sy s te m c onsi sts o f a c e ntral o rg an the c ereb ro ,

s i nal c e n t re o r a xi s an d o f n u me rou s ro un d e d an d fl atte ne d

p ,

w hi te c ord s the n e rves wh i c h are c onn e c te d b y o ne e x tre mi ty

,

w i t h t he c e re b ro spi n al c e n t re and b y the o ther are di stri b u ted

-

t o all the te x tu res o f the b od y T he sy mpath e ti c sy ste m is an

.

e x c e pti on t o thi s d e sc ri pti on for i n pl ace of one i t has m an y ,

smal l c e n tre s w h i c h are c all e d g angli a an d w h i c h c ommu ni

, ,

c ate v e r y free l y w i t h t he c e re b ro s i nal axi s d w i t h i ts

p a n
-

,
n e rves.
T he c e re b ro sp na
l axi s c on si sts o f two porti ons— t he b rai n
-

i ,
an o rg a n o f l arg e siz e si tu ate d w i th i n the sk ul l and the s i nal
, p ,

c ord a l e ng t h e n e d
, po rti o n o f the nerv o us c e n tre c o nt i nu ou s
w i th the b rai n and o c c upyi ng the c anal of the v erteb ral c c
,

l um u .

T he most s uperfi c i al e x am i n ati on o f t he b rai n and spi nal

c ord sh ows t h e m to b e c om pose d of fi b res w h i c h in so me si tu ,

a tio ns are rang e d sid e b y sid e or col l e c ted i nto b u ndl es and i n ,
43 2 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

ot h er si tuati ons are i nte rl ac e d at v ari ous angl es b y c ross fi b res .

T he fi b res are c ol l e c ted and h e ld tog e th e r b y a d e l i c ate c e ll u l ar

web w hi c h forms the b ond o f su pport to the e n ti re o rg an
, It .

is a l so ob se r ve d t h at t he c e re b ro spi n al axi s prese n ts t wo su b

stan c es di fferi ng from e ac h oth e r i n d e n si ty and c o l or— a g re y

o r c i ne ri ti ou s or c orti c al su b stan c e a nd a w h i te o r m e d u l l ar y
,

s u b stan c e T he g re y su b stan c e for m s a t hi n l am e l l a o v e r t he

.

e n ti re su rfac e o f the c on v o l u t i on s o f t he c e re b i u m an d the la ,

m i nae of the c e reb e l l u m : h e n c e it has b ee n n am e d c orti c al ; b u t

i t i s li ke wi se si tu ate d i n the c e n tre o f t he s pi n a l c o rd i ts e n ti re
l en g th and m ay t h e n ce b e trac e d t h ro ug h the m e d u l l a ob l o ng
,

ata c ru ra c e re b ri t h al am i opti c i an d c or pora stri ata ; i t e nte rs

, , ,

al so i n to the c omposi ti on of the l oc u s pe rforatus t u b e r c i ne re ,

u m c omm i ssu ra m olils pi n e al gl and and c orpu s rhom b oid e

, , ,

um.
T he fi b res of the c ere b ro spi n al axi s are arrang e d i nto two
-

c l asse s d i ve rgi ng an d c on v e rgi ng

,
T he d i v e rgi ng fi b res pro
.

oec d f rom t he m e d u l l a ob l on g ata and d i v e rg e to e v e ry par t of

,

the su rfac e of the b rai n ; w hil e the c on v e rgi n g c o m m e n c e u p

o n the su rfac e a nd proc ee d i nw ard s to ward s t he c e n tre
, so as ,

to c on n ec t the di vergi ng fi b re s of o pposi te sid e s I n c ertai n .

p a r ts o f t h e 1 r c ou rse t he di v e rgi ng fi b res are se arate d b

p y the
1 ey su b stan c e and i n c rease i n n u mb e r so as to fo r m a b od y of
g ,
c on sid e rab l e si z e w h i c h is c all ed a g an gl i o n
, T he posi ti on .

and m u tu al re l ati ons o f th ese fi b re s and g angl ia m ay b e b e st e x

l i n ed b re fer e n c e to t he m od e o f d e v e l ope m e n t of the c e re
p a y
b ro spi ral axi s in an i m al s an d i n m an
-
.

T he c e n tre of the n e rv ou s syste m i n the l owest an i m als pos

sesse d o f a l e n g th e ne d axi s pre se n ts i tse l f i n the fo rm of a d ou
,

b le c ord A ste p high er in t he an i m al sc al e an d k n ots o r e n

.
g,

gl i a are d ev e l oped u pon one e x tre mi ty of thi s c o rd ; su c h 13 the

most ru di m e ntary c ondi ti on of the b rai n in the l o w e st form s of
v e rte b rata . I n the l owest fi sh es the an teri or e x tre m i ty of the
,

d oub l e c ord di spl ays a su c c essi on of fi ve pai rs o f g angli a T he .

h igh e r fi sh es and am ph i b i a appear to h av e a di ffe re nt di sposi

ti on of t h ese pri m i ti v e g angl i a T he fi rst t wo h av e b e c o me
.

fuse d in to a si n gl e g angl i on and t h e n foll o w o nl y thre e pai rs of

,

s m m e tric al angli a
g B u t i f the l arg e r pai r b e u n fold e d afte r
y g
.

b e i n g h ard e ne d in al c o h ol it w il l th e n b e se e n th at the w h o l e
,

n u m b e r of g angl i a e xi sts b u t t h at fou r h av e b e c om e c on c eal e d

,

b y a thi n c o veri ng th at h as spre ad ac ross t he m Th i s c ondi .

ti on of the b rai n c arri es u s u pward s i n t he an i m al sc al e e v e n to

mamm ali a i e in the d og or c at we fi nd fi rst a si ngl e g an
. .
, ,

the c ere b e l l u m th e n t h ree pai rs foll ow i n g e ac h oth e r i n

,

su c c essi on ; and if w e u nfold t he m iddl e ai r w e s hal l b e at

p ,

on c e c onv i n c e d t h at it is i nd ee d c om pos ed of t wo pai rs o f pr i

mitive gangl i a c onc eal e d b y an addi ti on al d e ve l ope me nt A g ai n .

334 TH E T H O M S O N I A N

co mpose d of a th i n and tran spare n t neuril e ma, e nc l osi ng a soft

homog eno us n e rv o us su b stanc e , and t h e y possess a re mark ab l e
t e nd e nc y , w h e n c o mpresse d , to assu me a vari c ose appearanc e .

T he n e rv ous fi b res of t he ol fac tory , o pti c , an d au di tory ne rves,

hav e t he same di sposi ti on to b e c om e v ari c ose on pre ssu re . T he
ne u ril e ma of t he pri mi ti ve fi b re , ac c ordi ng to F o ntau a, c onsi sts
of t wo l ay e rs, of w h i c h t he i n te rn al is t hi n and t ranspare nt,
and the e x te rnal c e l lu l ar and l e ss transpare nt.

T he g re y su b stan c e of the b rai n , ac c ordi n g to V al e nti n , is

c o m pose d o f gl ob u l es of c o nsid e rab l e siz e , h a v i n g a c e n tral n u

c l eu s, n e ar the m argi n o f w hi c h is an ot h e r s m all e r n uc l eus,

and fre q ue ntl y u on the su rfac e o f t he g lob u l e, atc h es of i
p p p g
m e n t. T he v ari ous sh ad es of g re y o b se rv ed i n di fferen t parts
o f the b rai n d e e nd u on the g re ater o r sm al l e r n u mb e r of l o
p p g
b u l es e xi sti n g i n t h ose parts. T wo ki nd s of g re y sub stanc e
are d esc r i b e d as e xi sti n g in the s i nal c ord
p t h e one is the or

d inary g re y m atte r o f the c ord , and the oth e r for ms part of the
oste r i or c o rn ua. T h f m e mb l e s t he g re y m atte r o f t he
p e or e r r es

b rai n , c on si sti ng of gl ob u l es, w hil e the l atter is c ompose d of

sm al l b odi es re se m b l i n g t he b l ood c or u sc u l es o f the fro g .
p
T he ne rve s are di v i si b l e i nto two g re at c l asses— th ose w h i c h
proc ee d di rec tl y fro m the c e re b ro spi nal axi s, the c ran i al and
-

s i nal ne rv e s a nd c on sti tu te the sy ste m of an i m al l i fe d

p ,
a n
t h ose w h i c h origi n ate from a s ste m of ne rvo us c e n tre s, i nd e ~
y
p e n d e n t o f th e c e re b ro -
sp i n al a xi s ,
b u t c l ose l y assoc i ate d w i t h
t h at c e ntre b n u m er o us c om m u n i c ati ons, the sy m path e ti c sys
y
te m , o r syste m of org an i c l i fe .
T he d iv isi on of n e rv es i nto c ran i al and spi n al is pure l y arb i
tr ary , and d e pe n d s u pon the c i rc u mstanc e o f t he fo rme r pass
i ng t h ro ugh the foram i n a of the c ran i u m, an d the l atter t h rou gh
t h ose o f the v e rte b ral c ol u mn . Wi t h re s pec t to origi n , al l th e
c ran i al ne rv es, w i t h the e x c e ti on of the fi rst ol fa c tory ,
p ( ) p ro s

c e ed fro m the s i n al c ord , or from i ts i mm edi ate c on ti n u at i on

p
i nto th e b rai n . T he spi n al n e r ves ari se b y t wo roots— an teri
or, w h i c h proc ee d s fro m the an te ri or seg me n t o f the spi n al

c ord , and m f i — and

p ossess es a o to r u n c t o n poste ri or, w h i c h is
c onne c ted w i t h t he poste ri or se g m e n t and b e stows the fac u l ty
,

o f se nsati on . T he motor ne rv es of t he c ran i u m are sh ow n by

d i ssec ti on to b e c onti nuou s w i th the motor porti on of the c ord ,
and for m one sy ste m w i t h the motor r oots o f the spi nal c ord

w h il e t he ne rv es of se nsati on , al way s e x c e pti ng the o l fac tory ,

a re in l ik e m anne r trac e d to t he ste ri or seg m e n t of the c ord
p o ,
a nd for m part o f t he sys te m o f se nsat i on .

T o t h ese two syste m s a th i rd has b een add e d b y sir C h arl es

B e l l— the respi ratory syste m — w h i c h c onsi sts of ne rv e s assoc i
ate d in the fu nc ti on o f re spi rati on , and ari si ng from the sid e o f

t he upper part of the spi nal c ord in one c onti nu ous l i ne , w h i c h

 M A TERIA M ED I C A . 4 35

w as th e nc e name d , b y t h at di sti ng u i sh ed h
p y si ol ogi st ,
the re
spi ratory t rac t.
Re c ent rese arc h es h av e mad e an i mportant addi ti on to ou r
knowl edge of the m od e of c onne c ti on o f the ne rv es wi th the spi
n al c ord and s h o w n t h at b ot h roots o f the spi n al ne rves
,
as ,

we ll as most of the c e re b ral di vid e i nto two se ts o f fil aments

,

U pon e n teri ng t he c ord on e se t b e i ng c on nec te d to the g re y

,

sub stanc e w h il e the oth er is c on ti n uo us wi t h t he wh i te or fi

,

b rous part of the c ord

T he c on ne c ti on of a ner ve wi th the c ere b ro spi nal axi s is -

c al l ed for t he c o nv e n i e nc e of d esc ri pti on i ts ori g i n ; t h i s te rm

, ,

m ust not h owe v e r b e re c e i v ed l i te rall y for e ac h nerv e is de

, , ,

v e loped in t he pre c i se si tu ati on whi c h i t oc c u pi e s in the b ody ,

and wi th the same re l ati on s t h at i t possesses i n after li fe In .

d ee d we not u nfre q ue ntl y mee t wi th instan c es in anen c e pha

,

l ous fmtuse s w h e re the nerv e s are b eau ti fu ll y and c om pl ete l y

, ,

formed w hil e the b rai n and spi nal c ord are w h ol l y wan ti ng
,
.

T he word o rigi n m ust th ere fore b e c onsid e re d as a re li c t of

, ,

t he d ar k ness of prec e di ng ag es w h e n the c e re b ro spi nal axi s ,

-

w as l ook e d u pon as the tree from w h i c h the n e rv e s pu sh e d

forth as b ran c h es I n t h e i r di stri b u ti on the spi nal ne r v es for
.
,

the m ost part foll ow the c ou rse of the arte ri e s parti c u l arl y in ,

the li mb s w h e re th e y l ie al most c o nstant ly to t he o u te r sid e

,

and su pe rfi c i al l y to the v e sse l s as i f for re c e i v i n g the fi rst i nti

,

mati on of d ang e r an d c omm u n i c ati n g it to the m usc l es t h at

, ,

t h e y may i nstantl y re mo v e t he arteri e s from i m pe n di n g inj u ry .

A m i c rosc opi c e x am i nati on of a c e re b ro spi n al ne r ve sh o ws -

it to b e c om pose d of mi n u te fi b res rese m b li ng th ose of the b rai n ,

a nd c onsi sti ng of a n e u r il e ma e n c l osi n g a soft h om og e n ou s ne r

v ou s su b stan c e T he c hie f d iffere n c e b e twe e n the fi b res of the

.

n e rves and the c ere b ral fi b re s is a som e w h at g re ate r opac i ty

,

an d m ore g ran u l ar a e r n e of the c o n te n ts of the m i n u te

pp a a c

c yli n d e rs of t he forme r ; a g re ate r thic hn ess o f t h e i r neu ri

l ema and an i ndi sposi ti on to the form ati on of v ari c ose e n
,

l arg e me n ts u pon c ompre ssi on T he n eu r il e ma prese n ts the

.

same t wo l aye rs whi c h e xi st i n the c e re b ral fi b res T he pri .

m itiv e fi b res or fil ame nts are asse m b l e d i n to sm al l b u n dl e s and

, ,

e nc l ose d i n a di sti nc t sh e at h c onsti t u ti n g a f u n i c u l u s ; the fu

,

n i ou l i are c oll e c te d i nto l arg e r b u n dl es or fasc i c u li an d a sin , ,

g le or a n u mb er o f fasc i c u l i c onne c te d b y c e ll u l ar ti ssu e and ,

i nv este d b y a m e mb ranous s h e ath c onsti tu te a n erv e T he fu

, .

n i ou l i ,
w h e n freshl y e x pose d presen t a pec uli ar zigz ag l i n e
,

ac ross th e i r c yl i nd e r w hi c h is m ost rob ab ly d d b th e

, p p ro u c e y
arrang eme n t of the pri m i ti ve fi b res o r
po ssi b l y b
y so m e c ond i,
~

t i on of the ne u ril e m a Th i s appearanc e is d estroye d b y mak

.

ing e x te nsi on u pon the nerve .

C ommu ni c ati ons b e tween nerves tak e pl ac e e i t h e r b y means

4 86 TH E T H O M S O N I A N

of the fun i c u l i i g a si ngl e n e rv e or of the fasc i c u l i i

c o mpos n ,

n ervous pl e x u s I n th ese c o m m u n i c ati ons th ere is n o f si on

.
,
‘

o f n e r v o us su b stan c e t he c ord for me d b y any t wo f un ic u li is

’

c onsta ntl y e n l arg ed a nd c o rrespo nd s ac c u ratel y w i th t h e i r c om

,

b ined b u l k .

A n e rv ou s ple xu s c onsi sts in a c o mm u n i c ati on b e twee n the

'
fasc ic u li aud fu m c u li c o m posi ng the n e rv e s w hi c h are assoc iat
ed i n t h e i r su pply o f a li m b o r o f a c e rtai n re gi on o f t he b ody .

D uri ng t hi s c o m m u n i c ati on th e re 1 s an i nte rc h ang e of funi c u li ,

a nd w i th the fu ni c u l i an i n te rc h an g e o f fi b res .

T he sy m ath eti c syste m c on si sts o f n u merous g an g li a of

p ,

c om mu n i c ati ng b ranc hes passi n g b e twee n the g angl i a of oth e rs ,

passi n g b et wee n t he g angli a and the c e re b ro spi n al a xi s and of

-

b ran c h es of di stri b u ti on w h i c h are re m arkab l e for t h e i r fre q ue nt

a nd l exi f m mm i t i T h y m t h ti s al so
p or c o u n c a o n s e s pa . e c n erve

d iffe r from oth e r n e rves in t h e i r c ol or w hi c h is o f a g re yi sh ,

p e ar l y t i n t Ex ami n e d w i t h the m i c rosc ope the sy mpath e ti c

.
,

n er v e s are se e n to b e c o m ose d of an ad mi x tu re o f g re y an d
p
w h i te fi b re s T he g re y are m uc h s m all e r th an the wh i te l ess
.
,

t ran spare n t an d t he n e uri l e ma is l ess e asil y di sti ng u i sh ab l e

,

f rom i ts c on te n ts S om e o f the ne rv es are c om posed of g re y fi

.
,

b res onl y w i thou t an y ad mix ture of w hi te

, T he sy m pathe ti c .

g angli a c on tai n the gl ob u l e s ob se rv ed in the g re y su b stance of

t he b rai n ; t h e y are fi rme r i n stru c ture a n d e n c l ose d i n a stron g
i nv e sti n g c apsul e T he fasc i c u l i of fi b res e nteri n g t he g angli
.

o n b e c o me d iv id e d an d for m a l e x u s arou n d the gl ob u l es a nd

p ,

t h e n c on v e rg e to c on sti tu te an oth e r fasc i c u l u s b y w h i c h th e y ,

q u i t the g an gl i on .

T he n e rv o us s ste mm ay b e di v id ed , for c onv en i en c e of de

y
sc ri pti on , i n to — 1 T he b rai n . .2 . T he spi n al c or d . 3 . T he
c ran i al n erve s. 4 . T he spi n al n erves. 5 . T he sy mpath e ti c
s yste m .

TH E B RA I N .

T he b r a i n is l l e c ti v e te rm w h i c h sig nifi es th ose parts of

a co ,

t he n e rv ou s sy ste m e x c l u siv e of the n erv e s th emse l v e s w h i c h

are c on tai ne d w i thi n the c ran i u m
; t he y are the c e re b ru m c c ,

re b e ll u m and m e d u l l a ob l on g ata
,
T h ese are i n veste d and pro
.

t e c te d b y the m e mb ran es o f the b rai n an d the w h ol e tog e th e r ,

c on sti tu te t he e n c e ph al on .

D iss ec t i on — T o e x am i ne
p ha lon w i t h its m em
t he e n ce
'
b r a n es , the u ppe r part of the sk u l l m u st b e re m ov e d b y sawi ng
t h rou g h t he e x te rn a l tab l e , a n d b reak i ng t he i n te r n al tab l e w i th
t he c hi se l and h am mer A fte r t he c al v ari u m has b ee n l oose n
.

e d all rou n d i t w il l re q u i re a c o nsid e1 ab l e d eg re e o f forc e to tear

the b one away fro m the d ura mater. T he ad h e si on rs partic u

43 8 TH E T H O M S O N I A N

I f he separate th ese w i th his sc al pel , he wil l see a v e rti c al

l ayer of d ura m ate r d esc e ndi n g b et wee n the h e m i sph ere s, and
i f he d raw one sid e of the b rai n a li ttl e o utward s, he will dis~
tinc tly pe rc e i v e its e x te n t. T hi s is the fal x c e re b ri .
T he proc esses o f d ura m ate r w hi c h are se nt i n ward s toward s
t he i nte ri or of t he sk u ll , are the fal x c e reb ri , te n tori u m c ereb e l
l i, an d fal x c e reb e l li .
T he a r ter i es of the d ura mater are— the
A nte ri or me ni nge al , from the i nte rnal c arotid .
M idd le m e n i nge al and meni ng ea parv a, from the i nte rnal
maxil l ary .
I nfe ri or m en i ng e al , from the asc e ndi ng ph ary nge al and 0 0 0 1
pi tal i
arte r e s.

P oste r i or me n i ng e al , from the v erte b ral .

T he n er v es a re d e ri v e d from the nerv i m oll es and ve rteb ral
pl e x us of the sympath et i c , from the C asse ri an g an gl i on , the
o t h al mi c n e rve , and som et i mes from t he fou rth . T h b anc h
p e r

e s from the t wo l ast are gi v e n off w h il e the n e rv es are si tu ate d

.

b y the sid e o f the se ll a tu rc e a ; t h e y are r ec u rren t, an d pass

b ac k ward s b e twe e n the l ay e rs of the tentori u m, to the l i n i ng
m e mb rane of the l ate ral si nus.

A r achn oid M em b r a n e .

T he arac h noid , so name d fro m its e x tre me ten u i ty, is the se

rou s m e mb rane of t he c e reb ro spi nal c e ntre , and , l ik e o t h e r se
-

r ou s m e m b rane s, a s h u t sac I t e nv e l o pes the v e i n and spi nal

.

c ord , and is re fl e c te d u pon t he i nner surfac e of the d u ra m ate r,

gi v i ng to t h at me mb rane its se rou s i nv estme n t.
T he arac h no id is attac h e d to the su rfac e of t he pia mater b y
a l oose c e ll u l ar ti ssue , t he su b arac h noid e an .
-
T h i s ti ssu e is fi
l am en tons at t he b ase of the b rai n, b e tween the h e m i sphe res,
a nd arou n d the spi n al c ord , w h e re the arac h noid is d i spose d

v e ry l oose l y .

T he su b arac
-
h no idean c e l l u l ar ti ssue is the seat of an ab u n
d an t se rous sec re ti on the su b arac h noid e an fl uid w h i c h fil l s
, ,

a l l the v ac u i ti e s e xi sti ng b e twe e n the arac h noid and

pia m ater,
and di ste n d s the arac h noid of t he s i n al c ord so c o m l ete ly , as
p p
to e nab l e it to oc c u py the w h ol e of the S pac e i nc l u d ed in the
s h eat h of d u ra m ater .

T he arac h noid al so sec re tes a serous fl u id from its i nne r sur

fac e w h i c h is smal l in q uanti ty compare d w i th t he sub arac h
,
-

n oidean l i q u id .

P ia M a ter .

T he pia mater is a v asc u l ar me mb rane, c ompose d of innu

merab le v esse l s h e l d toge t h e r b y a th i n c e ll ul ar l ayer. It in
v ests the wh ol e surface of the b rai n, di ppi n i nto its c onvolu
g
 M A TERI A M EDI CA . 43 9

i
t ons, and form n i gfold in its i nteri or, c al l e d v e l u m i nte rposi
a

tu m . I t al so fo rms fo ld s in oth e r si tu ati on s, as in the fou rt h

v e n tri c l e , and in the l ongi tudi nal g roo v e s of the spi n al c ord .
T he pia m ate r is the n utri e n t me mb rane of the b rai n , an d
d eri ve s its b l ood from the i n te rnal c arotid and v erte b ral arteri es.
I ts n er ves are the m i n ute fil ame nts of the sy mpat h e ti c , whi c h
ac c o m an y the b ranc h es of the arteri e s.
p

C EREB RU M .

T he c e re b ru m is di v i de d i n to two h e mi sph eres b y the g reat

l ongi tud i nal fi ssu re w h i c h l odges the fal x c e re b ri and m ark s
, ,

t he origi n al d e v e l ope m en t of t he b rai n b y t wo sy mmetri c al

h al ves.

Eac h h e mi sph ere u pon its u nde r surface ad mi ts of a di v i

, ,

si on i n to t h re e lob es anter i or m i d dl e and poste ri or

, , ,T he an .

terior l ob e rests u pon the r oof o f the orb i t an d is se parate d from ,

the m iddl e b y the fi ssu re of S yl v i u s T he m iddl e l ob e is re

.

c e ived i n to t he m i d dl e fossa i n the b ase of the sk u l l an d is se

, ,

t d f m t h oste r i or b y a sl igh t i m pressi on prod uc e d b

p a ra e ro e p y
t he ri d g e of the pe trous b one T he poste ri or l o b e is supporte d
.

b y the te ntor i u m .

S epa rate c are ful l y the two h emi sph eres o f the c ereb rum and ,

a b road b and o f w h i te s u b stanc e w ill b e see n to c onne c t t h em .

Re mov e the u ppe r part of e ac h h e mi sphe re w i th a kn i fe to a , ,

l e v e l w i th t hi s w hi te l ay e r and the appearanc e resul ti ng from

,

t hi s se c ti on is the c e n tru m o v a l e m aj us .

T he c e n tru m ov al e m aj u s is s urroun d e d b y a th i n stratu m

of g re y su b stan c e w hi c h foll o ws i n a zigz ag l i n e all the c on v o
,

l uti ons and t he fi ssu res b e t wee n t h e m I n the middl e of the .

c e n tum ov al e m aj u s is the b road b an d w hi c h c onn e c ts th e two

h em i sph eres to e ac h oth er the c orpus c al l osu m
, .

I f an i nc i si o n b e m ad e t h rou gh the c orpus c al l osu m on e i th er

sid e of the raph e two i rre g u l ar c av i ti e s w il l b e ope ned w hi c h
, ,

e x te n d from one e x tre m i ty of the h e m i spheres t o t he oth e r ;

t h e se a re the l ate ral v e ntri c l e s T o e x pose t h e m c ompl e te l y

.
,

the u ppe r b ou nd ary shou l d b e re mo v e d w i t h t he sc i ssors .

Eac h l ateral v en tri c l e is di v id e d i nto a c e ntral c av i ty and ,

and t h re e s mal l e r c av i ti e s c all e d c orn u a T he anteri or c ornu .

c u rv e s for ward s and o u tward s in the an te ri or l ob e ; the m iddl e

c ornu d e sc e nd s i n to t he m iddl e l ob e ; and the posteri or c ornu

asse s b ac k ward s i n the poste r i or l ob e c onv e rgi ng to ward s its
p ,

fe l l o w of the o pposi te sid e T he c en tral c av i ty is tri ang u l ar in

.

its form b ou nd e d ab o ve b y the c orpus c al l osu m ; i ntern al ly b y

,

the se ptum l u c id u m w hi c h se parates it from the opposi te v e n

,

tric l e ; and b e l ow b y the fo l l owi ng parts tak e n in th e i r ord e r ,

of posi ti on from b efore b ac k ward s —— C orpus stri atu m, teni a se

4
 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

m ic irc ul aris, th al amus opti c us, c h oroid pl e x us, c orpu s fi m b ria

t u m, fo rn i x .

T he forame n of M onro m ay b e di sti nc tl y see n b y pu lli ng

s ligh tl th h id l x nd si n asid e th e se t u m
y o n e c oro
p e u s,
a p re s g p
l uc i d u m wi th the h an dl e of the k n i fe . I t is si tu ate d b et we en
the u nd e r s u rface of the forn ix , and the ante ri or e x tre m i ti es of
t he t h al am i O pti c i , and for ms a t ransv e rse c o mm u n i c ati on b e
t we e n the l ate ral v e n tr i c le s, an d b e l o w w i t h t he t hi rd v e ntri c l e .
T he fo rn i x is a w h i te l aye r of m e d u ll ary s u b stanc e , of w h i c h
a port i on o nl
y is s ee n i n t h i s v i e w o f th e v e n tri c l e .

T h e ante ri or c orn u is t ri an g u l ar i n i ts for m , swee pi ng ou t

w a rd s, and term i n ati ng b y a poi n t in the ante ri or l ob e of the
b rai n, at a s h ort di stan c e onl y from its su rfac e .

P L AT E

T he L a ter al V en tr i c l es of the C ereb ru m. l , 1 T h e two h e m i sp he r e s, c u t

-
.

d ow n to a l e v e l w i th th e c or p us c al l osum so as to c o n sti tu t e th e c e ntr um ov al e

j
m a u s . T he su rfa c e i s se e n to b e s tu d de d w i th t he sm al l v a sc ular p oi nts
t v a s c u l osa —
e
a n d su rr o un d e d b y a n ar r ow m ar g in w h ic h r e pr e se n ts t he
p u n c a

b t anc e 2 . A sm a l l p or t ion of t he a n t e r i or e x tr e m ity o f th e c or p u s

g yr e s u s .

c a ll osu m . .3 I ts p o ster ior b ou n d ary ; t h e i nte rm e dia te p or ti on f orm in g the

r oof o f t h e l at er al v e n t r ic l e s ha s b e e n r e m o v e d , so a s t o c om p l e t e l y e xp o se

t h os e c av i tie s. 4 A p ar t of t h e se p tu m l u c i d um , sho win g an in te rsp ace b e

.

t we e n i ts l a y e rs— t h e fi f t h v e ntr ic l e
. 5 T he an ter i or c or n u of on e side . 6 .
.

T he c om m e nce m e nt o f t he m id dl e c or n u . 7 . T h e p oster ior c or nu . 8 . T he

c or pu s str i atu m o f o n e v e nt r ic l e . 9 . T h e t e n ia se m i cir c u l ar is c ov e r e d b y the
v e na c or p o r is st r iat i a nd t e nia T ar i ni . 1 0 . A sm al l p ar t o f t he t hal am us op ti
c u s. 1 1 . T h e c h or oi d p l e xu s. T h i s pl e xu s c om m un i c at e s w i th t ha t o f the
o p p osite v en tr i c le t h rou g h t he f or am e n o f M on r o a b r ist l e i s p asse d thr o u g h

t hi s op en ing , a nd it s e x tre m it ie s ar e see n r e stin g o n t he c or pu s str ia tu m a t

e a c h sid e . 1 2 . T h e f or nix. 1 3 . T h e c omm e nc em e nt of t he hipp oca m p u s m a
j or d esc en ding into the m iddl e c ornu . 1 4 . T h e hip p oc am p u s m in or .
 44 2 a m : T H O M S O N IA N

T he thi rd v e ntri c l e is the fi ssure b e t ween the th al am i opti c i

and c orpora stri ata.

It is c rosse d b y th ree c om mi ssures, the anterror, mi ddl e, and

o ste ri or ; an d b e twe e n the se are tw o spac es, c all e d forame n
p
c om m une an te ri u s a nd fora m e n c om mu ne poste ri u s .

B e hi n d the thi rd v en tri c l e is pl ac e d the q uad ri fid g angli on

c al l e d o pti c l ob es i n the i n fe ri or an i m al s, and c orpora q u ad rig e
m i na in m an T he t wo ante ri or of t h e se b odi es are the l arg er,
.

an d are n ame d n ate s ; the t wo poste ri or, te ste s .

B e hi nd the c orpora q u ad rig e mi n a is the c e re b e ll um, and b e

ne ath the c e re b e l l u m , t he fou rth v e n tri c l e , T he stud en t must
t h ere fore di v id e the c ere b e ll u m d own to the fou rth v e ntri c l e ,
and tu rn i ts l ob es asi d e to e x am i ne t h at c av i ty .

T he fou rth v e n tri c l e is the v en tri c l e of the m e d ul l a ob long a

ta, U pon the posteri or su rfac e of w hi c h it is pl ac e d . I t is an

P L A TE

The M es ial S urf a ce of a L on gitud in al S ec tion of the B r a in —T h e inc i si on

has b e e n carr i e d al on g t h e m iddl e li ne b e tw e e n t he t wo h e m i sp he r es of the
c e r e b r u m , an d t h rou g h th e m id dl e o f t he c e r e b e l l um a n d m e d u ll a ob l on a t a .
g
1 . T he i n n er su r f a c e of t h e l e f t h emi sp he r e . 2 . T h e d iv id e d su rfac e of t he
c ere b e ll um , show i n g t h e a r b or v i tm . 3 T h e m e d u l l a o b l on g a t a
. . 4 . T h e c or
p u s c al l osum , r ou n d e d b ef or e to t e r m in at e in t he b a se of t h e b r ain, an d b e
h ind , to b e c om e c ont inu ou s wi th 5 , th e f or ni x . 6 . O n e of th e c r ur a of t he f or
n ix d e sce n di n g to 7 o n e of t h e c or p or a a l b ican tia .
,
. 8 T he se p tum l uc idu m .
9 . T he v e l u m i nter p o sit um , c omm u n ic atin g wi th t h e p ia m at e r of th e c onv o
l u ti on s thr ou g h t h e fi ssu r e o f B i c hat . 1 0 S ec tion of the m id dl e c cmmissu re
.

situa te d i n t he th ir d v e n tr i c l e
. 1 1 . S ec ti on of t he an ter i or c omm issu r e . 1 2 .

S e c ti on of t h e p oster i or c om m issu r e . T h e i nte rspac e b e tw ee n 1 0 an d 1 1 i s

t he f or am e n c omm u n e a n t e r ius, i n w hi c h the c r u s of th e f or ni x (6) is si tu at
e d. T he i n terspace b e tw e e n 1 0 and 1 2 i s th e f oram e n c omm u ne p oste r iu s
q
.

1 3 . T he c or por a u adri g em ina , u p on w h ic h i s se e n re stin g t h e pin eal g la n d,

q
1 4 . 15 . T h e i te r a t er tio a d u ar tu m v e ntri cul um . 1 6. T h e f our th v entr ic l e .
1 7. T h e p on s V a r olii, t hro u g h whi c h ar e se en p assing th e d iv er gin g fi b r e s of
t he c or p ora p yr a m idalia . 1 8 . T he cr u s c er eb r i of the l e ft sid e , with t he t hir d
n e rv e ar i sin g fr om i t . j
1 9 . T he t u b er c in eru m , fr om whic h p r o e c ts the infan
dib ul um , hav i ng the pit ui tary g l and a p p end ed t o i ts e xtr emity . 20 . O n e of
th e opt ic n e rves. 2 1 . T he l eft olf ac tory n erv e , term inating anteriorl y in a
roun de d b ul b .
 M A TERIA M ED I C A . 44 3

l
o b on g q uad ril ateral c av i ty b ound e d on eac h sid e b y a thi c k
,

c ord passi ng b e twee n th e c e re b e ll u m and c orpora q u ad rige mi

n a c all e d the proc essus e c e re b e l l o ad testes an d b y the c orpu s

, ,

re stiforrn e It is c ove re d in b e hi n d b y the arc h of the c ereb el

.

l u m w h i c h forms th re e re mark ab l e proj e c ti ons in i ts c av i ty,

, '

n amed from th e i r rese mb l anc e u v ul a and tonsil s ; and b y a

‘

, ,

t hi n l ame ll a of whi te sub stanc e stre tc h e d b e twe e n the two pro

, ,

c esses e c ere b e ll o ad teste s terme d the v al ve of V i e usse ns

,
.

We ob ser ve wi thi n the fou rth v entri c l e the c h oroid pl exuses, ,

the c al amu s sc ri ptori us, and l i neae tran sv ersm .

L IN IN G M EM B RA N E O F TH E V EN T RI C L ES .

T he l i n i ng me mb ran e of the ve ntri c l es is a serous l ayer ,

q u i te di sti n c t from the arac h no id and h av i ng n o c omm unic a

,

ti on w i th i t T hi s me mb rane l i nes the w h ol e o f the i nteri or of

.

t he l ate ra l v e ntri c l e s and is c on nec te d ab ove and b e l ow to the

,

attac h e d b ord e r of the c h o roid pl e x us, so as to e x c l u d e c om

p le te ly a l l c o m mu n i c at i on b e t wee n the v e ntri c l es and the e xte

r i o r of the b rai n I t is re fl ec ted t h rou g h the forame n of M onro

.

o n eac h sid e i nto t he t hi rd v e n tri c l e w h i c h it i nve sts t h rou gh

,
,

o ut . F ro m the thi rd it is c ond uc te d i n to the fo u rth v en tri c l e ,

t h rou gh t he i te r a te rti o ad q u artu m v e ntric ul um an d l i n es its ,

i n te ri or toge th e r w i th the l ayer of pia m ater w h i c h forms i ts

,

i n fe ri or b o u nd ary I n th i s manner a pe rfe c t c ommun i c ati on is

.

e stab li sh e d b e twe e n all the ve n tri c l e s w i t h the e x c e pti on of the,

fifth whi c h has its ow n proper m e mb rane I t is t hi s mem

,
.

b rane w hi c h gi v es th e m t h e i r pol i sh e d surfac e , and transu d es

t he sec re ti on w h i c h moi ste ns t h e i r interi or .

C EREB EL L U M .

T he c e re b e ll um ,
O ruveilheir, is se v en ti mes
ac c or di ng to
smal l er th an the c e reb ru m . L i ke t h at org an , it is c ompose d of
w hi te and g rey su b stan c e, w h e reof the g re y is l arger in propor
t i o n t h an the w h i te . Its su rfac e is form ed b y paral l el l ame ll a ,
se par ate d b y fi ssure s ; and at i nte rv al s d e e pe r fis sure s e xi st
,

w h i c h di v id e it i nto l arg e r se g me nts, te r me d l ob u l es. T he c c

reb el l u m is di v id ed i n to t wo l ate ral h e m i sph e re s, or l ob e s, two

m i nor l ob e s, c al l e d su pe ri or and i nfe ri or v ermi form processes,

and so m e s m al l l ob u l es.

Wh e n c u t i nto v erti c al ly, the c ereb ell um presents the appe ar

anc e ter me d arb or v i tae. I f t he i n c i si on b e mad e th rough the
o u te r t hi rd of the org an , a g re y b ody, su rround e d b y a y e l l ow
zigz ag li ne of h orny stru c t ure, wil l b e see n in the c e n tre of the
w hi te su b stan c e ; thi s is the c orpu s rhomb oide um , or g angli on
o f the c e re b e l l u m.

T he c ere b el l u m is assoc i ated w i th the spinal c ord and cere.

 4 44 TH E T H O M S O N IA N

b ru m b y th ree pai rs of pe d un c l es— the c orpora restiformia, pro ~

c essas e ce re b e l l o ad teste s, and c r u ra c e re b e lli .

B AS E OF TH E B RA I N .

T he d
st u e nt s o u h ld n ow pre pare to stu d y the b ase of the
b rai n . F or th i s ur
p p ose ,
t he or g an sh oul d b e turne d u pon its
i nc i se d surfac e ; and if the di sse c ti on has h i the rto b ee n c on
d u c te d w i th c are he ,
w i ll fi nd t he b ase pe rfe c tl y u n i nj u r ed .

T he arac h noid me mb rane ,

so me
parts of the pi a m ater, and the

P L ATE

T he U nd er S u rf a c e or B a se of the B r a in —l . T h e a nte r i or l ob e of on e he
.

m i sp h er e of the c e r e b ru m . 2 T h e m idd l e l o b e . 3 T he p oster i or l ob e , a l

. .

m ost c on c e al e d b y 4 , t he l a te r al l ob e of the c e r e b e ll um . 5 . T h e i nf e r ior v e r

m if or m p r ocess of t he c e re b e ll u m 6 T h e p ne u m og a str i c l ob u le
. . 7 T he . .

l on g itu di nal fi ssur e 8 T h e ol fac t ory n e rv e s , f orm i ng t h e ir b u lb ou s e x p a n

. .

sion s . 9 T h e su b stan tia p e r f or at a a t t h e i nn er t e rnrina ti on of t he fi ssu re o f

.

S yl v i u s ; t he t hr e e roo ts of th e ol fa c t or y n erv e ar e se e n u p on t h e su b stan tia

p er for ata . T h e c omm e nc e m e n t of t he tr an sv e r se fi ssu r e on e a c h sid e i s c on
c e a l e d b y t he i n n er b or d er of t h e m iddl e l ob e 1 0 . T h e c omm i ssu r e of th e
op ti c n erv e s T h e tub e r c i ner u m , fr om w hic h t he i nf u n dib u l u m i s se e n
j
.

p r o ec t ing 1 2 T he c or p or a a lb ic a n tia .
. 1 3 T h e l oc us p e r for a tu s, b ou n d e d
.

on e ac h si d e b y t h e c r ur a c er e b r i , an d b y t he th ir d n er v e 1 4 . T h e p on s V a
.

r olii . 1 5 T h e c r u s c e r e b ell i o f on e sid e

. 1 6 T h e fi f th n e rv e e m e r g in g fr om
. .

t h e a nt erior b or d er of t he c r u s c er eb ell i ; th e sm all n e r v e b y i ts side is t he

f our th . 1 7 T h e six th p a ir o f n er v e s.
. 1 8 . T he se v e n th p a ir of n e rv es , c orr
sisti n g of the a u d itor y a nd f a c i al 1 9 . T h e c or p ora p y r am ida lia of the m e do l
.

l a ob l ongata th e c or p u s ol iv ar e a nd p ar t of th e c or p u s r est if or m e i s se en a t
e ac h sid e . J
ust b e l ow t h e n u m b er i s the d e c ussat ion of t he fi b r es of the c or

p ora pyr am id e ll a . 20 . T he eig hth p a ir of nerv e s. 2 1 . T h e n int h or l ing ual

n erv e . 22. T he anteri or r oot of the fi r st cerv ic al spinal n er v e .
446 TH E TH O M S O N I A N .

'

wh i c h e x tend s b eneath the h em i sph eres to the same poi nt 0 11

the O pposi te sid e.
T he p en s V a r ol ii is the c om mi ssu re O f the c ereb e l l um, an d
assoc i ate s t he two l ate ral l ob es i n th e i r c om m o n f u n c tio n .
Resti ng u pon the pons, n e ar i ts posteri or b ord e r, is the six t h
i f O th te ri or b ord er O f the c r us c e re b el li , at
p a r O n erves n
. e an
e ac h sid e , is the t hi c k b u n dl e o f fil am e nts b e l ongi ng to t he fi ft h

n erve , and , lyi n g on its poste r i or b ord e r, the se v e n th

pai r o f
nerv e s.
Ex te rnal l y to the c orpora py ramid al ia are two ob l on g and ,

rou nd e d b odi es su ose d to r e se mb l e ol i v es in t h e i r form an d

pp, ,

h e nce c all e d c orpora ol i v e ri a T hi s is the g angl i on of the c or

.

pus ol i vare .

B e hi nd the c orpu s oli v are is a narrow w hi te b an d wh i c h d e

sc end s al ong the sid e O f the m e d u ll a ob l ong ata to t he b ottom of
the l ate ral su l c u s T h i s is the si tuati on of the re spi ratory trac t
.

of sir C h arl e s B e l l .

I n addi ti on to the di verg i ng fi b res wh i c h c on sti tu te b oth the

c ere b r u m and c ere b el l u m b y t h e i r i nc re ase an d d e v e l ope me n t
, ,

anoth e r se t O f fi b res are fou nd to e xi st whi c h h av e for t h e i r O f ,

fi c e the assoc i at i on of the sy m metri c al h al v es, an d di stant parts
O f the same h e m i sph e re .

T h ese are c all e d from th e i r di rec ti on c onv ergi ng fib res and , ,

from th e i r offi c e c omm i ssu res

,
T h e y are— the c orpu s c all o
.

sum forn i x , se tu m l u c id u m the an te ri or m iddl e and t ri or

, p , pos e ,

c ommi ssu re s pe d u nc l es o f the pi neal gl and

, proc essu s e c ere ,

b e l l o ad testes, v al v e of V i e ussens and pons V arolii ,

.

S P IN A L C O RD .

T he di ssec ti on of the spi n al c ord requ i res th at the spi nal c c

l umu s h ou l d b e O pe ne d th rou gh out its e nti re l en g th b y sawi n g ,

t h rou gh the l ami nae of the v erteb ra c l ose to t he r oots of the ,

t ransve rse proc e sses and rai si n g the arc h es w i t h a c h i se l after

, ,

the m u sc l es O f the b ac k h av e b een re mov ed .

T he spi n al c ol umn c ontai ns the spi n al c ord or me d ul l a spi ,

n al is the roots O f t he spi n al n e rve s and the m em b ran e s O f t he

, ,

c ord v iz d ura m ater, arac h noid pia m ater and m e m b rane d e n

, .
, ,

tata.
fl
In form the spi nal c ord is a atte n e d c yl i n d e r, and pre sents
on its an teri or su rfac e a g roov e, w h i c h e x ten d s i n to t he c ord to
the d e pth O f one t hi rd of its di amete r. T h i s is the su l c us lon
itu d in al is ante ri or.
g
O n the poster i or surfac e an oth er fissure e xi sts, w hi c h is so
n arrow as to b e h ardl y perc epti b l e w i th ou t c are ful e x ami n ati on .
T hi s is the sul c u s l ongi tudi n al i s posteri or.
T wo oth er li nes are Ob serve d on the med ull a, the anteri or
 M A TERI A M ED I C A . 447

and oster or su c i l i c orre spon di gn w i th the attac h ment of the

p ,
i
an ter or and poste r i o r r oo ts of t he s
p i n al n e rv e s

T h ese su l e i di v id e t he m ed ull a i nto fou r fasc 1c ulr or c ord s

,

, ,

v iz — i
t he ante r or l ate ra l pos te ri o r,
an
,
d m e di an posteri or c o
,

l u mns.
C RA N I A L N ERV ES .

T h e re i i r s o f c ran i a l n e r v e s F u nc ti on ally or phy

are n ne p a .

f i — 1 s ec i a l
s iolo ic all y t he
g
y a re di v id e d i n to o u r g ro u ps v z p ,
. .

i di t y 2 m t w — motore s oc u l o
s en se— ol fac tory O t c o r o n
p au
, ; ,
.

P L AT E

T he .d na tonzy of the si de of the N ec k , showin g the N erv es of the T ong u e.

l . A fr a g m e nt of t he t e m p or al b on e , c on t ai nin g t he m e a tu s au ditor i u s e x ter
n u s, m astoid , a nd sty l o id p r oc e ss. 2 . T ire stl hy oid m u sc l e . 3 . T he styl o
-

g l o ssa s . 4 T. h e st y l o p har n eu s
y g
-
5 T h e ton gu e
. . 6 T h e h y O g l ossu s m u s
. .
-

c l e— it s t w o p o r t io ns . 7 T h e g e nio hy O g l ossu s m usc l e . 8 . T he g e n io hy oi

. - - -

d eu s t he y b oth ari se f r om t h e i nn er su r fac e of t he sy m p hy si s of th e l ow er

j aw. 9 . T he ster no hy oid m u sc l e 1 0 . T h e stern o thyr oid . 1 1 T h e t hyr o
-
. -
.

h y o id , u pon w h ic h th e h y oid b r an c h of t he l y n g u al n e rv e i s see n r am ifyi ng .

1 2 T h e om o hy oid c ro ssing t he c omm on c ar ot id ar t e r y
.
-
a nd i n t er n al j u

g u l ar v e i n 1 5 T he e x te r n al c ar o t id g iv in g off i ts b r an c h e s.
. 1 6. T h e
i nter nal ca r ot id . 1 7 . T he g u sta tor y n e rv e g iv in g off a b r an c h t o th e su b m ax
ill ar y g ang l ion a nd c om m u n ic a ti ng a l ittl e f ur the r o n w i th t h e l i ng ua l

T h m x ll ar y or Wh ar t n s d u c t , p a ssin g f or war d s t o t he su b
’
n e rv e. 1 9 . e s u b a i o

l in g ual g la nd 20 . T he g lo ss o p h ar y n g e al n e r v e
. -
2 1 . T he l in g u al n erv e ,
.

c u rv i ng aro u nd t he o c c i pi ta l a r te r y . 22 T h e d esc en d e n s n oni n erv e , f or m ing

.

a l ou p w i th (23 ) th e c om m u n ic an s n on i , a b ra n c h f orm e d b y t w o fi l am en t s,

o ne f rom t he s e c o nd an d o ne fr om t h e t h ir d c e rv i c al n e r v e . 24 . T h e p ne u m o o

g ast r ic n e r v e , e m e r g i n g f rom b e t we e n t h e i nte rn al u g u l ar v e in a nd c om m onj

c ar ot id ar te r y , a n d e nte r in g t he c he st 25 . T he f a c ial n e rv e , e m e r g i ng fr om
.

t he styl e m astoid f or am en , a nd c r ossing t he ext er nal c ar otid ar t er y .

-
44 8 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

ru m, ab d uc e ntes l i ng u al ; 3 r esp i r a ti on — path eti c us fasc i al

, .
,

gl osso—ph ary ngeal (phe umog astric spi n al ac c essory ); 4 sp i n a l , .

_ tri fac i al .

T he b ran c h es of the l i n g u a l (the true m oti v e n e rv e of the

tong u e ) are— t he c omm u n i c a ti n g b ran c h es w i th t he pn e u m o
,
_

g astri c spi n al ac c essory fi rst and se c o n d c erv i c al and sympa

, ,
~

t he ti c ; t he d e sc e nd e n t n o n i h y oi d e a n b ran c h a nd c o mmu n i
, ,

e at ing fil am e nts w i th the g ustator y n e rve .

T he b ran c he s of the f a c i a l n e rve are — the ty m pan i c c om _

,
.

m u nic ating posteri or auri c u l ar dig astri c styl o h y oid te mporo

, ,
-

, ,

and c e rv i c o fac i al -

T he fac i al nerve has b e e n n ame d the sy mp a theti c u s m i

‘
P L A T E 8 73

T he D istr i b uti on of the F a c i a l N er ve, a nd the B r a n c hes of the C ervi c a l

P l ex u s — 1 T he f a c ial n e r v e , e sc a p ing from t he sty l o m a st oid f or am e n , a n d
-

c r ossin g th e r am u s of t h e l ow e r j aw ; t h e p a r ot id g l a n d h as b e e n r e m ov e d , i n
o rd e r t o se e t h e n erv e m or e d istin c tl y . 2 T h e p o ste r ior au r i c u l ar b r an c h ;
.

t he d ig a str ic a n d s tyl o m a st oid fi la m e n ts are se e n n e ar t he or ig in of thi s

-

b ra n ch . 3 . T e m p or al b r a nc h e s, c om m u nic a ting w i th (4 ) t h e b r an c he s of t h e
f r on tal n e r v e 5 F ac ial b ra n c h e s , c om m u n ic a ting w i t h (6 ) t he in fr a orb i ta l
. .
-

n erv e . 7 . F a c ia l b ra nc h e s, c om m u n ic a tin g w i th (8 ) t he m e ntal n e rv e 9 . .

C e rv ic al b ra n c h e s , c om m u n ic a ti ng w i t h (1 0 ) th e su p er fi c ia l is c oll i n e r v e , a n d
f or m ing a p l e xu s ( 1 1 ) ov e r t h e su b m a xil lar y gl a n d T he d ist ri b u ti on of t he
.

b r anc he s of t h e f ac ia l i n a r a d ia te d d ir e c tio n o v e r t h e sid e o f t h e f a c e c on .

stitut e s t h e p e s a n ser in u s 1 2 T h e aur ic u l ar is m a g n u s n er v e , on e o f t he a s

. .

c e n ding b r an c h e s of t he c e rv i c al pl e xu s 1 3 . T h e oc c ip i talis m i n or , asc e n din g

.

al on g the p oste r i or b or d e r of t he ste r n o m a stoid m u sc l e . 1 4 T he su p er fi c ial

-
.

an d d e ep d e sc e n din g b r an c h e s of t he c erv ic a l p l e x u s 1 5 T h e sp in al ac c es
z
. .

sor y n er v e , g iv ing off a b r an c h t o t he e x te r n al su r fac e of the t ra p e iu s m u sc l e .

j
1 6 . T he occ ipitali s m a or n er v e, a p oster ior b r anc h of the se c ond ce rv ic al
nerv e.
 45 0 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

F if th P a i r (tri fac i al ). Th i s ne rv e is analog ous to the spi

-

n al n e rv es in its origi n b y two roots from the a nte r1or and pos
re t i ot c ol u mns of the spi n al c ord , and in t he e xi ste nc e of a gan.

gl i on on t he posteri or root H e nc e i t ran ge s w1th the spl nal

.

n e rv e s, an d is c onsi d ere d as the c ran i al spi nal n er v e .

T he b ran c h es of t he n a sa l n erve Wl l hl n the orb i t are , the

g angl i on i c , c il i ar y.and i nfra troc hl ear ; i n the n ose it gi v es one
-

o r two fil am e n ts to the anteri or e th m oid al c e ll s and frontal si

n u s.
T he b ranc h es of the sup er i or m a x i lla ry n e rv e are d1 v1 srb le

P L A TE

« 9 D i ag r am , showi ng the F if th P a i r of n er ves, w ith i ts B r a n c hes .— 1 . T he

o ri g in o f t he n e r ve b y t w o r oot s. 2 . T he n erv e e sc ap i ng f r om t he c ru s c e r e
b e l li . 3 . T h e C a sse r ia n g ang lion. 4 . I ts op thal m ic d iv i si on . 5 . T h e fr o ntal
n e r v e , g i v i ng 0 6 t he su p r a tr oc hl e ar b ra n c h, a n d esc a p in g on th e f or e he a d
-

t hr ou g h t h e su p ra o rb ital f or am e n
-
6 T h e l ac hr ym al n e r v e
. . 7 T h e n asa l
. .
"

n e r v e , p a ssi n g a t 8 t hr ou g h t he a n t e r i or e t hm oida l f oram e n , a nd g iv in g oh t h e

i nf r a t r oc hl e ar b ran c h. 9 T h e c om m u n i c a tion of t he n asa l n er v e w i th t he c i
-
.

l ia r y g a n g l i o n . 1 0 . A
sm all p or tion o f t he t hir d n e r v e w i t h w hic h t h e g an g li
o n i s se e n c o mm u ni c a tin
g ; t he g a ng l io n g iv es ofl t he c il iar y b ra nc hes f rom
i ts a n t e r ior a sp ec t. 1 1 T h e su p e ri or m axil la r y n er v e
. 1 2 I t s or b ital b r a n c h .
. .

1 3 T h e t w o b ran c h es c om m u nica ting w i th M e c k e l ’s g an g li on

. t h e t hr e e
b ran c h es g iv e n off fr om t he l ow e r p ar t of t he g ang li on a re t he p o ste r i or p al a
t in e n er v es . 1 4 1 4 T h e su p e r ior d e ntal n e r v e s , p o ste r i or , m iddl e an d an te
.

r i or . 1 5 T h e i nfr a or b ital b ra n c he s, d istrib u te d u p o n t he c he e k

. -
1 6. T h e
.

i nf er ior m a xil lar y n erv e . 1 7 . I ts a n teri or or m u sc u l ar tr un k . 1 8 . T h e p os

t er ior t ru nk— t he t w o div i sion s se p ara te d b y an arr o w . 1 9 T he g u stator y
j
.

n er v e . 2 0 . T he c hor d a t y m p a n i oin i ng i t a t a n a c u t e ang l e . 2 1 . T he su b

m axill ar y g ang l ion . 2 2 T h e in fe r ior d e n tal n e r ve
. 23 . I ts m yl o h y o id ean
.
-

b r anc h. 24 . T he aur ic u lar n er v e , div idi ng b e h ind t he ar ti cu l at i on of t he l ow

e r j aw, t o r e u n ite a nd f or m a sin l e tr u nk . 25 I ts b r anc h of c om mu nic ation
g .

w ith t he f acial nerv e . 26. I ts tem poral b ran ch.

 M A TERI A M ED IC A . 45 1

i nto t h ree g roups th ose wh i c h are gi ven off in the spheno

_

m axill ary fossa th ose in the i n fra orb i tal c an al and t h ose on -

t he fac e T h e y m ay b e t h us arrange d : l st g ro u p orb i tal two

. , ,

from M e c k e l s g an gl i on posteri or d en tal ; 2 d middl e and an te

’
, ,

r i or d e n tal 3 d m us c u l ar and c u tane ou s

; , ,
.

T h e i nf er i or m a x il l a ry is the l argest of the t h re e di v i si ons

o f the fi fth n e rv e I t d i v i d es i n to two tru n ks e x te rn al and m
.
,

tern al w h i c h are se parate d from eac h oth er b y the e x te rn al

,

t e ryg o id m usc l e
p .

T h e e x te rn al tru n k di v id e s i nto fi ve b ranc h es w h i c h are d i s ,

t ri b u te d to the m u sc l es of the te mporo ma xil l ary re gi on the y -

are — the m asse ter i c te mporal b u c c al and e x tern al an d i nte rnal

, , ,

te ry g oid
p .

T he i nternal tru n k di v id e s i nto th ree b ranc h es— the g ustato

ry i n feri or d e n tal , and ante r i or au ri c u l ar
, .

S P IN A L N ERV ES .

Th ere t hi rty on e pai rs of spi nal nerv es, e ac h ari si n g b y

are -

t wo r oots, an ante ri or or m otor root, and a poste ri or or se n si ti v e

root

T h e spi nal di v ided i nto— c erv i c al , 8 pai rs ; dor

ne rves are
sal , 1 2 pai rs ; l umb ar 5 pai rs ; sac ral 6 pai rs
, , .

T he c er v i c a l p l exu s is forme d b y l oops of c ommuni c ati on

whi c h pass from one n erv e to anoth er .

T he b ran c h e s of the c e r v i c al pl e x u s m ay b e arrang e d into

t h ree g rou ps su pe rfi c i al asc e ndi n g su pe rfi c i al d esc e nd ing and
'

, , ,

d eep v iz — a scen ding superfi c ialis c ol li auri c u l ari s m agn us

,
.
, , ,

o c c i pi tal i s mi nor ; d es c e n di ng ac rom ial es c l av ic nlares ; d eep ,

, ,

c ommu n i c ati ng b ranc h es m u sc u lar c ommu n i c ans n on i phre

, , ,

ni c .

A X I L L A RY P L E XU S .

T he axill ary ple x us of n e rves is forme d b y c omm u ni c ati ons

b e twee n t he anteri or b ranc h es of the fou r l ast c er vic al an d fi rst
d orsal n erv es.
I ts b ranc h e s m ay b e arran g e d i n to two g rou ps, hu me ral and
‘

d esc endi n g ; —hu m er a l, sh ort an d l ong thorac ic , su pra sc apu -

l ar and su b sc apu l ar ; d es c en d ing b r a n ches , e x tern al and i nter

n al c u tan eou s, me di an , u l n ar, m u sc u lo spi ral , an d c i rcu m fle x . -

T he b ranc h es of the m ed i a n n erv e are— m usc u l ar, anteri or

i nte rosseou s, superfi c i al pal m ar, digi tal .

T he b ranc h es of the u l n ar n erv e are— mu sc u l ar i n the u p ‘

p er an d fore arms d orsal b ranc h and su erfi c i a l and d ee

, , p p p al

m ar .

T he b ran c h es of the m u s c u l o sp i r a l n erv e are— the mu seva -

l ar, spi ral c u taneous, rad i al , and posteri or i nterosseou s.

 45 2 TH E TH O M S O N IA N

D O RS A L N ERV ES . P L ATE

T he d orsal n e rv es are twe l ve

i n n u mb e r on e ac h sid e ; the
fi rst appe ars b e twee n the fi rst
a n d se c ond d orsal v e rte b rm, an d

t he l ast b e twe e n t he t we l fth d or

sal and fi rst l u mb a r. Eac h n erv e

a s soon as i t h as e sc a e d fro m
p
t he i n te r v er te b ral fora m e n, d i
v id es i n to t wo b ran c h es, a d or
s al b ran c h an d the true in te r c os

tal n e rv e .

L U M B A R N ERV ES
_
.

T h ere fi v e pai rs of l u m
are

b ar ner v es, o f w h i c h the fi rst

m ak es its appe aran c e b e twee n
t he l as t d orsal and fi rst l u mb ar
‘

v erte b ra , an d the l ast b e tw ee n

t he fi fth l u m b ar and the b ase of

the sac ru m .

T he l u mb ar pl e x us is form ed
b y the an te ri or b ranc h e s of t he
l ast d orsal and fou r u ppe r l u m
b ar ne r v e s, the poste ri or b ranc h
es
passi ng b ac k ward s, to b e d is
t ri b u ted to th e m usc l e s an d i n te

g u m e u t o f the l o i ns.

T he b ran c he s o f t hi s pl e x u s
a re — the m usc u lo an d e x tern a l

c u tane o us, g e n i to c rural

-

,
c ru ra l ,

a nd ob turator.

The .d x ill a r y P l ex u s of n er v es , wi th i ts B r an c hes a n d their D istr i bu ti on .

1 . T he a xill ar y p l e x u s. 2 . T h e sh or t t hor ac ic n e rv e s. 3 T h e l ong t hor ac i c .

o r e xte r n al r esp ir a tor y of B e ll . 4 . T h e p h r e n ic n e r v e 5 . T h e su pr a sc a p u l ar

.

6 . T h e su b sc a p u lar n e rv e s. 7 . T h e ex te r n al c u tan e ou s n e rv e 8 T he
’

n e rv e. . .

p oin t a t w hi c h i t p i e r c e s t he c or a c o b r ac hi al is m u sc l e . 9 T h e i nt e r n al c u ta
.
-

n e ou s n e r v e ; t h e p oin t a t w h ic h i t p ie r c e s t h e d e e p f a sc ia . 1 0 T h e o r i g i n of
.

th e m e d ia n n e r v e b y t w o he a ds. 1 1 T h e b e n d of t h e e l b ow w h e r e t h e m e d i
a n p a sse s b e tw e e n t h e t wo h e a d s o f t h e p r on at or r adi i t er es , a n d o f t h e fl e xor
su b l i m is d ig itor u m . 1 2 . I ts m u sc u l ar b r a n c h e s 1 3 I ts a n te r ior in t er o sse ou s
. .

b r an c h. 1 4 T he p o in t a t w h ic h t h e n e rv e p asse s b e n ea th t he a n nu l ar l ig a
.

m e nt , an d d iv id e s i nt o fi v e t e r m in a l b r an c he s. 1 5 T h e u l n a r n erv e , g iv i n g
.

o ff s e veral m usc u l a r b ra nc he s t o t h e t r ic e p s 1 6 T h e p o in t a t w h ic h i t p a ss
. .

e s b e t w ee n t he t w o he a d s o f t h e fl e x or c ar p i u l n ar i s 1 7 I ts d o r sa l b r a n c h .
. .

1 8 . T he t e rm in a t io n o f t he n e r v e , div iding i n to a su p er fi c ial a nd d e e p p al m ar

b ran c h . 1 9 T h e m u sc u l o sp ir al ne r v e
. -
20 . M u sc u l ar b r a n c h e s . 2 1 . S pi n al
.

c uta n eou s n er v e . 22 T h e p o st e r i or i nte ro sse ou s n e r v e p i e r c in g t he su p i n a tor

.

b r e v i s m uscl e . 23 T h e r adia l n e rv e
. T h e tw o l a st n e r v e s are t he t er m in a l
b r an c hes o f t he m u sc u l e sp ir al . 2 4 T h e p oi nt a t whic h t he radial n erv e
-
.

p i erces the deep fascia. 25 . T he c i r c um ex ne rv e . fl

 45 4 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

i nte rnal org ans of the h ead , n e c k and trunk , are suppl i e d wi th
b ranc h e s fro m the sy mpath e ti c , and some of th e m e x c l usi v e ly ;
henc e it is c onsid ere d a ne rv e of org anic l i fe .
I t is c all e d the g angl i on i c nerv e, from t he c i rc umstanc e of
b e i ng forme d b y a nu mb e r of g angl i a, and from the c onstant
di sposi t i on w hi c h it e v i n c es, in its di stri b uti on, to c ommun i c ate
and form smal l k nots or g angl i a.

P L A TE

of the p opl iteal n erv e . 20 . T h e p oster ior tib i al n erv e , d iv idi ng a t 2 1 in to th e

tw o p l an tar n e r v e s. 22 . T h e e x te r n al sap h en ou s, n e rv e , f or m e d b y the u n ion
o f the c om m u n ic a n s p op l it e i an d c omm u nic an s p ero ne i . 23 . T h e an teri or ti
b ial n erv e . 2 4 . T h e m u sc ul o c u ta ne ou s n erv e , p i erc in g the d e e p f ascia , and
-

d iv id ing in to two c u tane ou s b ranc he s, f or the su pp l y of t he d or su m of th e

f oot.

The C r a nia l G ang lia of the S ympatheti c N er ve — 1 . T h e g angl ion of

Rib es. 2 . T h e fi l am en t b y whic h i t c om mun icate s ' w ith the c ar otid p l exu s
4 . T h e c iliar y or l e n tic ul ar g an g l ion, g iv i ng ofi c il iar y b ran c h e s f or t he
su ppl y of t he g l ob e of t he e y e . 5 . P a r t of the i nf er i or d i v i si on of t h e t hir d
n erv e , r ec e iv in g a shor t t hick b ra nc h f rom t h e g a ng lion . 6 P ar t of the n a sal
.

n erv e , r e c e iv in g a l on g e r b ran c h fr om t he g ang l ion. 7. A sl e n d er fil am en t,

se nt d ir e c tl y b ac k w ar d s from t he g an g li on t o t he sym p at he ti c b r an c h e s i n t he
cav er nou s sin u s. 8 . P ar t of th e sixt h n erv e i n t h e c av er n ou s sinu s , r e ce ivi ng
tw o b r an c h e s fr om t he caroti d p l exu s. k
9 . M e c e s g anglion (sp he n o p al a
l ’
-

t ine ). 1 0 . I ts asc e n di ng b r an c he s, c omm u ni c a ting wi th th e su p e r ior m axill a

r y n e rv e . 1 1 . I ts d e sc e n din g b ran c h e s, th e p oster i or p al a tin e . 1 2. I ts ante
r i or b r a nc h e s, sp h e n o p al at in e , or n asal . 1 3 . T h e n aso p al a tin e b ranc h, on e
q
- -

of th e n asa l b r an c h e s. T he sw e lli ng wh1 c h C l o ue t im ag in e s t o b e a g an

. T h e p o ster io r b r an c h o f th e
g li on. 1 4 g a n g l i on , t he V idi an n e r v e . 1 5 . I ts
ca r otid b r a n c h, c om m u n ica ti ng w i th t he c ar ot id p l e xu s. 1 6. I ts p e tr osal
j
b r anc h, oi ning th e a ng u l ar b e nd of t he f ac i al n erv e . 1 7 . T h e f ac ial n er v e .
j
.

1 8 . T he c hor d a tym pa ni nerv e , w hi c h d esc e nds t o oi n the g usta t or y nerv e. 1 9:

G u statory n erv e . 20 . S ub maxill ar y ga nglion, re c e iving the c h orda tymp arn
ner v e fr om the g u statory . 21 . S u p erior ce r vi c al g anglion of the sympathe ti c.
 M A TERI A M ED I C A .

Th e re are six sy mpath eti c gangl i a i n the h ead v iz the g an , .

gli on of Ri b es ; the c ili ary o r l enti c u l ar ; the naso pal ati ne or

,
-

C l oq ue t s the sph e no p al ati ne or M ec lm l s ; the su b max i ll ary ;

’ ’
,

and t he o t i c o r A rnol d s
’
t h ree in t he n e c k — superi or m idd le
, ; , ,

and i nferi or
; t we l v e i n the d orsal regi on ; four i n the l u m b ar

regi on an d fou r or fi ve in the sac ral re gi on

,
.

Eac h g angl i on m ay b e c onsidered as a di sti nc t c entre gi v i ng ,

off b ran c h es in fou r di ffe re nt di rec ti ons, v iz su pe rior or asc end

.
,

i ng to c ommu n i c ate w i th the g angl i on ab ov e ; inferi or, or d e

,

sc e ndi ng to c o m mu n i c ate w i th the g angl i on b e l o w ; e x te rn al ,

,

to c o m mu n i c ate w i th t he spi nal ne rves ; an d i n tern al to com ,

m u nic ate wi th the s y m patheti c fil aments of the opposi te sid e,

and to b e di stri b ute d to the v i sc era .

C RA N I A L GA N GL IA .

G angli on o f Ri b es, c ili ary, or l enti c ul ar g angl i on, nasmpal a

t i ne , or C l oqu et s g angl i on , sph eno pal ati ne, or M ec k e l s g an
’ ’
-

gl i on, sub m axil l ary gangl i on, oti c , or A rnold s g angl i on.
’

T he g angli on of Rib es is small , si tu ate d u pon the anteri or

c om m u ni c ati ng artery , and for me d b y t he the u n i on of the s m
y
path eti c fil ame n ts whi c h ac c ompany the ram ifi c ati ons of t he
t wo ante r i or c e re b ra l arteri es. I t is i nteresti ng as b e i n g the su
e ri or i t o f u ni on b e tween the sy m ath eti c c h ai ns of o
p p o n
p ppo
si te sid e s o f the b ody .

T he c ili a ry is a sm al l q u ad rangular g angl i on, si tu ate d wi th

i n the orb i t, b etwee n t he o pti c n er v e an d the e x tern al rec tus.
I ts b ranc h es of di stri b u ti o n are the c ili ary ; t h e y suppl y the
tun i c s of the e ye .
T he n as o p a l a ti n e g angl i on (C l oquet s)is a smal l l eng th e ned
-
’

b ody, si tu ate d in the n aso pal ati ne c anal.

-

T he sp hen o p a l a t in e g an gli on (M ec k e l s)oc c upi es the sphe

-
’

n o m axil l ary fossa, and is of c onsid e rab l e siz e .

-

I ts b ran c h e s are di v i si b l e i nto fou r g roups— asc e ndi ng de

sc e n d i n g , ante ri or or i n te rn al , an d posteri or.
T he b ranc h es of c omm u n i c ati on are two smal l asc endi ng ,
a nd the poste r i or b ranc h , or v idi an n er ve .

T he su bm a x ill ary g angl i on is of sm al l siz e b ut v ery di sti nc t,

and is si tu ate d in th e su b m axill ary gl an d .

I ts b r n c h es of di stri b u ti on are nu m erous, and rami fy u pon

a

the d uc ts of the gl and , and u pon Wh arton s d uc t.

’

T he oti c g angli on (A rn o ld s) is a sm al l red b ody, resti ng

’

ag ai nst the i nne r su rfac e o f the i n fe r i or maxill ary n e rv e . I t is

c l ose l y adh eren t to t he i ntern al ptery oid nerv e and a
g , ppears
l ik e a swe l li ng u pon th at b ranc h .
T he b ranc h es of the oti c g angl i on are, t wo of di stri bu ti on
and fi ve of c ommuni c ati on.
45 6 TH E T H O M S O N I A N

C ERV I C A L G A N G L IA .

T he s u pe ri or c erv i c al g angli on is l on g and fusi fo rm, of a

g re yi sh co lor, and smooth o n the su rfac e , and of c onsi d e rab l e
t hi c kne ss . I t 1 3 a si ngl e b ran c h , w h i c h asc e n d s b y the si d e o f
t he i n te rn al c arotid , a nd di v id e s i n to t wo b ran c h e s, w h i c h e n
t e r the c arotid c anal to c on sti tu te the c arotid pl e x u s.
T he i n feri o r o r d esc e nd i ng b ran c h , som e ti mes t wo, is the
c ord o f c o m mu n i c ati on w i th t he m iddl e c e rv i c al g angl i on .
b

T he c a r d ia c n er v es are — the su pe ri or, m iddl e , and i n fe ri or,

w i t h t he i r b ranc h es, pl e x uses, 65 0 T h e re i s n o c onstan c y w i th
.

reg ard to the o rigi n and c o u rse o f t h ese n e r ve s.

T H O RA C I C G A N G L I A .

T he th orac i c g angli a are twe l ve i n n u mb er o n e ac h sid e .

r ‘
l he y are fl atte ne d and tri an g u l ar or i rreg u l ar i n for m , and
prese n t t he pe c u l i ar g re y c ol or an d pe arl y l u stre o f the othe r
s y m ath e ti c g an gli a Th e y re st u pon the h e ad s o f t h e r i b s,
p .

a nd are c ov ere d i n b y the ple u ra c ostal i s. T he t wo fi rst and

t he l ast g an gl i a are u su ally t he l arge st.

T he s e m il u n a r g angl i on is si tu ate d b y the sid e of the c ce liac

a xi s an d c o mm u n i c ates w i th the g an gl i o n of t he ot h e r sid e so
, ,

as to fo rm a angli form c i rlc e f ro m w h i c h b ran c h es ass off i n

g , p
a ll di re c ti o ns l i ke ray s fro m a c e n tre
, H e n c e the e n ti re c i rc l e
.

h as b ee n n ame d the sol ar pl e x us .

F rom the sol a r p lex u s we h av e d er i v e d the ph ren i c g astri c , ,

h e pati c spl e n i c su pra re nal an d re nal su pe ri or and i n fe ri or

, ,
-

m esen te ri c an d the spe rm ati c pl e x u ses

,
.

LUM B A R G A N G L I A .

T he l u mb ar g angl i a are fo u r l n n umb er on e ac h sid e of the ,

e c u l i ar pe ar l y g re y c ol or fusi fo rm and si tu ate d u on the an

p , , p
t e ri o r part of the b odi es o f the l umb ar v e rte b rae .

T he a or tic p l ex u s is forme d b y b ranc h es from the l u mb ar

g angli a a nd rec e i v es fil amen ts from the sol ar and su peri or me
,

s e n te ric pl e x u se s .

T he hy p og a s tr i c p l ex u s is fo rme d b y the t erm i n ati on of the

ao rti c pl e x u s an d b y the u n i on o f b ran c h es fro m the l o wer
,

l u mb ar g angl i a .I t di stri b u tes b ran c h es to all the v i sc e ra of

t he pe l v i s and to the b ran c h es of t he i n te rnal i li ac artery
, .

SA C RAL G A N G L IA .

T he sac ral g an g l i a are fou r or fi ve in nu mb e r on e ac h sid e .

T h ey are si tu ate d u pon the sac ru m c l ose to the an te ri o r sac ral

,

fo rami n a and re se mb l e the l um b ar g angl i a in fo1 m and mod e

,

o f c onnec ti on, al thou gh th e y a re mu c h small e r i n siz e .

45 8 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

l ab ii superi ori s al mqu e n asi and d e pressor lab 11 su perioris

‘

tor , ,

al aeq u e n asi .T h e y h av e b ee n al ready d esc ri b e d w i th the m us

c l es of the fac e .

3 T he b one s of the nose are the nasal and n asal proc e sses
'

. ,

of the su pe r i or m axill ar y .

4 T he fi b ro c artil ag e s gi v e form and stab il i ty to the o u twork

.
-

o f t he n ose ro v idi n g at t he sa me ti m e b t h i l t i i t y
p
, y e r
, e as c ,
g
a a n i st i nj u r i es T h
. e y a re fi v e i n n u m b e r— the

F i b ro c artil ag e of the se ptum

-

T wo l ate ra l fi b ro c artil ag es, -

T wo al ar fi b re c artil ag es -

T he c artil ag e of t he se ptu m , some what t ri ang u l ar in

fi b ro -

form , di v id es the n ose i nto i ts t wo n ostril s. I t is c o nne c te d

a b o ve w i th t he n asal b on e s and l ateral fi b ro c ar til ag e s ; b e hi n d ,
-

w i th the e th m oi d al se ptu m a nd v om e r ; and b e l o w , w i t h the

l ate proc esse s o f the s u pe ri or m axill ary b o n es T he al ar fi
p a .

b ro c a til g d c ol u m na m o v e fre e l y u o n t h e fi b —c artil ag e

-
r a e s a n p r o

o f the se ptu m , b e i ng b u t l oosel y c onn e c te d w i t h it b y pe ric hon

‘

dri um .
T he late ral fi b ro c artil ag e s are al so tri an gu l ar ; t h e y are c on
‘
-

'

ne c ted , al on g th e m iddl e l i n e , w i th the fi b ro c ar til ag e o f the

-

septu m ; ab ov e , w i t h th e n asa l b on es ; b e h i nd , w i t h t he n asal

ro c e sse s o f the su pe ri or m axil l a ry ; an d b e l o w, wi t h the al ar
p
fi b ro c ar til ages.
-

A lar fi b r o ca
-
r t i l ag es — Eac h of t h ese c artil ag es is c ur ve d i n
.

su c h a m ann e r as to c orre spo n d w i t h t he ope n i n g of t he n os .

t ril , to w hi c h it form s a k i n d o f ri m
,
T he i nn e r po rti o n is
.

l oose l y c on ne c te d Wi th t he sam e part of the opposi te c art il ag e,

so as to form the c ol u mn a. I t is e x pand e d an d th i c ken e d at
t he poi n t of the n ose , to c onsti tu te the l ob e ; a nd u pon t he s id e , ,

forni s a c u rve c orre spon di ng w i t h the form of the ala. T hi s

c u rve is pro l ong e d d o w n ward s and for ward s in th e di re c ti on of

t he poster i or b ord e r o f the al a b y t h re e or fou r sm al l fi b re c arti -

l ag inou s pl ates, w h i c h are appen dag es to t he al ar fi b ro c arti -

l ab
c e.

T he w h ol e fi b ro c artil ag es are conn ec te d w i t h e ac h

of t h ese -

oth er , an d to the b on es, b y pe ri c h on d ri u m, w h i c h , from i ts

m e m b ran ous struc tu re, pe rmi ts of the free d om of m otion e xi st
‘

i ng b e t wee n t h e m .
5 . T he m u c ou s m e m b rane , l i n i ng t he i nteri or of the nose , is
c on tinuou s w i th the ski n e x te rn al ly , and w i t h t he pi tu i tar y
m emb rane of the n asal fossae wi thi n. A rou n d t he e ntranc e of
.

the nostri l s i t is prov id e d w i th n u m e rou s v i b r i ssae.

6. V e s s e ls a n d n er v e s — T he arteri es of the n ose are the l a
te ralis n asi from the fac i al , and tho nasal i s septi from the su pe
rior c oronar y .
 M A TERIA M ED I C A . 9

I ts nerve s are the fac i al , i nfra orb i tal ,

-
and nasal b ranc h of the
h h al mi c
Op t .

N A S AL F OS S E.

T o ob tai n g ood v i e w of the n asal fossae the fac e m ust b e

a ,

d i v id ed t h rou gh the nose b y a v erti c al i nc i si on a l i ttl e to on e ,

s id e of the m iddl e l i n e .

T he n asal fossm are t wo i rreg u l ar c om presse d c av i ti es ex , ,

tendi ng b ac k ward s from t he nose to the ph ar y n x T h ey are .

b oun d ed su pe ri orly b y th e sph e noid and e thmoid b on e s I ufe

'

.
, ,

riorl y b y the h ard pal ate ; and i n t he m iddl e l i ne t h e y are se a

, p
rate d from e ac h o th er b y a b on y an d fi b ro c artil agi nou s se ptu m
-

U pon the o u ter wal l o f e ac h fossae in the d ri e d s ku ll are , ,

t h re e proj e c ti n g proc esses ter m ed spongy b ones

,
T he t wo su .

i or b el ong to t he e th mo id t he i n fer i or is a se parate b one In

p e r , .

t he fresh fossae t h ese are c o v ere d w i th mu c ou s m e m b ran e an d ,

serv e to i n c re ase i ts su rfac e b y th e i r proje c ti on a nd b y th e i r

c on vol ute d fo rm T he spac e i n te rv e ni n g b e tween t he t wo su

.

e r i or spongy b on e s is the s u pe ri or m e atu s ; t he spac e b etw ee n

p
t he m iddl e a nd i n fe ri or b on e s is the m iddl e m e atus a nd t h at

b e twe e n the i n feri or and the fl oor o f t he fossa is the i nferi or

'

me atus .

T h e se rn e atuses are passages w h i c h e x te n d from b efore b ac k

w ard s an d it is in rushi n g t h rough and amon gst t h ese th at the
,

atmosphe re d e posi ts i ts o d oran t part i c l es u pon t he m u c ou s

'

me m b ran e T h ere are se v eral o pe n i ng s i nto the n asal fossa

.

t h u s i n t he su peri o r m e atus are the ope n i ng s of the sph e n oid al

,

a nd poste ri or e th m oid al c e l l s in the mi d dl e t he an teri or e th ,

m oid al c e l l s the frontal si nu ses and the antrum m ax illare ; and

, ,

in the i n fe ri or m eatus the te rm i n ati on of the n asal d uc t

, In .

t he d rie d b on e are t wo add iti onal ope n i ng s the sph e n o pal ati n e ,
-

and t he an te r i or pal ati n e foram e n the for me r b e i ng si tu ated in

,

the su pe ri or an d the l atte r in t he in fertor m eatus .

T he m uc ous me m b rane o f the n asal fossae is c al l e d pi tu i ta r y ,

o r S c hn e i d e ri an T he former n ame b e i n g d eri v e d from its se
.

c re t i on t he l atte r from S c h n e id e r wh o w as the fi rst to s h ow

, ,

t h at t he se c re ti on of the n ose proc eed e d from t he m u c ou s me m

b rane an d n ot from the b rai n as w as forme rl y i m agi ne d
, , It .

is c onti n u o us wi th th e g e neral g astro pu l m onary m u c ou s m e m -

b ran e and m ay b e trac e d t h rou gh the ope n i n g s of the m eatus

,

e s i n to the s phe noid al and e t h m oid al c e l l s

,
i nto the antru m
m axil lare ; t h rough the n asal d u c t to the surfac e of the eye
‘

,
w he re i t is c on ti nu ous wi th the c onj unc ti v a ; al ong the B usta
c h i an t ub e s i nto the ty mpanu m an d m asto id c e l l s to w h i c h i t ,

forms the l i n i n g memb rane ; and t h roug h t he posteri or n ares

i nto the ph ary n x and mouth , and t h enc e th roug h the l ungs
and ali mentary c anal .
4 60 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

T he su rfac e of h i s memb ran e is fu rni sh ed

t w i th l
a c o u m n ar
i h li u m
ep t e su pporti n g i n n u m e rab l e c ili a .

V essels and n er v es — T he arte rie s o f the n asa l fossae are the

ante ri or and poste ri or e th m oid al , from the o ph t hal m i c arte ry
;
an d s h e n o
p pal ati ne , and pterygo pal ati n e , from the i n tern al
- -

maxi ll ary .
T he n e rv e s are , t he ol fac tor y, the sph e no pal ati ne b ran ch es -

fro m M e c k e l s g angl i on, an d the n asal b ran c h o f the ophthal

’

m ic .T he u l ti mate fi l ame nts of the o l fac tory n erv e te rmi nate

i n m i n u te papill a .

T HE EY E, W I T H ITS A P P EN DA G ES .

T he form of the e y eb al l is t h at of a s ph ere , h av i ng the seg

‘

m e nt of a sm all er sph e re i ng rafted u pon i ts an teri or su rfac e ,

w h i c h i nc re ases its an te ro poste ri or di ame te r. T he ax e s of the
-

two e y e b al l s a re parall e l w i t h e ac h o th e r, b u t d o n ot c o rre spon d

w i th the ax e s o f the o rb i ts, w h i c h are di re c te d ou tw ard s. T he
opti c n erv es fo ll ow the di re c ti on of t he orb i ts, and th ere fore e n

te r the e y e b all s to t h e i r n asal sid e .

T he gl obe of the e ye is c ompose d of tu n i cs an d h u mors.
T he tun i c s are th ree in n u mb er,
1 S c l e roti c and c orne a,
.

2 . C horoid , i r i s, a nd c ili ar y processes,

-

3 Re ti n a and z onu l a c ili ari s.

.

T he h u mors are al so th ree

A q u e ou s ,

C ry stal l i ne (l e ns) ,

V i treo us .

1 T he sc l ero ti c an d c orn ea form the e x te rn al t u ni c of

. the
e y eb all and gi v e to it i ts pe c u li ar for m
,
F our fi fth s of . the
g lob e are i n ve ste d b y the sc l eroti c , t he re mai n i ng fi ft h b y the
c orn e a .
T he l i (h ard )is a d ense fib rou s me mb rane thi c ke r b e
sc e ro t c ,

h i n d t h an i h front I t is c on ti nu ou s posteri orl y w i th the

.
, ,

sh e at h o f the o pti c n e rve w h i c h is d e r i v e d f ro m the d u ra m a

,

t er an d i t is pi e rc e d b y th at n e rv e as w el l as b y the c il i ary
, ,

ne rv es an d arte r i e s A n te ri orl y it presen ts a b e v e l l e d edg e

.
,

w h i c h re c e i v e s the c orn e a i n the sam e w ay th at a w atc h gl ass

is re c e i v e d b y t he g roove in i ts c ase I ts an te ri o r su rfac e is c o
.

v e re d b y a t hi n te ndi n ous l ay e r the tu nic a al b u gi nea d eri v e d

, ,

from the e x pansi on of the tend ons of t he fou r re c t i mu sc les .

B y its poste ri or surfac e it gi v es attac h m e n t to the t wo o b l iq ue

musc l es T he tun i c a al b u gi ne a is c ov e re d for a part of its e x
.

te n t b y the mu c ou s me mb rane o f the fro n t o f the e ye , the c on

iva ; and b y re ason of the b ril li ancy o f i ts w hi te n ess, gi ves
j u n c t
oc c asi on to the c ommon e x pressi on,
”
the w h i te of the e y e .
4 62 T H E TH O M S O N I A N
V

d u c ed b y pressu re on thegl ob e, r esu lts from the i n fil trati on o f

fl uid i nto the c e l lul ar ti ssue c onne c ti ng its l ay e rs. Thi s ap .

an c e c ann ot b e rod uc e d i n a sou n d l i v i ng e ye

p ear p .

D issec ti on — T he sc l e ro tic and c orn ea are n o w to b e di ssec t

.

e d away fro m t he se c on d tu n i c ; t hi s w i th c are , m ay b e e asil y

f o rm e d , t h e o n l y c onn ec ti on s su b s i sti n g b e t we e n the m b e i ng

p e r

at t he c i rc u mfe re n c e o f the i ri s , the e ntran c e of t he o pti c n e rv e ,

a n d t he pe rfo rati on o f t he c ili ary ne r ve s a nd arte ri e s. P in c li

U p a fol d of the sc l e roti c n e ar i ts an te ri or c i rc u m fe re nc e , and
m ake a sm al l ope n i n g i nto i t ; th e n rai se t he e dg e of th e tu n i c ,
a nd w i t h a pai r o f fi ne sc i ssors, h av i n g a prob e poi nt, di v id e

t he e n ti re c i rc u m fe re nc e of t he sc l e roti c , an d c u t i t a wa y b it b y
b it. T h e n se parate it fro m i ts attac h m e n t arou n d the c i rc u m
fe re nc e o f the i ri s b y a g e n tl e pre ssure w i th the e dg e of the
k n i fe T he di ssec ti on of t he e ye m u st b e c ond uc te d u nd er wa
.

te r.
I n the c ou rse of t h i s d i sse c ti on th e
il i ary nerv es and l ong
c

c il i ar y arte ri es w il l b e se e n passi ng for ward s b e twe e n t he sc le

r otic a n d c h oroi d to b e d i stri b u ted t o the i r i s
,
.

2 T he se c ond t u n i c of t h e e y e b al l is form e d b y t he c h oroid

.
,

c il i ar y lig am e n t and i ri s t he c ili ary proc esses b ei ng an a pe n

, p
d ag e d e v e l ope d from its i nne r su rfac e .

T he c h oroid is a v asc u l ar me m b ran e of a ri c h c h oc ol ate ,

b row n c ol or u pon i ts e x te rn al surfac e and of a d ee p b l ac k c ol or

,

w i th i n I t is c onn e c te d to t he sc l eroti c e x te rn al ly b y an e x
.

tre m el y fi ne c e ll u l ar t i ssu e and b y the passage o f n e rv es and

,

v e sse l s I nte rn al l y it is i n si m pl e c on tac t w i th the th i rd tu ni c

.

o f the e y e the re ti n a
,
I t i s pi e rc e d posteri orl y for t he passag e
.

of t he o pti c n e r v e and 1 8 c o n ne c te d an teri or l y w i th the m s c l

, ,

l iary proc e ss an d j un c ti on o f the c ornea and sc l e roti c b y a

, ,

d en se w hi te stru c tu re the c i li ary lig ame nt, w hi c h su rrou nd s

,

t he c i rc u m fe re n c e o f t h e i ri s l ik e a ri ng .

T he c h oroid m e mb ran e is c o m pose d of th re e l aye rs z— l A n .

e x tern al or v e n ou s w h i c h c on si sts pr i nc i al ly o f v e i ns e rran g

, p
e d ih a e c u l i ar m an n e r ; h e n c e t h e y h av e b e e n n ame d ve nae
p
v e rtic osae .T he m a rki n g u pon the su rfac e o f the me mb ran e
ro d u ed b t h e se v e i n s re se mb l e s so man y c e n tres to w hi c h a
p c y ,

n u m b e r o f c urve d l i n es c on v e rg e I t is t hi s l aye r w hi c h is c on
n ec te d w i th the c il i ary l ig am e n t 2 T he m iddl e or arteri al
. .

l ayer is forme d pri nc i pal l y b y the ram ifi c ati on s of m i nute arte

r i es an d sec rete s u po n i ts su rfac e the pig m e nt u m n i g ru m
,
It .

i s refl ec te d i nward s at i ts j u n c ti on wi th the c il i ary l ig ame nt, so

as to form the c ili ary p roc e sses 3 T he i nternal l aye r i s a de
. .

l ic ate me m b rane w hi c h pre se nts a b e au ti fu l appearan c e b en eath

,

th e m i c rosc ope ; i t is c ompose d of se ve ral l am i nae of reg ul ar

he x ag onal c e ll s, w hi c h c on tai n the g ranu l es of pig mentu m n r
 M A TERIA ED I C A . 4 63
’

g ru m ,
and a e r arran ge d so as to re se mb e a tesse ate
l l d pav e
m e n t.
I n an i mal s, the pi g m e n tu m n ig ru m , U pon the poste ri or w al l
of t he e e b all , is re l ac ed b l y r o f o n sid e rab l e e x te n t, and
y p y a a e c

o f me tal ic b rilli a n c , c all e d t he ta e tu m

y p .

T he c il i a ry li g am e n t, or c i rc l e , is the b ond of u n i on b e twee n

the e x te rn al and m iddl e t u n i c s of the e ye , an d se r v es t o c o n
n e e t t he c orn e a an d sc l e roti c w i th t he i ri s and e x te rna l l ay er o f

the c h oroi d . It is al so t he po i nt t o w hi c h t he c ili ary n e r v es

an d v e sse l s pro c e e d pre v i ousl y to t h e i r d i stri b u ti on , and it r e

c e ive s the an te ri or c ili ary arte ri e s t h rou g h t he a nte ri or m arg rn

o f the s c l e roti c A m i n u te v asc u l ar c an al is si tu ate d w i thi n
.

t he c i li a ry l ig am e n t, c al l e d the c il i ary c an al , o r the c an al of

F on taua, from its d i sc o v e re r .

T he i ri s (rai n b o w) is so n ame d from its v ari e ty of c ol or in

d ifle re n t i n d i v id u al s ; it for m s a se ptu m b e twee n the an te ri or
and oste ri or c ha m b e rs of the e y e , an d is pi e rc e d i n i ts c e n tre
p
b y a c i rc u l ar ope n i n g , w h i c h is c al l e d the pu pil . B y its pe
riphe ry i t is c o n nec te d w i th th e c il i a ry l i g am e n t, an d b y i ts in
n e r c i rc u mfe re n c e fo rm s th e m argi n o f t he pu pil ; its an teri o r
su rfac e l oo ks to ward s t he c orn e a, an d the
posteri o r toward s the
c il i ar y
proc ess a n d l e n s .

I t is c om pose d of t w o l ay e rs, an anter i or, or mu sc u l ar, c on

s i sti n g o f r ad i at i ng fi b re s, w hi c h c onv e rg e fro m t he c irc u m fe
“

re n c e tow a rd s th e c e n tre , an d h av e t he po w e r o f d i l ati ng t he

pu pil ; and the c i rc u l ar , w h i c h su r ro u n d the pu pil l i ke a sphin c

ter, an d b y t h e i r ac ti on prod u c e c on trac ti on of its area; T he

P L A TE

T he .d n ter i or S eg ment of a T r a nsv er se S ec t ion o the G l ob e o the E e a s

—
f 'f y ’
seen
f rom withi n 1 T h e div id e d e dg e of t he t hr ee t un ic s ; sc l er otic , c h or oid
.

(the dark l ay e r ), an d r e ti na . 2 T h e p u p il . 3 . T he iris. 4 : T he c il iar y pr o

‘
.

c e ss es. 5 T h e sc all op e d a nter i or b or d er of the r e ti na .

.
4 64 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

i
poster or l aye r is of a d e e p pu rpl e ti n t, and is t h en c e n amed
u v ea, from i ts rese m b l an c e i n c ol or to a ri pe g ra pe .
T he c ili ary proc esses may b e se en in two ways, e i th er b y t e
m ov i ng the i ri s from its attac h m e nt to the c il i ary l ig ame nt,
w h e n a fron t v i e w o f the proc esses w i l l b e ob tai ne d , or b y mak
i ng a transv erse se c ti on th rou gh the gl ob e of the e ye , w h en
t h e y m ay b e e x am i ne d from b e hi nd , as in pl ate 94 .

T he c ili ary proc e sses c on si st of a n u mb er of t ri a ng ul ar fold s,

formed apparen tl y b y the pl ai ti n g of the i n te rn al l ay e r of the
c h oroid . T h e y are , acc ordi n g to Z i nn, ab ou t six ty i n n u mb er,
and m a b e d i id e d i n to l arg e and sm all , the l atte r b e i n g si tu
y v
ate d in the s ac e s b e t wee n the forme r. T h e ri h ery is c on
p e
p p
n ec ted w i th t he c il i ary l ig am e nt, and is c on ti n u ous wi t h the i h
ternal l a e r of the c h oro id . T he c e ntral b ord e r rs fre e , and
y
re sts ag ai nst the c i rc u m fe re n c e of the l e ns. T he an teri or sur
fac e c orrespon d s w i th the u v e a ; the poste ri or rec e i ves the fold s
of the z on u l a c ili ari s b e twee n i ts proc esses, a nd t h us e stab li she s
a c onne c ti on b etw e e n the c h oro id an d the thi rd tu n i c of the

eye . T he c il i ar y proc e sses are c ov ere d w i t h a th i c k l ayer of

ig m n t m n ig ru m , w hi c h is m ore ab u n d an t u po n th e m , and
p e u

u pon the an te ri or part of t he c h oroid , t h an u po n t he poste ri or.

Wh en the pig ment is wash ed off, the proc esses are of a wh i ti sh

l
c o or.
3 . T h e th i rd tu ni c of the ey e is the reti na, wh i c h i s prol ong
e d forward s to t he l e ns b y the z onu l a c il i ar i s.

D issec ti on . If afte r t he pre c e di ng di ssec ti on the c h oroid

-

me mb rane b e carefu l l y rai se d an d re mov ed , the e ye b e i ng k ept

u nd er water, t he re ti n a m ay b e see n v er y di sti n c tl y .

T he i
re t n a is c om pose d of h
t re e l ay ers
Ex ter n a l ,
or m emb ran e,
J ac ob s ’

M i dd l e, N erv ous m e mb rane ,

I n ter n a l V asc u l ar me mb ran e .

J ac ob s me mb rane is e x tre mel y th i n an d is see n as a floc c u

’
,

le nt fi lm wh e n t he e y e is su spen d e d i n w ate r Ex am i ne d b y .

the m i c rosc ope it is seen to b e c o mpose d of g ran u l e s h av i ng a

,

te sse l ate d arrang e men t Dr J ac ob c onsid ers it a serous m e m

. .

b rane .
T he nerv ous me m b rane is the e x pansi on o f the opti c ne rv e ,
an d form s a thi n se m i tran sparen t b l u i sh w hi te l ay e r, w h i c h
-

e nv e l o pes the v i tre ous h u m or, and e x te nd s forward s t o the

c omm e nc e me n t o f the c i l i ar y processes, w h ere i t term i n ates in

an ab rupt sc all ope d m argi n .

T hi s l ayer has b ee n ob serve d b y T re viran us to b e c omposed
of c yli nd ri c al fi b res, whi c h proc e e d from t he opti c n e rv e and
b e nd ab ru ptl y i nward s, ne ar t h e i r termi nati on, to form the l n
tern al papil l ar y l ayer, w h i c h li es in c ontac t w i th the hy al oid
4 66 TH E TH oM so u rA N

T h e y d eri ve th e i r v esse l s from the v asc u l ar l aye r of the reti n a .

T he u n d e r su rfac e of the z on u l a i s i n c on tac t w i t h the hy al oid

me mb ran e and aroun d the l e ns forms t he anteri or fl uted wall
,

o f t he c anal o f P e ti t .

T he c onnec ti o n b etween th e se fol d s and the c il i ary proc esses

m ay b e v e ry e asily d e m onstrated b y d i v idi ng an e ye t ransv e rse
l y i nto t wo porti ons t h e n rai si n g t he an te ri or h al f and all o wi ng
, ,
t he v i treou s h u m or to se arate from i ts a ttac h m e n t b y its ow n
p
we igh t . T he fo lds of the z on u l a wil l t he n b e see n to b e d rawn
o u t fro m b e t we e n t he fold s of t he c i liar roc e sses
y p ’
.

f l a m ers — T he atl ue o us h u mor is s i tuate d in the ante ri or

'

and poste ri o r c h am b e rs o f the e e

y .

T he ante ri or c h am b er is the spac e i nterv e n i ng b e tween the

c orne a in fron t a nd the i ri s an d u il b e h i nd
, p p .

T he poste ri or c ham b e r sm all e r t h an the an teri or is the h er

, ,

ro w s ac e b o u nd e d b t h t i s u rfac e o f the i ri s an d pu
p y e po s e r or ‘

pil in fron t and b y the c ili ary proc esse s an d l e ns b e h i n d

,
.

T he t wo c hamb ers are l i n ed b y a thi n l ay e r t he sec re ti ng

'

,
me mb rane of the aq u e ou s h u mor .

T he V i treous h u mo r for m s the pri nc i pal b u l k of the gl ob e o f

the e ye . I t is e n c l osed in a d e li c ate m e mb rane the h y al o id , ,

w h i c h se nd s proc e sses i n to its i n te r i or form i n g c e l l s in w hi c h

,

t he h u mor is re tai ne d A small arte ry m ay so me tim es b e trac e d

’

t h rou gh the c e n tre of t he V i treous h u m or to the c apsu l e of t he

l e ns ; it is surrou n d e d b y a tu b u l ar sheat h of the hy al oid mem
b rane . T hi s v esse l is e asil y i nj e c te d in the fce tus .

T he c ry stall i ne h u mor or l e n s is si tuate d i m me di ate ly b e h i nd

th e pu pil and is su rrou nd e d b the c il i ary pro c esses w hi c h
, y ,

s ligh tly o v e rl a i ts m r gi n I t is m ore c on v e x o n the poste ri or

p a .

t h an on the a n te ri or surfac e an d is e m b e d d e d i n the an te ri or

,

part o f the v i treo us h u m o r fro m w hi c h i t is se parate d b y the

,

h y al o id m e mb rane I t is i nv ested b y a prope r c apsu l e w hi c h

.
,

c ontai ns a sm all q u an ti ty of fl u id c al l e d liq u or M org ag n i an d ,

is re tai n e d i n its pl ac e b y the attac h men t of t he z on u l a c il i ari s .

T he l e n s c onsi sts of c on c e n tr i c l ay e rs of w hi c h the e x te rnal ,

are soft the n e x t fi rme r and t he c e n tral form a h ard e n e d n u c l e
, ,
us . Th ese l ay e rs are b est d e mon strated b y b oil i ng or b y im ,

m e rsi on i n al c o h ol w h en th e y separate e asily fro m e ac h oth er

, .

A n oth er d i v i si o n of the l e ns takes pl ac e at the sam e time it

s l i ts i nto t h re e t ri ang u l ar se g m e n ts whi c h h ave t he sh ar
p p edg e
-

di re c te d toward s the c e n tre and the b ase toward s the c i rc u m

,

fe re nc e . T he c on c e ntri c l ame ll ae are c ompose d of m i nu te pa

.

rall e l fi b re s w h i c h are u n i te d w i t h e ac h oth er b

, y m e an s of sc al
l ope d b ord ers ; t he c o nv e xi ty o n the o n e b ord e r fi tti ng ac cu
rate ly the c on c av e sc al l op u pon t he ot h er .

I m me di atel y aro u nd the c i rc u mfe re n c e of the l e ns is a tri an

g ul ar c an al , the c anal of P eti t, w h i c h is b ound ed in front b y
 M A TERIA M ED I C A . 4 67

the fluting s of the z onu l a c ili ari s ; b e hi n d b y the h y al oid mem~

b rane , and wi thi n b y the b ord e r o f the l en s .

T he v essel s of the gl ob e of the e ye are t he l on g and sh ort

and an teri o r c il i ary arte ri e s, an d the arter i a c e n trali s re ti nae .
‘

T he l ong c ili ary arte r i es, t wo in n u mb er, pi e rc e t he poste ri or

art of t he sc l e ro ti c , an d s fo r ward o n e ac h sid e , b e twe e n
p p as

t h at m e m b rane an d the c h oroid , to the c il i ary lig ame nt, w h ere

t h ey di v id e i n to t wo b ran c h e s, w h i c h are di str i b u te d to th e i ri s .

T he sh ort c il i ary arte ri es pi e rc e the posteri or part of the se l e

.

rotic c oat, and are di stri b u ted to the i n te rn al l ay e r of the c ho

ro i d m e m b rane . T he ante ri or c ili ary are b ran c hes of the mus
'

c u lar a rte ri e s. T h e y e n te r the e ye through the an te ri or part o f

t he sc l e rot i c , an d are d i stri b u te d to the i ri s. I t is the i n c re ase d
n u m b e r of t h ese arte ri e s in i ri ti s t h at for ms the pe c u li ar re d
z one arou n d the c i rc u m fe ren c e o f the c orne a .

T he arte ri a c e ntral i s re tin m e n te rs the opti c ne rve at ab out

h al f an i n c h from the g lob e of the e ye , an d passi ng th rou g h the
p o r u s o pt i c u s is di st ri b u te d u p o n t he i nner su r fac e o f t h e r e t i
n a, form i ng its v asc u l ar l a er
y ; one b ran c h pi e rc e s the c e n tre of
the v i tre ous h u m or, an d su
ppli e s the c apsu l e o f t h e l e n s.

T he n er v es of the e y e b al l are t he o pti c , two c i li ar y n erv es

from the n asal b ran c h of the opth al m i c , and the c il i ary n erves
from the c il i ary g angl i on .

O b s er v a ti on s — T he sc l eroti c is a tu n i c of prote c ti on , and the

c orn e a a m e d i u m fo r the t ran sm i ssi on of ligh t . T he c horoid
su pports the v e sse l s d esti n e d for th e n ou ri sh m e n t of t he e e ,
y
and b y its pig m e n tu m n ig r u m ab sorb s all loose an d sc attere d

rays t h at m igh t c on fuse t he i m ag e i m resse d u on the reti n a.

p p
T he i ri s, b y means of its powe rs of e x pans i on an d c on trac t i on ,
re g u l ates the q u an ti ty o f l ig ht ad m i tte d t h rou gh the u i l If
p p .

t he i ri s b e t h i n , and the ray s of ligh t pass th rou h its su b stan c e ,

.

g
t h e y are i mmed i ate ly ab so rb e d b th e u ve a ; a nd i f th at l ay e r
y
b e i nsu ffi c i e n t, t h e y are tak e n u p b y the b l ac k pig me n t of t he
c ili aryproc ess.
I n A l b in oes, w h e re th e re is an ab se n c e o f the pig me n tu m u i
gr u m , the ray s of ligh t trav e rse t he i ri s and e ven the sc le roti c ,
and so o ve r whe l m t he e e w i th l igh t t h at sigh t is d estroy ed
y , ,
e x c e t in the d i m ne ss of e ve n i ng or at n ig ht .
p ,
I n the man u fac ture of opti c al i nstru me n ts, c are is take n to
c ol or the i r i nte r i or b l ac k w i th the sam e obj e c t— the ab sor ti on
, p
of sc atte re d rays.

T he transpare n t l am e l l ate d c ornea an d the h u mors of th e

ey e h ave for t h e i r offi c e the re frac ti on of the ra s in suc h ro or
y p p
t i on as to di rec t t he i m ag e i n the m ost fav orab l e m an ne r u p .

o n th e r e ti n a. Wh e re the refrac ti n g medi um is too g reat, as

in ov er c onve xi ty of the c ornea and l ens, the i mag e fall s sh ort
4 68 TH E T H O M S O N I A N

o f the re t nai (near sigh te d ness); and w h ere it is too l i ttl e the
-

i mage is t h rown b e yond t he n e rvo us mem b rane (far sigh te d ness) -

.

T h ese c ondi ti ons are re c tifi e d b y the u se o f spe c tac l es, w hi c h

prov id e a di ffe re n tly re trac ting me di u m e x te rnal to the e ye , and
t h e re b y c orrec t the transm i ssi on of ligh t .

A E N A ES
P P D G OF TH E EY E.
T he a e d
n ag es o f the e e are the e y e b ro ws e y e l id s c on
p p y , ,
j unc ti ve c aru n c ul a lac hrym alis an d the l ac h ry mal apparatus
, , .

T he ey eb r ows are t wo proj ec ti ng arc h es of i n teg u me nt c o

vere d w i t h s h ort t hi c k h ai rs w hi c h for m the u ppe r b ou nd ar
, y
o f the o rb i ts T he y are c onn e c te d b e ne ath w i t h the orb i c u l a
.

ris o c c i pi to fron tal i s an d c orru g ator su pe rc i l i i m usc l e s ; t h e i r

,
-

u se is to s h ad e t he e y es from a too v i v id l igh t or prote c t t h e m ,

from parti c l es of d ust and m oi stu re fl ow i ng o v er the fore h e ad .

T he ey elid s are two v al v u l ar l ayers pl ac e d i n front of the

e y e and se rv e to d e fen d i t from i nj u ry b y th e i r c l osu re
, Wh e n .

d rawn ope n t h e y l eav e b etwee n t he m an eliptic spac e the an

, ,

gl es of w hi c h are c al l e d c anth i N ear to the i nn er c an t h u s

.
,
t wo smal l proj e c ti on s are ob se rv e d on b ot h l id s u pon w h i c h ,

ar e see n t he ope n i ng s of the l ac h ry m al d u c ts .

T he e y e lid s h av e e n teri ng i n to t h e i r struc ture i n teg u m en t

, , ,

or b ic u l a r i s m u s cl e, t ars a l c a r ti lag es, M m i a n g l an ds,

e i bo an d

c on u n c tiv a.
j
T he teg u me ntary c e ll u l ar ti ssue of the e yel id s is re markab l e
for its l oose ness and for t h e e nti re ab sen c e of ad i pose su b stan c e.
It is parti c u l arl y l i ab l e to serous i nfil trati on . T he fi b res of the
or b i c u l ari s m usc l e c overi n g the e y e l i ds are e x t re me l y t hi n an d

pa el.

T he tarsal c artil ages are two t hi n l amell ae of fi b ro c artil age, -

w hi c h gi v e fo rm a n d su pport to t he e y e l id s. T he su peri or is
,

o f a se m il un ar form , b road in t he m iddl e , a nd tape ri ng to eac h

e x tre m i ty . [ts l o we r b ord e r is b road and flat, its u pper is thi n ,

a nd gi ve s attac h me n t to the l e v ator pal pe b rae an d to the fi b rous

m e m b rane of the lid s.

T he i nfer i or fi b ro c artil ag e is a n arrow e l li pti c al b and situat
-

e d i a the su b stanc e o f t he l owe r l id I ts u ppe r b ord e r is flat,

.

and c orrespon d s w i t h the flat e dg e o f the u ppe r c artil ag e . T h e

l o we r is h e l d in its pl ac e b y the fi b rou s me m b ran e . T he c ar
t ilag e s d o n o t e x te n d q u i te so far as the angl es of the l id s.
T he fi b rou s m e mb ran e o f the l id s is fi rm ly attac h e d to the
ri oste u m arou nd t he m argi n o f the orb i t b its c i rc u mfe re n c e ,
p e y
a nd to t he tarsal c artil ag e s b y i ts c e ntral m argi n . I t is t hi c k
a nd d e nse 0 11 t he o u te r h al f o f the orb i t, b u t b e c om es thi n to i ts
i nne r sid e. Its use is to re tai n the tarsal c artil ag es in t h e i r
p l ac e , and gi ve su pport to the l id s
; h e n ce it h as b e en n a m e d
t he b road t arsal l ig ame n t.
T he M e i b omi an gl and s are e mb edd e d in the i n ternal su rfac e
 4 70 TH E TH O M S O N I A N
'

w i th arteri es from the oph th al mi c , and e x te rnall y from t he fa

c ial and tran sv e rse fac i al . Th ei r ne rv es are b ranc h es of t he
fi fth and of the fac i al .
L A C H RY M AL A P P A RA T U S .

T he l ac h ry mal apparatu s c on si sts of the l ac h ry m al gl and

w i th its e x c re tory d ue ts ; the pun c ta l ac hry malia, and l ac h ry
'

m al d uc ts ; the l ac h ry mal sac and n asal d uc t.

T he l ac h ry m al gl an d is a s mall , fl attene d b ilob ate b od y, si tu
'

a te d at the u ppe r an d ou te r an gle of the e ye, resti ng u pon the

e ye b all b y i ts u nd e r su rfac e , and ag ai nst the wal l o f th e orb i t

b y the u pper . I ts sec re ti on is pou re d ou t u pon the surfac e of

t he c onj u n c tiv a b y se v e n sm al l e x c re tory d u c ts .

L achr y m a l d u c ts — N e ar to the i nn e r c an th u s are t wo sl igh t

roj e c ti on s on the e dg es of the e y e l id s Th ese are the l ac h r
p .
y
m al t ub erc l es ; and u pon the poi n t o f e ac h m ay b e see n a sm al l
o e n i ng , t he pu n c tu m l ac hry male , t he c omme n c e m e n t of t he
p
c orre spon di n g l ac h ry mal d u c t F ro m t h e se po i n ts the l ac h ry
.

m al d uc ts pro c e e d to t he l ac h r y m al sac . T he S upe r i or d u c t at -

fi rst asc e nd s, and the n t u rns su dde nl y i n ward s to ward s the sac ,
'
.

form i n g an ab ru pt angl e . T he i nfe ri or d u c t for ms t he same

k i n d of angl e , b y d esc e ndi n g at fi rst and t h e n tu rn i ng ab ru ptl y
i nward s. Th e y are d e nse and e l asti c in stru c tu re , an d r e m ai n
c onstan tl y ope n , so t h at t h e y ac t l i ke c apil l ar y tu b e s in ab
‘

sorb i ng t he tears from the s urfac e of the e ye . T he two fasc i

c ul i o f the te nsor t arsi m u sc l e are i n serte d i n to t h e se d uc ts, and

se rve to d ra w t h e m i n ward s. '

T he l ac h ry mal sac i s t he u ppe r ex tre m i ty of the n asal d uc t,

a nd is sc arc e l y m ore dil ate d t han t he rest of the c an al . I t is
l odge d in the g roo ve of the l ac h rym al b one , and is often d i sti n
u ishe d i nte rn al ly from the n asal d uc t b y a se m il u n ar or c i rc a
-

g
l ar v al ve . I t c onsi sts o f m u c ou s m e m b ran e , b u t is c overe d in
-

a nd re ta i ne d in its pl ac e b y a fi b rous e x pansi on , d e ri v e d from

t he te nd on of the orb i c u l ari s, w h i c h is i nse rte d i nto the ridg e

o n t he l ac h ry ma l b one ; it is al so c ov ere d b y the ten sor tarsi
m u sc l e , w hi c h ar i ses from the same r i dg e , an d in its ac ti on u p
o n the l ac h ry mal d uc ts m ay se rve to c ompress the l ac h ry mal .

sac .

T he d uc t is a sh ort c anal di rec ted d own ward s b ac k

n asal
‘
‘

, ,

ward s and a l i ttl e i nward s to t he i nfe ri or me atus of the n o se

, ,

w he re it te rm i n ates b y an e x pand e d o rifi c e I t is l i ne d b y the

.
’

m uc ou s me mb rane w h i c h is c ont i n u o us w i th the c onj u nc t i v a

,

ab o v e an d the it u itiary m e mb ran e of t he n ose b e lo w. O b stru c

p
t i on from i nfl am m at i on an d su ppu rati on of t he d u c t c on sti tute
the di sease c al l e d fi st u l a lac hry m al is.
V es s els an d n e r v es .
—T he l ac h ry mal gl and is suppl ie d wi th
b l ood b y the l ac h ry mal b ranc h of the oph t h al mi c arte r y, and
 M A TERIA 114 13 13 1 0 11 . 4 7]

wi th ne rves b y the l ac h r y mal b ran c h of the oph th al mi c and or

b i tal b ranc h of the su pe ri or m ax il l ary .

G A N O F H EA RI N G
TH E OR .

T h e e ar is c ompose d of th ree parts 1 Ex te rnal e ar 2 . . . .

M iddl e e ar or ty m panu m 3 I ntern al e ar o r l ab y ri nth

,
. . , .

T he exter n a l e ar c onsi sts of t wo po rtions t he pi nn a and o

,

meatus ; the f ormer re prese nti ng a ki n d o f f u n ne l w h i c h c ol ,

l ec ts t he v i b rati on s of t he atmosph e re c all e d sou n d s and the , ,

l atte r a tu b e w h i c h c onve ys the v i b rati o ns to the ty mpan um

‘

T he pi nn a prese n ts a n u m b e r of fold s and h oll ows upon its

' ‘

surfac e w hi c h h av e di ffe re n t n ame s assig ne d to th e m

,
T h us .

t he e x te rn al fol d e d m a rgi n is c al l e d the h e li x (a fold ) T he ,

.

e l e v ati on paral l e l to an d in front of the h e l ix is c al l e d an tih e l ix

osi te . T he po i n te d proc e ss proj e c ti ng l i ke a v al v e o v er
( pp
o
) ,

t he o pe n i ng of t he e ar from the fac e is c al l ed the trag u s (g oat ), ,

r o b ab l y fro m b e i n g so m e ti mes c o v ere d w i th b ri stl y h ai r li ke

p
t hat o f a g oat ; and a tub e rc l e o pposi te to th i s is the anti trag us .

T he l o we r d e pe nd e n t and fle sh y po rti on of the pi nna is the 10

b u l us T he spac e b e t we e n t he he li x a nd an ti h e lix is n ame d
.

t he fossa i nn om i na ta A n oth er d e pre ssi on is o b se rv e d at the

.

u ppe r e x t re mity of the anti h e l i x w hi c h b i furc ate s and l e av es a

,

t ri ang u l ar spac e b e tw e e n its b ran c h es c all e d the sc aphoid fos ,

s e ; an d the l arg e c e ntral spac e to w hi c h all t he c h ann e l s c on

v e rg e is t he c on c ha w h i c h ope n s di re c tl y i n to the m e at us}

, ,

T he pi nn a is c o mposed of i nte g u me n t, fl b ro c artil ag e l ig a ‘

-

m e nts and m usc l e s .

T he i nteg u me nt is thi n and c l osel y c on nec te d w i th the fi bro

,

c artil ag e .

T he fi b ro c artil age gi ves for m to the pi n na an d i s fold e d so

-

,
'

as to prod uc e the v ar i ou s c onv e x i ti es and g roo v es w hi c h h av e

b ee n d esc ri b e d u pon its surfac e .

T he h e lix c o mme n c e s in t he c on c h a an d parti all y di v id es ,

th at c av it y i nto two parts ; on its a nte ri or b o rd er is a tu b e rc l e

for the attac h men t of t he attrahe ns a u re m m usc l e and a l i ttl e
“

ab ov e t hi s a sm all v e rti c al fi ssu re t he fi ss u re of the h e l ix T he

, .

te rm i n ati on of the h e l ix an d an tih e l i x fo rms a l e n g th en e d pro

c e ss t he processus c au d atu s w h i c h is se parate d f rom the c on
, ,

c ha b y an e x te nsi v e fi ssu re U pon the an te ri or surfac e of the

.

t rag u s is anot h e r fi ssure the fi ssure of the trag us and in the 10

, ,

b u l us the fi b re c arti l ag e is w h ol ly d efi c i e n t
-
T he fi b ro c arti . -

la ge o f the me atus at the u ppe r and an te ri or part of t he c yl in

,

de r is d i v id ed from the c on c h a b y a fi ssure w h i c h 1 8 c l osed in

,

t he e nti re e ar b y l ig ame n tous fi b re s ; it is fi rm l y at tac h e d at its

t ermi nati on to the proc essus au di tori u s .

T h e lig ame n ts of th e e x te rnal e ar are those wh i c h attac h the

i nn a to the sid e of the h ead , v iz the an teri or, t i r an d l i
p p os e r o ,
.
 4 72 TH E T n o msou rxu

a me n t o f the trag u s an d t ose of the

h fi b ro c artil age , w h i c h
g
-

serv e t o pre se rv e i ts fold s and c onn ec t the opposi te m argi ns of

fi
t he ssure s T. h e l a t te r a re t w o i n n u m b e r — the lig ame nt b e

t we e n t he c on c h a and the pro c e ssus c au d atu s, an d the b road

l ig am e n t w hi c h e x ten d s from the u pper margi n of the fi b ro
c artil ag e of the trag u s to the h e l i x , an d c ompl etes the me atu s.
T he prope m l f t h i n n a re — the
r u sc e s o e p a

M aj or h e li c i s,
M i nor h e li c i s,
T ragi c u s ,

A n ti tragi c us ,

T ransve rsu s au ri c u l a .

T he maj or helic us is a n arro w b an d of m u sc u l ar fi b res si tu ,

ate d u pon the a nte ri or b ord er o f the h e l ix , j ust ab ove the trag us .

P L ATE

D i ag r am of the Ea t T h e p i n n a. t . T h e t y m p an u m . l . T h e l ab y
r y nt h. 1 . T h e u p p er p ar t o f t he h e li x . 2 . T h e a n tih eli x
. 3 . T h e tr a g us . 4 .
T he a nti tr ag u s . 5 . T h e l ob u l u s
. 6 . T h e c on c ha . 7 . T h e u p p er p ar t of the
f ossa i n n om in at a. 8 . T h e m e a tu s . 9 . T h e m e m b rana tym p ani, div id e d b y
t h e se c ti on . 1 0 . T he thr e e li ttl e b on e s , c r o ssin g t h e ar e a of the t ym p anu m ,
m al l e u s, i n c u s, a n d st ap es t he f oot of t he st ap e s b l ock s u p t h e f e n e str a
o v al is u p on t h e i nn er w a ll o f th e t ym p an um . 1 1 . T h e p rom ontor y . 1 2. T h e
f e nest ra r ot u n d a t he d ar k O p e nin g a b ov e t he ossic u l a l e a ds int o t h e m a stoid
c e l l s. 1 3 T he Eustac h ian t u b e ; t he littl e c an a l u p on thi s tu b e c ont ai n s the
.

t en sor t y m pa ni m us cl e i n i ts p a ssa g e t o t he t ym p an u m . 14 T h e v e stib u l e .

z q
.

1 5 . T he t hr e e s em ic ir c u l ar c a n al s, h or i on ta l , p e r p e ndi cu l ar a n d ob l i u e 16 .
z
.

T h e amp ul lae u p on t he p e r pe ndic ul ar and h or i on ta l c an al s. 1 7 . T h e c oc hl ea .

1 8 . T he c onv e xi ti es of t he t wo t ub uli w hic h c omm u n ic a t e wi th t h e tym p an um
a n d v e stib u le ; t h e on e is t h e scal a tym pa ni , t erm in ating a t 1 2 ; t he ot he r i s
t he s c ale. v estib u l i.
4 74
’

TH E T H O M S O N IA N

I t is attac h e d b y the man ub ri u m to the me mb rana ty m pani , b e

i ng e nc l ose d b e twee n the m u c ous and t he fi b ro us l aye r, an d
e x te ndi n g b y i ts e x tre mi ty to n a t e m iddl e oflt he me mb ran e .
e r h '

T he l on g proc e ss d esc e n d s to the fi ssu ra G lase ri, a nd gi v es at

’

tac hme n t to the l ax ator ty m pan i mu sc l e I n to t he s h or t pro

.

c e ss is i nserte d the te nd on of the ten sor t y mpan i , and the h ead

,

of the b one arti c u l ates w i t h t he i n cu s.

T he i nc u s (an v il )is n ame d fro m an i magi ne d re se mb l an c e te

an an v il . I t has al so b ee n l ik e ne d to a b i c u spid tooth , h av i n g
on e root l ong er and w id el y se pa rate d f ro m t he o th e r . I t eon
si sts o f t wo proc esse s, w h i c h u ni te ne arl y at righ t an gl es, and
at t h e i r j unc ti on form a fl atte n e d b ody , to ar ti c u l ate w i t h the

h ead of the m all e u s. T he sh ort proc ess is free ; the l ong pro
c e ss d esc en d s n e ar l y paral l e l w i t h t he h an dl e o f t he m all e us,
and c urv es i n ward s n ear to its te r m i nati on . A t its e x tre m i ty
is a smal l gl ob u l ar proj e c ti on , the os o rb i c u l are , w h i c h is a d is
t i nc t b one i n th e fce tu s, b u t b e c om es an c h yl osed to t he l on g
oc ess of the i n c u s i n t he ad u l t. I t arti c u l ates w i th the he ad
p r
of t he stape s.

T he stapes is sh ape d l ik e a st i rru p to w hi c h it b ears a c l ose

rese m b l an ce. Its h ead arti c u l ates w 1 th the os orb i c u l are , and
t he t wo b ran c h es are c on ne c te d b y t he i r e x tre m i ti e s w i t h a flat
o v al s h aped pl ate , re prese n ti n g the foot of the sti rru p, whi c h
-

fi ts ac c u rate l y the ope n i n g b e twe en the ty mpan u m and the v e s

tib ul e , the fe n estra ov ali s . T he n e c k of the stapes gi v es attac h
me nt to the stapedi us mu sc l e .
T he mu sc l es of t he ty mpan u m are fou r in n u mb er— the
T e n sor ty m pan i ,

L ax ator t y m pan i
‘ ,

L ax ator ty mpan i m i n or ,

S tapedi us .

T he tensor ty m pan i ari ses from the spi nous proc ess of the
spheno id from the pe trous porti on of the te mporal b one ; and
,

from the Eustac h i an tu b e an d passes forward s in adistint c a

,

n al se parate d from the t u b e b y t he proc essu s c oc hle ariform is

, ,
to b e i nse rte d i nto the h andl e of the mal l e u s i mmedi ate l y b e l ow
,

the c om men c e me n t of the proc essu s g rac il i s .

T he l ax ator t y mpani ari ses from the spi nou s proc e ss of the
she noid b one an d asses t h rough an o e n i n g i n the fi ssura

filaseri to b e i nserted i nto the long process of the mall eus

,p p
I

, .

T he l a x ator tympan i m i nor ari ses from the u pper m argi n of

t he m eatus and is i nse rte d i nto the h andl e of the m all eu s near
, ,

to the proc e ssu s b rev i s .

T he stapedi us ari ses from the i nteri or of the pyrami d and ,

e sc apes from i ts su mmi t, to be i nserte d into the nec k of the

stapes.
 M A TERI A M ED I C A . 4 75

T he ope n i ng s in the ty mpanum are te n in numb er, fi ve l arge

and fi ve smal l t h ey are

L ar eO eii i ng s S m a ll Op en i ng s.
g p .

M e atus au d i tori us, Entranc e of the c h ord a ty mpani ,

F e ne stra o v al i s, Exi t o f th e c h ord a ty m pani ,
'

F e nestra ro tun d a, F or t he l ax ator ty mpani ,

M astoid c e ll s, F o r the te nsor ty m pan i ,
Eustac hi an t ub e . F or the stapedi us .

T he ope ni n g of the meatus audi tori us has b e e n prev i ousl y

d e sc ri b ed .

T he fe n estra o v al i s is an ov al open i n g si tu ated in t he u pper

,

ar t o f the i nne r wall of t he ty mpan u m , d i rec tl y O pposi te the

p
meatus ; it is the O pe n i ng of c o mmun i c ati on b etwe en t he tym
an u m a nd v e st i b u l e and is c l ose d b y t he foot O f the stapes and
p ,

b y the l i n i ng me m b ran es O f b ot h c av i ti e s .

T he fe n estra rotu nda is some w h at t ri an gu l ar in its form and ,

si tu ate d i n the i nner wal l o f t he ty mpan u m b el ow and rat h e r

,

i h fe n e stra o v a li s, fro m w h i c h i t is se arate d b

p os te r or to t e p y a
b on y e l e v ati on c al l ed the pro mo n tory .I t serves to estab li sh a
c o mm u n i c ati on b e t we e n the ty mpan u m an d t he c oc hl ea In .

t he f re s h su bj ec t it is c l osed b y a prope r me mb rane , as we l l as

b y the m uc ou s l i n i n g of b ot h c av i ti es .

T h e m astoi d c el l s are v e ry nu me rous and oc c u py the w h ol e

,

o f the i n te ri or of the m asto id proc e ss and

, part of the pe trous
b on e . Th e y c om mu n i c ate b y a l arge i rreg u l ar ope n i ng wi th
t he u pper and posteri or c i rc u mfe re nc e of the ty mpanu m .

T he Eu stac hi an tub e is a c an al of c omm un i c ati on e x tendi ng

O b liq ut ly b e twee n the ph ary n x and the anteri or c i rc u m fe ren ce

of the ty m panu m . I n struc tu re it is partl y fi b ro c artilage nous

-

and partl y osse ous, is b road and e x pand e d at its ph ary n g e al e x

t re mity , a nd n arrow and c om presse d at the t y m panu m .

T he sm al ler open i ngs se rve for the transmi ssi on of the c h or

d a ty m pan i n erve , and th re e of the m usc l es of the ty mpanu m .

T he O pe n i ng b y w h i c h t he c h ord a ty m pan i e nte rs the ty m

an u m is n ear the root o f the py ramid , at ab ou t the middl e of
p
the poster i or wal l .

T he o pen i ng of e xi t for the c h ord a ty m pani is at the fi ssura

G lase ri in the anteri or wal l of the ty mpanu m .

T he O pen i ng for the l ax ator ty m pan i musc l e is al so si tuated

i n the fi ssu ra G laseri, in the ante ri or wal l o f the ty mpanu m .

T he ope ni n g tor the tenso r ty mpani musc l e is in t he anteri or

w al l i mm edi ate l y ab ov e the ope ni ng of the Eustac hi an tu b e
, ,

T he O pe ni ng for the stapedi us mu sc l e is at the ape x of a c o

nic al b on y e m i ne n c e c al l e d the py ramid , wh i c h is si tu ated on
,

t he poste ri or wal l of the ty mpanum, i mmedi atel y b e hi nd the fe

h estra ov ali s .
4 76 TH E T H O M S O N I A N

D i rec tl y fe ne stra ov al i s i s a rou nd e d r id ge forme d

ab ov e t he

b y th e proj ec ti on o f the aq u aed u c tu s F all opii .

B e n e ath the fe nestra o v al i s, an d se pa rati ng it fro m the f n es e

tra rotu d a, is the promo n tory , a rou nd e d proj e c ti on c h an n e l l e d

u pon i ts su rfac e b y th re e s m a ll g roov es, w hi c h l odg e t he th ree

ty m pan i c b ran c h es of J a c ob son s n e rv e

’
.

T he fora m i na an d proc e sses of the ty m pan u m m ay b e ar

ran g e d , ac c ord i ng to th e i r si t u ati o n , i n to fo u r g ro u ps .

1 I n t he e x te rnal wal l is the m e atu s audi tori u s, c l ose d b y

.

the m e m b ran a ty m pan i .

2 . I n the i nn e r wal l , from ab ov e d own ward s, are the

Ridg e orq uaed uc tus F al l opii
the a
,

F e n estra ov al i s ,

P romo n to ry ,

G ro ov es fo r J ac ob son s ne r v e
’
,

F e ne stra r Ot und a .

3 . In the poste r i or w a ll are , the

O pe n i n g o f the m astoid c e l l s,
P yram 1d
O pe n i n g for the stape di us,
A pe rtu ra c h ord ae (e ntranc e ).
4 . I n the i
an te r or w al l are , the

Eustac hi an tu b e ,
O pe m ng for the ten sor ty mpan i ,
O pe n i ng for t he l a x ator ty mpan i ,
A pe rtu ra c h ord ae (e xi t).
T he ty mpan u m is l i ne d b y a v asc u l ar m u c ous m e mb ran e ,
w hi c h i n v e sts the ossi c u l a an d c ho rd a t y m pan i , an d form s t he
i n ter n al l ay e r of the m e mb rana ty mpan i . F ro m t he ty m panu m
i t is refl e c te d i n to the m astoid c e l l s, w hi c h it li nes th rough ou t,
an d passe s th ro u gh the Eustac hi an t u b e , to b e c om e c on ti n u ou s

w i th the m u c ous m e m b ran e of the ph ary n x .

V ess els a n d n er v es — T h e arte ri es O f the ty m pan u m are de
r i v e d f ro m the i n te rnal m axil l ar y , i n te rnal c aroti d , and
poste ri

i l
or au r c u ar.

I ts n e rv e s are — l . b ran c hes of th e fac i al , w h i c h are

M
i nu te
di stri b u te d to t he m u sc l e s
. 2 . T he c h ord a t y m pan i , wh i c h
l e aves the fac i al ne rv e ne ar the sty l o m astoid forame n, and arc h
-

e s u pwar d s to e n ter the ty m pan u m at the foot of the py ramid ;

i t t h en passe s forward s b e twe e n the h and l e of t he m all e us and

l ong proc ess of the i n c us, to the ope n i ng i n the fi ssura G laseri.
3 . T he ty mpan i c b ran c h es of Jac ob son s n erve , whi c h are dis
’

tri b u te d to t he m e m b ran es of the fe n e stra ov al i s and fe nestra

rotu nd a, and to the Eustac hi an tu b e , and fo rm a pl e x us b y
c ommu n i c ati ng wi th t he c arotid pl e x us and oti c g ang li on .
4 78 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

tub e ; al l the ot ers o pe n s n

h i gly i nto i b u l e— h e nc e
the v e st the
fi ve open i ng s of the th ree c an al s
.

T he v esti b u l e contai ns t wo sac s, formed b y the e x pansi on of

the au d itor y ne rve . T h e l arg e r o f t h e se is t he u tri c u l u s c o m
m u n i s, the small e r the sac c u l u s propri us. T he se mi c i rc u l ar
c an al s c o ntai n tu b e s of n e rv ous m e m b rane , w h i c h c ommu n i
c ate w i th the u tri c u l u s c o m m u n i s, an d form t h ree d il ata ti o ns,

c orrespon di n g w i th t he a m pu ll a e a t the e x tre m i ti e s of t he c a

h al s. Th ese sac s, tog e th e r wi th the n e rv ou s tu b es l odg e d i n

t he c an al s, c on tai n a li m pid se c reti o n , w hi c h is ca l l e d l iq u or of
'

C otunn i u s. T he sac s l i ke wi se c ontai n a c al c are ou s d e posi t,

wh i c h is an al og ous to t he o tolites, or c al c areo us c rystalli n e
masses fou n d in the v e sti b u l ar sac s of fi sh es.
T h e sac s and me m b ran ous c an al s d o n ot c om pl e te l y fi l l the
c av i ti es of the b on e , b u t l eav e a spac e w h i c h is o c c u pi e d b y ah
'

o th e r fl u id , the l iq uor of S c ar a, or aq u a l ab y ri n thi

p .

T he c ochl ea (sn ail s h e ll ) is a spi ral c an al , w h i c h d esc r i b es

t wo tu rn s an d a h al f rou n d a c e n tral pil l ar w h i c h is c al l e d m o
d iol us. I t is si tu ate d in the an teri or part of the pe trous b on e ,
i ts b ase b e i ng di re c te d b ac k ward s and i n ward s, and c orre spond
ing w i t h the te rmi nati on of the c u l d e sac of the m e atu s au di
- -

tori ns 1 n tern u s.
T he c an al of the c oc hl ea is di v id e d i n to two e q u al parts b y a
t hi n b on y l am i na l am i n a spi rali s), w h i c h is wou n d spi rall y
(
arou n d the m o di o l us. T he two h al f c an al s, th u s forme d , are
c al le d sc al a ty m pan i a nd sc al a v esti b u l i .
A t the ape x of the c oc hl e a the tw o sc alm c o mm u n i c ate , and
'

form a dil ate d c av i ty, w h i c h is te rm e d the c u pol a. T he l am i

n a spi rali s is n ot c on ti n u e d e n ti re l y ac ross the c an al of the
-

c oc h le a, b u t is c o m pl e te d b y the m u c ou s m e m b ran e w hi c h li nes

i ts inte r i or. N e ar to t he te rm i nati on of the sc al a ty m pan i is
“

t he ope n i ng of a smal l c an al , aq u md uc tu s c oc hl e ae, w h i c h passe s

b ac k ward s to t he j u g u l ar fossa. I t tran sm i ts a sm al l v e i n fro m
t he c oc hl e a, w h i c h ope ns i n to the c omme n c e m e n t of t he i nte r
n al j u g u l ar v e i n .
T he c av i ty o f the c oc h l ea is l i n ed t h rou gh ou t b y a thi n m u
c ou s m e m b ran e , w hi c h is c onti n u ou s w i t h t h at o f t he v e sti b u l e,

b u t w h i c h c l oses the fe ne stra rotu n d a. I t is fill ed w i th the

aqu a l ab y ri nt hi .
T he O pen i ng s i n to the c oc hl ea are , the fenestra rotu n d a from
the ty mpan u m , the ope n i n g i n to the v e sti b u l e , t he aqu wd u c tu s
c oc hl eae, an d the ope n i ng s for the b ranc h e s of t he au di tor y
ne rv e .
A u di tory n erv e — Wh en the audi tory nerve reac h es the e x
tre mity of t he m eatus au di tori us i n tern u s, i t di v id es i n to two
b ranc h es. 1 . T he l arg e r, or ante ri or, to the c oc hl e a 2 T he
. .

small er, or posteri or, to the v esti b u l e and se m i c i rc u l ar c anal s.

 M A TERI A M ED I C A . 4 79

T he anter or ib ranc h di v id es i n to a nu mb e r of m i nu te fi la
m e nts, w hi c h pi erc e the b ase of the c oc h l ea, and e x pan d in i ts
m uc ou s l i n i ng ; oth e rs e n te r the m odi ol us, w hi c h is h o ll owe d
i n to c an al s to re c e i ve t he m, and pass off t h ro ugh s m al l ope n
i ngs i n i ts c i rc u m fe re n c e , to spre ad o u t i n the m uc ous mem
b ran e c o v e ri n g t he l am i n a spi rali s.
T he pos te ri or o r v e sti b u l ar porti on of the n e rve di v id e s i n to
t hre e b ran c hes, w hi c h are di st ri b u te d — 1 . T he l arg e r, to form
t he u t ri c u l us c o m m u n i s and the me mb ran o u s t u b es o f th e pe r

pen dic u lar and h oriz on tal c an al s 2 . T o form the sac c u l us

.

propri u s . 3 T he sm all e st, to form t he m e m b ran o u s tu b e of

.

t he o b liq u e c an al .T he e x tre mi ti es of the n e rv ou s fi lame n ts,

b oth in t he c oc hl e a an d v es ti b u l e , form a papill ary l ay e r u pon
t he i n te rn al su rfac e o f the ne rv ou s me mb ran e , l ik e th at of the
i
r e t na.

T he i
ar te r e s o f the l ab y ri n t h are d eri v e d pri n c i pally fro m the
au di tory b ran c h of th e s u pe ri or c e reb e l l ar artery .

O RG AN OF T A S T E.

T he tong u e is c om posed of m usc u l ar fi b res, w hi c h are d is

t ri b u te d i n l ay e rs a rrang e d i n v ari o us d ire c ti o n s ; t h u s some are
d i spose d l o ngi t u di n ally , o thers tran sve rsel y, ot h e rs ag ai n ob
l iq ue l y an d v e rti c all y B e twe e n the m usc u l ar fi b re s is a c ousi
.

d e rab le q uant i t y o f adi pose su b stanc e

T he ton g u e is c enn ec te d poste ri orl y w i t h the os hy oid es b y
m usc u l ar attac hm e n t, an d to the e pigl otti s b y m u c ous m e m
b ran e , fo rm i n g the t h re e fol d s w hi c h are c al l ed fre n a e pig lotti
d is . O n e i th e r sid e i t is h e ld in c onnec ti on w i th the l owe r j aw
b y m u c o us m e mb r an e and in fron t a fol d of th at m e m b ran e is
‘

forme d b e ne ath its u n d e r s u rfac e, w hi c h is n ame d fraen u m lin

g naa .

T he su rface o f g d b y a d e nse l ay er anal o

the ton u e is c ov e re
g ou s to t he c e r iu m o f t he ski n w hi c h gi v es su pport to the pa
,

ill A ra he m a rks t he m i d dl e li ne of the org an and di v id es

p ac.
p ,
i t i n to sy m me tri c al h al v e s .

T he p ap i ll a; of th e tong ue are — the

P apil l ae c irc u mv allatae,

P apill ae c on ic ae,
P apil l ae fi liform es
P apill ae fu n gi form es.
T he papill ae c i rc u mv allatae are of l arg e siz e, an d from fi fte en
t o t we n ty i n n u mb e r. T h e y are si tu ate d on the d orsu m of the
'

t on g u e , n e a r its roo t, an d form a row u pon e ac h sid e, wh i c h

m e e ts its fe l lo w at i ts m iddl e l i n e, l ik e the t wo b ran c h es of the
l e tter A Eac h papil l a rese mb l es a c one , attac h e d b y t he ape x
.

t o the b ottom of a C U p sh aped d epressi on ; h e nc e t h e y are al so

-
4 80 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

'

n amed p pil lae

a c aly c iform es . Th is c u p sh aped c av i ty forms a
-

k i n d o f fossa arou n d the a ill a w h e n c e t he i r n am e c i rc u m

p,p ,

v al latee .
A t t he mee ti ng of t he two ro ws of t h ese papi ll ae u po n the
m iddl e o f t h e root of the tong u e , is a d ee p m u c ous fol li c l e c al l
ed fo ram e n c aec u r n .

T he papi ll a c on ic ee an d fi lifo rmes c o v e r the w hol e s u rfac e

e
o f the tong u e i n fro n t o f th e c irc u m v al latee , b u t are m ost a b u n
c
d an t ne a1 its ape x . Th e y are c o ni c al and fi lifo rm i n sh ape ,
a nd h av e t h e i r o i n ts d i1 e c te d b ac kwa rd s
p .

T he papill ae fu ng ifo u n es are i r1 eg u larly d ispe i se d o v e r the

d orsu m o f the tong u e , and are e asi l y re c og nize d am o ngst the
o t h e r papil l ae, b y t he ir ro u n d e d he ad s an d l arg e r siz e A n um~ .

b e r of th e se papill ae w il l g e ne ral l y b e ob se rv e d at the t ip o f the

ton g ue .

B e h i nd the pa il
p l ae c i rc u m v allatae, at the root of g
t he ton ue ,
a re a n u m b e r o f m u c ou s gl a nd s, w hi c h ope n u po n t he s u rfac e .

T h e y h av e b e e n i m pro pe rl y d esc ri b e d as papill ae b y so m e e u

t h ors.

V essel s and n er v es . — T he tong ue is ab u n d an tl y su ppli ed

wi th b l ood b y the li ng u al arte ri es.
-

T he n e rves are t h re e in n u m b e r, and of l arg e siz e — 1 T he .

g ustatory b r anc h of the fi fth , w h i c h is d i stri b u te d to the pupil ~

l ee, a nd is t he n erve o f c o mmo n se n sati o n and o f taste 2. T he .

gl osso ph ary ng e al , w h i c h is di s tr i b u te d to the m uc ou s m e m

- ~

b ran e , foll i c l es, and gl an d s o f the ton g u e , is a n e r v e o f se n sa

t i on an d m oti o n ; i t al so se rv e s to assoc i ate the to n g u e w i t h t he
h ary n x and l a1 n x . 3 T h e l i ng u al , w h i c h is t he m otor
p y .

n ei v e of the to ng ue , an d 1 S d i st ri b u te d to t he m u sc l e s .

T he m u c ou s m e mb 1 an e , w h i c h i nv e sts the ton g u e , is c on ti

n uou s w i th the c u ti s al ong t he m a rgi ns o f t he li ps O n e i th e r .

si d e o f the f1 aen u m li ng u ae it m ay b e t rac e d t h ro ugh t he s u b lin

g u al d u c ts i nto t he su b li ngu al gl an d s, an d al o ng Wharton s ’

d uc ts i nto the su b maxil l ary g l an d s ; fro m the sid e s o f the c h ee ks

i t passe s t hro u gh e o e n i ng s o f S te n ton s d u c ts to t he paroti d
’
b
t h p
g land ; in t he fau c es i t f0 1 m s the asse m b l ag e o f folli c l es c all e d
t onsil s, and may b e th e n c e t rac e d d own w ard s i n to t he l ar yn x
and ph a1 y n x, w h e re i t is c on t i nu ous w i t h the g e n eral gg ast1 o

u l m on ary m uc ous m e m b ran e .

p
B en e ath the m u c ou s m e m b rane o f the m o n th, are a n u m b er
of sm al l gl and u l ar g ran u les, w hi c h po u r t h e i r se c re ti o n u po n
the su rfac e . A c onsid e rab l e n u mb e r of th e m a re si t u ate d w i t h
i n the li ps, in t he pal ate , and in the fl oor o f the m on t h. Th e y
are n ame d fro m the posi ti on w hi ch th e y m ay c h an c e to oc c u

l b i al , al ati ne gl and s, & c .

py, a p
4 82 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

O n the u pper su rfac e, the fi b res are more c losely agg reg ated ,
and form a s moot h l ane fo r the su
p pp o rt of the
.
papill ary l ay er.
T he c ori u m di ff ers v e r y m uc h in t hi c kn ess in di ffe re nt parts
o f the b ody ; th u s, o n t he l i ps, e y e lid s an d sc rotu m, i t is e x
t re me ly t hi n . O n t he h e ad , b ac k , s ol e s of t he fee t, and pal ms
'

o f t he h an d , i t is v ery t h i c k an d o n t he m ore e x ose d r t of

p p a s

t he b od y i t is mu c h t h i c ke r th an on t h ose w hi c h a re pro te c te d .

T he papill ar y l ay e r is so ft, and forme d b y m i n u te papil l ae,

w hi c h c ov er e v ery part of its s u rfac e . O n the b ody g e n eral ly
the papi ll ae are v e r y smal l a n d i rre g u l ar i n t h e i r di stri b u ti on
t h e y a re b est see n in t he al m o f t he h an d or sol e of the foot,
p
w h e re t h e y are di spose d i n l i near r idges, as i ndi c ate d b y the
m arki ng s on the c u ti c l e . T he r idg es of papil l ae in t h ese si tu a
t i on s a re se parate d fro m e ac h oth e r b y t ran s v e rse fu rrow s i nto
s m all q u ad ril ate ra l rou n d e d m asse s. T h e se q u ad ril ate ral m ass

es are e ac h c o m ose d o f a c onsid erab l e n u m b e r of m i n u te

p p a

pil l ae, w hi c h are c on i c al in for m and v ar iab l e i n l e ng th , on e or

t wo of the papill ae i n e ac h m ass b e i ng g e n e ral l y l on g er th an
t he rest . I n the m iddl e of the tran sv e rse fu rro w , b e twe e n t he
papil l ae , is t he O pe n i n g for the pe rspi rato ry d uc t .

T he papill ae b e n e at h t he n ai l h av e a pe c u li ar fo rm an d ar
r ang e m e nt. A t the root o f the n ail th e y are n u m e rou s, b u t
s m a ll and v e r y v asc u l ar opposi te to th e part of the n ail c al l e d

l u nu l a, t h e y are sc arc e l y rai se d ab ove the su rfac e , and l ess v as

o n l ar ; b u t b e y on d t hi s poi nt th e y fo rm l e n g th e ne d v asc u l ar
pl i c ae , w hi c h affor d a l arg e su rfac e for se c re ti on Th e se
'

l e ng th e n ed papil lae d e posi te t he h orn y se c re t i on i n l ongi tu di nal

l ame ll ae, w hi c h gi v e to the n ai l the ri b b e d appe aran c e w h i c h it
pre se n ts u pon its su rfac e .
V ess els and n e r v es — T h e papill ae are ab u n d antl y su ppli e d
w i th v e sse l s and ne rv es, the forme r to e nab l e th e m to perform
t he offi c e of se c re ti on in the prod u c ti on of t he c u ti c l e , the l at te r
to g i ve t h e m the se nsi b il i ty n e c e ssar y to an o rg an o f tou c h .
T he re te m u c osu m is t he soft m e di u m w hi c h is si tu ate d b e
t we e n the pa ill ary su rfac e of t he c u ti s and c u ti c l e ; after a
p -

c are fu l m ac e rati on it m a b e par ate d as a di sti n c t l ay e r,

.
y e s pa r
t ic u larly i n the ne g ro , w h ere i t is fi rme r t h an in the w hi te m an ,
and c on ta i n s the c ol or i n g m atte r o f the ski n .

T he n a me re te m u c osu m , gi ve n to it b y M al pigh i , c on v e ys
a v e ry i n ac c u rate n ot i on of its stru c tu re
; for i t is n e i th er a ne t
w ork, n or is i t m u c ous. I t is t hi n u pon the g e ne ral su rfac e of
the b od y , b u t is t hi c ke r in the pal m o f the h an d an d sol e o f the
foot, and pre se n ts a c l ose c orrespon d e nc e w i th the t hi c kn ess of
the c u ti c l e
. Ex ami n ed w i t h the m i c rosc ope , it is se e n to b e
m ou ld ed ac c u rate l y u pon the papil l ae, b e i n g t hi c k i n the spac e s
b e tween th e se , an d t hi n ov e r t h e i r c on v e xi ti es ; h e n c e ari ses
the appe aranc e of a n etwork . I n the re te mu c osu m, from the
 M A TERI A M ED I C A . 4 83

h and th ese d epressi ons are arrange d i n a l i n e ar se ri es as are ,

the papill ae ; in ot h er si t u ati ons the y are m ore irre g u la r b u t ,

c or re spon d al way w i th the di stri b u ti on o f t he papi ll ae .

T he re te m u c osu m is the freshl y se c re te d l ay e r of c u ti c l e ,

an d g rad u all y h ard e ns as i t ap roac h es t he su rfac e I t has

p .

b ee n sh o w n to b e c o m pose d of m i n u te o v al v esi c u l ar c e ll s ,

w hi c h b e c o me c on ve rte d i n the h ard e n e d c u ti c le i n to fl atte ned

s c al e s e ac h c o ntai n i ng a c e ntral n u c l e u s
,
T he d ark pig m e n t
.

o f t he n e g ro e xi sts i n the form of smal l g ran u l es of c ol o ri ng

m atte r.
T he c u ti c l e (e pid e rm i s, sc arf sk i n ), is the h orn y u n o rg an iz e d
-

l am e l l a w hi c h c o ve rs a nd prote c ts the e nti re su rfac e o f the

m ore d e l i c ate l ayers o f the sk i n . I n si tu ati on s e x pose d to pre s
su re , as t he pa l m o f the h an d a nd sol e o f the fo ot i t is v e ry ,

t h i c k ; i n o t h e r parts it forms o n l y a th i n l aye r T he c u ti c l e

.

is m ark e d on the su rfac e b y a n e twor k of l i n es ; th ese are m ore

n u me rous an d l a rg e r n ea r to j oi n ts, w h ere t h e y for m d e e p
w ri n kl es, on ac c ou n t of t he i ne l asti c n atu re of its stru c tu re .

Th e i r appearan c e d i ffers i n di ffe re n t regi on s of the b od y ; b u t

e v er
y w h e re d e pe nd s u po n t he sam e c au se t he i ne l asti c i ty of
,

t he c u ti c l e .A t t he e n tran c e to the c a v i ti e s o f the b od y , it is

c on ti n u ou s wi th t he e i th e l i u m , or c u ti c u l ar c ov e ri ng of th e
p
m u c ou s m e m b rane .

T he c u t i c l e is se c re te d b y the c u ti s in the for m of l am i n ae,

t he i nn e rm ost an d l ast se c re te d l aye r b e i n g t he re te m u c osu m .

T h e l am i n ae are c om pose d of m i n u te sc al e s w i t h c e ntral n u

c l e i , an d a re di s ose d ob l iq u e l t oj e c t b y the i r fre e
p y, s o as o pr

e x tre m i ti es u pon t he su rfac e of t he ski n ; i n t he pal m of the

h and and sol e of the foo t, these l ay ers c orres pond w i th the e le
v atio ns o f t he
papill ae, an d pre se n t an i m b ri c ate d li n e ar su rfac e .
T h i s is parti c u l arl y see n o n the poi n ts of the fi n g e rs, w h e re the
row s o f pa pill ae h av e a c i rc u l a r ar rang e me n t .
U pon t he i nn e r su rfac e o f t he c u ti c l e , a n u m b er of d e pre s
si on s an d l i n e ar fu rro w s ar e see n c o rre s on di n g w i t h the ro
, p p
j e c tio ns of the papil l ae . A n u m b e r of c on i c al proc e sses are al so
o b ser v e d on th i s surfac e w hi c h c orre s on d w i th t he assag e o f
, p p
h ai rs t h rou gh the c uti c l e, an d w i th t he ope n i ng s of the perspi
rato ry d u c ts .

T he i gs in the c u ti c l e are the pores or opem ng s for the

o
pen n

per s i rator
p y d uc ts the ope n i n g s for the passag e of the h ai rs
, ,
an d t h ose o f the se b ac e ous fol li c l e s .

A P P EN DA G ES TO TH E S KI N .

T he d ag es to the ski n are the n ail s h ai rs seb ac e ous

appen
, ,
gl and s an d pe rspi ratory gl and s and d uc ts
, .

T he n a i ls are parts of the c u ti c l e se c re te d in the sam e m an

ner, c omposed of the same mate ri al , b ut di s ose d in a e c u li ar
p p
18 4
«
T H E TH O M S O N IA N

way to ser v e an e s e c a
p i l p u rpose — the pr i
ote c t on o f the tac t e il
e x tre m i ti e s o f the fi ng e rs T he y are i nserte d b y th e i r r o ots i nto
.

a d ee g o v e o f t he ski n m atrix a nd a re fi rm l y attac he d to

p ro
( ) ,

t he pa pil l a ry s u rfac e b y t he c l ose c o n n ec ti on of the papi ll ae w i th

t he l on gi tu d i n al l a m i na e T he w h i te se m il u n ar se g m e n t n e ar
.

t he root o f the n ail is c al l e d t he l u n u l a T h e c u ti c l e is c l ose l y .

c o n ne c te d w i th it al l rou nd an d i n m ac e rati on the n ai l c o mes

,
o ff w i th t hat l a e r
y .

T he h a ir s h av e a v e ry diffe re nt stru c tu re an d arrang e me n t

fro m t hat o f the n ail s t he y a re i nse rte d fo r a c on sid e rab l e d e pth
'

w i t hi n the i n te g u m e n t a nd te rm i n ate i n c on i c al or so me w h at
,

b u l b o us roots . Eac h h ai r is e n c l osed b e n e at h the su rfac e b y a

v asc u l ar se c re tory fol li c l e w h i c h reg u l ate s i ts form d ur i ng its
,

g row th .

H ai rs are v e ry rare l y c om pl e te l y c yl i nd ri c al th e y are g e n e

r al ly m ore o r l e ss c o m re sse d an d so me w h at r s moid in for m
p , p i .

T h e tran sv e rse se c ti on is re n i form ; i n te x ture i t is d e n se and

h om oge ne o us tow ard s t he c i rc u m fe ren c e and po rou s and c el ,

l ula r i n t he c e n tre l i ke the pi th o f a pl an t

,
.

T he s eb a c eous g l a n d s are ab u nd an t i n so me parts o f the

sk i n as in the ar m i ts the n ose & c nd v ary in c o mpl e xi ty
p a
-

, .
, , ,

o f stru c tu re fro m a si m pl e po uc h l i ke foll i c l e to a l ob u l ate d -

gl and A t the e x tre m i ty of the n ose th e y h av e se v e ral l ob es

.

a nd i n the s c al t h e y are l o b u l ate d l i ke a b u n c h of g rapes a nd

p ,

te r mi n ate i n t he foll i c l e s o f the h ai rs n e ar the su rface o f the sk i n .

T he y sec re te an oil y fl u id w hi c h is pou re d ou t u pon the sur

,
fac e o f the s ki n and te nd s to prese rv e t he fl e xi b il i ty of the on
,
t i ol e.

T he p ersp i r a tory d u cts are m i nu te s pi ral tu b es w h i c h c om

m e n c e i n s m al l l ob u l ated gl an d s s i tu ate d d e e pl y i n the in te g u
,
m e n t b e n e at h the c ori n m an d am ong the adi pose v esi c l e s T h e y .

a re e as il
y see n b y e x a m i n i n g a t hi n p p
e r e n d i c u l a r s e c t i on o f
t he ski n fro m the al m o f t he h and w i t h a l e ns of m od e rate
p ,
owe r P roc eed i ng fro m the gl and s the d u c ts asc e nd t h ro u gh
p .
,

the t ra ns v e rse fi ss u re b e twe e n the q u ad ril ateral m asses of

, p a r

i l l
p ae and t h rou gh the re te m u c osu m to te r m i n ate b y o pe n po re s ,

u po n the s u rfac e of t he c ut i c l e T h at porti on of the tub e w h i c h

.

is si tu ate d i n t he c u ti c l e i s pre tty e q u al l y spi ral b u t t h at b e

'

l ow t he l e v e l o f t he papill ary su r fac e is v e ry i rre g u l arl y twi s t

e d a n d is ofte n n e arl t igh t I n t h e sc al t h e t u b e s are ser
, y s ra p .

e n ti n e o r b u t sl ig htl y c u r ve d
p , .

T h e p or es are b est o b se r v e d d uri ng perspi rati on w h e n the ,

flu id is see n oozi n g th ro ug h t h ei r m i n u te ope n i ng s I n t he .

h and and sol e o f the foot the y are e asil y see n b y t he n ak e d e ye

w i th ou t th i s assi stan c e T h e y are di spose d at reg u l ar di stan
.

c e s alon g the r id g e s o f the c u ti c l e an d gi ve r i se to the a , ppe ar

a nc e of l i nes c u tti n g the r idg es transv e rse l y .
4 86 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

A n na m a — P hr en ic . B r on chi ,
p l an tar e x te r nal , B ronc hial tu b es,
i nte r nal , B r u n n e r
’
s g lan d s,

p o pl ite al , B u l b of t he c or pu s sp ong iosum,

p r of und a c e rvi c is , B u lb ou s p ar t of th e ur e thra,
f e m or i s, C aec u m ,
i n fer ior , C a lic e s,
su p e ri or , C anal of F ou tane ,
p te r y g oid, P e ti t,
p u di c in t ernal,
-
C ant hi,
p u l m on ar y , C a p i ll ar i e s,
p y l or ic , C a pi tu l a l ar yng is,
r a dial C a p su l e of G l i sson ,
r ani n e C a p su l e s su p ra r e n al ,
-

,
r e c urr e ns r adial is, C a p u t g allin ag in ni s,
t i b i ali s , C ar d ia,
u l n ar i s ante C a r u nc ul a l a c hr ym al i s
r i or , C a ru nc u l ae m yr t ifor m es,
p osteri or C e n tr u m ov a l e m a u s, j
re na L C e r e b e ll um ,
sac ra m e d ia , C e r e b r o sp in al axi s,
-

l a te r ali s, C er eb r um ,
sc ap u l a r p o ster i or , C er um i n ou s f oll ic l e s,
sig m oi d , C e r v ic al g a ng lia ,
sp er m a tic , C h e e k s 2 7 6,
,

S p in al an ter i or , C h or dae t e n d in e ae,

l a t e r al , v o cal es ,

p o ster i or , C horoid m e m b ran e ,

spl e ni c , pl e xu s,
su b c l av ian , C il iar y li g am e n t,
su b sc a p u l ar , p r oc e sse s ,
s up e r fi c i ali s c erv ic i s, C ir c l e of Wil lis ,
su p ra r e n al ,
-
C i r c u l ati on, ad u l t,
su p r a sc ap u l ar ,
-
f cntal ,
s n r al , C litor i s,
t ar sea , C oc hl ea ,
t e m p or a l , C o l on ,
an ter ior , G a l a m u se C arn eae , 25 7,
p ost e r ior , C omm i ssu r es a nte ri or ,
thor ac ic a a c r om i al i s , m iddl e , or sof t,
ax ill ar is p osteri or ,
i nfe r ior C on c h a ,
su p e r i or , C oni r e n al e s,
t hyr oid i nfe ri or , v asc u l osi ,
su p er i or , j
C on u n c tiv a ,
t ib ial is an ti c a , C o nv er g ing fi b r es,
p ostic a , C or i um ,
tran sv er sali s f ac ie i , C or n ea ,
p e r in ei , C or nicu l a l ary ng is,
u l n ar , C orona g lan di s,
u m b ilic al , C or on ar y v alv e ,
u t e r in e , 4 0 5 v ag inal , C orp ora A r a ntii , 25 5 ,
v a sa b r e v ia , c av e r n osa ,
i nte sti ni t enuis , o l ivar i a ,
v er t eb r al , p y r am id al ia,
v e sic al i n f er i or , q
u ad r i g e m i n a ,

A ry tenoid c ar til ag e s, s tri a t a ,

g lan d s, C orpu s c a ll osu m ,

A ur icl e s of th e he ar t, 25 2, c av er n o su m ,

A ur ic u l o v e ntr icular op ening s,

- fi m b r ia tu m,
B l add er, l u t eu m ,
B r ain, r hom b oideum ,
 M A TERIA M ED I CA

C or p us sp ong iosu m, F i b r e s of the hear t,

C ow p e r s g l a n d s ,
’
F im b r i ae, F all o p i an ,
C r ic oi d c ar tila g e , F ce tal Ci r c u l ati on,
C r i c o thy ro i d m e mb rane ,
-
F oetu s, ana tom y of,
C r u r a c er e b elli , F o l li c l es of L i e b er k u hn,
p e ni s, F or am e n cae c um ,
C r y stall i ne l e ns , c omm u n e an teri u s,
C u ne if orm c ar til ag es, p osteri u s,
C u p ol a ,
C u t ic l e ,
C u t is ,
C y stic d uc t , 299,
D ar to s,
De n n i s, F or m x,
D e tr u sor u r inm, F ossa naw c ul ari s u r e thr a ,
D ia p hr a g m , v ag i n a ,
Duc tu s a r t e r i osu s , ov alis,
c om m u ni s c hol e d oc hu s
,
F ou r c he tt e ,
c y sti c u s , F r aen a e p i gl ottidi s,
j
e a c ul a tor iu s
,
3 0 9, P r a na m l ab i i inf eri ori s,
h e patic u s, lin g u ae,
p an c r e a tic u s, p r ae p u t ti i ,
p r ostati c u s, su p e r i or i s,
v e n o su s
,
G all b l add er ,
Du oden u m , G angli a c e rv ic al ,
D ur a m ater, l u m b ar ,
Ear , sa c r al ,
j
E a c ul ator y du c t,
En c e p hal on,
sem i l u n ar ,
-

t h orac ic ,
Ep id e rm is, G angli on, A r n ol d s, ’

Epidid y m i s, c ar di ac ,
Ep ig astr ic r e gi on, c ili ar y ,
Ep ig l o ttic gl an d , q
Cl o u e t s, ’

Ep ig l otti s ,
l e nti cu l ar ,
Epithe liu m , 275 , M e c k e l ’s,
Er ec til e tissu e, n aso p al a ti ne
-

,
Eu stachi an tu b e , of R i b e s,
v alv e , o tic ,

7
sp he n o p al a t ine
-

,
b r ow s, su b m axil l ar
y,
g l ob e , G l and , e p ig l ottic ,
l a she s, l ac hr ym al ,]
li d s, p arotid ,
F all op i an t ub e s , p r ostr ate ,
F alx c e r e b e lli , t hy m u s,
cer e b r i, t hyr oid ,
F acia , g en e r al an atomy, . G l ands, a g g re g at e
,
c erv i c al d e e p , ar y te n o id ,
su p er fi c ial , B ru nn e r ’s .
d e ntata, C ow p e r s,’

i lia c a, du od e n aL
l a ta , g a stri c ,
p al m ar , i ng uinal ,
p e l v ica , l ym p h atic ,
p eri n eal deep , m a mm ar y ,
su p er fi c ial M ei b om ian ,
sp erm at ic a, (Esop ha g eal ,
te m p era] , P e y er s ,
’

t h or ac ic , sal iv ar y ,
tr an sver sali s, solita r y ,
F auc es, su b l i ng ual ,
F emor al ar ch, su b maxill ar y,
4 88 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

G l and ul ae o dor iferze, L i q u or M or g ag ni, 4 66

P a cc hi oni , o
of S c ar p a , 4 78
T y so ni , L iv e r , 287
G l a n s c l i to r i d i s , L ob e s o f t he l i ver , 292
p e n i s, L ob u li t e st is, 3 16
G l is so n s c a p su l e , L ob ul u s a ur i s,
’
471
j
G l ob u s m a o r e p id y dimus, L o b u s c a u d a t us , 290
m inor do q
ua dra t u s
,
29 1
G l ottis, S p ig e l i i, 29 1
G ub e r n a c ul u m t estis, L u m b ar r e g io n s, 2 70
G u m s, L u ngs , 267
H a ir , L u n u l a, 48 4
H e ar t, L ym p h a tic g l an d s an d v e sse l s, 4 21
H e li x, a xi ll ar y , 4 24
H e p a t i c d u c t s, b r on c hi al, 4 28
H e r n ia, c on g e nital , c ar di a c , 4 28
dir e c t , h e a d an d n e c k , 4 23
“

e n c y st e d , i n g u in a l , 4 25
i n g u i n al , i nt e sti ne s, 4 29
H il u s l ie n is, kid ne y , 4 29
r e nalis l a c t e a l s,
H ipp oc am p u s m a or , j l iv e r , 4 28
m i n or , l ow e r e xtr e m ity , 4 25
Rum or s of th e e y e , l u ng s, 4 27
H y al o i d m e m b r a n e , m e se n te r ic , 4 29
H ym e n, p e l vi c v i sc e ra , 4 29
H y p oc hon dr ia c r e g ions, sp l ee n, 4 28
H y p o g a str i e r e g io n, s tom ac h, 4 28
I l e o c ae c al v al v e , t estic le , 4 29
I l e um , t r u nk , 4 26
I l i ac r e g ions, u pp er e xtr e mity, 4 24
I nf un dib u la , v isc e ra , 4 27
I ng u in al r e g i on , M al l eu s , 4 73
I n t esti nal c a n a l , M a stoi d c ell s, 4 75
I r is, M am m ae , 3 22
I st hm u s of th e f au c es, M am m a r y g l a n d , 3 22
J a c ob s m e m b r a ne
’
M ea tu s a u di tor iu s e x t e r nu s , 73
Jj e unu m , u r i n ar i u s f e m al e
, ,
3 22
K i d n e y s, m al e , 3 09
L a b i a m a ora , j M e a t u ses o f t h e na r e s, 459
m i n ora,
.
M e c k e l s g a ng li o n,
’
455
L a b p in th , M e di ast in um a n t e r i or, 270
L ac h r y m al d u c ts , m id dl e , 270
g l an d , p ost e ri or , 2 70
sa c , t e stis, 3 15
L a c t e al s , M e ib omian g la n d s , 4 68
L ac u nm, M e m b r an a p ig m e n ti , 4 62
L a m i n a sp iral i s, p u p i ll ar is, 3 27
L ar y n x , t y m p a ni , 4 73
L e n s, M e m b r an e c h or oid , 4 62
L IGA M EN T S , c ri c o thy r oid e an, h y al o i d , 1 66
J
-

e p i gl o tto h y oid e an,

’
-
ac ob s, 4 64
of t h e l iv e r , M e m b r an ou s p art of t he u r e thra, 3 1 2
su sp e n sor i u m p e n is M e se n t er ic g l a n d s 4 29
t hy r o -
ar y te n oid , M e se nt e r y, 27 5
t hy ro -
hy oi d e an, M e so c ola ,
-
275
L im b u s l u t eu s M e so r e c tu m,
-
2 75
L ine ae a l b a , M i tr al v a l v e s, 25 6
L i n e ae t ranv ersae, M o n s v e n e r i s, 3 21
sem i l u nare s,
-
M on th, 2 76
M u cou s m e m b r an e , stru c tu re ,
’
L ip s, 2 77
q
L i u or C otunuu , M u sc r izs, g ene r al a na tom y, 3 34~
4 90 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

N erv es, cu tan eu s externu s b r achi N i pp l e ,

alis, N ose ,
inter nu s b r a chi N y m p ha
ali s , (Esop ha g u s,
S piral i s, O m en tum , g astro—
spl enic ,
d ental an t e r i or , g r e a t,
i nfer i or , l esse r ,
p oster i or , O m phal o m e sen ter ic
-
v es sel s,
d esce nd ens n oni, O p ti c t h a l a m i ,
d or sal, O r b ic u l ar e o s,
e ig ht h p air , O ssi c u l a au dit u s,
f ac ial , O v ar i e s,
fi f th p air , O v u l a of N ab oth ,
fi r st p air, P al a t e ,
fr ontal , P a n cr e as,
g l osso p haryng eal,
-
P ap illa of th e n ail ,
g ustat or y , s kin ,

i nfer ior m axill ar y, ton g ue ,

i nfr a tr oc hl e ar ,
-
c al c y f orm es,
inter osse ou s a n te rior,
-
c irc u m v a ll a ta ,

p oster ior , c or ni c ae .
l ac hr ym al , fi l if o r m e s,
l ar y ng e al inf eri or , f u ng if or m e s,
l in g u al , P ar e t id g l an d ,
l u m b ar , P en is,

m a sse teric , P e r ic ar diu m ,

m axill ar i s in fer ior , P er i ton eu m ,
sup erior, P er sp i r a tor y d u c ts,
me dian, P ’
e y er s g l an d s,

m otor e s oc ul orum , P har y nx,

m u sc ul o spir al , -
P i a m at e r ,
nasal ,“ P i g m e n tum n ig r u m ,
olf ac t ory , P i ll ar s o f th e p al a te ,
op h thal m i c , P i neal g l and,
op ti c , 44 7 , orb ital , P inn a ,
p al atin e p oster ior , P i tu i ta r y m em b r ane,
an ter i or , P l eura c ostal is,
p al mar i s su p erfi c i al , p ulm o n al is,
p e rine o c u tan e ou s,
-
P l e xu s, a or tic ,
p e rone al , ax ill ar y ,

p har y ng eal , c er v ic al anter i or

,

p ne u m og astr ic, c horoid,

p ter y g oid, c a l iac ,

r adial , g a str ic ,
sac r al , he p atic ,
sap he nous l ong , h y p og a str i c ,
shor t , l um b ar . 4 5 2
m e se nter ic i nfe rior ,
accessor y, su p e ri or,
su b sc ap ul ar , p hr eni c ,
su p er fi c ialis c oll i, r ena l ,

su p e r ior m a xillar y . sac r al ,

su pr a sc apu l ar , sol ar ,
j
-

sym p a the ti c u s ma or , sp er m a tic ,

te m p or al , sp l e n ic ,
t em p or o fa c ial , -
su pra r e n al ,
-

thor ac i c short, P l i ca sem i l un ar is ,

-

l ong , P lica l on g it u d inal ,

tib ial is p osticus, P om u m A d am i,
tr ifac ial , P on s V arolii ,
t ym p anic , P or es,

uln ar , P oru s op ti cu s,
4 92 TH E T H O M S O N I A N

V asa p am p inif orm ia, V e in s, p or tal ,

r e c ta , p u l m on ar y ,
V a sc u l u m ab e r r ans, r a d i al ,

V a s d efer e ns, 3 1 7 , r e nal ,

V EI N S sap h e no u s i nt er nal
,
sp e r m ati c ,
S p l e n ic ,
su b c l av i an,
b asali c , t e m p or al ,
c ar d i a c , t em p or o m axill ar y ,
-

c av a i nf eri or , u l nar an t e r i or ,
su p er i or , p oste ri or ,
c e p hali c , v er t e b r a l ,
c er e b e l l ar , V el u m i nt e r p osi tu m ,
c e r e b r al , p e n d u l u m p al ati ,
d ip l oe , V enae G al e n i,
dor sali s p e nis, v or tic o sm ,
d or si sp i nal ,
-
V e ntricl e s o f th e b rain ,
f ac ial , fi f th ,
f em oral, f ou r th,
G al e n i , l at e ral ,
g astr ic , t h ir d ,
h e p a t ic , of th e h e ar t ,
int erc ostal su p er ior , l ar y n x ,
j u g u l ar an t e r i or V e rm if or m p roc esses ,
e xt e r n al, V e r u m ontanu m ,
i n t e r n al , V e si c u l ae sem inal es,
m axill ar y i nte rnal , V e st ib u l e ,
m e d ian b asal i c , V e st ib u l u m v ag inm,
c e p hal ic , V ill i,
m e du l li spin al ,
-
V i t r eou s hu m or ,
m e se nteric i n ferior, V u lv a ,
su pe ri or , W h ar ton s d u c t .
’

Z on ul a c iliar i s,
of Z nn
i ,
4 94 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

S uc di sc i pl i nari an as the fath e r and suc h a pu pi l as the

h a ,

son h ave m ad e S am
, u e l Th o mso n the n on d e sc ri pt t h at w e fi nd

him .F o r w h ere c an we fi nd a m atc h m ate fo r thi s m an ? A s -

it h as te rm i nated the se ve ri ty o f his pare n tal tre atme nt h as m a

,

tu re d a fi rm n e ss of mu sc l e a d e term i n ati on of spi ri t an d an i h , ,

d omi tab l e perse v e ranc e and an u n ti ri n g i nd u stry th at kn ows ,

n ot the me ani ng prac ti c all y of t he c o mmon m e th o d of c om

, ,

p l ai n t I c,a n n o t d o i t b u t I w il l tr y w as w hat th i s y ou t h ,

was tau gh t to say le t the t ask b e e v e r so one rou s ; an d n ot to

,

gi v e u p u n ti l b odil y and m e ntal e fforts had prov e d b y ac tual

, ,

a pli c ati on i n ad e q u ate to the task

p , .

O ur read e rs afte r l e arn i ng the e ar l y h i sto ry h ab i ts and ia

, ,

d ustry of y ou ng T h omso n w il l h av e t he ke y to the m aste rl y ,

se c re t w hy he i n a fte r Li fe c ou ld w i th ou t c o mpl ai n t b u ff e t pe r
, , ,

se c u tion i m pri son m e n t i rons a nd a t ri al for l i fe fo r the sak e of

, , , ,

tru th a nd t he g ood o f m an k i n d
,
.

H I S T AL EN T F O R I N V ES T I G A T I O N .

A t a v er y e arl y ag e o u r h ero e v i n c e d a di sposi ti on to e xa

,

m i ne c l ose l y the w orks and my ste ri es of n atu re ; for as he had

n ot the o pportu n i t y for b ook k n o w l edg e th at others o f his ag e
we re perm i tted to e nj o y t he d e fi c i e nc y he c onseq ue n tl y e n d ea ,

vored to su ppl y w i t h w h at he c ou ld ac c u mu l ate b y ob se rv ati on

,
.

O n e pri nc i pl e w h i c h w as i nstill e d i n to his m i n d in y ou th ,

was b rough t i n to ac ti ve req u i si ti on in m ore m atu re ag e Th at .

was n ot to tak e for fac t , all t h at w as told for tru th

,
B e fore he .

b e li e v e d m arv e ll ou s stori e s his phi l osophi c m i n d w as b rough t ,

i nto ac ti ve operati on to sc an t he rati on al e the c i rc u m stan c es , ,

c onsi ste n c y tic e an d t h e n reason di c ta te d w h e th e r to ac c e t or

,
.
, p
rej ec t b e li e v e or di sb e li ev e the re port
,
A nd w he n the mi n d ,
.

w as onc e se ttl e d as t o the c orrec tn ess or fal si ty of t he posi ti on

assu m e d he m ai n tai ne d it t h rou gh g ood or e v i l re port
, A nd , .

u nd e r su c h c i rc u m st a nc e s on e o f the m ost n ob l e t rai ts of t he ,

c h ar ac ter of S am ue l Th om son w as m ad e m an i fest Wh ere the .

trut h was c onc e rn e d h e k n ew n o fear ; and he w ou l d prom u l

,

g ate it w h et h e r u n popu l ar or n ot H e wou l d attac k t he law

,
.

e r m i n i ste r d oc tor o r state sm an or any ot h e r son w i th ou t

y , , p er , ,

re g ard to pl ac e or stati on w ho b e su ppose d h ad g i v e n c ou nte ,

n an c e to a fal se h ood or an y oth e r w ron g pri nc i pl e to su stai n

, ,

o w e r or h onors or to ac q u i re we al th
p ,
.

EX A M I N I NG V EG ET A T I O N .

Whil e u pon the farm you n g T h omson was c onstan tl y tast ,

ing the di ffe re nt v e g e tab l e su b stan c es w i th w hi c h t he face of ,

n atu re appe are d c l ad d uri n g t h e i r appropri ate se ason s K n ow .

ing the fac t t h at c e rtai n pl ants we re g ath e re d b y i n di v id u al s

, ,

to b e c u re d for medi c al uses it w as n atu ral for him to e nq u i re ,

to wh at pu rposes t h ose pl ants w ere appl i ed t he d i sease s t o ,

 M A TE RI A 111 1313 1 0 11 . 5

w hi c h th e y we re appl i c ab l e , and s uc h was h is tac t for ao

i
q ui ri n g medi c al fac ts, and treas i ring th e m u p in his re te nti ve
m e mory, th at at t he age of six tee n y ears he had a v e ry e x ten
si v e k no wl e dg e o f the medi c al v i rtues of most of the l nts i n
p a
h is v i c i n i ty.
L O B EL I A I NF L A T A .

P i g
osse ss n in th i s respe c t m any ad v antag es ov e r the oth e r
you th o f his age in his n e igh b orh ood , it was in h is power to
pl ay off m an y a j u ve n i l e t ri c k u pon h is m ore u nsu spe c ti ng
pl ay mate s, u pon w hom the e m e ti c properti e s of the L ob e l i a l n
fl ata w e re b rough t i n to req u i si ti on , and from w hi c h m ay b e
d ate d t he k now l e dg e of the u se ful and ac ti v e prope rti es of t h at
v al uab l e h e rb T hu s he c on ti n u e d to sto re away i n his ac ti ve
.

an d re te nti ve m e m or y , m e di c al fac ts i n re l at i on to the

prope r
t i e s o f pl ants m e re l y as s uste n an c e to his ac ti v e and e nq u i ri n g
.

m i nd , n ot e v e n anti c i pati nCg th at fu tu re g e ne rati ons we re ab ou t

to tax his f un d of m e di c al kn owl edg e for the g ood of poste ri ty .

M A RRI A G E— B I RT H on A D A U G H T ER— S I C K N ES S , (Sac .

O n the 7 th d ay of J u l y , 1 790 , S am u e l T h omson w as u n i te d
in w e dl oc k w i th S usan n a A l l e n, o f S u rr y, N e w H ampshi re . O n
-

the 4 t h of J u ly fol l ow i n g , his e ld est c hild w as b orn . S oon af

ter, t he m oth e r wen t i nto fi ts, and n ot wi th stan di n g she h ad the
a tte nd an c e o f six of the b est me di c al m e n the c oun ty c ould ro
p
d uc e she g re w w orse , an d a se v e nt h d oc tor was se n t for ; b ut
s he c onti n u e d to g ro w w orse u nd e r t h e i r c are .

D I SA G REEM EN T A M ON G TH E D OC T O RS .

O ne w ou ld bgi v e he r m edi c i ne , an d an ot h er said it was wron ;

g
anoth e r wou ld pro pose to b l e e d her, and a fo urth w ou l d sa
y it
wou ld kil l her ; an d t hi s 1s a fai r spec i me n of t h e i r m anag e
m e nt o f the pati e n t, and t re atme nt to e ac h ot h er T h omson .

fou n d the y we re tryi ng t h e i r e x pel 1 m en ts u pon his w i fe , w hi c h

s o m uc h di ssati sfi e d hi m
,
t h at h e di s m i sse d th e m al l the same
n igh t, afte r pron ou n c e d h e r i n c u rab l e , and sent for

t wo r oot d o b y w h ose e fforts s he w as re store d to fee b l e

h eal th .

CA S E OF CO L IC .

I n ab ou t one mon t h she w as attac k e d wi th the c ol i c , and the

t wo phy si c i an s we re e m pl oy e d who h ad restore d her in he r for
m er si c kness ; b u t the d i se ase had a run of se ve ral d ays, in
s i te of t he i r e ff or ts T h e se attac k s c onti nu e d o n c e a m on t h or
p .

o fte ne r ; and i t was atte nd e d w i t h so m u c h trou b le to o for the

g
d oc to rs so o fte n, d uri ng t h ose attac ks, t h at T h om son empl oye d
o ne to re m ov e i n to a h ou se u pon o ne
p art o f h is fa r m ,
so as to

h av e him at h and 1 n ti me of si c k ness.

11 9 6 TH E r n o n s o m m

B I RT H OF S EC O N D C H I L D— C A S E OF S CA RL ET F EV ER.
In M h 1 794 M rs T h om son was c on fi ned w i th he r se
arc , , .

c ond c h ild a d au gh te r b u t rec e i v ed 11 0 oth e r m e d i c al assi st

( ) ,

anc e t h an t h at of h er h u sb and w i th the ad v i c e of the d oc to r ,

w ho resid e d on the farm A fter t h i s t i me she was n e ver at

.
,
tac ke d w i th the c o l i c .

Wh e n th i s c hild w as two y e ars old she w as attac k e d w i th ,

c an ker rash Dr B li ss w h o resid e d on the farm w as se n t for

. .
, , ,

and he said she h ad t h at di s ord e r as b ad as an y on e h e e ve r

saw . H e tri e d h is u tmost to pre v e n t pu trefac ti o n ; an d after ,

u si ng h is b e st e x e rti ons w i th o u t d oi n g a n g ood h e g av e he r

y
u p t o d ie S he w as se n se l ess an d the c an k e r w as to b e see n
.
,

i n he r m outh n ose a nd e ars an d o n e o f her e yes w as c ov e re d

, , ,

w i th it and c l osed
, T he other e y e b eg an to swe l l and tu rn
.
,

p pl e al so
u r T h o mson ask e d the d oc tor if he c ou l d n ot keep
,

t he c an k e r ou t of t h e oth e r e ye he said i t wou l d b e of n o u se ,

for she c o u l d n ot l i ve H e t h e n i n for m ed t he d oc tor th at i f

.
,

h e (the d oc tor) c ou l d d o n o m ore for t he c h il d h e wou l d try ,

h i mse l f as he foun d t h at w i thou t i mm e d i ate assi stanc e the

,

c h ild wou l d b e b l i n d w i th b ot h e e s n d s h e w s so m u c h
y ; a a

d i stresse d t h at she w ou ld spr i n g u p in b ed in stru ggl i n g fo r ,

b re ath . I n t hi s c ase we se e the g e r m of T h om son s ste ami ng ’

proc ess.
F I RS T T R I AL OF S TA EM IN G IN S IC K N ES S .

H e sat d own h ai r and h e ld the c hild in his l ap and pu t

in a c ,

a b l an k e t
aro u n d th e m b oth and M rs Th o m son h e l d a hot spi ,
.

d er or sh o v el b e twe e n his fee t and h e pou re d o n v i n e g ar to ,

rai se a steam and k e t i t as hot as she c o u l d b ear it c h an g i n g

p, ,

t h e m as often as the y b e c a me c old ; an d b y foll o wi ng t hi s plan

ab ou t t we nty m i n u te s s he b ec am e c om fortab l e an d b rea t h ed
,
e asy .

C O L D W A T ER F O R I N F L A M M A T I O N .

A c l oth wet wi th c ol d wate r w as k e pt u pon t he e y e s c h an g ,

ing it as ofte n as it g re w warm Dr T h omson i nfor ms u s . .

,

t h at he c onti nu e d t hi s ste ami n g proc ess o n c e i n two h ou rs for , ,

ab ou t one we e k w h e n the pati e n t b eg an to g ai n

,
H e r e y es .

c ame open ; the on e th at w as worst was c o m pl ete l y c ov e re d

w i th c an k er, an d as w h i te as pape r

A S T RI N G EN TS U S ED F OR C AN K ER.
I n thi s c ase , we see the fi rst u se of t he astri ng e nt wash , or
rough m e di c i ne , to ta ke off the c oat o f c an ke r f rom t he e y es,
w hi c h was mad e o f m arsh rose mary ; and w h e n the sc ale c ame -

off the r igh t e y e , t he sig h t c ame ou t w i th it, and i t e n ti re l y pe

rishe d . T he l e ft e ye w as sav e d , to the aston i sh m en t of all, and
espe c i all y the d oc tor, who said she w as save d b y the t reatm e n t
4 98
.

T H E TH O M S O N I A N

ob ta ne d was e i th er b y ac c id e nt or t hrough ne c essity S o the

i
‘

, .

c u re w hi c h w as d i sc ov e re d fo r t h i s d e s erate d i se ase b
p y nec e s
sity w as o f re at v al u e b o th to t he d oc to r an d h i mse l f Y et
, g .

w e are i n forme d th at T h om so n w as c h arg e d b y t he d oc tor for

his u se l ess v i si t n otwi th stan di n g the i n for mati on he g ai ne d of
,

th e e x pe ri m e n te r .

GATH ERI N G RO OT S A N D H ERB S .

A fter his g re at suc c ess i n his o w n fam il y in t i me of si c k n ess,

w e are i n form ed t h at D r. T h o mson b eg an to g ath e r al l k i nd s
o f roo ts a nd h erb s in t he
prope r se ason , an d pre pare t h e m for
m edi c i n e , to pre v e n t as we l l as to c u re d i sease , for he fou n d b y
e x per i e n c e th at “ an o u nc e of re ve nt i on was worth a u n d of
p po
”
c u re .

N OT EX P EC T I N G TO P RA C T I C E.
D r. Th om son i n form s u s, t h at he h ad not the m ost di stan t
i d ea of e ng agi ng in t he prac ti c e of m edi c i ne , m ore t han to as
s i st t h ose o f h is o w n fam il y i n ti m e o f si c kn e ss ; an d l i ttl e did

h e e x pe c t, as he v e ry j u stl y re m arks, w h at t hose sev e re tri al s

an d s uffe ri ng s i n his o w n fa m i l y we re d est i n e d to b ri n g a b ou t .

It se e me , s id e , as a j ud g m e n t u pon m e an d my fam il y ,
d ”
a h “

for so me o ne li v i n g w i t h m e w as si c k m ost of the t i m e w hil e

'

the d oc to r l i v e d 0 11 the farm , w hi c h w as seve n y e ars S i nc e I .

h av e had m ore e x peri e n c e, an d b e c o me b ette r ac q uai nte d w i t h

t he su bj e c t, 1 a m sati sfi e d as to the c a u se , w h i c h w as e x c essi v e
b l ee di n g , and taki n g too m u c h ph y si c ”
.

A fte r the d o c tor had re m ov e d fro m the farm, we are i nform

ed th at he h ad b u t l i tt l e si c kne ss in h is fam il y .

S EC O N D S ON B O RN N O M I D IV I F E.
O n the b i rth of h is sec on d son, w hi c h w as t wo y e ars from
t h at of t he fi rst, he had n o oc c asi on for a d oc to r . T h o mson in
form s u s, t hat his w i fe did w e l l , and t he c h il d w as m u c h m ore
h eal thy t h an the oth ers had b e e n and he i nfo rms 11 s al so, t h at
h e has n e ve r e m pl oy e d a d oc tor si n c e , as he had fo u n d from
sad e x per i e nc e th at t h e y m ad e m ore di se ase t h an the y c u re d .

H IS OWN P H Y S ICIA N .

Wh en any of he fou n d no d iffi

h is fam il y w e re take n i k
s c ,

c u l ty in re sto ri n g th e m to h e al th fro m the fun d o f prac ti c al

k no wl edg e w hi c h he had ac q u i red from the m ore d e sperate c as
e s of di sease w h i c h he h ad a l re ady su c c essfu lly treate d .

IN S T RU C T ION T O C H I L DREN .

We are i n forme d th at as fast as his c h ild re n arri v e d to y ears

,

of di sc reti on t h e y we re i nstru c te d how to av o id as we l l as to

, ,

c u re di se ase ; an d t hey h av e g enerall y e nj oy e d g ood h e al th

si nc e .
 M A TERIA M ED IC A . 4 99

B I RT H OF 3D S ON fi
M I DW I F E P RES EN T— S EV ERE S IC K N ES S .

A t the b i rt h of his t hi rd son, T h omson i n forms 11 s, he e m

p l o y e d a m id w i fe ,
a n d soo n a fte r t h e c h il d w as b o rn his wi fe

was take n w i th ag u e fi ts an d c ramp in t he sto m ac h ; she was

i n g re at di stress, and t h e y we re all m u c h al arme d at he r si tu a
t i on . I propose d to make u se o f so me of m y medi c i ne s (say s
mso n), b u t it Was stre n u o usl y obj e c ted to b y the m id wi fe ,
w ho said she w i sh ed to h ave a d oé tor, an d the soon e r t he b e t
-

ter . A phy si c i an w as i mme di ate l y se n t for, an d I propose d to ,

gi ve her so me th i ng to aff ord te mporar y rel i e f u ntil the d oc tor

c am e ; b u t i t w as all to n o r ose , the m id w i fe wo u ld n ot h e ar
p p
u
t o i t. S he said the pati e n t was i n a v er y d ang e ro us si t u at i on ,
and n ot m ore th an o ne in t we n t
y l i v e d t h rou gh it, an d prob a
b l y she wou ld not l i ve more t h an t we n ty fou r h ours from th at-

ti m e .

TH E W I F E A G A I N RES T O RED , A F T ER B EI N G G IV EN OV ER
F IF T H CA S E.
T he m an who we nt for the d oc tor h av i n g re turne d w i th ou t
him , and the re b e i n g 11 0 oth e r w i thi n six m il e s, I th e n , (says
he ) c a me to the d e te rm i n ati on of h e ari n g t o n o on e s ad v i c e ,
.
’

b u t to pu rsue m y o wn pl an . I tol d m y w i fe , th at as the m id

w i fe sai d s he c ou ld n ot l i v e m ore th an twe n ty fo ur h ou rs, t h e re -

fore t h ere wou l d n ot b e m uc h h az ard in my atte mpti n g to re

l i e v e he r. I g av e her warm m ed i c i nes, to rai se the i n ward
h eat, and t h e n appl i e d the steam , w h i c h w as m uc h oppose d b y
the m id wi fe ; b u t I persi ste d in it, ac c ordi n g t o th e b e st o f m y
j udg ment, and re li e v e d he r in one h our, after she had l ai n in
t h at si tu at i on ab ou t fo u r h our s, w i th ou t any t hi n g b e i n g d on e ,
w ai ti ng fo r a d oc to r. T he m id w i fe e x presse d m u c h aston i sh
me n t at t he su c c e ss attendi n g m y efforts, and said t h at I had
sav e d m y w i fe s l i fe , for she w as c e rtai n t h at w i th o u t t he m e ans
’

I had u se d she cou ld n ot h av e l i v e d . S he c onti n ue d to d o we ll

and soon re c ov e r e d .

T h i s makes the fi fth t i m e , he re m ark s, th at I had appli ed to

the m oth er of i n ve n ti on fo r assi stan c e , afte r the fail ure o f o th
e rs, an d i n all of th e m w as c om l e te l y su c c e ssfu l .
p
H IS S U C C ES S AP P REC I A T ED .
“
T he w h i c h had atte n d e d my eff orts in m y o wn fa
su c c ess

m i l y (heo b serve s c au se d m u c h c on v e rsati o n i n the n e igh b or

)
h ood , and i n some i nstanc es I w as e m pl oye d i n c onse q ue nc e o f
my su c c essfu l nursing , and in all c ase s I w as c ompl ete l y triu m
ph ant
B I RT H O F F IF T H S ON — T H I RD D A U G H T ER 66 C .
,

T he his wi fe
‘
ne x t si c kness of too k plac e , say s Th omson, in
1 799 ; and in ab out two y ears afte r she h ad an oth e r son, and
,
5 00 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

did we l l ; m ak i n g in al l fi v e son s in su c c ess o n , after

i w hi c h she
h ad anothe r d au gh te r, w h i c h w as the l ast of e igh t c h ild re n
fi v e sons an d thre e d augh te rs. ‘ 4
T he d i ffe re nt c i rc u m stan c e s
t h rou gh wh i c h I asse d in b ri ngi n g u p thi s famil y of c h ild re n ,
p
t he sc e ne s of si c kne ss and d i stress, t he e x pe ri e nc e ac q u i re d of
t he reg u l a r prac ti c e , an d the su c c e ss atte ndi ng m y e fforts in
t i m e of di se ase , are the oc c asi on of m y m e n ti on i n g t h e m so m i
n u te ly . T he kn ow l ed g e an d e x pe ri e n c e , h o we v e r, w h i c h I
g ai n ed b y th ese sc e nes, I h av e re ason to b e sati sfi e d w i th , as t h e y
h av e pro v e d to b e a b l e ssi ng , not onl y to m e , b u t to m any hu n
d re d s of o thers, w ho h ave b ee n re l i e v e d fro m si c kne ss an d d is
tress t h rou g h m
y i n s tr u m e n t a l i t y . A n d I h o p e an d t rust, t h at

i t w ill e v e n tu all y b e the c ause o f th ro wi n g off the v e il of ig n o

r an c e fro m t he e es of th e g ood eo l e f th i s c o u n t r y and d o
y p p o ,
i n g aw ay the b l i n d c on fid e n c e th e y are so m u c h in the h ab i t o f
pl ac i ng in t h ose w ho c al l t h e m se l ve s phy si c i an s w ho fare
su m tu o u sl d l i i i l d d m g ifi n c e,
p y e ve r y a
y, v n g n S p e n o r a n a n c e

su t d b t h i m i ti t h y t i d l d e d an d
pp o r e y e
p o s o n s e p ra c se u
p o n a e u
c re d u l ous eo l e I t t m t h t t h hy si c i an s h av e
p p . a pp e a r s o e a e p
m u c h m ore re g ard for t he i r o wn i nte rest th an for th e h e al th
a nd h a
ppi n ess o f t h ose w h o are so u n fortu n ate as to h av e an y
t h i ng to d o w i th t h e m ” .

K N OWL ED G E A C Q U I RED B Y E X P ERI M EN TS ON OT H ERS .

I f th i s was t he wo rst sid e of t he p1 c tu re , it m igh t b e b orne

w i th m ore pati e nc e ; b ut th e i r prac ti c e is al tog e th e r e x pe rimen
tal, to t ry t he e ff e c t o f th e i r o i so ns u on t h e i r pat i e nts ; an d if
p p
t h e y h appe n to gi v e an m ore th a n n a ture c an he ar, t he y e i t h er
y
d ie, or b e c o m e m i se rab l e i n v al id s for l i fe T h e re are m an y
.

ph ysi c i an s w i th i n m y kn o w l edg e w ho d o not fo ll ow the fa

s hion able
prac ti c e o f the d ay , b u t are gov e rne d b y t h e i r o w n
j udg me n t, and m ake u se of v e g e tab l e m e di c i nes of ou r ow n
c ou n tr y , w i th the m od e o f tre atm e n t t he m ost c on si ste n t wi t h
”
n ature .

F I RS T C A S E OF M EA S L ES .

S om e t me in t he m on th of
i iN ov e m b e r, 1 8 0 2, m y c h ild re n
“

we re take n w i t h t he m e asl es, and some o f the m had the c om

pl ai n t v ery b ad . T he w an t o f t he kno wl edg e h ow to tre at
t he m , g av e m e a g re at d e a l o f t ro u b l e — m u c h m ore th an i t
wou ld at t he pre se n t ti m e — fo r e x pe ri e n c e has tau gh t m e th at
t he y are v e r e as to m an ag e . O o f m hild re n too k t he
y y ne y c

di se ase and g a v e it to the rest, an d I thi n k w e had fou r d own

w i th t h e m at on e t i me M y th i rd son had t he di sord er v e ry
.

b ad ; th e y wou l d n ot c o me ou t, b u t c onti nu e d i n t he sy ste m,

a nd h e tu rne d
pu rpl e an d b ec a m e stu pid T he c an ker w as i n
.

his th ro at and m ou th , a nd t he rose mary w ou l d h av e n o effe c t .

P utrid sy mptom s m ad e t h ei r appearanc e, and I was th e n u nd e r

5 02 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

was ash am e d to ac k no wl edge t h at I had pe rformed the c ure .

I t appe are d there c ou ld b e n oth i n g d o ne r i gh t b u t b y the reg u
l ar physi c i an s. I atte nd e d in t hi s fam ily fo r se v eral y ears, and
al way s suc c e ssfu l ly ; b u t my tre atme nt was so si m l e , and m
p y
re m e di e s so u n i ve rsal ly k now n to t he peopl e , t h at m s rv i
y e c es
we re n ot c onsid ere d w o rthy o f c om pe nsati on . F i n di n g t h at
su c h re m u n e rati on w ou ld n ot suppo rt m y fam ily , I re fu se d e n

t ire l y to d o an y t hi n g m ore for t h e m . A fter wh i c h t h e y had

l y of s i c k n ess, a nd d oc tor s b ill s to a tte nd to, a n d one b il l
’
p e n t
a m ou nte d to one h u nd re d d ol l ars ; w hi l e I did not rec e i v e a
_

c e nt.
M RS . W ET H ERB EE S
’
CA S E.
I w as soon afte r c al le d u pon to atte n d a M rs. We th e rb ee , who
h ad b ee n trou b l e d w i th v i o l ent attac ks o f the c ol i c , a b ou t onc e
a m on th , for a n u m b e r o f y ears an d h av i ng h e ard of m
y su c
c e ss i n t he R e ddi n g fa m il y . I g av e he r t he me di c i ne to re
m ov e c an k e r, and ste ame d he r, w hi c h re li ev e d he r in on e
h o ur. S he h ad a larg e fam il y to atte n d to , h av i ng th i rtee n
c hild re n , an d b e fo re she g ai n e d he r st re ng t h she had anoth er
attac k . I atte nd e d he r ag ai n , an d ag ai n re l i e ved he r. B u t s he
w o u l d n ot b e prud e n t, so as to g ai n he r stre ng t h , b ut m ust go
to wor k ag ai n , an d too k c old and had a t hi rd attac k . H e r h u S
b an d said t hat I on l y re li ev e d her for t he ti me , b u t d id not re
m ov e the c ause . C o nse q uen tl y , he se n t fo r a ph y si c i an to re
m o ve t he c om pl ai nt w h o c arri e d he r t h rou gh a c ourse of me r
c ury , w h i c h re d uc e d he r to th at d e g ree t h at she was n ot ab l e to
atte n d t o he r d o me sti c aff ai rs i n e igh t wee k s ; and th e n he de

c id e d th at she h ad t he c onsu m pti on , and g av e h e r ov e r to d ie .

A fte r t he d oc tor h ad l e ft he r to d ie , she ag ai n appl i ed to me ,
b u t I d ec li n ed d oing an y thin g for he r, as I kne w h e r si tuati on
-
'

w as m u c h w orse t h an w h e n the d oc to r c om m e n c e d w i th her ;

-

an d s h ou ld I fai l in e ffe c ti n g a c u re , t he b l am e w ou l d a ll b e
l d t m ac c ou n t, and i f she ot we l l I s h ou ld e t no di t
p ac e o y g g c re

fo r the c u re .
O ne d ay , afte r fi n i shi n g my fore n oon s work , on g oi ng to d in
’

n e r I fou n d her at m y h ou se w ai ti ng fo r m e to c ome h om e , and

s he e n tre at e d so h ard for m e t o u n d e rtake t o c u re he r, and

see me d to h av e so m u c h fai t h o f u l ti m ate su c c ess, th at I c on

s e nted , pro v id e d sh e wou ld c o me to m y house and stay w i th
'

my w i fe , I wo u l d d o the b est I c ou ld . S he re adil y c on se nted,

and staid b u t t h ree d ay s w i t h u s, d u ri n g w h i c h ti m e I pu rsu e d

my u su al c ou rse o f tre atm ent, gi v i ng her t hi n gs to re m ove

t he c anke r, an d ste am i n g to promote a n atural pe rspi rati on ;
and at the e n d o f the ti m e she w ent h ome , tak i ng wi th he r

s ome m edi c i n e , w i th di rec ti on s how to m anag e h e rse l f, and in

,

a s h ort ti me e nti re l y rec ov e red he r h e al th .

S oon after thi s, M rs. W

. had anoth er c h ild
,
whi c h was her
 M A T ERI A M ED I C A . 03

l ast
. S he did e x tre m e ly we l l , and ne ve r had an oth e r attac k o f
th e c ol i c . N ot with standi n g she was re sto re d so soon , the fa
m il y were h ardly w il li ng to gi v e me any c re di t for the c u re , or
ac k n o wl e dg e th at I had b e n efi tted her ; and i n t i m e o f s i c kn ess,

t h e y n e v er wou ld se nd for me , u ntil all ot h e r re med i es had

fail ed .
S I C K N ES S O F A S O N O F M RS . W ET H ERB EE.
‘

In ab ou t o ne y e ar after you ng m an one of th i s fami l y

t h is , a , ,

ab o ut [6 y e ars o f ag e w as take n wi th a fe v e r
,
and i t w as n ot ,

ti me fo r m e to b e e m pl oy e d c on seq u e n tl y the ph y si c i an was

,
,

c al l e d in as u su al an d re d u c e d h im w i t h M er c ury and o th e r
, ,

i n s to th at d e g ree t h at he l i n e re d se v e ral m o n th s g row

p o so , g ,

i ng c onstan tl y w orse and the d oc to r sai d he h ad the r he u m ati c

,

fe v er and afte rward s t h at h e was i n a d e c l i ne or c on su mpti on

,
.

T he me rc u ry had se ttl e d i n his b ac k and h i ps an d he w as so ,

sti ff t h at he c ou l d not b ri n g his h an d s l owe r t h an his k n ee s .

T he d oc tor n o w g av e him ov er to die — c onsequ e ntly he was a

fi t subj e c t for m e .

D R. T H O M S O N S EN T F O R.

H is pare nts as usu al c al l e d u pon m e , an d o ut of pi ty for the

y ou n g man I ag re e d to take him h om e to m y h ouse , an d t o d o
t he b est I c o u l d for him . I t was a di ffi c ul t task , Ifor I had to
b ri ng him b ac k to the sam e si tu ati on he w as in w h e n he had
t he fe ve r, and d estro y the e ffe c ts of t he poi son , an d re g u l ate the
sy ste m b y ste am i n g , to prod uc e a n atural e rs i rati on . B
p p y
u rsu i n g t hi s pl a n , an d gi v i n g s u c h arti c l e s as I c ou ld ob tai n
p
to restore t he dig e st i ve sy ste m , in t wo m on th s he was c om

pletely restore d to h e al t h . F or t hi s serv i c e I re c e i v e d fi v e d ol

l ars, and t h at was more b g ru dgi ngly paid th an the fi fty d oll ars
p aid th e d o c tor fo r m aki ng hi m si c k .

A CA S E OF C O N S U M P T I ON .

I n the spri ng o f 1 8 0 5 , I w as se nt for to go to Wood stoc k , in

V e rm ont, to atte nd a y ou ng w oman who was c on sid ered in a
d e c l i ne, and was gi v en o v e r as i nc u rab l e b y the d oc tors. I at
te nd e d he r ab ou t on e w ee k , and t h e n l e ft he r m e di c i ne s and
starte d for h ome . I n ab ou t on e mont h I v i si te d he r ag ai n , and
fou n d her so m uc h b ette r th at she w as ab l e to rid e to her fa
the r s, w h i c h was a di stan c e of ab ou t tw e nty m il e s.
’

D I F F I D EN C E O F D R. T H O M S O N .

A ll t hi s t i me 1did n ot t hi n k t h at I possesse d any k nowl e dge

o f di sease or of medi c i n e more t h an w h at I had l e arne d b
, y
ac c id e nt a nd all the c ases I had atte nd e d we re from n ec e ssi ty
, .

A t any rate the suc c ess atte n di ng my prac ti c e c re ate d muc h

tal k and it was k no wn for fi fty m il e s arou n d the c ou n try, and
I was so c onstantl y h arrassed th at I found it i mpossi b l e to at
5 04 TH E TH O M S O N IA N

te nd to m y far m and fam il y as I ou g h t. F or the c ases I had

a tte nd e d I h ad re c e i v e d v e ry li ttl e c o m pe nsati on , n ot su ffi c i en t

to pay m e for my t i me , an d I fou n d i t t o b e m y d u ty to gi ve ti p

rac t i c e e nti re l y o r to m ake a b usi n e ss of i t.
p
C ON S U L T S A B OU T CON T I N U I NG H IS P RA C T I CE.
I c o ns u w i t h m y w i fe an d ad v i se d w i th m y fr i e n d s
l te d
w h at w as b est for m e to d o, a nd t he y al l ag re e d that as it see m
e d to b e the n at ural t u r n of my m i n d , an d i f I t h o ug h t m y se l f

c apab l e o f g rappli n g w i th so i m portan t an u n d e rtaki n g , i t

w o u ld b e b est to le t m y o w n j u d g m e n t g ov er n m e and d o as I
t h o u g ht b e st, I fi n all y c o n c l u d e d to i m prov e t he tal e nt w h i c h
t he G od o f n at u re appeare d to h av e e n d o we d m e w i t h for t he
g ood of m an ki nd .

I D EA S OF H IS REC EI V IN G AN ED U CA T I ON .

Whe th e r h ou ld h av e b e e n an y m ore u se ful had it b ee n

I s ,

m y l ot to h av e b ee n e d uc ate d and l e arne d the p rofessi on i n

,

t he re g u l ar a nd fash i o n ab l e w ay I c an n ot s ay ,
b u t am i nc lin
e d to t h i n k m u se fu l n e ss w o u l d i n a g re at m e asu re h av e b ee n
y
d estroye d as m y m i n d w o u l d t he n h av e b e e n g u id ed b y the
,
.

a c q u i re d kno wl edg e o f o the rs i nste ad o f re ason a n d

, phil osoph y
w hi c h I took for m y c ri te ri on an d b y wh i c h I was ne ve r d e
,

c e i ved .

TA L EN TS OF ED U CA T ED A N D U N ED U C A T ED M EN .

I w i s h m y re ad e rs t o u nd erstan d t h at I d o n ot i nten d to
c on v ey t he id e a t h at l e arn i n g is n o t ne c essar y an d esse n ti al i n

o b tai n i n g a k n o w l e d g e o f a ny pro fe ssi o n ; b u t t hat g oi n g to

c o ll e g e w i l l m ak e a w i se m an o f a fool is w h at I am r e ad y to

d e n y O r that a m an c a nnot b e u se fu l and e ve n e m i ne nt in

.

his professi o n , o r in t he arts an d sc i e n c e s, w i tho u t a c l assi c al

e d uc at i on , i s w h at I t hi nk n o on e w il l h av e the h ard ih ood to
d e n y, as it is c on trary to reason and c o mm on se nse ; as some
o f t he g re ate st phil osop h e rs , st atesm e n , phy si c i an s an d d i v i ne s

o f t he w o rl d we re se l f tau gh t ; an d w ho h av e d on e m ore g ood

~

and ren d e re d soc i e ty m ore h appy b y th e i r kno w l edg e t h an a

m ill i on o f th ose w ho h av e n oth i ng to re c o m m e n d t h e m b ut a

h e ad store d w i th artifi c i al kn owl adge to the e x c l usi o n o f more
rati on a l and sol id i n form at i on ac q u i re d fro m a u se ful e m pl oy
m e n t. ”

U S E OF P OI S O N S , doc . C O N D EM N ED BY TH E F A CU L T Y .

A m ong t he prac ti si n g ph ysi c i ans I h av e fou n d , I b e l i e ve it a

w e l l know n fac t, t h at th ose w ho w e re re all y g reat i n t h e i r pro
fe ssion and h av e h ad t he m ost e x peri enc e , c on d e mn as m u c h
as I d o the fas hi onab l e prac ti c e o f t he pre se nt d ay S u c h phy .

s ic ians u se b u t v e ry l i ttl e me rc u ri al poi son, b u t c on fi ne t h e m

se l ves ia th e i r treatment m ostl y to v eg etab l e si mpl es and the

5 06 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

su tab e
i te mpe ratu re prod uc e d l i fe and m o ti on ; th at c old or
l
measu rab l y the ab se nc e of h e at w as the c ause o f d i se ase , t h at
to re store t he he at o r an i m al w a rmt h to i ts n atura l stand ard
was the on ly way t h at h eal th and stre ng t h c ou l d b e prod u c e d
and th at afte r re stori n g t he n atur al h e at o f the b ody b y c l e ari n g
the syste m of all ob stru c t i ons, an d c au s i n g a n atura l pe rspira
ti on , the stomac h wo uld dig est th e food take n , b y w h i c h m e an s
the w h ol e b od y is n our i sh e d and i nv ig o rate d a nd th e h e at of
the b ody or n ature is l h o l d its supre m ac y
ab e t o I fou n d th at .

the c onsti tu ti ons of al l m an k i n d w ere g e ne r al ly

the sam e , an d
di ffe ri ng on l y in t he te mpera m ent of t he sam e m ate ri al s of
wh i c h the y were c om posed I t appe are d al so c l e ar to m y m i n d
.

th at all di sease origi n ate d from o n e g e ne ral c au se , and m ig h t

b e c u red b y one ge ne ral re m ed y o r pri nc i pl e , appli e d in a g re at
v ari e ty of form s as m ed i c i ne ; a nd t h a t a s tate o f pe rfe c t h eal t h

ari ses from a d ue b al an c e or pro pe r te mpe ratu re o f th e e l e m e n ts

b ut i f b y any m eans th i s b al an c e or eq u il i b ri u m is d estro y ed ,
the h e at of the b od y is w aste d and m ore or l e ss di se ase d . T hi s
is al ways the c ase in a parti al ab se n c e o f the ac ti ve e l e me n t o r
he at, or in proporti on to t h i s d i m i n u ti on o r ab se n c e the oppos
i ng pri nc i pl e , or c o ld , is rec e i v e d i n to the syste m , prod uc i n g
d erange me nt and di se ase .
C O M IVI O N O RI G IN OF DIS EA S ES .

I found t h at all di se ase s to w hi c h t he h u man fam il y were

su bj e c t were , h o we v e r v ariou s t he sy m pto m s a nd d i ff e re n t the
n ame s b y w hi c h t h e y w e re c al le d , prod u c e d di re c tl y from oh
stru c te d pe rspi rati o n , w h i c h is al w ay s prod u c e d b y c ol d o r th e

ab se n c e of a su i ta b l e d e g re e of n atu ra l v i tal i ty , o r w arm t h

ab ove the t e mpe ratu re o f t he at m os ph e re ; for u po n the h e a d

a nd a ll , as an e ngi ne er or m ill e r wou ld say , d e pe n d s t he m ove
f
men t of the m ac h i ne , o r l i fe and m oti on i n the h u m an b od y ;
an d if t h ere is a n atu ral h e at, t h ere m u st b e a n at ural pe rspira

i
t on .
G EN ERA L REM ED Y .

'

H av i ng fix e d upon t h ese pri nc i pl e s as the on l y sol id fo unda

t i on u pon w hi c h a c orrec t and tru e kn owl edg e of t he su bj e c t
c an b e b ase d m y n e x t b u si ness w as wh at k i n d o f m e di c i n e s
, ,

and tre at me n t wo u ld b e st answe r the pu rpose , in c on form i ty

to th i s u n i ve rsal pl an of c uri ng di se ase .

It mu st b e se l f e v id e n t I t hi n k to e ve ry one, t h at wh atsoev e r
-

, ,

c ou rse w il l restore or i n c re ase the n atu ral i n te rna l w armt h o f

t he b ody if n ot to e x c ee d 1 0 0 d eg F a h re n h e i t or t he te m pe ra
,
.
,

ture of the b l ood and re mo v e all ob struc ti ons of the sy ste m re

, ,

store the po wers of d i g e sti on and promote a n atural perspi re

,

tion is un i ve rsall y appl i c ab l e in all c ases of di sease , and th ere

,

fore may b e c onsid ered as a general remedy .

 M A TERIA M ED I C A 5 07

EM ET rc s— E
‘

IN T ERN A L H EA T OF TH B ODY .

T he fi rst an d most i m portant c onsid e ration was to fi nd a me

d ic ine t hat wou ld e stab l i sh a n atu ral i n te rn al h e at, so as to gi ve
nature its c om m a nd o v e r t he b ody . T he e me ti c h erb (N o . I )
L ob el i a i nfl a ta I fou n d wo u ld e ffec tu al ly c l e an se the sto mac h ,
a nd aid i n r ai si ng t he h e at and pro m oti ng pe rspi rati o n ; b ut
the syste m wou ld no t h old it a suffi c i e n t l e n g th of t i me to e f
fee t the d es i re d o bj e c t .I t was li ke a fi re mad e of sh av i ng s— a
h e at for a sh ort ti me , th e n it wo u l d go ou t.
A fte r m u c h t ro u b l e and e x pe ri e nc e , and tryi ng e ve ry th i ng
w i thi n m y k no wl e dg e , I at l e ng th fi x e d u pon the m e d ic i ne
w hi c h I h a ve c al l e d N o. 2 , C ay e n ne pe pper (or c apsi c u m) for ,

t h at pu rpose ; and a fte r man y y e ars e x pe ri e n c e in its u se , I am

rfe c tl y c o n v i n c e d t h at i t is the b e st t h i n g th at c an b e u sed to
p e
h ol d the h e at in the syste m u ntil the stomac h and v ari ous av e
n ues of the b ody are c l eare d O f t h ei r O b struc ti on s, so as to pro
d uc e a natu ral digesti on of the food w hi c h w il l nou ri sh the b o
d y, estab l i sh perspi rati on , and restore the h e al th of the pati ent.
I fou nd it to b e perfec tly safe in al l c ase s, and h av e n ev er
k nown any b ad effec ts to a ri se from its u se .
A C b RE F OR CA N K E R.

M y ne x t g rand j was to ge t some thi ng th at wou ld c l ear

ob ec t
‘

the stomac h a nd b owe l s from c an k e r,or the w hi te fe v er i sh c oat

th at was attac h e d to the mu c ou s m e mb rane , W hi c h is m ore o r
l e ss affe c te d b y i t in all c ase s O f di se ase to wh i c h the h uman fa
m il y are su bj e c t. C an k e r an d pu tre fac ti o n are c au se d b y c old .
o r wan t o f h e at ; for w h e n e v e r an y part of the b ody is so affe c t
‘

e d w i t h the c ol d as to o v e rpo we r t he n atu ral he at, pu tre fac ti on

c o mme nc es ; and if not c h e c k e d b y m e d i c i ne , or if the n atural

c onsti tu ti on is n ot stron g e nou gh to overc om e its prog ress, it
w il l c om m un i c ate w i th the b l ood , wh en d eath wi ll e nd the
c onte st b etwee n t he h e at and c old , or the powers of l i fe and
d eath , b y d ec idi ng in fav or of the l atte r. I n t hi s c ase , too, as ‘

i n the o t h e rs, I h av e u se d a g re at vari e ty of arti c l es w hi c h are

u se ful i n re m o v i ng t hi s fe veri s h c oat or c an k er ; b u t my pre pa
r ati on c all e d N O . 3 , is the b est for t hat purpose of any re me dy -

t h at has c o me wi thi n m y k no wl e dg e , t h ou g h m an y oth e r th i ngs

may b e u se d to g ood e ffec t, w hi c h will b e d esc ri b e d in t h e i r ap
ropriate pl ac e, u nd e r t he h ead of c om ou nd e d medi c i nes
p p
G EN ERA L T REA TM EN T OF TH E S IC K .
'

M y general plan of tre atment has b ee n in all c ases of di sease

to c l eanse the stomac h b y gi v i ng an e me ti c , or N o. 1 , and ro
p
d u c e as g reat an i nte rnal h e at as I cou ld , b y the use of Caye nne
e e r, or o th er sti mu l ants u n d e r the h e ad of N o.2 d w h
p pp ; an en
nec e ssar y m ad e use of the steam b ath , in wh i c h 1 al ways fou n d
a reat b e ne fi t, espec i all y in fe vers. A fter this I g a ve a tea mad e
g
5 08 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

of a c ompou nd O f bayb e rry , su m ac , h e ml oc k

b ark , w i tc h h azle -

leave s, red raspb e rry l e av es, and marsh rose m ar y , or a c omb i

n ati on of any two or t h re e of t h e m, as di re c te d u n d e r the h e ad
o f N o. 3 see di rec ti ons , to c l e a r off the c an ke r an d i n all
( )
c ase s w h ere the pati e n t h ad n ot b e c om e so l ow t h at t he c onsti
tu tion h ad n othi n g l e ft to b u ild u pon, 1 h ave b ee n suc c e ssfu l in
restor n i g th em to h eal th .
OB S ER V A TION S ON F E V ER.

I foun d that fe v er was a di stu rb e d state of the h e at, or ani mal

w armt h , or more prope rly , t h at it was c au se d b y the e fforts
w h i c h nature m ak es to th ro w off d i sease, and t h e re fore ough t
to b e treate d as a fri e nd , and n ot as an e ne my , as in t he prac ti c e
of the re g u l ar phy si c i ans.

A L L F E V ERS P RO C EED F RO M TH E S A M E CA U S E.
'

In all c ases of di se ase , I have al way s fou n d t h ere is m ore o r

l ess feve r, ac c ord i ng to the state of the syste m ; b u t t h at al l fe
v e rs proc e e d from t he same c ause , di ff e ri n g o nl y in the sy m p
toms, and may b e m an ag e d and b rou gh t to a c ri si s wi th mu c h
l ess trou b l e t h an is gene ral l y c onsid e re d prac ti c ab l e , b y inc reas
i ng the inte rna l h e at or te mpe ratu re of the b od y, u n ti l the c old
is d ri ve n ou t, toge the r wi t h the c ause of it. T h us, b y k eepi ng
t he fou ntai n ab o v e the st re am, e v e ry func ti on w ill tak e i ts n a
t ural c ourse, and free the b ody of e v e ry o b struc ti on.

Y EL L OW F E V ER IN WA L P OL E.

I n the y ear 1 8 0 5 , a v ery al arm i ng di sease b rok e ou t i n the

towns of Wal pole an d A l ste ad , w hi c h was c onsid e red t he y el
low fev e r, and w as fatal to m an y who we re attac ke d wi th it. I
was c al l e d on, and attend e d wi th v e ry g re at su c c ess, no t l osi ng
one pati e nt t h at c am e u nd er m y c are , w h il e at the same t i me
n early one h al f of t h ose who had re g ul ar ph y si c i ans di e d . Thi s
di se ase pre vail e d for ab ou t forty d ays, d uri ng w h i c h ti me I was
at home b ut e igh t n igh ts.

U N REM ITT ED A T T EN T I O N — IM P RO V EM EN T IN P RA C T I C E.

I was ob l ige d to b e n urse as we l l as d oc tor, and to d o eve ry

thi ng my se l f, for the peopl e had n o k nowl edg e of m y m od e O f
prac ti c e , and I c ou ld n ot d e pen d u pon w h at any person d id e x
~

c ept w h at was d one u nd e r m y i mme di ate i nspe c ti on. I pu rsu

e d the same g e ne ral pl an th at I had b e fore ad opte d , b u t the e x
e rience I h ad from t hi s prac ti c e su ggeste d to me m any im
p
rov e ments w hi c h I had not b e fore t h o ugh t of, as respe c ts the
p
m anner of tre atme nt of pati e nts, to e ff ec t the O bj ec t I ai med at
in c uring the di sease, w hi c h was to prod uce a natural perspi re
t i on .
 5 10 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

CH IL D B -
ED F EV E R— C ON S U M P TION —C A N C ER.
I n O c tob er of the same y ear, I atte nd e d a M rs. G ood el l , of
Wal pol e . S he had b een c onfi ned , a nd had tak e n c old . T he
most note d d oc tors in to wn had atte nd e d her th rou gh Wh at the y
c al l e d a fe v e r, and she w as the n pron o u n c e d b y t he m to b e in
”

A fte r t h ree mon th s atte nd anc e , th e y said she was

’
a d ec l i ne .
t ri d an d u l c e ra te d t h at i t w as u tterl y i m possi b l e to c u re
'

so u
p
her. S he had, in ad d i ti o n to her oth er di ffi c u l ti es, a c anc e r on
h e r b ac k . I n th i s d e spe rate si tuati on , i t w as t h ou gh t b y he r
fri e n d s th at she was a prope r su bj e c t for m e to u n d e rtake w i th .
A t the e arn est soli c i tati on o f he r h u sb and I u n d e rtook h e r c ase ,
an d m e t wi t h m u c h b e tte r s uc c e ss t h an I e x pec te d — as in fou r

wee k s she was ab l e to b e ab o u t h ouse , and d o som e wor k .

CA S E OF D RO P S Y .

I n the sam e ye ar, I was sen t for to atte nd a wom an w ho h ad

b ee n i n a d ropsi c al w ay for a n u mb e r of y e ars. T he di se as e
had of l ate g ai ne d w i th g re at r apidi ty . T h e d oc tors had tri e d
me rc u ry , w hi c h had v e ry n ear l y pro ve d fatal to he r ; fo r I w as
se n t for m g re at h aste , w i t h a re q uest th at I w ou l d atte n d as
q u i c k as possi b l e , as th ey did n ot e x pec t the pati e n t w ou ld l i ve
t h rou gh t he d ay I fo u n d her in a v e r y di stresse d si tu ati on .
.

S he said it appeared to he r as if s he w as ful l o f sc aldi n g w ate r.

S he b e g an to tu rn pu rpl e l n spots, an d it was e x pe c te d t h at
m ortifi ic ation h ad taken pl ac e . I n the fi rst pl ac e , I g ave h e r
ab out a gil l of c hic kb e rry and h e m l oc k di s ti ll e d , w h i c h al l ay e d

the h e at i mm edi ate l y T h i s answ e re d the pu rpose u n ti l I

.

c ou ld c l e ar h e r stom ac h , and b y t he g re ates t e x e rti on s and the

c l ose st atte nti on t h rou gh the d ay , I was e nab l e d to r e l i e v e he r.

I attend e d he r for ab o u t o n e we e k, an d she w as so far rec ov e r

e d th at sh e e nj oy e d c o m for tab l e h e al t h for t we l ve y e ars.

IN G RA TITU D E OF P A TI EN T
’
S F RI EN DS .

N otwi th stan di ng thi s d esperate c ase w as c u re d , to the asto

n ishme n t o f al l, the d oc tors h ad so m u c h i nfl ue nc e o ver the
eo
p p , l e an d m ad e so m an y fal se s tate me nts,
t h a t I g n o c redi t
o t
for the c e ase. T he w om an s b rot h er said t h at he r h usb and
’

w ante d to kill her , or he wou l d n ot h av e sen t for m e . S uc h

i ng rati tud e was di sc ouragi ng , b u t it did n ot pre ve nt me from
d oi ng my d u ty.
U N E X P EC T E D P A TI EN T .

A h ort ti me fro m thi s the woman s b roth e r w ho h ad mad e

s ,
’
,

the speec h ab ou t me w as take n si c k w i th w h at was c al l e d the

, ,

y ell ow feve r and se nt for me I atte nd ed and ask e d him i f he

, .
,

wan te d to d ie H e said no— w hy d o y ou ask m e t h at ? I tol d

.
,

him the l an g u ag e w h i c h he had u se d respe c ti ng my atte ndi n g

,

his si ster, led me to suppose he wante d to d ie, or th at h e never

 M A TERIA M ED IC A . 5 11

woul d h av e se n t for m e , if he had b e l i e ved his own word s. He

s aid he fe l t di ffe re n t n o w. I atte n d e d him t h roug h the d ay.
N E‘
V DI ET H OD OF S T EA M I N G .

To s we at h e m l oc k b ou gh s, and put a hot stone

h im , I too k
.

i n t he m id d l e of a l arg e b u n dl e o f t h e m wrapped t he w h ol e in ,

a c l ot h a nd po u re d o n h o t w ate r u n til I rai se d a l i v e l y ste am

, ,
a nd t he n u t o n e b u n c h to h is fe e t and ano t h e r n e a r his b ody
p .

I g av e hi m m e di c i n e to rai se the i n ward h eat and for the c an ,

ke r . A fte r atte ndi n g h im through t he d ay I w e n t h ome and ,

o n c al li n g to se e h m t he n e x t m orn i n g
i fo u nd his fe ver had ,

t urn e d a nd he was q u i te c o m fortab le so t h at he was soon ab ou t ,

h is b u si n e ss .

CA S E OF A CH IL D .

I w as se n t for ab o u t i
th s t i me to g o to the tow n of S urr y , to
se e a c w hi c h w as take n v e ry si c k, and was e n ti re ly st upid .
h il d
I told t he f athe r t h at t he c hild had the c ank er v e ry b ad , b u t I
s oo n re li e v e d i t w i th m u s u a l tre atme n t.
y
T WO CA S ES OF F E V ER.

B e i ng se n t fo r to g o to p W
al ol e , to se e two
y g men who
ou n
h ad b ee n take n tw o d ays b e fore w i th the pre v ail ing fev e r, I l e ft
t he c h il d , w i t h d i re c ti ons for his pare n ts how to p roc ee d w i th
it. I fo u nd the y ou n g me n l ab ori ng u nd er v i ol e nt attac k s of
t he fe ve r T h e y had a b rot h e r who had b ee n attend e d b y the
.

d oc tor fo r the same c o mpl ai n t fo r fou r wee k s, and was j ust ab l e

s it u p . I t w as t ho ug h t b y t h ose who w i tnesse d t he attac k s th at
t he l ast w e re as v io l e nt c ase s as the o th e r, and t h e y e x pre sse d
a strong d esi re t h at t he y o u ng m e n m ig h t n ot b e ke t d own as
p
l on g as t h e i r b ro t h e r w as I was as an x ious as th e y we re for
,

a sh o rt j o b , an d e x e rte d all m y powe rs to re l i e v e t h e m, w h i c h

w as ac c o m pl i she d t h at n ig ht, an d I l e ft the m i n the morn i ng ,

q u i te c o mfo rtab l e , and t h e y we re soon ab l e to atte n d to th e i r
w ork . T he b rot h e r w ho w as atte nd e d b y th e d oc tor was not
ab l e to d o any l ab or in se v e ral m on th s .

N O C O DI P EN S A TION RE C EI V ED .

T he d oc tor w as paid a h eav y b ill , b u t m y c ure was d one so

q u i c k t hat i t w as n ot t h o ugh t wor t h y o f noti c e, and I nev er got
o n e c e n t for m y tro u b l e .

RE T U RN T O TH E CH IL D .

O n re tu rn i ng to the c h ild I l e ft the d ay b e fore , 1 fou n d th at

the d oc to r had b e e n t h e re , a nd to ld t h e m I d id n ot kn ow w h at
was t he m atte r w i th the pati e n t, an d pe rsu ad e d t h e m to gi ve him
t he c are o f i t H e fi lle d it w i th me rc u r y and r u n it d own ; af
.

t e r h av i n g gi ve n as m uc h m erc ury i n wardl y as n atu re wou ld

he ar, a nd the b o we l s g re w sil e nt, h e t h e n rub b e d t he me rc uri al
o i ntme n t o v e r the e x te ri or su rface of the b owe l s as l ong as i t
5 12 TH E T H O M S O N I A N

woul d ab sorb , after w h i c h he ag ree d th at the c h ild had the c an

ker v e ry b ad l y ; b u t he sti l l pe rsi ste d in the s ame c ourse of
.

t re at me n t u nti l t he c h ild w aste d away a nd di e d , i n ab ou t two

,

mo nt h s afte r it was tak en si c k . A fter th e c hild w as d e ad , its

t w re wil li n g to al l o w th at I u n d e rstood t he di so rd er
p ar e n s e

b e st. T he d oc tor g ot t we n ty fi v e d oll ars for kill i ng the c h ild ,

-

b u t I g ot noth i ng for re li ev i
E X T RA O RD I N A RY CA S E.

T h e re was b rou gh t to m y h ouse i n 1 8 0 5 , a M rs. Ri c h ard son ,

fro m We stford , V e r mon t . S he was b rou gh t al l the w ay i n h e r
b ed, a d i stan c e o f 1 3 0 m il e s, and w as at te nd e d b y he r son and
d augh te r, the one twe n ty one and the oth e r e igh tee n y e ars of
-

a e. T h e m th e r had l ai n i n he r b e d for the m ost part of t he

g o
t i me for te n y e ars. T he b est ph y si c i ans in t h at pa rt o f the
c ou n try had b e e n e m l oy e d w i t h ou t ad v an tag e , and t h e y h ad
p
spe nt n earl y all t h e i r o e rty . I u nd e rtoo k w i t h he r m o re
p p
r
from a c h ari tab l e fe e l i ng fo r the y o ung man and w o man th an
from any e x pe c tati on of a c u re .
T he y ou n g m an state d th at his moth e r had b e e n fo r a y e ar .

tog e t h e r w i th o u t o pe n i n g he r e y es t h at w h e n s he c ou l d o pe n
t h e m , th e y th ou gh t he r al most we ll S he was perfe c tl y h e l p
.

l ess, no t b e i n g ab l e to do the l e ast thi ng , not e v en to b ru sh o ff a

fl y from he r fac e , any more th an an i nfant. S he h ad l ai n so
l ong t h at he r k n ee j oi nts had b e c om e sti ff.
T REA TM EN T O F M RS . RI C H A RD S ON .

I b eg an w i th he r b y c l e an si n g the sto m ac h an d prom oti n g

rs i rati o n , afte r w h i c h I tr i e d to gi ve h e r so m e e x e rc i se . T he
p p
e

fi rst t ri al was m ad e b y pu tti ng a b ed u pon a w h ee l b arrow and

l ayi n g t he pati e nt u po n it, w h en I wou l d ru n he r ab ou t u n ti l
s he a ppe are d to b e we ar y . S ometi mes I wou ld mak e a m i sste p
and fal l , pre te n d rng t h at I had h u rt m e , i n ord e r to t ry t o et
g
her to m ov e h e rse l f, b y frigh te n i n g he r. A fter e x e rc i si n g he r
i n th i s w ay for a fe w d ay s, I pu t he r i nto a w agg on , si tt i ng on
a b e d , an d d rov e he r ab o u t i n t h at m ann e r, an d w h e n he r j oi n ts

b e c am e m o re l i m b e r I sat he r on the seat of the wag g o n . S he

i nsi sted th at she sh ou l d fal l off, for s he said she c ou ld n ot u se
h e r fe e t ; b u t the d ri v e r w o u l d some ti me s d r i v e o n sid e l i n g
g rou nd , and r athe r t han tu rn ov e r she w ou ld sta rt he r fe e t n u
.

e x e c te dly . A fte r e x e rc i si n g he r i n t hi s m an n e r for so m e ti me ,

p
I pu t her on a h orse b e hi nd he r son . S he at fi rst i nsi sted th at
she sh o u ld fall off ; b u t w h e n I tol d he r sh e w as at l i b erty to

fal l if she c h ose , she w ou ld n ot, and wo u l d rath e r e x e rt h e rse l f

to h ol d on . Wh e n she had rod e in th i s w ay a fe w ti me s, I pu t
h e r on a h orse al on e , and afte r a fe w tri al s s he w o u ld rid e v e r y
we l l , so th at in the c o urse of t wo month s she wou ld rid e fou r
mil es ou t and b ac k e very day. S he u se d to b e ti red after ridi ng ,
5 14 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

h h i di sord e r b y my u sual mod e of prac ti c e and gav e

t e m of t e r ,

t he woman medi c i ne for the c anc e r w h i c h re li e v e d he r al so

, .

CA N C ER DIS S OL V ED .

I h ad oc c as on i g ai n and the tu mor w as ab ou t

to i i
v s t her a ,

the siz e o f a n e gg ; b u t b y fo l l o wi ng my di re c ti ons it w as d is

so l v e d w i t h o ut c ausi ng any pai n and she h as b een w e l l for,
t we l v e y e ars .

S P O T T ED F EV E R— S T EA M I N G B Y D O C T O RS .

I prac ti c e d in Roy alton and Warw i c k , an d i n m y u sual

h
t en
w ay o f sweati ng for the spotte d fe v e r, w hi c h b ec ame kn o wn
and was prac ti c e d b t he h s i c i an s i n P e t rs h am
y p y e .

C A N C ER— H O W T REA T ED B Y D O C T O RS .

A fte r i g h o me I w as se nt for to atte n d a wom an in

re tu rn n ,

the n e igh b orhood w ho had b ee n u nd e r t he c a re o f a c e l e b rate d

,

d oc tor for a c an c e r i n he r b re ast H e h ad to rtu re d he r w i t h

.

h is c au sti c s u n til he r b re asts w e re b u r ne d t h ro u g h to the b on e ,

a nd b y i ts c orrosi v e n a tu re h ad c a use d t he c o rd s to d raw u p

i nto k no ts H e h ad al so b u rn ed he r leg to the te nd ons S he

. .

h ad b ee n u nd e r his c are e l e v e n w e e k s u n til sh e w as m u c h ,

waste d away and he r stre ng t h n earl y g on e

,
.

T A K EN C H A R G E O F — C U RE D .

I n t h i s si tuati on the d oc tor was w il li ng to g et he r o ff h is

,

h and s and wi sh e d m e to tak e c h arge of he r I c onsen te d and

,
.

t ook c h arg e of her a nd i n t h re e wee ks h e a l e d u p he r sore s a nd

,

c le are d h e r o f h e r h u m or so e ffe c t u al ly t h at she h as e ve r si nc e

e nj oy e d g ood h e al t h .

A N OTH ER L A DY RE S T O RED .

Wh il e atte nd i ng he r, I c u re d a w om an from H ill sb orou gh ,

w ho had a c anc e r on he r n e c k. 1 di sso l ve d the tu m or an d c u r
e d he r, b y the u se of the c an c e r b al sam and the c om m on c ou rse

o f m edi c i n e , and she has e nj oy e d g ood h e al t h ev er si n c e .

S U P P OS ED CA S E OF P OI S ON .

I d e d t he fu neral of a y o u ng man who h ad b ee n atte n d

atte n .

e d b y a physi c i an i n t he town of A l ste ad w ho h ad l ost ab ou t ,

si x ty pat i e n ts in the t o w n i n a s h ort t i m e T he c orpse w as .

b adl y s we l l e d so t h at i t w as d ifli c u lt to sc re w d own the lid o f

,

t he c ofli n T h i s pati e n t h ad n ot b ee n si c k b u t ab ou t twe nty

.

four h ou rs and b u t t we l ve u n d e r the e ffe c ts o f the m e di c i n e of

t he d oc tor Wh e n I w e n t i nto the room whe re the c orpse was
.

t he d oc tor fol l o we d m e an d g ave di rec ti ons to h a v e t he c offi n

sec u red so as to pre v e nt t he c o rpse from b e i n g se e n and t he n
, ,

b e g an to i nsu l t m e to attrac t the atte n ti on of t he pe ople He .

s aid to me I u nd erstan d y ou h av e a pate n t to c u re su c h d iso r

d ers as t h at, poi n ti ng to the c orp se I said n o and th en i nti . .
 M A TERIA M ED I C A . 5 15

mate d w h at I th ough t him . H e put on an ai r o f g reat

of
i mportan c e and sai d to m e , w h at c an y ou k n ow ab o ut me di
c i ne . Y ou h av e n o l earn i ng you c annot parse o ne se n te nc e
,

o f g ramm a r. I re pli e d t h at I did n ot kn ow t h at g ram mar w as

m ad e u se of as me di c i ne ; b u t if the o perati o n o f a poti on o f
g ram mar prod u c e sy m pto ms so nearl y l i ke t hose o f ratsb an e as
w h at appears in th i s c orpse , I h av e no i n c li nati on to k n ow the
u se of i t. Th i s une x pe c te d u se o f the me an i n g of w h at he sai d
di spl ease d t he me di c al g e n tl e man v e ry m u c h , and fi ndi n g t h at
man y o f the peopl e prese nt had the sa me O pi n i o n t h at I had ,
i rri tate d him so v ery m u c h t h at he t hre ate n e d to h orse w hi p m e ,
b u t I told h im h e m igh t d o wh at he pl ease d prov id e d he d id
n ot poi son m e w i th h is g ra m m ar . H e did n ot atte mpt to pu t
h is th reat i nto e x e c u ti o n , so I h av e esc ape d b oth h is w h i p an d
his g rammar . I h av e b e e n m ore parti c u l ar in re lati ng t h ese
c i rc u mstanc e s i n ord er t o sh o w m y re asons for re fusi n g to prae
t i c e so n e ar h ome fo r I had b ee n 1 11 c on stan t e m pl oy m e n t
am on g t he pe opl e in m y n e ig hb o r h ood an d t he adj oi n i n g t o wns

and c ou n try fo r fou r or fi v e y e a rs , a n d had b e e n v e ry s u c c e ss

ful, n ot h av i n g l ost on e pati e n t d u ri n g the w hol e t i m e M y .

h ouse had b ee n c onstan tl y fill ed w i th pat i e nts f ro m all parts of

t he c ou nt ry , fo r w hi c h I h ad rec e i v e d l i tt l e o r n o c ompe n sa .

t i o n for m y se r v i c e s . M y se l f and fam il y we re b roke n d own

and worn o u t w i th n u rsi n g and atte n di n g to t h e m n igh t an d

d ay, so t h at I w as o b l i g e d to l e av e h o m e to fre e m y se l f an d fa
m il y fro m so h e av y a b u rth en . B e si d e s, I fe l t i t m ore a d ut y
t o atte n d the peopl e i n t hose parts w h e re I h ad b e e n t re ate d
w i th t he m ost k i n d ness and fri e n d shi p an d h ad rec e i ve d the
m ost assi stan c e i n a pec u n i ar y poi n t o f V i e w , th an w h ere I had
”

re c e i v e d l i t tl e fro m t h ose w h om I c on sid e re d u n d e r the g re at

est o b lig at i on s to m e .

V IS ITS N EW Y O R K— TH E Y EL L OW F E V ER , E T C .

I n 1 8 0 6 I we n t to N e w Y or k fo r the pu rpose o f asc e rtai n i n g

the n at ure of the y e ll ow fe v e r , an d on m y ar ri v al pu t u p wi th a
M r . K av an agh a Ro man C ath ol i c , an d I soon h ad a c han c e to
t ry the y e ll ow fe v e r. I w as e m pl oy e d to at te n d a M r. M e G ow
an , w ho h ad t he y e ll o w fe ve r H e w as t he te ac h e r o f t he R0
.

m an C ath ol i c sc h ool and an ac q u ai n tan c e o f M r . K av an ag h

w i th w ho m I b oard e d an d w ho re c o m me n d e d h i m to m y c are .
H e was attac ke d ab out noon , w as v e ry c o ld , an d h ad n o pai n
h is e yes we re h al f c l osed , a nd he appe are d l ik e a person h al f
way b e twee n sl e epi n g an d w ak i n0g 7 he l ost so m uc h stre ng th
i n t wo h ou rs t h at he was u n ab l e to wal k ac ross the room w i th
o u t stagger i ng .

T R EA T M EN T OF Y EL L O W F EV ER .

I b eg an b y g i v i n g h im N os. 2 and 3 , to i
r a se i nternal
t he
h eat and to c l ear the stomac h , and in one h our afte r ge tt i ng
5 16 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

him war m he was in e x t re me pai n , so th at his fri e nd s we re

a l arme d ab o u t hi m b u t I told t he m i t wa s a favorab l e s m
; y p
to m . A fte r b e i ng 1 11 t hi s si t u ati o n a b ou t o ne h o ur, perspi rati on
starte d , a nd t he n e x t d a he w as o u t ab o u t h is b usi ness
y .

T he e ffe c t 1 11 t h i s c ase w as prec i se ly si mil ar to a pe rso n s he

i ng re c ov ere d afte r h av i n g b e e n d ro w n e d T he b al an c e of 1 11
.

ward w ar m t h ab o ve t h at o f t he e x te rn al a tmosph e re h av i n
g
b e e n l ost, the se nsati o n o f fee l i n g c e ase s, and o f c o u rse th e re 1 3
n o pai n . B u t as soon as the v i tal warm t h b egi ns to g ai n t he
asc e nd an c y so as to c on te nd w i t h t he c o ld suc c essfu l l y , se n si b i

l ity re tu rns, t he n the pai n and di stress c om me n c e s, an d w ill b e

v e ry se v e re u n t il t he v i c tory is full y e sta b l i s h e d , an d the su r

pl us of v i tal warmt h is restore d .

M A N Y CA S ES CU RED .

Wh il e th e re , I atte n d ed a n u m b e r of c ase s, w i th s i mi l ar suc

c ess.

F EV ER A N D A G U E— IN G RA TI TU D E .

Whil e i n N e w Y ork , I atte n d e d an I ri s h m an b y the n am e of

-

Doy l e , w ho had the fe v e r a nd ag u e . T h i s d i se ase gi v e s a

c o m pl e te v i e w o f m y th e o ry of h e at a nd c ol d for it is ab ou t an

e q u a l b al an c e b e twe e n t he t wo t he h eat kee nr

p g a l i ttl e the 11 p
p e r h and . T h i s m an had b ee n affe c te d fo r fou r m onth s ; he
h ad t he fi ts v e ry b ad d ail y . I c o mm e nc e d b y gi vi n g su c h me
d ic ines as I u su all y g l y c to i nc re ase the he at o f the b ody, and
s u b d u e d t he c o ld , t h u s es ta b l i s hi ng t he s u r l us o f v i tal wa r m th ,
p
an d b t i tl y tt di ng him fe w d a s h e w as c u re d B e i ng
y s r c a e n y .

s ho rt o f m o n e y I k e d hi m fo r so m e c o m e n sati o n for m
,
as p y
t ro u b l e , b u t h e re fuse d , a nd n e v e r paid me a c e n t. H e said he
m ust h av e b e e n g e tt i n g b e tte r b e fore , for n o on e e ver h ear d of
su c h a d i sord e r b e i n g c u re d i n fo u r d ays .

F RI EN DS H IP IN A DV E RS ITY .

A g e ntl e m an b y the n am e of who had the

Q u ac k e nb ush ,

c a re o f t he state s pri so n, l e a rn i ng ho w I had b e e n tre a te d , i h

v i te d m e to g o an d ta rr w i t h him w h il e I re m ai n e d 1 11 t h e c i ty ,
y
for w h i c h pri v il e g e I fe l t v e ry t h an kfu l I was treate d w i th .

m uc h ki nd n e ss b y h i mse l f and famil y, for w h i c h th e y h av e m y

most sin c e 1 e th an k s .

R ET U R N H O DI E.

O n the 1 6th o f S e pte m b e r I starte d for h o me , and arr i v e d

a fte r t h re e m o n th s a b se n c e A fter m y re tu rn I was fre q u e n tl y
’
.

c al l e d u pon to atte nd th e s i c k , b u t g e ne rally d e c l i n e d o n ao

c ou n t o f the tre atme n t rec e i v ed , as b e fore re l ate d , i n re l ati on to

p y
a

COM M E N C ES COL L EC T I N G M ED I C I N E .

I n N ove mb e r I we nt to P l u mb I sl an d to coll ec t med i c i ne . I

5 18 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

c ou n tab e l for w h at w as t hen d o i ng , and he l e ft i mmedi atel y ,

te ll i n g the pati e n t that D oc to r F re n c h s b il l m ust b e pa id fort h
’

w i th . I n te n d ay s the y ou n g m an w as we l l and at w ork in a

n ai l fac to ry . I as ke d him w h at Doe t. F re n c h had c h arg e d
him and he said se v e n te e n d ol l ars. I tol d him t h at I th ou gh t
t h at a s uffi c i e n t c h arge for us b oth , an d s h o u ld c h arg e him
p
n othi nbg . H is moth e r w as a poor w id ow d e pe ndi n g o n he r o wn
e xe rtio ns and t h at of he r so n for a l i v i ng . I soo n afte r re tu rn
e d h o me to the g reat d isappo i n tm e n t of m an y w ho wi sh e d m
y
assistan c e .

V IS ITS V ER M O N T— CA S E OF F ITS ,
ET C .

I n t he w i n te r o f 1 8 0 7 I w e n t to Je ri c h o , V e rm ont, to v i si t
m y fath er s fami ly who re si d e d t he re
’
Wh il e I was th e re I
.

w as c al l e d to se e a n umb e r w ho w e re si c k . A m ong t h e m was

a y ou ng m an w ho w as taken w i th c ra m p c on v u l si on fi ts . He
w as take n 0 11 S u nd ay and c o n ti nu e d u n ti l T ue sd ay . H e was
at te nd e d b y the b e st d oc t ors i n th at v i c i n i ty wi t h ou t d oi ng h im

an g o od . T h e y c ou l d n o t m ak e t h e i r m e di c i n e o e rate , and
y g p
t he most part o f t he t i me he w as as s ti ff as a g rav e n i mag e .
H e was at l e ng h g i v e n ov e r to d ie . ow c am e m
o
t N y tu rn of
c ou rse . T he fath e r c ame for m e , an d j ust as we e n te re d the
r oo m he we n t i n to a fi t. H is fee t an d h and s we re d rawn to
.

ward s his b ody his j aws w e re se t his h ead d raw n b ac k and

e v e r y part of hi m as c om pl e te l y fi x e d as a s ta tue . T h e fi rst
di ffi c u l ty w as to g e t him to take m e di c i ne , fo r his j aws we re
se t as t ig ht as a v i c e . I too k a sol uti on of N o s . 1 , 2 , and 6, as
’

st ro n g as it cou ld b e m ad e , t h e n pu t m y fi ng e r i n to t he c o rn e r

o f his m on th b e twe e n his c h e e k a n d te e t h , a nd pou re d som e o f

i t i n as we l l as I c o u ld , an d as soon as it tou c he d t he gl an d s at
t he roo ts o f th e to ng u e his j aws c a me ope n a nd he swal l o wed
som e o f th e m e di c i ne , w hi c h h ad su c h an e ffe c t u pon the st o

mac h th at all t he s pasms l e ft. I l eft him so me m e di c i ne wi t h

di re c ti ons fo r its u se , and he soon e n ti re l y re c ov e re d his h e a l th .
I saw him th ree y e ars afte r and h e to ld m e he h ad n ev e r had
a fi t si n c e I w as c o n v i nc e d from thi s c ase th at the c ause o f
.

all c ram ps or spasms of th i s k i n d w ere se ate d i n the sto m ac h ,

and t h at al l appli c ati ons for re li ef s h ou l d b e m ad e t h ere , as it

w il l b e of no se rv i c e to work on t he effe c t w hil e the c ause ye t

re m ai ns .

CA S E OF F EV ER S O RE .

I w as al so c al l e d to see the son of C apt . L y man of J eri c h o,

who had b e en affl i c te d w i th a fe ve r sore for seve n y ears. A ll
the d oc tors in t h ose parts h ad a h and at him . I t was the i r
O pi ni on t h at t he t h igh should b e l aid open an d t he b on e sc rap
ed . I told him I did not see how t h at c ou l d b e d one wi th out
inj ury to the g reat artery , (f emor a l,) wh i c h lay c l ose to the
 M A TERI A M ED I C A . 5 19

b one w h ere t h e y m ust c ut . H e was sati sfi ed it woul d not do,

a n d w i sh e d m e to atte nd him . I told the fat h er t h at it w as
i m possi b l e for m e to stay th e re and atte nd him , b u t if his son
w an te d to g o h om e w i th me I wou l d m ak e a tri al of w h at I
c ou l d d o fo r hi m ; to w h i c h th e y a ll c on se n te d , and the y ou n g

m an we n t h o me w i t h m e . I b e g an b y gi v i ng h im m e di c i ne s
to c orre c t an d stre n g th e n the stomac h and dig est i v e sy ste m :
b ath i n g the so re w i t h r h e u mati c d rops, som e ti mes b at h i n g w i th
c old w ate r to stre n g t h e n the le , an d afte r proc e e di ng in t hi s
“ g
m anne r ab o u t o ne mon th , he w as sufli c ien tly re stored to d o
so m e w o r k . H e re mai ne d w i th me u n ti l A ug ust wh e n he was
’
e nti re l y c u red so th at he w as ab l e to re tu rn to his fath er s o n
,

foot, a d i stan c e o f o ne h u nd re d an d t h i rty m il es.

G REA T S U C C ES S IN DY S EN T ERY .

1 11 the fal l o f thi s y e ar, t he dyse nter y o r c am p d is

te m pe r as it w as c al l e d b ec ame e pid e m i c in J eri c h o, and was
atte n d e d w i t h suc h fatali ty t h at a ll e x c e t t wo w ho we re at
'

p
t e nd e d b y the d oc tors had di e d , h av i ng l ost ab ou t t we n ty i n a
s h ort t i me . T he i n h ab i tan ts we re m uc h al arm e d and h e l d a
c o nsu l tati o n w h at was b est to d o , an d b e ing i nform e d b
y y ou n g
L y man t h at I w as at h ome, th e y c am e to the c o n c l usi on to sen d
a n e x re ss a fter m e
p ,
w h i c h was d o ne , and I i mm ed i ate l y m ad e
a rra ng e m e n ts to c o m l y w i th t he i r req uest. I n t we nty fo ur
p
-

h ou rs afte r I started , an d arri v e d th e re on the th i rd d ay after,

'

an d fo u n d t h e m w ai ti ng w i th g re at an xi e ty for m e , t he si c k

h av i ng re fuse d to take any t h i ng fu rthe r fro m the d oc tors I .

had an i n te rv i e w w i t h the se l e c t me n of t he to wn w ho had

t a ke n u pon t h e m se l v es the c are of t he si c k. Th e y i nformed
‘

m e t h at t h e re was th e n ab ou t t hi rty sic k, w ho wi sh e d my assi st

an c e . I ag re e d to tak e c h arg e of t h e m, on c ondi ti on th at I .

c ou l d hav e t wo m e n to assi st m e . T hi s was c o mpli e d wi th ,

an d I c o m me n c e d m r c t i c e u th i rt y i n t h u f
y p a
po n e c o rse o
t h re e d ay s . T he di sord e r was the most di stressi ng of any that
I had e v e r w i tnessed . O n e m an had b e e n speec h l ess for 6 h ours,
a nd was su
pposed to b e d y i ng ; b u t on m y gi v i n g him m e di
,

c i ne to w ar m h i m he see me d to re v i v e l i ke an insec t t h at had

, ,
b e e n w ar me d b y the su n afte r h av i n g l aid in a t orpid state
th rough the wi nter.

IN V EN TS M ED I C I N E, AS REQ U I RED .

1 h ad b u t l i ttl e medi c i ne wi th me, and h ad to use suc h as I

c ou ld proc u re i n the pl ac e .
CA U S E OF TH E DIS EA S E.
I fou nd the c au se of the di sease to be ld ness and c an k er ;
co
t he digesti ve powe rs b e i ng l ost the stomac h b e i n d eran e d so
, g g
t h at t he system c oul d not h old the heat.
 5 20 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

CA N K ER M ED I C I N E, ET C .

I m ad e use O f red pe ppe rs ste e pe d in su mac te a, sweetened ,

‘

and so m e ti mes the b a rk and b e rri e s, to rai se the h e at and sc o u r

O ff the c an k e r, w h i c h had t he d e si re d e fle c t A fte r taki n g t h i s.

te a, t hose w ho we re stron g e n ou g h I pl ac e d ov e r a ste a m as

l on g as t h e y c oul d b e ar it, and t he n pu t t h em i n b ed . Th ose
w ho we re too we ak to stand , I m an ag e d to h av e se t ov e r a
steam , and re e ate d as o fte n as oc c asi on re q u i re d .
p
S Y RU P F OR D I G ES T I ON .

To re store the powe rs, I mad e u se of c h e rr y stones.

digestiv e
1 pou nd e d t h e m fi ne, an d the n mad e a te a O f b l ac k b i rc h b ark
and pu t i n t he c he rri e s, a nd m ad e a sy ru , b
p y pu tti mg from
t wo to t h re e ou n c es o f su g ar to o n e q u ar t o f t h e l iq u or t hi s ,

was gi ve n freel y , and a ns we re d a g ood pu rpose .

T O WN CL EA RED OF TH E D I S EA S E I N EI G H T D A Y S .

I i
c ont n ue d to atte n m y pati e n ts, aid e d b y th ose ap
d u po n

i te d to assi st m e , and i n e ig h t d ay s I had c o m l e te l y su b

p o n p
d ue d t he di se ase . T he pati e nts al l re c o vere d e x c ept two, who
were d yi ng w h e n I fi rst saw th e m .

M ED I C I N E TO N U RS ES .

I g ave the sa me medi c i ne to the n urse s and those e x pose d to

d i se ase , as we l l as to t h ose t hat we re si c k, wh i c h pre ve nte d
t h e m fro m h a v i ng the d i sord er : fo r the same re me dy t h at wil l
c ure di sease w i l l pre v e nt i t.

A TT EN DA N C E I N G EO RG I A .

A fte r fi n i sh i n g m y prac ti c e in t hi s to w n, I w as se nt for to g o

to the to wn O f G e o rgi a, a b o u t t hi rty m il es di sta n t, w h e re l prao
t i c e d wi t h g e ne ral su c c ess for one w e e k , an d t h e n re tu rne d to
Je ri c h o. T h ose pati en ts I l e ft we re c om fortab l e, and soon e n
i ly
t te re c ove re d .

DU E C RED I T G IV EN .

T he d oc tors w ere n ot we l l pl ease d on ac c oun t of my i nform

i ng the pe opl e how to atte nd t h e mse l ve s and t h e y h av e ne ve r
req ui re d t h e i r assi stan c e i n t h at d i sord e r si nc e . Due c redi t
was award e d m e fo r m y med i c al ser v i c es in thi s pl ac e .
S P RA I N ED A RM .

A b ou t th i s ti me I w as c al l e d to see a y oung m an in the town

of B ridg e wate r, V t , ab ou t 1 8 y e ars O f age , w ho had l b st t he use
.

o f h is ar m b y a strai n. I t had b e c ome pe rfe c tl y u se l ess, a nd he

c arri e d it i n a sl i ng . H is h eal th was al so had . A s I c ou l d n ot
s tay to atte nd h im , he w as c a rri ed to m y h o u se . I b e g an wi th
h im in my usu al way , b y warmi ng the stomac h and re stori ng
d ig esti on, and b ath ed his arm wi th the oil Of spe arm i nt, and in
5 22 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

ed o f to i nj ure me in w i th h is fri e nd s, o ne o f wh om
c on nec t on i
se nt for m e to c om e and gi v e a c al f O f h is t h at was sic k a g re e n

o wd e r and a s w eat . K n o w i n g t h at h is o bj e c t w as to i n su l t
p
m e , I se nt b ac k word fo r him to e mpl o y D r F re nc h , as u su al , .

and if he c o u l d n o t c u re i t, I w ou ld t h e n atte n d a n d restore i t

,

as I w as i n the h ab i t of d oi n g w i th the re st of his pati e n ts. It

so h a e n e d t h at the c al f d re d . S oon after , a so n was tak e n
pp
v e ry si c k . I n a fe w d ay s an oth er c al f w as fou n d d e ad in the
astu re , an d ab ou t the same t i me his O ld e st so n w as tak e n si c k .
p
T h e se t hi n g s h appe ned i n suc h an u n e x pe c te d mann er, th at it
se t t h i s m an a t hi n k i n g O f h is ab use tow a rd s m e , an d h is c on

sc i e nc e c on d e m ne d h im , an d h e h ad t he foll y to b e l i e v e i t w as

all the e ffe c t O f w i tc hc raft, and w i sh e d to m ake h is pe ac e w i t h

me , and he sen t word t hat if I wo ul d l e t his fam i l y al on e he

wou l d nev e r d o or say an y t hi n g m o re to m y i nj u ry . T h i s
tre aty I readily assen te d to ; his c h i ld re n soo n afte r g ot wel l ,
and prov i d e n ti al l y i t so O pe rate d u pon him as to k ee p his sl an
d e rons tong ue stil l in re l ati on to m e .
RET U RN S H OM E— S U C C ES S F U L P RA C T I C E.
I soon afte r re turn e d h ome and was i mm e di ate l y sen t for to
,

atte n d t he si c k and w as g e n e ral ly v ery suc c e ssfu l

,
w h en the ,

dysente ry and fev er w ere most pre v al en t ne ve r fail i ng in any ,

instan c e O f gi v i ng re l i e f and c om pl e te l y pu tti n g a c h ec k to

,

t h ose al arm i n g e pid e m i c s w h i c h c au sed so mu c h te rror in ma

,

ny parts of t he c ou ntry .

RET U RN To S A L IS B U RY — S IC K REL I EV ED .

I n t he ye ar 1 8 0 8 I w e nt ag ai n to S ali sb u ry M ill s and on my ,

way stoppe d at P e lh am and re li e v e d se v e ral c ases

, .

O n m y arri v a l at S ali sb u ry M il l s w h e re I m ad e it m y h om e
, ,

I w as i mme di ate ly c all e d u pon to prac ti c e i n t he adj ac e n t tow n

an d c ou n try M an y d esperate c ase s c am e from di fferen t parts
.
,

w h i c h had b ee n gi v e n ov e r b y the d oc tors as h o pe l ess su c h as ,

h u mors, d ropsi es mortifi c ations fel ons c onsu mpt i ons & c
, , , , .

WON D ER A T C U RES .

F ev ers were so qu i c kl y c u red , and w i th s o l i ttl e t rou b l e, th at

man y we re u n w i ll i n g to b e l i e v e t h at the y had the di se ase . M y
ac ti c e g av e g e ne ra l sati sfac ti on , and was c on sid e re d to b e s u
pr

e r i or to al l othe r s y ste m s k n own .

p
V I OL EN T O P P O S I T I ON .

mu c h
’

Dr. F ren c h appe are d m y suc c ess wi th

to b e e n ra e g d at

his pati e nts, and fail i n g to d estroy the c on fid e n c e w hi c h the

eopl e had in me , he th e n attempte d to frigh ten me b y th re ats .
p
M EA N N ES S .

He woul d fre qu ent ly c ause me to be sent for in great haste

 M A TERI A M EDI C A . 5 23

to atte nd some his si c k ne igh b ors, b ut I

of saw th rough all his
t ri c k s, and av oid e d h is sn are s.

G REA T W I C K ED N ES S .

It d th at if he fail e d in d estroyi ng my repu tati on he

see m e ,

w as d e ter mi n e d to d estroy me B e i n g o n e d ay at S al i sb u r y
.

v il l ag e i n c om pany w i th Je re mi ah Eaton of Ex e ter w h ose

, , ,

wi fe w as th e n u n d er m y c are for a d ropsi c al c o mpl ai n t I w as

, ,

se n t for fo u r t i m e s to v i s i t a y ou n g m an at t he h ouse of Dr F . .

T he l ast t i me a m an c am e o n h orseb ac k in t he g re atest h aste

, ,

and i nsi ste d t h at I sh o u ld g o an d se e him I ask e d why D r . .

F re n c h did n o t atte nd hi m H e answe re d th at the y oun g m an

.

h ad rat h e r h av e m e B e i n g c on v i n c e d of a tri c k I re fuse d to

.
,

o, and the m an re t u rne d

g .

P L OT C ON F ES S ED .

In a sh ort ti me Dr . F i n to the v ill age , and M r.

re n c h c am e

Eato n w h at w as the m atte r w i t h the y ou ng man at

aske d him

his h ou se . H e said n o thi n g , and th at he w as as we l l as an y

b ody . M r. Eaton t h e n ask e d him w hy b e c au se d m e to b e sen t
for so m any ti mes, and he said , to se e if I d are d to c ome i n to
h is ne igh b o r h ood to d oc tor, for he said h e w ou l d b l ow out m y
b rai ns if I c am e u pon his sid e o f the r i ve r.
F REN CH A RRES T ED .

M r. Eaton an d ot m y fri e nd s c onsid ered my l i fe in

h ers Of

d ange r, and ad v i se d m e to b e o n m y g u ard . I had to pass his

h ouse b ot h d ay and n igh t, and it w as n ot d ee me d safe for me to
o al one ; c on se q u e n tl y I h ad so me o n e to ac c o m pan y m e . I
g
c ont i n ue d in t hi s way se v e ral d ay s, w h e n , fi nd i n g h is m ali ce

ag ai nst m e as g reat as e v er; I had h im arre ste d and pu t u nd e r

t wo h u n d re d d o ll ar b on d s to k e e p t he pe ac e , and appe ar at the
n e x t c ou rt o f c o mmon pl e as . H e appe are d at c ou rt, was ord er
e d to pay t he c os ts, and d i sc h arg e d from b ai l .

N ET T L E B A S H— CU RE.

Re v J ab e z T rue of S ali sb u ry w as afli ic ted wi th the nettl e

.
, ,

r ash o r S t A nth o ny s fi re
,
. I t w as c au se d b y figh ti n g fi re
’
.
,
ab ou t 2 5 y e a rs b e fore an d he h ad b e e n su bj e c t to b re aki n g o ut
,

e ve r si n c e w hi c h at t i m es w as v e ry pai n fu l as i t fe l t l ik e the
, ,

sti ngi ng O f b ees and w o u ld swe l l a ll ov e r his b ody T he d oc .

tors c oul d n ot re l i e v e him I tol d him th at h e h ad he ate d

.

h i mse l f to th at d e g re e t hat th e re w as ne arl y a b alanc e of po we r

b e twe e n the o u twa rd an d i nte rnal h e at and th e n c ool i n g him ,

se l f su dd e n l y the i n w ard h e at had fal l e n as m u c h b e l o w t he

,

natu ral state as it had b ee n ab o v e i t b e fore and the onl y wa

y ,

to e ffe c t a c u re was to b r i n g him i nto t he same state as he was

i n w h en figh ti ng fi re H e w i sh e d me t o u nd e rtak e his c ase
.
.

I c arri e d hi m t h roug h w i th a c ou rse of me di c i ne and mad e use ,

5 24. TH E T H O M S O N I A N

of e v er y me ans i n m y powe r to i
ra se the i n ward h e at
, pu rsu
ing my pl an wi th z e al for t wo d ay s, w h e n h e b e c am e a l ar m e d ,

and said he fe l t as if he s h ou ld d ie , for he fe l t t he sam e as w h e n

he w as figh ti ng the fi re I th e n k e pt him i n th at s i tu ati on as

.

m u c h as possi b l e , an d it we n t d o w n g rad uall y , so as to h old a

n atu ral proporti on of h e at. I su c c ee d e d c om pl e te l y in e fi ec ting
a c u re , and he has e nj oy e d g ood h e a l t h e v e r si n c e .

C ON S U M P T I ON CU RED .

I atte nd e d his w i fe at th e sam e ti m e who had b e e n l on g ih a

,
-

c on sum pti on a nd h ad b e e n gi v e n o v er b y t he d oc tors to d ie

,
.

S he was pe rfec tl y c u re d an d t h e y w e re b ot h in g ood h eal t h in

,

1 8 22 and ready to testi fy to t he tru th o f t h i s state men t

,
.

CA S E OF D RO P S Y .

A woman b y the n am e O f L i ff ord c ame to me at S al i sb u ry

M il l s, and w i sh e d m e to atte n d h e r . S he w as v e ry poorl y w i t h
the d ropsy . I told he r th at I t h ou gh t he r c ase w as v e ry b ad ,
and he r c h an c e w as so sl e n d e r fo r a c ure t h at I ad v i se d h er to

o h o me . S he l e ft, as I su pposed for h ome , b u t soo n re turne d ,

g
an d said sh e h ad fou n d a pl ac e to b oard , an d a y ou n g wom an

had ag re e d to n u rse he r. I u nd e rtook w i t h he r, as I c ou l d not

w el l av o id it. I g av e he r so m e me di c i ne an d it o perated fav or
ab l y , an d I th e n g av e str i c t o rd ers t o the n u rse t o k ee p u p a
erspi rati on t h rou gh t h e n igh t b u t she al m ost total l y n e gl e c t
p
e d he r d u t y to the si c k, for t he sake of y o u n g c om pan y . O rr
v i si ti n g th e pati e n t i n t he m orn i n g , I fou n d m y di re c ti ons h ad
b e e n di sre g ard ed . T he l ad y to ld m e that the n u rse had n eg
l ec ted h e r, an d that s he had g ot her fee t ou t O f b e d ; perspi
r ati on h ad c e ase d , an d o the r s y m pto m s appe a re d u nfa vorab l e .

I atten d e d he r th rou g h the d ay , and did a l l I c ou ld to re l i e v e

he r, b u t c ou l d n ot rai se a pe rspi rati o n ag ai n . S he c o nti n u e d
u n til ab ou t m id n igh t the fol l o w i n g n igh t, and di e d . M y h ope s
o f d oi ng h e r g ood we re sm a ll , b u t I t h i n k t hat i f she h ad n ot
b ee n n eg le c te d b y t he n u rse t h e re m ig ht h ave b ee n a c h anc e
for h er.
T he l oss of thi s pati e n t c au se d g re at tri u m ph am ong m y e ne
mi es, an d D r F re n c h tri ed to h av e a j u ry on the b od y , b u t he
.

fail e d , for th e c ase was too we l l k n own , and all c l e are d me O f

b l ame .
T he nu rse said t h at I h ad d one al l I c ou ld , and if t here was
any b l ame it ou g h t to fa ll o n h e r, an d n ot on me .

P Rre EG E To KIL L .

T hi s fashi on ab l e d oc tor m igh t l ose h al f O f his pati e nts w i th

i mpun i ty b ut if I h appene d to l ose o ne o ut O f se v e ral h un d red s
,

O f d esperate c ase s, 1 was g uil ty O f mu rd er in t h e i r esti mati on .

5 26 TH E T H O M S O N I A N

i
c e nt to b oi l awa y the wate r T h i s reply pl e ase d
. him ve r y
muc h , and he said it w as a sh ort w ay to d o b usi ne ss .

F I RS T C A S E OF vEN EREA L .

Whil e prac ti c i ng in Ex e te r, I had a pat i e nt (a w oman from

P ortsmou th ) w ho had the v e ne real , in c on se q ue n c e O f a b ad
h usb and S he had b ee n attte nded for ne arl y a y e ar b y the
.

d oc tors in P ortsmou th , w ho had fil l e d her w i th me rc u r y for the

pu rpose of c u ri ng the di sord er, u nti l the re me d y w as w orse th an
t he di sease . H e r c ase w as a l arm i n g and v e ry di ffi c u l t ; she
w as b rough t on a b ed b e i n g u nab l e to sit u p, and see me d to b e
,

o n e m ass of pu tre fac ti on I proc ee d ed w i th he r in m y u su al

.

way of treati ng O ld d i se ase w h e re th e syste m has b e c ome g e n e

ral l y di sord e red , b y gi v i n g me di c i n e to r m ote erspi rati o n ,
p o p
steam i ng to t h row o u t the m erc u r y and to re store t he d ig esti ve

p ow e rs,
and i n t h ree w e e ks she re turn e d h ome
,
e n t i re l y c u re d .

S EC O N D CA S E— P ERF EC T CU RE, ET C .
A noth er woman c am e to m e from the same pl ac e, who had
b ee n si c k fi v e y e ars, wh i c h had b ee n in c o nseq u e nc e of h av i n g
h ad the v e n e real . T he d oc tors had fill e d her w i t h m e rc u ry , to
k il l the di sease , as th e y c al l e d it, and l eft he r to li nge r out a m i
serab le e xi ste nc e .

Wh en she stated the c ase to me, I fe l t v e ry u nwil l i n g to n u

de rtake w i th her, appre h en di ng th at i t wou l d b e v e ry u nc er
t ai n whe th er a c u re c o u l d b e eff e c te d , he r di se ase had b e e n of
so l on g stan di ng ; b u t she i n si ste d t h at I s h ou l d n ot pu t h e r
O ff. I at l e ng th c o mm e n c e d u pon he r, and a fte r t h re e wee k s
atten d an c e s he re tu rn e d h o m e , w e l l ; an d in l ess t h an a y e ar

she had t wo c h ild re n at a b i r th . H er l ast c hild prev i ou s to the

t wi ns was b orn e igh t y e ars b e fore .

DIS EA S E EA S IL Y CU RED .

T hi s is v e ry e asil y c u re d i n its fi rst stag es, b y a c om

di sease
mon c ou rse of me di c i ne , b e i ng noth i ng m ore th an a high stage
O f c an k e r seated i n the gl an d s o f the org ans O f g e n e rati on an d
if not c ure d , c om mun i c ate w i th the gl an d s of t he t h ro at and
ot h e r par ts. U nd er the fash i on ab l e treatmen t, t h e re is more
d ifli c uity in re mov i n g t he m e rc u ry from the b od y O f on e i n t hi s
si tu ati on, t h an in c u ri ng a d oz e n who h av e n ot tak en the poi
S OY).
CA S E OF C ON S U M P T I ON .

Wh il e in Ex e ter y ,
a ou n g f
m an ,
C ol . N ath an i e l G i l
s on O

man , who was in a d e c li ne , c al l e d on m e for assi stan c e . H e

was ab ou t fou rtee n y e ars of age , and had b een trou b l e d w i th
b l eedi ng at the nose . T he physi c i ans had mad e u se of su c h
'

we rful astr i ng e n ts, w i th c orrosi v e su b l i mate snu ff e d i n to

p o
the head , th at the b l ood v essel s seeme d sh ru n k , and his esh fl
 M A TERI A M ED I C A . 5 27

h ad waste d a way . I c arri e d him th rough w i th a c ourse O f me

d i oi ne, and g ave an e q u al c i rc u l ati on O f b l ood th rough the b o
d y, and stoppe d its c o u rse to the h ead ; th e n rai se d a n atu ral
e rs i r t i n to d t h dig e ti v e sy ste m an d re g u l ate d the
p p a o , res re e s

b ody g e ne ral l y , so t hat it m igh t re c e i ve suppo rt from his food

a nd not m ed i c i n e .

P A T I EN T RES T O RED , ET C .— F A CU L T Y A L A RM ED .

In a s h ort ti mehe re c o ve re d his he al th , so t h at h e c o m m an d

e d a c o mpan y of t he m il i ti a at t he al a r m at P o rtsmou t h d u ri n g
t he war. M y su c c ess w h il e at thi s pl ac e w as v e ry g re at, an d
g ai n e d me m u c h c re d i t am ong the pe opl e b ut the fac u l ty we r e
a l arm e d , an d m ad e u se O f e v e r y artifi c e to r ej u d c e the u b l i
p p c
ag ai nst me .

S CA L D H -

EA D .

A son O fJ o hn U nd e rw ood O f P ortsmou th w as b rou gh t to

, ,

m e w hil e at Ex e te r w ho had w h at w as c all e d a sc ald h ead

,
~
.

H e h ad b ee n affl i c te d w i th it fo r n i n e y e ars T he d oc tors had .

b ee n appl i e d to b u t to no pu rpose; an d w h e n the b oy w as

,

b rou gh t to m e the fat h e r ag re e d to pay a g e ne rou s pr i c e if I

,

w ou ld c u re h im I too k c h arg e o f h i m and pu rsue d m y u su al

.
,

c ourse O f tre atm e n t an d i n t h ree w e e ks he re tu rne d h ome we ll

, ,

a nd has n o t si nc e h ad an e r n f t h di
y pp
a a a c e O e sease .

M O RE I N G RA T I T U D E.

T hi s m an paid m e on e c e n t for thi s ser v i c e , and in or

n e ver

d er to m ake a re fusal to pay pl ausi b l e , h e t urn e d a g ai nst m e and

m y prac ti c e , al th o u g h he had ac k no wl e dg ed th at I had sa ved
t he li fe of h is son H e said m u c h ag ai n st m e and m y prac
.

t i c e , and k e pt aw ay m an y t h at m igh t h av e b e e n c ure d . A t

l e ng th he w as tak e n si c k h i mse lf, and appl i e d to m y agent for
re li e f, and w as resto re d to h e al t h .

V EN EREA L P A T I EN T K I L L ED B Y D O C T O RS .

I was se n t fo r to g o to P orts mo uth to see a y ou ng m an b y

the n a me of L e b e ll w ho was in a v e ry d an g erous s i tu at i on ,
suppose d b y his fri e nd s to b e in a d y i ng state , h av i ng b e e n g iv ~

e n o v e r b y d oc to rs C u tl e r an d P i e rpon t at te n O c l oc k t h at m orn
’

i ng . I arri ve d ab ou t t wo i n the afte rnoon . H e had b ee n at

t e n d e d b y the d oc tors for ab ou t a m on th , to c u re t he v e nere al .
T h e y had fil l e d him so ful l of me rc u ry that he had swol l e n all
o v e r w i t h t he poi son T he d oc tors pron ou nc e d it the d ropsy .
.

H is l eg s had b ee n sc arifi ed t o le t O ff t he water ; the d i sord e r

h ad g ai n e d t he asc e n d e nc y , an d his v ig orou s c onsti tuti on had
su b m i tted .

O P I N I ON OF CA S E.
1 at on c e pronou nc ed his c ase to be a d e sperate one, and to ld
5 28 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

the F re nc h who h ad the c are O f him th at I c ou ld g i ve

cou n se l
no e nc ou rag e m e nt th at I c ou l d d o him an
y g ood , b u t he w as
v e ry an xi ou s th at I s h ou ld m ak e a t ri a l . I to l d him , t he o nly
c h anc e w as to r ai se a e rspi rati on , an d th at twe n ty fo u r hou rs
p
-

wou ld d eterm i n e his c ase , for he wou ld b e b e tte r i n t h at ti m e or

d ead .

P RO M IS ED REW A RD .
T he id e a O f a pe rspi rati on c au sed him to u rge me to t ry and ,

he said if I c ou ld effe c it he wo u ld gi v e m e on e h u n d re d d O l
t ~

l ars— the d oc tors had tri e d a m on t h an d c ou l d n ot su c c e e d I .

g av e him som e m e di c i ne the n pu t on the c l oth e s b y d eg re es

,

u n ti l he was s h i e ld e d from the ai r and he swe at fre e l y in ab ou t

,

one h ou r .

A N X I ET Y OF D O C T O RS — P A T I EN T B ET T ER.
T he two d oc tors were prese n t, an d aston i s h e d at m y su c c ess;
t h e y walk e d t he room tal ke d l ow , an d t h e n w e n t o u t
,
I stai d .

w i th him u nti l six O c l oc k , an d t he sy m pto ms appe are d fav ora

’

b le ; he swe at profuse l y , and s pat m u c h m atte r , t i ng e d wi th

b l ood . I tol d the n u rse to kee p h im i n t he sam e si tu ati on u nti l
I re tu rn ed , and t h e n w e nt away an d was gone ab ou t on e h our,
and c ame b ac k w i t h M r. U nd er wood .

O U T RA G EO U S T REA T M EN T .

Wh en we c ame I nto we fou n d t h at the d oc tors h ad

the room

t ak e n him ou t O f b e d , an d sat hi m in a c h ai r an d o pe n e d the

w i nd ows to le t a d raft O f c old air strik e h im I to ld t h e m th at .

t hi s tre atment O f t h e i rs to w ard s the m an wou ld c au se his d e ath ,

an d t h at I sh ou l d d o n o m ore for hi m , an d s h o u ld n o w c on sid e r

h im as t h e i r pati e n t. I t appe are d the y we re i n trou b l e b e c au se

I had e ffe c te d in on e h ou r a perspi rati on w hi c h t h e y had fail e d
in d oi n g in a m on th .
.

P A T I EN T P A I N T S — D I ES .

T he m an fai nte d b e fore I l e ft the roo m . I wen t hom e w i th

M r. U n d e rwood , an d l e ft t h e m to pursue th ei r o wn c ou rse, and
the man di e d b e fore m orni ng .

N O P AY —V IL L A N Y OF D O C T O RS .

I re c e v e d n o c om pe nsat on
i for my trou b l e , for c o m i n g fi f
i
teen m il es and re tu rn i ng on foot ; an d b esi d es, afte rw ard s t he se
tw o d oc tors c am e for w ard and sw ore th at I k il l e d t hi s m an ,
n otwi th standi n g th e y h ad gi v e n h im o v er to d ie t he m orn i n g
b efore I saw him , and th e y had take n him out O f b e d as b efore
state d .

O n b ei ng i nformed t h at th e y d esig ne d to S u pport a c om

l i nt ag ai nst m e I O b tai n e d sev e ral d e posi ti on s O f pe rsons w ho
p a ,

we re k nowi ng to the fac ts, to counterac t t h e i r state m en ts On .

5 30 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

P H Y S IC G IV EN — C ON S EQ U EN C ES .

He w as so u r gent g ave him a smal l d ose wh i c h ope

that I ,
rate d v e ry soo n and the c onse q ue nc e w as i t re i n fo rc e d t he
, ,

d i sord er and th re w him i n to the g reatest d i stress H e aske d

, .

for m ore ph ysi c b u t I told him I wo u l d n ot gi ve hi m any m ore

, ,

b e i ng c on v i n c e d o f th e i m propri e ty O f phy si c i n su c h a c ase ; and

I h ave n e ve r gi v e n an y si n c e I t c h e c ke d t he pe rspi rati on and
.
,

d re w the d e te rm i n i ng powe rs fro m the s u rfac e i n ward so t h at ,

I had to g o t h rou g h w i th the same proc ess ag ai n O f rai si ng t he

perspi rati o n and v o m i ti n g w h i c h was m uc h more di ffi c u l t t h an
,
a t fi rst an d it was w i th the u tm ost a tte n ti o n and d ifli c u lt t h at
, y
I was ab l e to k ee p O ff t he m ortifi c ation for t we l v e h ou rs A ll .

t h i s was b rough t ab ou t b y tak i ng a sm al l d ose of h y si c

p .

D I EF I CU L T Y REL I EV ED .
I k e pt u p the perspi rati on t h rou gh F rid ay and S aturd ay , and
on S u nd a y m orn i n g w h e n I c a l l e d to see hi m h e w as u
p and
d ressi ng I aske d him how he did , an d he repl i ed I a m as
.

strong as
y o u are , and too k m e u n d er t he ar m an d c arri e d m e
”

ac ross the roo m O n M on d ay he w as d own on the w h arf, at

.

te ndi ng to h is shi ppi n g b u si ne ss.

REM A RK S OF TH E P EO P L E.
T hi s c ase c re ate d m uc h e x c i te me nt wi th t h ose b y w h om the
fac ts w e re k now n S ome wo ul d say how c an t h i s man b e
.
,
s u c c e ssfu l i n prac ti c e w h e n he h as n o l e arni ng ? (b oo k kn ow
,

l edge ] M r Ri c e g av e me m u c h c redi t for t hi s c ure and re

.
,

q ueste d me to m ake his h ouse m y h ome w h il e in P ortsmou t h .

TH EO RY EX P L A I N ED .

Whil e h e re ,
i n trod uc e d to J udg e A l e x and e r Ri c e O f
I w as ,

K i ttery M ai n e a g en tl e m an o f h ighl y respe c tab l e stan di n g i n

, ,

t h at v i c i n i ty L i ke o th e rs J udg e Ri c e c o ul d n ot see ho w so
.
,

v al u ab l e a d i sc o v e r y c o u l d b e m ad e b y a m an w i t h ou t an e d u

c at i on
. I e x pl ai ne d the ph il osoph i c al pri nc i pl es O f m y prac ti c e
to hi m sho wi ng him how e v e r y t hi n g O pe rate d u nd e r t he e l e
,

me n ts a nd b y o ne ac ti ng u pon anoth e r c au si ng moti on ; how

,

fi re wate r and air k ee p e v e ry thi ng in moti on

, ,
h ow the te m
e r m e n t O f the b ody b d di ng o r di mi n i shi n g the h e at o r c old
p a y a

w ou l d prom o te l i fe o r d e ath A fter h e ari n g m y e x pl an ati on

.
,

he c on fesse d t h at m y n atu ral medi c al tal e nt was of more v al ue

t h an art ifi c i al l e arn i n g .

CA S E OF JU D G E RI C E, ET C .
J udge Ri c e t he n mad e k nown to m e h is infi rmities and ,

w i sh e d th at I wou l d tak e c are of his fam il y an d gi v e h i mse l f ,

and w i fe s u c h i nfo rm ati on as w ou ld e n ab l e t h e m to atte n d u p

o n t h e mse l v es i a c ase O f si c k ness I c arri e d so me O f th e i r fa
.

m il y th roug h wi th c ourses O f medi c i n e, M rs Ri ce b e i ng ve ry .

 M A TERI A M ED I C A . 5 31

ac t ve , and an
i xi ous to g ai n i nform ati on after w h i c h she u nd e r ,

t oo k to m an ag e the b u s i ness
'
S he w as a so u n d w oman i n
.

j udg me n t and fearl ess i n ad voc ati ng c o rrec t pr i n c i pl es

,
.

S AL T RH EU M .

A fte r M Ri c e had b ee n sati sfi e d wi th the u til i ty O f my

rs.

prac t i c e s he w i s h e d m e t o atte nd her t h rou g h w i th a c o u rse of

,

me di c i ne fo r a b ad h u mo r c al l e d the sal t rhe u m w h i c h she had ,

b e e n l on g affl i c te d w i t h S he we nt th ro ug h a fe w c ou rses
. ,

w hi c h effe c te d a c om pl e te c u re .

G OU T .

M j
a or Ri c e
had b ee n affl i c te d for a n u mb e r O f y e ars w i th se
v e re t u rns O f t he g o u t, an d h ad in som e i nstan c e s b e e n c on fi n
e d w i th i t six m on ths tog e ther, an d for six we e ks n ot ab l e to
sit u , and m uc h of t he t i me n ot a b l e to l i ft his h an d to his
p
h e ad . 0

P H Y S ICIA N S T REA T M EN T, ET C .
H e had l y b ee n u nd e r the c are of one O f the most
c on stant
s kill fu l d o c to rs in t h at se c ti on o f c o u n t r w h o w o u ld b l ee d
y , ,

b l i ste r and ph ysi c hi m u ntil his stre n g th w as e x h au ste d ; afte r

,

atte ndi ng h i m i n t h i s w a t h r ou g h th e w i n te r t h e y w ou ld te l l
y
him th at he m ust wai t u n til w arm we ath er b e fore he c ou l d g e t
ab ou t

OP ERA T I O N OF H IS DIS EA S E.

Wh e n the we at h e r b e c am e war m , he w oul d c rawl out to the

su n n y s id e O f t he h ou se , an d in t h i s w ay he g rad u al l y g ai ne d

h is h eal th and stre n g th . A fte r th i s, he was affl i c ted w i th a v i

o l e nt b u rn i ng in the stomac h , w h i c h was al most as trou b l esome
as the g ou t.

REL I EF EA S IL Y OB T A I N ED .

A fte r h av i ng a kno w l e d g e o f my prac ti c e M aj or Ri c e nev er

had an attac k O f the g o ut to l ast t we n ty fo u r h o u rs b e fore he -

fou n d re l i e f. T he b u rn i n g at the stom ac h t rou b l e d hi m b ut

v ery l i ttl e si n c e he u se d t h i s m e di c i n e .

V AL U E OF M ED I C A L K N O W L ED G E .

T h i s ge ntl e man has fre q u e n tl y told m e t h at i f he c ou ld

h ave b ee n as sure O f re l i e f w h e n he was fi rst subj e c t to t hi s
c o mpl ai n t, as he is n o w c e rtai n of i t i n t we n ty fou r h ou rs, he -

w o u ld h av e b ee n w illi n g to h av e gi ve n al l he w as w ort h .

M on e y w o u ld b e no i nd u c e m e n t fo r t hi s family to part wi th th e
k now l edg e O f th i s prac ti c e , were i t in t h e i r powe r to di spose of
t h e i r i nfor m ati on i n re l ati on to its v i rtues.

DY S EN T ERY .

I was sent for to go to De erfi eld , w h e re the dysentery pre

5 32 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

il d
va e ,
h
an d
ad p rov e d v e ry m or ta l . A you ng m an b y t he
n am e O f F ol so m c am e for m e , and he said t h at t he d oc tor h ad
l ost e v er y pati e nt he h ad atte n d e d ; t h at se ve n had di e d an d
m an y w e re si c k and t ha t his fathe r a nd two b roth e rs we re th at
,

m orn i ng gi ve n o ve r b y t he d o c tors to die

t
.

T he yo u ng m an a ppe ared so an xi o us a nd w as so m u c h ,

frigh te ne d th at I c on c l u d ed to g o w i th him T h e d i stan c e w as .

We starte d a l i ttl e b e fore n igh t and ar

'

t we nty e i g h t m il es
-

.
,

r i ve d t h e re ab o u t te n O c l oc k
’
.

S TA T E OF TH E P A T I EN T S .

I fou nd the fath e r an d two son s as b ad as they c ou ld b e and

b e al i ve ; th e y w e re stu pid an d c old . I told the m ot h e r t h at i t
w as v ery u n c e rtai n w h e th e r I c ou ld h e l p the m . S he b e gg ed
m e to sa ve he r h u sb an d s l i fe i f possi b l e . I c ou l d n ot tel l w h e
’

t h er t e y we re d y i n g or w h e th e r t he y we re u n d e r the i nfl ue n c e
h
o f O pi u m I g ave t h e m m e d i c i n e ; the t wo c h il d re n di e d i n
.

ab ou t t h ree h o u rs, b u t M r . F ol so m soo n g re w b e tte r, a nd fi n al

l y g ot w e ll . I atte nd e d e ig h te e n in all, and fi ftee n of t h em re

c ove re d .

CH A RG E O F M U RD ER, ET C .
T wo y ears afte r th i s the d e ath of t h ese th ree c hild ren was
,

b rou gh t ag ai nst m e b the d oc tors on the c h arge O f m u rd e r

y , .

I rece i ve d for t hi s serv i c e fi ftee n d ol l ars b u t n o c re di t gi v en for ,

th e fi fte e n c ures ou t O f e ig h te e n c ase s w h en the d oc tors l ost all ,

t h e y w ere c al l e d to atte nd ; an d a fte r th e y h ad gi v e n th e m o ve r

to die I c u re d o n e o f th e m t we l v e ho u rs afte r w ard s
,
.

A fte r I le ft th e pl ac e t he d oc tor ad o pte d m y prac ti c e as far

, ,

as h e k n e w i t rt i c u l arl y swe ati ng an d ab o u t h al f O f h is

p a , , pa
tie n ts l i ve d .

B A L A N C E OF P O W ER T O B E OB S ERV ED .

I w as se n t fo r to g o to S al i sb u ry , to see a s i c k c hild who had

b ee n atte n d e d b y a l ady to w h o m I h ad gi v e n i n form ati on . T he
l ady c om pl ai ne d th at t he c h ild wo uld n ot h o ld su ffi c i e n t w armth
t o c on ti n u e t he pe rspi rati on . O n see i n g the c hil d , I at onc e
fou n d ou t the d ifli c u l ty I t was t h i s : w h e n they bg ave m e di
.

c i ne s to r ai se the i n w ard h eat, and star t the d e te rm i n i ng powe r

to the su rfac e , t h e y at the sam e t i me r ai se d the h e at on the su r
face so h ig h as to c ou n te rac t it.
P RA C T I C A L A P P L I C A T I ON OF T H EO RY .

A fte r e x pl ai n i n g the di ffi c u l ty to th e m, I r ai se d u p the c h il d

an d pou re d on i t a pi n t o f c o ld v i ne g ar, and i t i m me di ate l y re

v iv ed. I appl i e d 11 0 m ore o u t ward h e at, onl y s ufli c ie n t to

s h i e l d it from the o u t ward air, and g av e the w arm m edi c i ne s

i nwardly , and on t he O perati on of wh i c h , the c hild g re w c o ld ,

5 3 4. TH E T H O M S O N I A N

ver y cold b ei ng in the month o f De c e mb e r ; th at he had b een

,

c hil led wi th t he c old an d soo n a fte r his re turn had b e e n t ak e n

,

v e ry ill ; he staid w i t h h im on S atu rd ay n igh t t h at he h ad n ot

,

g i ve n any m e di c i ne th i n ki ng he was too d angerously si c k for

,

him to u nd e rtak e w i th .

I told t he y ou ng m an s fat h e r t h at it was v ery d oub tful whe

’
,

t h e r I c ou ld d o an y t hi n g t h at w ou l d h e l p hi m b u t th at I wou ld
,

t ry and d o w hat I c ou ld
,
I fou n d th at the patie n t w as so far
.

on e t h at t he m e d i c i ne w ou l d h av e n o e ffe c t and i n two h ou rs

g ,

tol d hi m t h at I c o u ld n o t h e l p his son an d a d v i se d hi m to c al l

,

s om e ot h e r h e l p . T hi s was sai d in t he prese nc e O f Eld er Wil

l i ams an d M r Ray mon d M r L o v e tt m ad e answe r t h at if I
. . .
,
‘

c ou ld n ot h e l p his son he kn e w o f n o ne w ho c o u ld a n d was v e ry ,

d esi rou s for me to stay w i t h hi m all n igh t w hi c h I did and stood

, ,

b y his b e d the w h ol e ti me H e w as m u c h d e ran g e d til l m orn i ng

.
,

w h e n he c am e to hi m se l f an d w as q u i te se n si b l e I ag ai n re.

q ue ste d the fath e r to se n d for so m e othe r d oc to r as I w as se nsi b l e

,

t hat I c ou ld d o n ot hi n g fo r h im t h at wou l d b e o f an y b e ne fi t H e .

i mm edi ate ly se n t for t wo d oc to rs and as soon as t h e y arri v ed I

,

l e ft him in the i r c are T h e y atte nd e d him til l t he n ex t nigh t,

.

ab ou t te n o c l oc k w h e n he di e d
’
.
,

I h ave b ee n rrro re pa rti c u l a r in gi v i ng the h i story O f th i s c ase ,

b ec au se t wo y e ars afte r a c h arg e was b rou gh t ag ai nst me for

m u rd e ri ng th i s y ou ng m an .

T he fat he r and fri en d s e x pre ssed no di ssati sfac ti on at the ti me

in re g ard to my c ond uc t e x c e pt t h e y thou gh t I ou gh t no t to h av e
,

n egl ec te d the pati e n t so l o ng ; b u t i t is a we l l k no w n fac t, t h at I

atte n d e d as soo n as I k ne w O f his b e i n g w o rse and th at the sol e
,

c au se o f his se c ond at tac k w as o wi n g t o h is g oi n g o u t a nd e x pos

i ng h i mse l f and c ou l d not b e i mpu te d as any fau l t of m i ne

, .

C ON S U M P T I ON .

I n th e l atter part o f De c e mb er, 1 8 0 8 , I was se nt for to attend

Eld e r B ol l e s, the B apti st m i n i ste r o f S al e m . I was i n trod uce d to
him b y Eld e r Will i ams, and fou n d him i n b e d, v e ry weak and
w
lo , i n th e l as t s tag e o f a c on su m pti on — al l h o pes O f a rec ov ery

we r e at an e n d — his d oc to rs l eft him as i n c u rab l e . H e aske d my

o pi ni on of his c ase ; I told him, I c ou ld n ot te l l w h e th e r t h ere

w as a possi b i l i ty of a c u re o r n ot t il l afte r u si ng the me di c i ne,

b e i ng d ou b tfu l w h e th e r th e re was m ortifi c ation o r no t.
I g av e his fri e nd s as c orre c t an ac c ou n t of his di sord e r and the
o pe rati on o f the m e di c i n e as I c ou ld , and said th at I d id n ot w i sh
to d o any t h i n g w hi c h m igh t c au se refl e c ti on s h e re a fte r ; b u t
t h e y promi se d t hat, le t the re su l t b e wh at it migh t, t h e y sh ould
b e sati sfi ed , an d wou l d n ot t h i n k h ard of me .
O n t h ese c ondi ti ons I u n d e rto o k, and told th em th at twenty
four hours ti me wou ld d ec id e w h eth e r he l i ve d or d i ed . I b eg an
 M A TERI A M nm c ii . 35

to gi ve the me di c i ne in the morni ng , w hi c h had a v e ry c alm and

e as y ope rati on T he e me ti c ope rate d v ery k i n dl y an d t h re w
. ,

off his stom ac h a l arg e q u an ti ty o f col d j e l ly l i k e the wh i te of

,

an e th r i r ti n m ov e d g e ntl y o n and was free ; t he

gg ; e
p p
e s a o ,

i n te rnal h e at prod uc e d b y the medi c i ne fix e d the d e te rmi ni n g

w t t h f d t h re w o u t the pu tre fa c ti on to su c h a d e
p o e r o e s ur a c e a n ,

g re e t h at the s m e l l w as v ery offe n si ve M r B ol l es had a b roth er

. .

p rese n t w h o,
w a s a d o c tor ; h e s a id h e did n o ,
t k n o w wh e th e r

t he m e di c i ne m ad e the pu tre fac ti on o r w h e t h e r it m ad e v i si b l e

,

w h a t was se c re te d in the b ody ; b u t h e w as soon c onv i nc e d on

t h a t h e ad fo r w h e n t he me di c i ne had c l e ansed h im all th i s pu
, ,

trid sm e l l c e ase d Whi l e the m edi c i ne was in the g re atest ope

.

r ati on t he pe rspi rati on b rou gh t o u t the pu tre fac ti on to su c h a

, .

d e g ree t h at the n urse in m aki ng his bed was so affec te d wi t h it,

,

th a t she fai n te d a nd fe l l o n t he fl oor .

1 atte n d e d o n him for ab ou t th re e we e k s in wh i c h ti me he was ,

ab l e to se t u p t wo or th re e h ou rs in a d ay ; h is food n ou ri sh ed
his b ody and h is stre n g th g a i ne d v e ry fast c onsi de ri n g the u n
,

fav orab l e seaso n of t he y e ar I g ave him my b e st ad v i c e and

.
,
l e ft di rec ti ons how to proc e e d and re turne d h ome to m y fam i
,

l y to spe n d the re st of t he w i n ter w i t h t h e m

, I re tu rn e d in
.

t he spr i n g to see M r B oll e s an d fou n d hi m so fa r rec o v e re d as

.
,

to b e ab l e to rid e ou t and in g ood spi ri ts

, H e soon g ai ne d his
.

h eal th and is no w [1 8 3 5 ] we l l and ready to gi ve testi mony of

, ,

t he fac ts as I h av e re l ate d th e m .

A N OT H ER S EV ERE C A S E.
I n the se ason of 1 8 09 I su ff e re d m u c h . In the fi rst part of
t he su mme r I atte nd e d m an y pati e n ts w i th old c om l ai n ts in
p
arti c u l ar, on e c ase t h at I sh al l me n ti o n, o f a y ou n g wo man of
p
K i tte r y , i n a c onsu mpt i o n . S he h ad b een c onfi ne d to he r
h ouse fo u r m on th s ; her fle sh was ex h austed , and she had a v i
o l e n t st ri c tu re of the l un gs, w hi c h she said se e m ed as t h oug h

t h e re w as a str i ng t h at d re w he r l u n g s to he r b ac k . T h i s c au s
e d a d ry , h ac ki ng c o ugh , w h i c h was v e ry di stressi ng I c ou ld .

gi ve he r fri e nd s no e nc ou rag e me n t of a c u re ; b ut t he young

woman and h e r fam il y we re so u rg e nt, th at I u nd ertoo k wi th
he r .

H e r c ou rag e w as v er y g re at, and she took the medi c i nes an d

fol l owe d all m y di re c ti on s w i th g re at persev eran c e S he said .
‘

she w i sh e d that it m igh t e i t h e r kil l or c u re , for she did n ot d e

si re to l i v e i n t he si tu ati on she was the n in . I l e ft her me di

c i n e and di re c ti on s, and oc c asi on al l y v i si te d he r . M y pl an o f
tre atme n t w as foll o we d wi t h m uc h atte nti on and z e al for six
m on th s, b e fo re I c ould rai se an i nward h e at th at wou l d h old
m ore th an six h ou rs. S he th e n had wh at was c al l e d a se ttl ed
fever, and I g ave her me di c i ne to raise as g reat an i nternal h eat
 5 36 . T H E TH O M S O N I A N

as I possi b l y c oul d ; t h i s c au se d m u c h al arm am on g her fri end s,

as t h e y t h ough t sh e wou ld c e rtai n ly d ie . I to l d the m th at the
h e at h oldi ng , w hi c h was t he c au se of the fe v e r, was t he fi rst fa
-

v orabl e sy m tom t h at I had see n i n h e r c ase . S he s oon g ai n

p
e d he r h e al t h , to the aston i sh me n t o f al l h e r fr i e n d s a nd ao

u ai n tan c es
q .

S he c on ti n u e d t o e nj oy g ood h eal t h t ill t he n e x t se ason , w h e n

s he h ad an o th er t u rn o f the fe v er. I atte nd e d h e r i n m y u su al
Way, an d rai se d t he h e at t ill i t c o m pl e te l y o v e rpo we re d t he c old ,
w h e n she w as e n ti re ly c u re d , an d h as e ve r s i nc e e nj oy e d g ood
h eal th [1 8 22 ]
.

D RO P S Y — RI C
“
K ET S .

D uri ng t h i s su mm e r a w o m an ppl i e d
a to m e from a ne igh
b ori n g to wn , w ho had the d ro psy — an d b rou gh t w i th he r a l it ~

t le gi rl w ho h ad the r i c ke ts v e ry b adl y, so t h at she w as g row n

m u c h o u t o f sh a pe . I c arr i ed t h e m b oth t h rou g h a c ou rse o f
t he m e di c i n e , at te n d e d t h e m f or t hre e or fo u r w e e ks, an d t h e n
g av e the w o m an i n form at i o n how to re l i e v e h e rse l f an d the
gi rl , oc c asi onal l y v i si ti ng t he m T he y b o t h re c ov ered of t h e i r
.

c o mpl ai n ts, and h av e e nj oy e d perfe c t h e al t h s i n c e .

G RA T EF U L RET U RN S .

T hi s w om an paid m e t he m ost l i b e rall y o f any that I had at

te n d e d a nd has on al l oc c asi o n s m an i feste d her g rati tu d e for
,

t he assi stanc e I affo rd e d h er .

C A N C ER.

A n ot h er wo m an fro m the sam e to w n appl i e d to me , w ho h ad

a c an c e r on h er b re ast S he h ad b ee n u nd e r t he c are o f se v e
.

r al d oc to rs,
w h o h ad b y t h e i r c o u rse o f p
r ac t c e m a
i d e h e r w o rse .

I u nd e rtook w i th h e r, and b y gi v i n g m e di c i ne to c he c k t he c an
ker and pro mote perspi rati o n, effe c tu al l y re li e v e d he r f rom the
di se ase .

OT H ER CAS ES .

M y othe r d espe rate c ases, s u c h as c onsu m t o n s,i d ro psi es

an p ,

&C m t f w h i c h h ad b ee n gi v e n o v e r b t he d oc
c an c e rs, ,
. o s o y
t o rs, w e re atte nd e d b y m e ab o u t thi s ti me , wh i c h it w il l b e u n
n ec e ssa ry fo r m e to par ti c u l ariz e ; al l of t h e m w e re e i t he r c om
l e te ly c u re d o r e sse n ti al ly re li e ve d an d m ad e c o mfortab l e , b y
p ,

t he sy ste m of p rac ti c e .

D EP L ET I O N ,
ET C .

A y ou n g l ady appl i ed to m e who had b ee n m uc h troub l ed

,

w i t h b l e eding at the stom ac h S he stated to me t h at she had

.

b een b l e d b y the d oc tors forty two ti m es in t wo y e ars and that

-

t he y h ad b l e d her seve n t i me s i n si x we e k s S o m u c h b l ood .

h ad b een tak en from her, th at the b l ood v essel s had c ontrac ted
5 38 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

hours the di sease was c om p e tel ly re move d, and she was ab l e to

atte n d to he r work .
A N OT H ER C A S E.

T he same d ay I had ano th e r c ase , o f a c h ild wh i c h the d oc

to r had gi ve n o v e r. Wh e n I c ame to thi s c h ild it was se nse
l ess, a nd 1 e x pe c te d in a mo rtifie d state I g a ve i t the hottee t
.

m edi c i ne 1 c o ul d g e t, w i th t he e me ti c it lay a b o u t six h o urs

sil e nt, b e fore the m ed i c i ne h ad ki ndl e d h e a t e no u g h to c ause

moti o n i n the sto m ac h and b o we l s, w h e n it b e g a n to re v i ve ,

and w h at c a me fro m i t w as b l ac k and pu t rid t he b owe l s j ust
e sc ape d mortifi c at ion . T he c h ild was soo n we l l .
T hese t wo c ases were b oth c u red in t we nty fo ur h ou rs t i me -
.

REM A RK ON S P O T T ED F EV ER.

Wh en the spotte d fe ve r fi rst appeare d in P ortsmou th , the

d oc to rs had fi v e c ases, and al l of th e m di ed . I had fi ve c ases,
and all of th e m l i v e d . B ec au se m y pati e nts did n ot d ie , the
d oc to rs said th e y did no t h ave the fe v e r. I n th i s th e y had
m uc h t he ad vantag e o f me , fo r th e re c o u ld b e n o d o u b t o f th e i rs
al l h a v i ng it , as d eat h was i n most o f t he c ase s u nd e r the i r c are

0 11 t he i r sid e , and d e c id ed t he q u e sti o n . I h av e had a g re at

n u m b e r of c ase s of t he spotte d fe v e r u nd e r m y c a re , and in all
o f t h e m u se d t he re m ai ns o f h e at as a fri e nd . b y ki ndl i ng it so

as t o prod u c e h e at e no u gh in the b ody to o v e rpo wer and d ri v e

ou t the c old ; and h av e n e v er fail e d of su c c e ss, w h e re th e re

was any c h anc e o f a c u re .

C A P T . T RI C K EY
’
S S IC K N ES S A N D D EA T H .

S ome ti me t hi s seaso n I was se n t for to at te nd C apt. T ri c k ey ,

who was v e ry si c k . I e x am i ned him and was c onfid e n t t h at I
c ou ld n ot he l p hi m, and too k m y hat in o rd er to l e a ve the
h ouse . H is fa mil y i nsi ste d on my sto ppi ng and d oi ng some
t h i ng for hi m, b ut I told t he m th a t I t h oug h t he was i n a dyi ng
state , and me di c i ne wou ld do him n o g ood . I told his son, th at
i n all prob ab il i ty he woul d n ot b e al i ve more th an twe n ty four -

hou rs, and th at he had b e tte r g o for so me o th er h e l p, for 1 c ou l d

d o him no g ood . I told the wi fe t h at 1 sh ou ld gi ve no me di
c i n e m y se l f, b u t as t h e y had some in t he h ouse th at t h e y k ne w
t he n atu re of, s he migh t if she c h ose gi ve some of it to he r h us
b an d , wh i c h she did .
T wo d oc tors we re sent for ; the fi rst one th at arri v e d b l e d
h im, and he soo n b reath e d v e ry sh ort, and g re w worse : the
ot h e r d oc tor c ame , and said th at his b re at hi n g sh ort was i n c on
seq ue nc e o f t h e m edi c i ne I had gi v e n him b u t b y t hi s he d id
not g ai n c re di t, for al l t he family k ne w to the c on trary, and the
w oman soon afte r to ld me o f his s peec h . T he pati ent conti nu
ed til l t he next d ay about ten o c l oc k , and d i ed .
’
 M A T ERI A M ED I C A . 5 39

A G A IN CH A RG ED W I T H M U RD ER.

As soo n as he was d e ad , the d oc tors an d th e i r fri e nd s spared

no i
pa ns to spre ad t he re po rt i n e ve ry di re c ti on t h at I had k i ll e d
h im .
S U C C ES S A N D REM A RK S .

T he c i rc u m stanc e o f t he d e at h o f C apt T ri c k e y was se ize d .

u pon b y the d oc to rs a nd t he i r fri e nd s, a nd t he m ost fal se a nd

ab su rd re pre se n ta ti o ns m ad e b y the m t h ro u gh th e c o u n t ry , w i t h
a n i n te n ti o n o f s t o i n g m rac ti c e , b y ge tt i n g m e i n di c te d for
pp y p
m u rd e r o r to d ri ve m e o ff b u t m y fri e n d s m ad e o u t a c orre c t
°

state me n t o f t he fac ts a nd h ad i t pu b li s h e d , w h i c h
put a stop to
t h e i r c aree r fo r t h at ti me I c o nti n ue d m y prac ti c e , and had a
.

g re at n u m b er of the most d espe rate c ases, in most of w h i c h I

w as s uc c e ssfu l .

T he e x t raordi n ary c ures I had pe rfor med , had the te nd e nc y

to m ake m an y pe op l e b el i e ve t h at I c o u l d c u re e ve ry o n e who
h ad li fe in t he m , le t t h e i r d i se ase b e e v e r so b ad ; and w h e re I
atte nd e d o n t hose w ho we re gi v e n o v e r as i n c u rab l e , an d t h e y

d i ed , whe t h er I g ave the m any m edi c i ne o r not, the re port was

i m me di ate l y c i rc u l ate d t h at t h e y we re k i ll e d b y me ; at the
sa m e ti me the reg u l ar d oc tors w ou ld l ose t he i r pati en ts e very

d ay, wi th ou t an y n oti c e b ei n g ta k e n of it.

REM A RK S ON P RA C T I C E A N D CU RES .

I c ou ld m en ti o n a g re at n u m b e r of c ase s of the c u re s t h at I
e rfo rmed if I t h o u gh t i t n e c e ssary ; b u t m y i n te n ti on is to gi v e
p
the part i c u l ars of suc h onl y as w il l h av e t he g re ate st te n d e n c y
to c on v e y to the re ad e r the m ost c orrec t i n form ati on of m y sys
te m o f prac ti c e , w i t h ou t re pe ati n g any t h at were tre ate d in a
si m il ar m anne r to t h ose al re ady gi v e n .
I sh al l n ow proc eed to gi ve the parti c u l ars of one of the most
impor tant c i rc u mstanc e s of m y l i fe , i n as c orrec t and imparti al
a m an ne r as I am c apab l e of d oi ng from m e mory .

{ I N DI C T M EN T F OR M U RD ER.
A fte r prac ti c i ng in t h ose parts t h rou gh t he season of 1 8 0 9 I ,

w e nt h o me to S urry w h e re I re mai ne d a fe w w ee ks and re

, ,

t u rned to S al i sb u ry O n m y way th ere I m ad e se v e ral ste ps in

.

d i ffe re nt pl ac es w h ere I had b e fo re prac ti c ed to see m y f ri e nd s ,

and to gi ve i n formati on to t h ose w ho mad e u se of m y me di c i ne .

and prac ti c e .O n my arri v al at S ali sb u ry m y fri e nds i n form ,

e d me th at D r F re nc h h ad b e e n v e r y b usil y e mpl o y e d i n m
.
y
ab se nc e an d th at he and a d e ac on P e c k e r w ho was on e o f the
, ,

ran d j u ry h ad b e e n to S al e m to t he c ourt an d on t h e i r re
g , , ,

t u rn h ad said th at th ere had b ee n a b il l of i nd i c tme nt fo u n d

ag ai nst m e for w il fu l mu rd e r T he y ad v i se d me to go off and
.
,

keep o ut of the way ; b ut I told the m that I should ne ver d o

5 40 TH E T H O M S O N I A N

th at, for if th e y h ad fou nd b ill ag ai nst m e, the gov e rnme nt

a

m ust pro v e the c h arg e s, or 1 m ust b e l onorab ly acq u i tted .

-

A b o u t te n o c l o c k at rn g ht , Dr. F re nc h c ame to the pl ac e

’

w h e re I s to ppe d , w i t h a c o n stab l e , and m ad e me a pri sone r in

b e hal f o f the c o m m o n we al th . I ask e d the c onstab l e to re ad the
w arrant, w hi c h he did .B y t h i s I fo u n d t h at Dr. F re n c h was
the o n ly c om pl ai nan t, and the j usti c e who g ran te d t he warran t
o rd ere d me b e fore h im to b e e x a m i ne d t he n e x t m orn i n .
g
’
F REN CH S ABU S E.

Whil e at the h ouse ,

and a p r si Dr. F re n c h took the op
o ne r,

ort u n ity to ab use and i nsu l t me in t he most s h ame fu l manne r,

p
w i th o u t an y prov oc ati on on my part. H e c onti nu e d his ab use
to me til l b e t we e n two and t h ree o c l oc k , w h e n he too k his
’

h orse an d we nt to S al e m to g e t the i ndi c t men t.

A fte r he was g one , I fou nd on i nq u i ry of the c on stab l e , th at
afte r he had b ee n b e fore the g rand j u ry a nd c au se d m e to b e i h
d i c te d he c ame h ome b e fore the b i l l was m ad e ou t, and fi ndi n g
,

t h at I was at S al i sb u ry , fe ar i n g th at I m igh t b e g o ne, an d he

sh oul d m i ss t he c h anc e of g ra ti fyi n g his m al ic i ous re v e n g e
ag ai n st me , he we nt to a b roth er d oc tor, w ho was a j ust i c e of
,

the pe ac e , b e fo re wh o m he mad e oat h , th at he had prob ab l e

c au se to suspe c t, and did suspe c t, th at I had w i t h mal i c e afore
t h ou gh t m u rd ere d s und ry pe rsons in the c ou rse of the y ear
t w h n m s w u n k n o w n to t he c o m l ai nant
p as ,
ose a e e re p ; u po n

w h i c h a w arrant w as i ssue d ag ai nst me , and I was arreste d as

b e fore stated , in ord e r to d e tai n and k eep m e in c ustody til l the
indi c tment c ou l d b e ob tai ne d .
A D vI S ED To ES CA P E, ET C .

I n the m ornlng I was b rough t b efore the said j usti c e , and he

n ot b e i ng re ady to procee d i n m y e x am i n at i on, t he c ou rt was
adj ourne d t il l o ne o c l oc k , w h e n I was ag ai n b ro u gh t b e fore
’

him , and he said he c o ul d n o t try me till t he c ompl ai n an t was

re se nt, and adj o urne d t he c o urt ag ai n u ntil n e ar n i g h t. T h e
p
c onstab l e too k me to his h o use in t he mean ti me , and pu t m e in
a b ac k roo m and l e ft m e al one , all of t h e m l e av i n g the h ouse .

Wh e n t h e y c ame b ac k . some of t h e m ask e d me why 1 did not

m ak e my esc ape, w hi c h I m igh t e asil y h av e d one ou t of a b ac k
w i nd o w ; b u t I told th e m t h at I stood in no fea r o f the c ouse
q ue n c e , h a v i ng d o ne n oth i n g w h e reb
y I ou g h t to b e pu nish e d

t h at I was take n u p as a m al e fac tor, and was d e te rm i n e d to b e

c on v i c te d as su c h , or h onorab ly ac q u i tted . J ust b e fore n i g h t,
Dr. F ren c h arri v e d wi th a sh e ri ff, and ord e re d me to b e d e l i
' '

v ered u p b y t he c on stab l e to the sharifl ; and afte r D r F re n c h .

had ag ai n v ente d his spl een u pon me b y the most sav ag e ab u se

t hat l ang uage c ou l d express, sayi ng t h at I was a murd erer, and
5 42 TH E T H O M S O N I A N

B ED , ET C . S H A RED W I T H F EL L O W -
P RI S ON ER .

T he b ed w hi c h was b rough t to me I put o n the old one , and

all o we d m fe ll o w s u ffe re r a part o f i t, fo r w h i c h h e was v e r y
y
-

th ank fu l I had pro v i si on s e n ou gh b ro u gh t m e b y my fri e nd s

.

fo r u s b oth , and I g av e him w h at I did no t want ; the c rusts

and sc raps th at w ere l e ft his poor w i fe w ou ld c om e and b e g and

c arr y to he r starv i n g c hi ld re n , who w ere de pe nd e n t o n her.

H e r si tu ati on and t h at of he r h u sb an d We re so m uc h w orse
th an m i n e , t h at it m ad e me fee l more re c onc il e d to my fate ;
and I g av e he r al l I c ou ld spare , b esid e s m aki n g his c ondi ti on

m u c h more c omfortab l e , for w hi c h th e y e x pre sse d a g re at d e al

of g rati tud e .

C ON S U L T A T I ON , C ON CL U S I ON , ET C .

In fe w d ay s after my c onfi ne m e n t, J udg e Ri c e c ame to see

a

me, and b rou gh t a l aw y e r wi t h hi m O n c onsu l ti n g u po n the

.

c ase , th e y ad v ise d m e to pe t i ti on the Judg es of t he S u pre me

C ou rt to h ol d a spe c i al c ou rt to try m y c au se , as th e re wou l d
b e n o c ou rt h e ld b y l aw, at w hi c h i t c ou ld b e tri e d , t il l the ne x t
fal l , and as t h ere c ou ld b e no b ai l for an i ndi c tmen t for m ur
d e r, I sh ou ld h av e to l ay in pri son nearl y a y ear, w h eth er t h e re
“

was any t h i ng ag ai nst m e or n ot.

P O L ICY OF EN EM I ES .

T h i s w as the pol i c y of my e ne mi es thi nki ng th at th e y c oul d ,

keep m e in pr i son a y ear or in all prob ab il i ty I s h ou ld n ot l i ve

,

t h at ti me and t h e i r e nd s wou ld b e fu ll y answe re d

,
.

TIM E F O R T RI A L .

I se nt on a pe ti ti on , agreeab l e to t he ad v i ce of m y fri end s,

and J udg e R i c e u nd e rtoo k to atte nd to it an d to d o e v e ry t hi ng
-

to g e t the praye r of the pe t i ti on g ran te d . H e fol l o wed the b u

sine ss u p w i t h g re at z e al , an d d id e v e r y thi n g t h at c ou ld b e
d one to e ffe c t the o bj ec t. I th i n k he tol d me that he or the law
er M r B ar tl e tt, h ad rod e from N e wb u ry port to B oston fi fte e n
y ,
.

ti me s i n the c ourse of th ree w e e k s, on the b usi ness. A t l e ng th

J udge P arsons ag re e d to h old a spec i al c ou rt at S al e m, on the
1 0 th d ay o f De c e mb e r, to try the c au se , w h i c h was o ne m onth
fro m the d ay I was c ommi tted . M y fri end s were v ery atte n
t i ve and z e al ous in my c au se , and e v e ry pre parati on was m ad e
for the tri al .
COL D W EA TH E R— B A D A I R— "
F RI EN DS D EP A RT , ET C .

Du ri ng t hi s ti me the weath e r was v e ry c o ld , and I su ffe re d

reatl y from t h at c au se , and l ik e w i se from the b ad ne ss of the
g
air in ou r mi se rab l e c e l l , so th at I had n ot mu c h l i fe o r am b i

ti on . M an y o f m y fri e nd s c ame to see me , and some we re pe r

witted to c ome i nto the c e l l ; b ut the air was so b ad and the
 M A TERI A M ED I C A . 5 43

s me ll so offe ns ve i th at t h e y c ou ld n ot y l on g M y fri endsta .

D r S h e ph ard c ame to see me and was ad mi tte d i nto ou r d un

.
,

g e on .H e sta id a s h or t t i m e b u t ,
s a id i t w as so offe nsi ve t h at

he m ust l eav e m e th at he wou ld not stay in the pl ac e a we e k

for all N e wb u ry po rt O n t h ank sgi vi ng d ay we we re tak e n out
.

o f our c e ll a nd u t i r o o m i n t h e u ppe r story w i t h the ot h e r

p n a ,

p r i son er s a n,d too k s u pp e r t o g e t h e r t h e y c o n si s te d o f m u rd e r

e rs rob b ers t hi e ves and or d b t o rs A ll of us tri e d to e nj oy
, , , p o e .

our s u r d b i g d in t s a s ou r c ondi t i on w ou ld
pp e an , e n a s oo s p
p e rm i t T
. h e m os t o f t h e i r c o m p l a i n ts w e re o f th e fi l thi ne ss
and b ad c ondi ti on of the
p ri son in w hi c h we al l ag reed
,
B e .

fo re it was d ar k m y c ompan i on and I we re wai te d upon to our

fil th y den ag ai n .

Th e re was noth i ng i n the room to sit u pon h igh er th an the

t hi c k ne ss of ou r b ed and wh e n I wrote an y t hi n g 1 h ad to lay
,
on m y b e l ly i n w h i c h si tuati on I wrote the M e di c a l C i rc ul ar,
,

and se veral ot h e r i w hi h w r ft er w rd s ri nt e d
p e c e s c
,
e e a a p .

V IS IT F RO M S ON -
IN -
L A W.

A fte r I had b ee n i n pri son ab ou t t wo wee k s, my son ih l aw - -

c am e to see me . I had b e fore se n t for him to c ome to P orts

m out h on some b usi ness, and on he ari ng of my b e i ng i n pri son
he i mmedi ate l y c ame to N e wb u ry port to see me . H e see med
to b e m u c h m ore trou b l e d ab o ut m y situati on t h an I was my
se lf
.

C ON S CI OU S I N N O C EN C E .

I fe l t perfe c tl y c onsc i ous of my i nn oc e nc e, and was sati sfi ed

th at I had d one n ot hi ng to me ri t suc h t re at me nt ; t h e re fore my
m i nd was free fro m re proac h ; for I had pursue d the c ourse
o f d u ty, whi c h I c once i v e d was a ll otte d to me b m M k e r,
y y a
and d one e v e ry t hi ng i n m y po we r to b e ne fi t m f ll ow c rea
y e
tu res. T h ese re fle c ti o ns su pporte d me in m y troub l es and per
sec u tions, and I was pe rfe c tl y resig ne d to m
y fate .
IN DI CT M EN T REA D, ET C .

A b ou t thi s ti me , a l awyer c ame i nto the pri son and read to

me t he i ndi c tme nt, wh i c h was in t he c o m mon form, t h at I wi th
m ali c e afore th o ug ht, not h a v i ng the fear of G od be fore my ,

e y es, b u t mo ve d b y the i nstig at i on o f the d e v i l , did kill and

m u rd e r t he said L ov e tt, w i th l ob e li a, a d eadl y poi son, & c . ; b ut

fee l i ng so pe rfec tl y i n noc e nt of the c h arges whi c h the b il l ai
lege d ag ai nst me, it had ve ry l i ttl e effe c t u pon my fe e li ng s ;
kno wi ng t h e m to b e fal se , and th at th e y had b e en b rou gh t
ag ai nst me b y my e ne mi es, w i th out an ti m
y p ro voc a on o n y
part.
5 44 T HE T HO M S O N I A N

RE M OV ED F RO M C E L L — EF F EC T OF F I RE U P ON H IM .

O n the mo rni ng o f t he d ay th at was appoi nte d foi me to b e

re mov e d to S al e m for tri al , I was taken o u t of m y l oath some
c e l l b y the j ail or, w ho g av e me w ate r to w as h m y se l f wi th , and
I was pe rm i tte d to tak e m y b reak fast b y a fi re w h i c h was the
fi rst t i me I had see n any fo r t hi rty d ays, and Cou l d not b e ar to
sit near it, in c onseq ue nc e of its c au si ng me to fe e l fai n t. As ,

soo n as I h ad e ate n m b re a k fast t he i h kl were

y ron s a c e s

b ro ugh t and pu t on m y h an d s, w h i c h I was ob lig e d to wear til l

I g ot to S al e m . T he weath er was v ery c ol d, and t he g oi ng
b ad , b u t we stoppe d b ut o nc e on the w ay , the d i stanc e b e i n g
ab ou t t we n ty si x m il es.
-
O n ou r arri v al , I w as d e l ive re d o ve r
to the c are of the k e e pe r of the pri son i ri S al e m, and was c on ,

fi ne d in a room in the sec ond story, w h i c h was more c omforts

b le t h an the o ne I had l e ft.
T RI A L P U T OP E.

1 was soon i n forme d th at Judg e P arson s w as si c k , an d had

‘
u t ofi m y tri a l for te n d ay s ; so I had to rec on c il e m y se l f to
p
the i de a o f b e i n g c on fi n e d te n day s m ore w i t h ou t fi re . H ow
e ve r I w as n ot w i th out fri e nd s ; Eld e r B ol l e s and C apt. R usse l l
c ame to see m e the fi rst n igh t, and M rs. Russe l l se nt her se rvant
twic e e v e r y d ay , w i th warm c o ffee and oth e r th i ng s for m y
co w
mfort, for whi c h 1 h ave al ays b ee n g rate fu l ; and M rs. P e r
k i ns, w h om I had c ure d of a d ropsy, sent for m y c l othes to
was h ag ai nst the d ay of tri al .
A T T EN T I O N OF F RI EN DS M
P REP A RA TION F OR T RI A L .

M any of m y fri en d s c ame to S al e m to atte n d my tri al ; so me

as wi tnesses, and oth e rs to aff ord m e an y assi stanc e in t h e i r
w A fe w d ay s b e fore m t ri al , J u d g e Ri c e and M r. B a t
p o e r. _
y r

l e tt, w h om I had e m pl oye d as m y l awye r h e l d a c onsu l tati on

wit h me as to the arrang e ments n e c essar y to b e mad e , w h e n it
was d e c id e d th at i t would b e b est to h ave oth er c ou nse l , and
M r. S tory was ag ree d u pon, and e n ag ed I n my c au se . I had
al so e ng ag e d M r. B ann i ste r, of N e w u ry port, to assi st in the t ri
al ; b u t he was of n o b en e fi t to m e , and afte rward s su e d me for
fi fty d ol l ars, at fi fty m il es di stance , to pu t me to g reat e x pe nse .
I n o rd er to b e pre pare d for the tri al , my c ou nse l h el d a c on
sul tation tog e t h e r, and e x am i ne d t he pri nc i pal w i tnesses in the
d e fe nc e . M r. B ol l es, J u dg e Ri c e, and seve ral ot h ers, g av e
r e at sati sfac ti on as to the val ue and usef ul ne ss of the m e di
g
c i ne , and the v ari e ty of c ures t h at had b ee n pe rforme d wi th it
wi thi n th e i r k nowl edge . Dr. F u ll e r, of M il ford , N . H ., w as
re e n t and m ad e man y state me nts in m y fav or, as to t he v a
p s ,

l ue of my medi c i ne , and ad v i se d to hav e D r. C u tl e r, of H amil

ton, summoned , whic h was done . Eve ry th i n g w as d one b y '
5 46 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

c ou rt to e x am i ne , an d th e y d to b e afraid of it : and
al l a ppe are
a fte r t h e y had a ll sati sfi e d th e i r c u ri osi t y Jud e R i c e took it in
g
his h and and ate it w h i c h v e ry m uc h s u rpri se d t h e m
, T he .

sol i c i to r ge ne ral aske d hi m if he me an t to

po i son h i mse l f in the
pre se nc e of the c o u rt ; he said it wo u ld not h urt hi m to e at a
pee k of it, w h i c h see me d to s trik e the c ourt w i t h aston i sh ment .

C RO S S EX A M IN ED .

D r. H owe was th e n c al l e d at m y req uest for c ross e x ami na

ti o n, an d M r. S to ry ask e d him to d esc ri b e l ob e li a, ho w it l ook
e d w h e n g ro wi n g , as he had swo rn to it b t h t t n d sm e l l ;
y e as e a
T h i s se e me d to put him to a stand and afte r b e i ng sil e nt for
se v era l mi n u tes, h e said he had not see n an so l ong he sh ou l d
y
n ot k no w it if he s h o u l d se e it a t t hi s t i me . T h i s so c om pl ete
l y c ontradi c te d and did awa y al l th at he had be fore stated , t h at
he we nt off the stand q ui te c ast d own .

D R. CU TL ER ’
S T ES TIM ON Y .

Dr. C utle r w as c al l e d o n to i nfo rm the c ou r t w h at the medi

c i ne w as, t h at D r. H o we had so posi ti ve l y d e c l are d to b e lob e
l ia, and afte r e x ami ni n g it, he said i t appeare d to hi m to b e
marsh rose mary— whi c h was the fac t. S O far, al l t h e y had
-

prove d ag ai nst me was, th at I had gi ve n the you ng m an some

m ars h rose mary — w h i c h Dr. C utl er had d ec l ared to b e a g ood
med ic i ne .
F A L S E S W E A RI N G .

S ome y oung wo me n we re b rou gh t fo rward as w i tne sses,

w h om I had no k nowl e dg e o f e v e r see i n g b e fore O ne of t h e m .

said t hat I c ro wd e d m y pu k e d o wn L o v e tt s t h roat, a n d he c ri e d

’

m u rd e r til l he d i e d . T hi s was we l l k nown to b e a fal se h ood ,

and t h at t he sto r w as w h o ll y m ad e u p b y my e ne m i e s, as we l l
y
as w h at had be e n b e fore state d b t h ose wome n , for the pu r pose
y
of tryi ng to m ak e o u t so me t h i n g ag ai nst me I had two u ni m~ .

pe ac hable w i t nesses i n c ou rt, ready to s we ar that I ne ve r saw

t he y ou ng man for more tha n fo u rte e n h o u rs b e fore he d i ed ,
d uri ng al l wh i c h ti me he was in the c are of Dr. Howe ; b u t b y
not h av i ng an opportu nity to m ak e m y d e fen ce , i n c onse q ue nc e
of the g o ve rn me nt not mak i ng o ut th e i r c ase ag ai nst me , c ou ld
not b ri ng t h e m forward .

A G O OD W I T N ES S .

J oh n L e mon was the ne x t w i tne ss b rough t forward b y t he

c omm on we al th , a nd was di rec te d to state w h at he k ne w a b ou t
t he pri sone r at t he b ar. H e stated , th at he had b ee n ou t of
h eal th for t wo y e ars, b e i ng muc h trou b l e d w i th a pai n i n his
b reast ; th at he c ould ge t 11 0 h e l p from the d oc tors ; t h at b e ap o
 M A TERIA M ED I C A 5 47

pl i ed to me I had c u re d him in one wee k ;

and and t h at was all

h e k ne w ab out the pri so ne r at the b ar.

COU RT IM P A TI EN T .

B y t hi s t i me , J udg e P arso ns appeare d to b e ou t of pati e nc e,

and said he wo nd e re d w h at t h e y had for a g ran d j u r y , to fi nd
a hi l l on su c h e v id e nc e . T he so li c i tor g e ne ral said he had
m ore e v id enc e wh i c h he wi sh ed to b ri ng forward .
‘
D R. F REN CH S W O RN .

Dr. F re nc h w as c all ed , and as h e had b een the most b u sy

ac to r in the w h o l e b usi n e ss of g et ti ng me i n di ct e d , an d h ad

b ee n the pri nc i pal c au se , b y his own e v id e n c e, as I was i n fo rm

e d , of the g ran d j ury fi ndi ng a b il l ag ai nst me , it w as e xpec t e d

th at his te sti mon y n ow wou ld b e su ffi c i e nt to c ond e mn m e at

onc e ; b u t it tu rne d o u t, l i ke the rest, to am o u nt to n oth i n g .
H e w as ask e d i f he k ne w the pri soner at the b ar ; he said h e
did . H e w as t h e n di rec te d to state w h at he k ne w ab ou t him.
He said , the pri sone r had prac ti c e d in t he p art of the c o untry
w h e re he l i v e d , w i t h g ood su c c ess, an d his me di c i ne w as h arm
,

l ess, be i ng g ath ere d b y c hi ld re n for the u se of the fami li es.

P RO S E C U TION F A I L S .

T he j udge was ab o ut to c h arge the j u ry , wh e n the sol i c i tor

g en eral arose , and said , t h at i f it was n ot pro ved to b e m urd e r,
i t m igh t b e fou n d m an sl a u gh te r . T he j ud g e said , you h av e
rov e d n o th i ng a g ai nst the m an , an d re eated t h at he wo nd er
p p ,

e d w h at t h e y h ad for a g ran d j u ry .

CH A RG E T O JU RY .
I

I n his c h arg e to the j ur y, t he j udg e state d th at the pr1 soner

had b ro k e n n o law, c o mmo n o r statu te , an d q uote d H al e , who
say s, an y person may ad m i n i ste r m ed i c i ne , wi t h an i n te n t i on to

d o g oo d ; and if it has t he c o n trary effe c t from his e x pec tati on ,

a nd kil l s the
pati e nt, it i s n ot m u rd e r, nor e ve n mansl au g h te r.
I f d oc tors m u st ri sk the l i ve s of th e i r pat i e nts, w ho woul d prac
t ice ? H e q uote d al so from B l ac kstone, who s ays, w h ere no
m al i c e i s, no ac ti on l i es.
A CQ U ITTA L .

T he c h arge b e i nggi v en to the j u ry th e y re ti re d ab ou t fi ve

,

m i nu tes, a nd re tu rne d i n to c ourt, and g ave in t h e i r v e rdi c t of

n ot g u il ty .

REM A R KS .

I was thu s h onorab l y ac q u i tte d , w i thout h av i n g h ad an Op

portuu ity to h ave my wi tnesses e x ami ned , b y w h o m I e x pe c te d
to h ave prove d the use fulness and i mportan c e Of my d i sc ov e ry
5 48 TH E TH O M S O N IA N

b e fore a l arg e asse m bl y of peopl e , b y the testi mony of ab ou t

t we nty fi v e c re di tab l e me n , w ho were prese nt at the tri al , b e
-

sid es c on tradi c ti ng a ll the e v id e n c e prod u c e d ag ai nst me . Af

te r t he tri a l w as o v e r, I w as i nv i te d to the S u n T avern to su p

per, w h e re we e nj o ye d o u rse l v es for the e v e n i ng . Wh e n we

sat d o wn to the t ab l e se v e ral d oc tors we re
present, who we re so
off e nd e d at m a c q u i ttal t h at t h e y l eft the tab l e .
y

A TT EN TION S OF F RI EN DS —IM P A I RED H EA L TH , ET C .

T he ne x t d ay I we n t to S al i sb u ry , and stoppe d wi t h M r. O s
g ood , wh e re I was fi rst arre ste d . M rs O sg ood and a yo ung .

woman who h ad b ee n e mpl oye d b y me as a n u rse, assi ste d to

c l e an m
y c l ot h es and c l ear me of so me trou b l eso me c o mpani ons
I had b rou gh t wi t h me from the pri son , and w h e n I had paid a
v i si t to al l m o ld fri e n d s w ho w e re v e r y g l d to se e me , 1
y ,
a
we nt to P ortsmou th , to rec ov e r m y h e al t h , w h i c h w as v ery
m u c h i mpai re d b y b e i ng c o nfi ne d forty d ay s in t h ose fil thy and
c o ld pri so ns, in t he c old e st
part of a re mark ab l y c ol d w i nter.
M y fri e nd s atte nd ed u pon me , and c arri ed m e t h rou g h a reg u
l ar c o u rse of me di c i ne b ut the fi rst operat i on of it h ad b ut. l it
tle effec t, i n c on se q u e n c e of my b l ood b e i ng so mu c h c hil l e d ,
and it was a l ong t i me b efore I c oul d rai se a r i t i n t h t
p pe s ra o a
wou ld h ol d .
OB J EC T OF TH E D O C T O RS .

I am c onfid en t th at I sh ou ld n ot hav e l i ve d throu gh the

w i nte r in pri son and b e l i e v e th at t h i s was th e i r pl an fo r w h i c h
, ,

u r t h y h d m i n d i t d f or m u r d e r k n ow i n g th at in t h at
p p ose e a e c e ,

c ase t h e re c ou ld b e no b ail tak e n and th at as th e re wou l d b e

,

n o c ou rt at w hi c h I c ou ld b e t ri ed for ne a rly a y ear, I s h ou ld

h av e to l ay i n pri son d u ri n g th at ti me , and t h at I s h ou ld prob a
b ly d ie t h e re or i n any c ase th e y wo u l d g e t rid of me fo r one
,

ar at l e ast wh e t h e r t h e re was an t hi ng rov e d ag ai n st me

y e , y p
o r not ; and in th at ti me the d oc tors and t h e i r d upes would b e

e n ab l e d to ru n d own the c re di t of my m e di c i ne and pu t my ,

p r a c ti c e i n to di sr e pu te a m o n g t he p p
e o l e B u t I h ave
. b e e n e u
b l e d b y g ood fortun e and the k ind assi stanc e of my fri e nd s, to
,

d efeat all t h e i r pl ans .

J U DG M EN TS .

M ost of h ave be en i nstru mental in tryi n g to d es

th ose who
troy m e and my prac ti c e h ave had some j udg me nt b e fal l t h e m,
,

as a re ward for the i r perse c u ti on s and m al i c i ous c o nd uc t to

ward s me I was c redi b l y i n formed t h at Deac on P e c k er one
.
,

o f the rand j u ry t h at fou nd the b il l ag ai nst me we n t w i t h Dr

g _
,
.

F re nc h to h unt u p e v id e nc e to c ome b e fore h i mse l f in ord e r to ,

have me i ndi c ted A s h ort ti me after I was put in pri son, he
.
550 TH E T H O M S O N I A N

th e m a c h an ce o f l ayi ng i n b ed u nt il n oon , w i th ou t b e i ng d is
t urb e d b y t h e i r pati e nts .

C ON F IN E M EN T .

I was c al l e d on , the n ig ht fo ll o wi ng , to atte nd a wo man in

c hild b ed
O
1 atte nd e d ac c o rdi ng to m y pro mi se , and le t t h e m
.

re st ; and i f I had re m ai ne d t he re , t he y m i g ht h a v e re ste d n u

t il the prese n t ti me , as I atte nd e d to all b ran c h es in prac ti ce .

N U M B ER OF DOCTO RS , ET C .

T h e re we re , I th i nk , fi v e prac ti c i ng d oc tors o n the i sl and ,

a mo n g w h om m y s uc c e ss in c u ri ng t he s i c k c ause d g re at a l a rm,

and I so o n e x pe ri e n c e d t he sa me d e te r m i ne d O pposi ti o n fro m

t h e m, w it h a l l t he a rts a nd pl a ns to d e st ro y me a nd my prac
t i c e , t h at I had e x pe ri e n c e d fro m the same c la ss o f me n in o t h e r

pl ac e s .

I s h al l l
re ate the art c u ars o f so m e o f
i l the c ase s I atte n de d
p
b u t m ost of t he n u me ro us c ases w hi c h I had u n d e r my c are
we re so n e arl y s i m i l a r to t h ose t h at have b ee n al ready gi v e n,
a nd m y mod e of tre ati n g t h e m b e i ng ab o u t the same , t h at it w ill

be u nnec essary to re pe at th e m .
'

A C A sE O F D RO P S Y .

I was se nt for to v i sit a M rs. L ove tt, w ho was the d au gh ter

of M r. De lisde rn ie r, at w h ose h o u se I atte nd e d her. S he had
t he d ro psy , and had b e e n u nd e r the c a re of on e of the d oc tors,
t il l he had gi ve n he r o v e r as i nc ur ab l e . I we n t to se e he r, in
c o m pa ny wi t h the d oc tor, b u t we c ou ld n ot ag re e as to the .

c ause and re me dy

OP IN ION S OF TH E D O C T O R.

I as e k d him
l q uesti ons c onc e rni ng the po wer of the
sev e ra

e l e me n ts and t he e ffec t o f h e at o n the h u man sy ste m

,
H e ah .

swe red t hat t he e l e m e n ts had n oth i n g to d o wi th t he c ase

, Af .

te r gi v i ng him m y i d e as o n t he su bj e c t w h i c h al l appe are d to ,

b e n e w to h im I tol d him th at the c o n test in th i s c ase was b e

,

twee n t he fi re and wate r an d if I c o u ld g e t h eat e no ugh in

'

the b ody to mak e the wate r v ol atil e it c ou ld n ot stay t h e re , .

H e said th at any th i ng wa rm wou l d n ot ans wer for her I t h en .

ask e d hi m ho w he t h o ug ht t he h otte st me d i c i ne w ou ld d o he
said it wou l d prod uc e i m me di ate de at h I t h e n told him, th at .

if 1 d id any th i ng for her, I s h ou l d ad m i n i ste r the h otte st m e di

c i ne I c ou ld gi v e .

U N WI L L IN G TO A T T EN D TH E P A TI EN T .

Fi ndi ng t h e re would b e a di sad v antage on my part in d oi ng

any th ing for her, as t he d oc tor and I c ould not ag ree , I le ft the
 M A TERI A M ED I C A . 55 1

house . I w as fol l owe d b y the fath e r and mother an d the doc

’

t or, who all i nsi ste d 0 11 m y re t urn i n g , b u t I told the m t h at no t

w i thstandi ng the d o c to r h ad g i v e n he r o v er, if I w as to atte nd '

he r and she sh o u ld d ie th e y wo u ld say t h at I k ill e d her.

O V E RP ER S U A D ED TO A TT EN D .

T h e y pro mi sed th at le t the c onse q ue nc es b e w h at t h e y m igh t

,

no b l am e sh o u ld b e a ll e g e d ag ai ns t me ; u po n w h i c h I ag ree d
t h at I wo u ld s top o n c ondi ti on t h a t t wo o f my fri e n d s sh o u ld b e
,

se nt as w i t n esse s to w h a t w as said an d see t he fi rst o

p r e r
p c ess ,

O f the medi c i ne w h i c h w as asse n ted t o a nd t he y we re se n t for

, ,

and h e ard the state m e n t of the d oc to r a nd fa m il y .

A N OTH ER W I T N ES S .

A C apt M i tc h el l , from N e w Y o rk , was al so pre se n t and h e ard

.

the c o n ve rsati on b e twe e n me and t he d oc to r, and was pl e ase d

wi th the pri nc i pl e s t h at I l aid d o wn so m uc h th at he e x presse d
a w i sh to b e prese n t a nd see the O pe rati o n of t he m e di c i ne, a nd

s ta id ac c or di ngl y .

M A N A G EM EN T OF D O C T O R, N U RS E, E T C .

T he d oc tor pre tend e d to b e g oi ng away til l afte r I had gi ven

t he fi rst me d i c i ne and appe ared t o b e v e ry b usy g o i n g o u t and
,
.

c om i n g i n an d had m u c h c on v e rsati on w i t h M rs L o v e tt the

, .
,

h usb a nd s mot he r w ho w as the n u rse A fte r t he fi rst me di c i n e

’
.
,

had d one w hi c h O perate d fav o rab ly I ga ve d i re c t i ons wh at to

, ,

d o and parti c u l a rl y to kee p t he pati e n t in a pe rspi rati on d u ri ng

,

t he nig ht, and l e ft med i c i ne for t h at purpose We t h e n went .

home .
EY ED — P W O RS E
i
O RD ERS DIS OB A T I EN T .

I n the morn i ng I ca ll e d to see he r, and to my su rpri se fo und

h e r s i tti ng w1th the wi nd o w u p, and e x pose d to the air as m uc h
as possi b l e . O n e x am i nati on , I fo und th at no me di c i ne had
b e e n used . O n e nq u i ry , I fo u n d th at the d oc to r had b e e n in
freq ue ntl y to see he r ; and o n e n q u i ry w hy t h e y had not fol
l o wed m y di re c ti ons, the n urse appeare d to b e v e r y c ross, a nd
sa id she wou ld not ta ke an y o f m y me di c i ne I tol d th e m t h at .

th e y h ad n ot kill e d he r, b u t I d id n ot th an k t h e m for th e i r g ood

w il l any more th an i f t h e y had d one i t.
L EA V ES ~ A N D P ERS U A D ED TO RE T U RN .

I wes ab o ut l e av i ng the h ouse , as I fo u nd my di re c ti ons

would not b e atte nde d to b y the n urse , b u t C apt. M i tc h e l l was
v e ry u rge n t fo r me to c on ti n u e . I told hi m t hat if he wo ul d
a tte nd upon he r and se e t he med i c i ne gi ve n and e v er y thi ng

d one ac co rdi ng to my di re c ti ons, I wo u ld c o nt i n u e , to w hi c h

.

he ag reed. I left the patient in his c are , and he atte nded he r

552 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

fai th full y t h rou gh the d ay ; at n i g h t I v i si ted her , and fou nd

the swe lli ng b eg an to ab ate . H e c o nti n ue d his c are o f her, a nd
in th ree d ays she was ab l e to g o u p and d o wn stai rs, arid i n
o n e we e k she was w e ll . B y the i nfl ue n c e of t he d oc tor, the
wo m an and the h u sb and al l tu rne d ag ai nst m e, an d I n e v e r t e
c e i ve d a n t hi n fo r m y t rou b l e , b u t t h e i r ab usfi and sl and e r.
y g

T he wo man s fat h er an d C apt. M i tc h e ll h o we ve r, g ave me al l

’

c re di t for t he c u re , and t h e y b ot h purc h a se d a righ t.

I N F A M OU S C ON F ES S ION OF TH E N U RS E.
A b ou t a y e ar afte r, at a pri v ate asse mb l y of wo1nen , t hi s M rs.
L ov e tt, t he mothe r 1 n l aw of the si c k w o m an , g ave an ac c ou nt
-

of the w h ol e t ran sac ti o n , and state d t h at t h e re w as a ri v ate in

p
te rv ie w b et wee n h e r an d the d oc tor, and it w as ag ree d to g o
c o ntrary to m y di re c ti o n s, an d t he d oc tor said s he wou ld d ie i n
the c o u rse of t he n igh t ; and t h at he s h ou l d ta k e m e u p for
m u rd e r, and th at she must b e an e v id e nc e . T h i s appeared to
b e al most i nc re di b l e , t h at t h e y sh ou l d b e so vo id of all h u man
fee l i n g s, as to b e w ill i ng to h ave the wo man d ie, in orde r to
h ave the opportu ni ty to take m e u p for mu rd e r ; b u t t wo wo
m e n who we re pre sen t w h e n she to ld the story , g av e t h e i r de
posi ti on s prov i n g t he fac t as ab ov e s tate d .
P RA C T I C E— S O C I ET Y F O RM ED — L EC T U RES .

I i d my prac ti c e on the Isl and at L u b ec and on the

c ont n u e , ,

m ai n payi ng m y m ost parti c u l ar atte nti on to t h ose w ho se n t

,

fo r me and wante d i nform ati on

, I prac ti sed und e r th e i r i h
.

spe c ti on ab ou t fi ve wee k s and t h e n to ld t h e m t h at I had d one

,

e noug h for a tri al to prov e t he u se o f t he m e di c i ne , a

, nd shonld
d o no more til l I k ne w w h e th e r a S o c i e ty c oul d b e forme d .

T h e y e x pre sse d t h e i r e nti re sati sfac ti on and wi sh e d to h av e a

,

S oc i e ty forme d ; a meeti n g was c al l e d for t h at pu rpose a nd

.
,

six tee n sig n e d the a rti c l es at the fi rst me e ti ng A fte r t hi s a .

m ee ti ng w as h el d e v ery we e k at w hi c h a L e c ture was gi ven

,

for the pu rpose o f gi v i ng i nfo rmati on and for t he ad m i ssi on of

m e m b ers ; and e igh t e ac h we e k we re add e d d uri ng the su m
,

mer .

RET U RN TO PO RT S M OU T H .

I n the fal l I went b ac k to P ortsmou th to atten d to m y b u si

ness t h e re an d se e to the S o c i e ty w hi c h had b e e n forme d I n

th at pl ac e .
RET U RN To EA S T P O RT WI T H S T U D EN T .

A fte r stay i n g in P ortsmou t h a fe w wee k s to gi v e i nformati on

to the pe opl e , an d proc u ri n g a stoc k o f medi c i ne, I mad e ar
r ang e me nts to re tu rn to E astport ; and some ti me i n th e mont h

of O c tob e r, I se t sail for t h at pl ac e , taki ng wi th me m y stu

de nt and S tephen S e well . On my arri val I i ntrod uced M r. C ar
554 r m : TH O M S O N I A N

ev er me t wi th b e fore I was u nab l e to do any th i n g for th e se

.

t wo pati e nts, e x c e pt some t i me s b y a te mpora ry re l te f. T h e y

c o nti n ue d to g ro w worse , and fi ndi ng it no t in m y po we r to d o
th e m an y good , I l e ft t h e m, and t h e y b ot h soon afte r di e d .

REM A RK S .

Wh e th e r the e xtrao rdi nary c i rc u mstanc e s atte ndi ng the two

c ases ab ove state d we re c ause d b y a st ratage m of the d oc to rs,
,

in wh i c h t he old woman was mad e t h e i r ag e nt, to i nj u re me

b y c ausmg in so me way o r oth e r poi sonous me di c i nes to b e
ad m i n i ste re d to t h e m in o rd e r to pre v e nt my me di c i ne from
hav i ng any sal u ta ry e ffe c t, is wh at I do no t fe e l d i spose d to as
se rt as a fac t ; b u t t he man y c ases in whi c h I h a ve b e e n c e r
tai n t h at su c h t h i n g s h ave b e e n d on e b y the fac u l t y , and th e i r
e nmi ty and u nifo rm o pposi ti on to m y prac t ic e , b o th at thi s
l c e and e l se whe re , as we l l as t he c o n fe ssi o n m ad e b y t he o ld
p a

woman , wou l d te nd strongl y to c o nfi rm s uc h a b e l i e f. I c o u ld

me nt io n a g re at nu m b e r o f fac ts in ad di ti on to wh at I h ave
said in re g a rd to t h is aff ai r, if ne c e ssa ry , w h i c h a ppe are d v e ry
e x t rao rd i n ary to me and a l l w ho w i tnesse d t h e m ; b u t 1 th i n k

t h at e no ug h has b ee n s aid on the subj e c t, and s h all l eave i t to

the pub l i c to d ec id e b e t wee n u s.

D OC T O RS OU T OF B U S IN ES S .

T h ere were fi ve d oc to rs at Eastport wh e n I we nt th e re who ,

had a pl en ty o f b usi ness ; b u t my suc ce ss was so g reat and the ,

o l e b e ca me so we l l satisfi e d o f the su pe ri ori t y o f m y s y ste m

p p
e

o f prac ti c e o v er t h e i rs t hat t he y we re soon re l i e v e d fro m m ost

,

o f the ir l ab o rs ; a nd in a s h o rt t i me afte r t h re e of t h e m had to

,

le ave the pl ac e fo r wan t of e mpl o y me nt .

P A T I EN T S — RET U RN S TO P O RT S M O U T H .

A fte r i g my b usi ne ss I c onc l u ded to re tu rn to P o rts

arrang n ,

mo u th a sh ort t i me b e fore I c ame a way a M r Whi tne y c a me , .

to me for assi stanc e and pu rc h ase d a righ t

, A b ou t t he sa me .

ti me a M r M c F adde n a ppl i ed al so f r a ssi s tanc e w ho had the

. o
,

c o nsu mpt i on I l e ft t h e m b o t h u nd e r t he c are of M r Carpe n

. . .

te r and i m medi ate l y sail e d fo r P ortsmout h wh ere I arri ved in

, ,

safe ty .

D EG L A RA T I O N OF W A R.
S fte r my arri v al t h e re I found t h e re was g o i ng to b e a
oo n a

war wi th G re at B ri tai n ; in c o nseq u e nc e of wh i c h I re turne d

im me d tate ly hac k to Eaxtpo fl to se ttl e my aff ai rs i n th at pl ac e .
I n a sh o rt ti me afte r my arri val t h e re , the d e c l ara ti o n o f war
c a me o n, and I mad e the b e st a r rang e me n ts o f my b usi ness I
c ou ld l e av i ng M r C arpe nte r wi th d i re c ti o ns i f th ere sh o u ld an y
,
.

q
t hi ng happen in c onse ue nc e of the war, so as to b e nec essar y
 M A TERI A M ED I C A . 555

for hi m to l ea v e the I sl and , to c o me t o P ortsmou th B efore .

l e a v i ng the pl ac e , 1 c al l ed o n him for some mo ne y , an d al l he

'

'

c o u ld pay m e was si x t y fo u r d o ll ars, w h i c h was b u t one d o l l ar

-

m o re t han I had pa id fo r his b oard and s h o p re nt T he peo .

p le w e re i n s uc h c on fu s i o n i t w as
i m p o ssi b l e to
g e t a se ttl e m e nt

w i t h an y o ne . I l e ft M r. Whi tne y and M r. M c F ad d e n in his

c are , a nd l e ft the Isl and ab ou t t he m iddl e o f J u ne , a nd arri v e d
i n P orts mo u th in fo rty e igh t h ou rs, w h e re I re mai ne d t he g re at
-

er
p a rt o f t h e s u m m e r ; d u ri n g w h i c h t i m e 1 had c o nsta n t
prac
t i c e , and fo rm e d so me re g u l ati ons fo r the soc i e ty , w hi c h was
es tab li s h e d the re , fo r t he pu rpose of g re a ter fac il i ty in c om m u
n ic at i n i n fo rm at i on of m y sy ste m of prac t i c e to t he peopl e who
g
w i sh e d m y assi stanc e .

P U B L IS H ES H IS B OO K OF D I REC T I O N S .

I n the fal l of t hi s ye ar I pu b l i s h e d m y pamph l e t of d i re c ti ons,

_

a s m an y we re u rg e n t t h at I sh o u ld n ot l e a ve t he l ac e d e s ti t u te
p
o f t h e kno wl e d g e o f m y prac t i c e and m ed i c i ne . M an y pe rsons
w ho had b ee n t he most u rg e nt fo r m e to gi ve t h em i n forma
t i o n, n o w b e c a m e the most b ac k wa rd and c o mpl a i ne d t h at t he
rest ri c t i o ns we re too h ard w i t h re g a rd to t h e i r gi v i n g t he i h
fo rmati o n to ot h e rs ; so me o f w h o m had ne v e r d one the l east
t h i ng to su ppo rt the prac ti c e or me .

IN G RA T I T U DE F OR B EN EF IT S C ON F ERRED .
Wh e n any of the m w e re si c k th e y we re dy e n ou gh to c al l rea

o n me fo r assi stanc e a nd i f I re l ie v e d t h e m q u i c k t h e
y th ou gh t
it worth n o t hi ng a nd t h e y r u n o u t ag ai n st m y prac ti c e sayi ng
, ,

I d e se rve d n o pay T h i s sort of tre atme nt I h ave me t w i th

.

fro m a c e rt ai n c l ass o f people in al l pl ac es w h e re I have prac

tised .I was t reate d wi t h m uc h atte n ti on wh e n th ey we re in
d ang e r fro m si c kness b u t w h en I h ad c ure d t h e m I was
t h ou g h t n o m ore o f T h i s ki nd o f i ngrati tud e I h ave e xperi
. ~

e nc e d a pre tty g ood s h a re o f d u ri ng m y prac ti c e .

EN EM I ES AN D F RI EN DS .
'

I fo u nd I had e ne mi e s o n e ve ry h and , and was in d ang er of

falli ng b y so m e o ne of th e m Eve ry th i ng se e me d to c o nspi re
.

ag ai n st m e ; b u t I had so me fri e nd s w ho h av e ne ver fo rsak e n

'

me ; m y c o urag e re m aine d good , and m y spi ri ts we re ne v er

d e pre sse d ; and it appe are d to me that the mo re trou b l e s I had ‘

to e nc o u n te r, t he mo re fi rmly I was fi x e d in my d e te rmi n a ti on

to pe rse vere u n to the l ast.

D EL I B ERA T I O N S — OB T A I N S A P A T EN T .

Wh e n I had m atu re l y c onsid e red j the su b e c t

ings and e x e rc i sed m y
,
wh ic h I c o ul d e x tri c ate
in all its b ear
b e st ab 1 l itie s i n d e v i si ng some plan b y
myse l f from the d angers whi c h th re at ~
556 TH E TH O M S O N IA N

ened me on e v e r y hand ; and to pre v ent those rights wh i c h

twe nty y ear s l ab or, w i th mu c h su ffe ri ng and g reat e xpe nse h ad
’

ive n me a j ust c l ai m to, from b e i ng w reste d from me ; I fi nal

gy c a me to t he c on c l usi on t h at t h e re was onl y on e pl an for me

to pu rsue wi th any c h an c e of su c c e ss ; and t h at w as to g o on

to Wash i n ton, and ob tai n a pate nt for my d iscove rl es and
t m y l nd m di i e u nd e r the prote c ti on of the l aws of
p u se a e c n
my country , w hi c h wou ld not onl y se c u re to me the e xc lusw e
r igh t to m y system and me di c i ne , b u t wou ld pu t me ab ove the
reac h of the l aws of any state .

S T A RT S F OR WA S H I N G T ON .

A fter c om i ng to the c on c l usi on to go on to the seat of G o

v ern ment and appl y for a paten t, m ad e all nec e ssar y pre para
ti on for the j ou rn e y , an d started from P ortsmo u t h on t he 7 th of
F e b ruary, and arri v e d at Washi ng ton on the 23 d .
C ON S U L T A T I O N .

T he x
ne t d ay after m y arri val , I wai ted on C apt. N i c h ol as
G il man, of Ex e te r, sh o we d him my c re d e n ti al s, and ask e d his
ad v ise , w h at I m ust d o to ob tai n my ob j e c t. H e said he t h ough t
it cou ld not b e m ad e e xpl i c i t e nou g h to c omb i ne the syste m
and prac ti c e , wi th ou t b e i ng too l ong ; he h owe v e r ad v i se d m e
to c arry my pe ti ti on to the patent offi c e w hi c h was th e n n u
der the c ontrol of M r. M onroe , S e c re tary of S tate . I w e nt to
the pate nt offi c e , and fou nd t h at Dr. T h ornton w as the c l e rk ,
and pre se nted him my pe ti ti on . H e ask e d m e man y q ue sti ons,
and t h e n said I m u st c all ag ai n I c al l e d ag ai n t he ne x t d ay
and he said the pe ti ti on w as not righ t th at I mu st spe c i fy t he
med i c i ne, and w h at di sord e r it mu st b e use d in he said th at
those me d i c i nes i n g ene ral terms to c u re e v e ry t hi n g , was
quac kery ; th at I m u st parti c u l ar ly d esig nate the m edi c i ne , and
S tate how it must b e u sed , and in w h at di se ase .

V I S IT S G OV . C H I T T EN D EN .

1 t h e n wai te d on M arti n C hi ttend en, l ate G ov e rnor of V e r

mont, who was at Wash i ng ton, and ask e d his assi stanc e he
was from the same town w h ere my fat h e r l i ve d , and re adil y
consente d . We mad e ou t the spe c ifi c ati o n in as c orre c t a man
ne r as we c ould , and the ne x t d ay I c arri e d th e m to the ate nt
p
offi ce , and g av e t h em to Dr. T h ornton .

OB S T A C L ES A T TH EP A T EN T O F F I C E.

He c ompl aine d muc h ab ou t its b e i ng too s hort m, andy

a s ste
e off on c e more . I appl i e d ag ai n and ask e d him for m
y
b otan i c names for the ar
1 of N e w Y ork, who W
, as
appl i e d to him and t e
‘
558 TH E T H O M S O N I A N

if I sh ou ld d o so th e y w ould tak e the d i sc ov e ry to th e mse l ves,

and d e ri ve me of a ll c redi t o r b e ne fi t fro m m l b d sk
p y a ors
,
a n a
e d h im w h e th e r he t h ou g ht t ha t wou ld not b e the c ase . H e said
i t migh t w i th so me , b u t he t h o ug h t t h e re w e re so me o f the pro
fessio n h o n o rab l e e no u g h n o t to d o i t I asked him if he wo u ld
.

m ake a t ri al o f it hi m se l f, and gi ve it su c h c re di t as he sh o ul d
fi nd i t to d e se rv e . H e said , t h at if I wo u ld tru st it i n his hand s
he s h o uld b e pl e ased , and w o u ld d o j usti c e to m e and t he c a use .
I ac c o rdi ngl y l e ft some o f the medi c i ne w i th him w i th di re c ti o ns
h o w to use it ; b u t b e fo re I rec e i v e d any re tu rn fro m him he
a nd Dr. R ush al so di e d so me ti m e pre v i ou s, b y w h i c h m e ans I
w as d e pri ve d of t he i n fl ue n c e o f t h e se t wo me n , w h i c h I was
c o nfid e nt would ot h e rwi se h a ve b ee n e x e rte d i n m
y favor.
’
D R. B A RT O N S A DM I S S I ON .

D uri ng m y i nte r v i e ws w i th Dr B arton we had m uc h c on

.
,

v e rsati o n u pon the su bj ec t o f t he m e di c al s kil l and he b e i ng ,

q u i te so c i a b l e a nd p l e a s a n t
, I e x p re sse d m y se l f v e ry fre e l y u pon
i

t he fashi o n ab l e m od e o f prac ti c e u se d b y t he phy si c i ans of t he

re se nt d a H e ac k no wl edge d th e re w as n o a rt or sc i e nc e so
p y
.

u nc u l ti v a te d as t h at o f m ed i c i ne state d to hi m
.
pre tty fu l l y
my o pi n i on of b l eed i ng to c ure di sease and poi n te d ou t its ih
,

c o nsi ste nc y i nasm uc h as the sa me m e th od w as m ad e u se of to

,

c u re a si c k man as to k il l a we l l b east H e l au gh e d and said

.
,

it was strange l ogi c e no ugh .

D R. RU S H — T REA T M EN T OF Y EL L OW F EV ER, ET C .

Wh il e I was in the c i ty of P hil ad e l ph i a I e x am i ned i nto th e i r

m od e of tre ati ng the ye l l o w fe ve r, a nd fou nd , to my asto ni sh
me nt, th at the treatme nt presc ri b e d b y Dr B ush w as to b l e e d .

t wi c e a d ay for te n d ay s. I t appe are d to me v e ry e x t roard ina

r , to b l e ed t we nty ti mes to c u re the most fa tal di se ase e ve r
y
k nown ; and I am c on fid ent th at the same tre atme nt wou ld kil l
o ne h al f o f t h ose in h e al t h . T hi s ab su rd prac ti c e b e i ng fol l ow
e d b y t he more ig norant c l ass of the fac u l ty , m e re l y b ec au se it
has b ee n re c omme nd e d in so me parti c u l ar c ases b y a g re at man ,
has, I h av e not the l east d oub t, d e stroye d m ore l i ves t h an have
e ve r b ee n d est ro y e d b y powd e r and b al l i n t h i s c ou n t ry in t he
same t i me . T h ose I me t in the st ree ts who had e sc ape d the
e rn i c i ou s e ffe c t of b l e ed i ng , me rc u ry , and oth e r
p poi sons, c ar
r i ed d e at h in t h e i r c ounte nanc e ; a nd o n c onv e rsi ng w i th th e m
t h e y said t h e y had ne ve r b ee n we l l si nc e t h e y had t he fe v e r ;
th at th e y took so muc h merc ury and O pi um t h e y were afrai d
t h ey were in a d e c li ne .

RET U RN T O P O RT S M O U T H .

A fter re ma n n
i i g in P h il ad e l phi a ab ou t two we ek s I we n t in ,
the stage to N ew Y-
ork w h ere I ob tai ned a
, passag e in a coast
 M A TERI A me m e s . 559

e r, and arr v e i d at P fi lth day of A pril Im

ortsmo u t h on t he .

medi ate ly afte r my a rri v al at P o rtsmouth I g a ve noti c e in the ,

ne ws a e rs o f h a v i n b t i d t t d f orb i d al l
p p g o a ne a pa e n a n pe rso ns ,
t re spassi n u on i t un d er the e na lt y of the l aw in su c h c ases
g p p ,

pro vi ded .

P RA C T I C E IN P O RT L A N D .

A fte r g oi ng and se tt my b usi ness in Eastport, I re tu rned

l i ng
ag a i n to P o rts mo ut h w he re I ste pped b u t a sh ort ti me and
t aki ng M r. S e we ll wi t h me , we nt to P o rt l and , to i n trod uc e my

prac ti c e . O n o u r arri v al , I ad ve rti se d my pate nt i n t he ne ws

pape rs, and had h and b ill s pri nte d and c i rc u l ated amo ng the
peopl e , gi v i ng the c ond i ti o ns on whi c h I sh o u ld prac ti c e, and
t he man ne r o f se lli ng f amil y r i hts to th ose who wi s h ed the use
g
of m ti d m d i i d t h t I h ld t te n d in no
y p ra c c e an e c ne ,
a n a s o u a

c ase e x c e t su c h as wi sh e d to h t h igh ts t i ve t hem

p p u rc a s e e r ,
o
g
i nformati on, a nd pro v e t he u tili ty of the medi c i ne . 1 gav e t he
i nfo rmati on to M r. P ri c ke tt, w h e re we b oard ed , and a righ t of
u si ng t he medi c i n e fo r h i mse l f and fam il , and g a ve i n forma
y
ti on to se v e ral o f his wo rkme n. S oo n afte r ma ki ng my se l f
k now n, I had a great n u m b e r of d espe rate c ase s put u nd e r my
c h arg e , a ll of w h i c h we re c u red o r e sse n ti all y re li e v ed . M y
s u c c ess in the c ases I a tte nd ed most o f wh i c h we re suc h as had
,

b e e n gi ve n o v e r b y t he d o c to rs , c ause d g re at al arm among th ose

pro fessi o nal ge n tl e me n sty l e d reg ul ar phy si c i ans, and [ e xpe ri
e nc e d t he sa me O si t i o n fro m t h e m that I had me t w i t h in
pp o
o th e r l ac e s. [ w s fo ll o we d b t h m t h i i e s, a nd all
p a y e o r e r s p
ki nd s o f f al se and ridi c u l o us re po rts we re c i rc u l ated a mon g the
p e o pl e to frigh te n th e m an d
p r e j u di c e t he m a
g a i n st m e a nd m y
medi c ine .
P REG N A N CY — D RO P S Y - "
OV ER T I M E.
S oon afte r c o m ng i to t l l e d on b y Capt.
hi s pl ac e ,
I was ca
J oh n A l d e n to attend h is a v e ry al arm i n
wi fe w ho
, g si
was i n
t uatio n . S he was in a state of pre g nanc y and had the d ro psy, ,

a nd was th e n as she su ose d e e ral wee ks ove r he r t i me

, pp s v ,
.

S he had b ee n in the sa me si tuat i o n o nce b efo re and was d e l i ,

v e red b y fo rc e, a nd c am e v e ry near l osi ng he r l i fe T he d oc .

tors g ave it as th e i r opi n i on th at if she sh ou ld e ver b e so a ai n

, g
she wo u ld c e rtai nl y d ie I told him I did not atte nd on any
.
,
e xc e pt t h ose who wi sh e d to urc h t h righ t i n w hic h cases
p ase e ,
I would gi ve th e m the i n formation I e x pl ai ne d to him the .

i i l o n wh i c h m y m w f d ed d h
p r nc p e s u p y s ste a s o u n an e p ur ,
c h ase d a righ t a fte r w hi c h I atte nd ed u o n h is wi fe and fo u nd
, p ,
her ve ry low ; she had not l ai n in bed fo r t h ree wee k s be ing ,

so .
put to it fo r b reat h wh e n she lay d own, she was ob li ged to
ge t i mmediate l y u p ag ai n .
5 60 TH E T H O M S O N I A N

C ON F I N EM EN T— CU RE.
I i d her th rou gh a c ourse Of the me di c i ne th ree ti mes in
c arr e
fi ve d ays d uri ng w hi c h she was re d uc e d in siz e ab ou t eigh t
,

i nc h e s H e r trav ail t h e n c ame on n atural and in ab ou t two

.

h ours she was d e l i vere d of a d au gh te r and t h e y b ot h did w

,

,
el l .

S he was ab l e to c ome d own stai rs i n on e wee k , and in two

wee k s was we l l e nou gh to b e ab o ut the h o u se T hi s c u re so .

al arme d the d oc to rs t h at t h e y c i rc u l ate d a story at a d 1stan c e ,

,

w h ere the fac ts were n ot k nown t h at I w as so ig n oran t of t h i s

Woman s si tuati on th at I ki ll ed her i mme di ate l y ; b u t the wh
,
’

m an and her h usb an d g av e m e al l c redi t fo r the c ure and ap ,

peared v e ry g rate ful to me for it .

S P OT T ED F EV ER— V I OL EN T A TT A C K— T REA T M EN T.

D u ri ng the su mm e r
,
a t. A ld e n was v i ol e n tly se iz
a son o f
C p
e d wi t h t he s otted fe v e r. H e w as t ak e n v e ry su dd e n l y , w h e n
p
at the m f w t f ll d w s b rou g h t i n to the h ouse
p u p or a e r ,
e ,
a n a

se nse l e ss. I atte n d e d hi m, and his j aws b e i n g se t, ad m i n i ster

e d a stro ng sol u ti on o f N os. 1 , 2 , an d 6, b y pu tti ng m y fi n g e r

b et wee n his c h e e k an d tee th and po u ri n g i n t he medi c i n e and

sq ue e zi ng it ro u nd to t he b ac k of his tee t h ; an d as soon as it
re ac h e d the roots of his tong u e , his j aws c am e ope n . I th e n
ou re d d own m ore of the me di c i ne , a nd soon afte r sw al l o wi n g
p
i t h is se nses c ame to him and he s ok e ; he appe are d to b e lik e
p
a pe rson wa ki ng ou t of sl ee p. A s soon as the warm effe c t of
the me di c i ne was o ve r§ he rel apse d , an d li fe see m e d to g o d own
wi th the h e at. I foun d t h at I c ou l d n ot restore him t ill I c ou l d
rari fy or l igh te n t he air. I l aid h im ac ross the l aps of th ree
pe rso ns, sh i e ldi ng him from e x te rn al air w iih a b l an k et, and
u t u n d hi m an w i t h a hot ston e in it ab ou t h al f im mers
p er a p
ed i n hot wa te r. W
hil e ove r th i s steam, agai n g av e t he med i
c i n e, w h i c h rai sed a pe rspi rati on ; a nd as t he h e at rai se d i n sid e

li fe g ai ne d i n proporti on , and w h e n the pe rspi rati on h ad g ai n

ed so as to b e e q u al to a state of h e al th , the n atu ral v ig or of l i fe
and ac ti on w as re store d .

REL A X CA S E— H IM S EL F A TT A C K ED — B U T T ERN U T .

I was c al led on to atte nd a woman w ho had a re l ax , and in

’

a fe w v i si ts re store d he r to h e al th . O ne n igh t ab ou t m id n i g h t
1 was sen t for to v i si t t hi s wom an , in c on se que nc e of th e i r b e
ing al armed ab ou t he r ; the c ause of w h i c h I c ou l d nev er l e arn ,
for on my arr i v a l she was as we l l as u su al .
I retu rne d i mme di ate l y h ome , and was soon after tak en in a
v i ol en t m an ner wi th the sam e di sease , and wa s so b ad as not to

b e ab l e to d o any t hi n g for m y se l f. M r. S e we l l atte nd ed u pon

me and did all he c ou ld , wh i c h had no effe c t. I was pe rsue d
e t some rre lief.
'

ed I sh ou ld not l i ve t h ree d ays u n l ess I c ou ld

'

g
5 62 TH E TH O M S O N IA N

was ver y ted i ou s on m y part ; I s be willi ng to go

h ou ld h ardl y
h
t rou gh the sa me proc e ss a g ai n ,
fo r an y s u m w h ate ve r.

S A L T P ERT E A DA N G ERO U S P O I S O N — A N T I D O T E.

T he d estruc ti ve e ffe c ts o f sal t petre re nd e r it the worst of any

o i so n t h at I e ve r u nd e rtoo k to c l e ar the sy ste m o f T he onl y
p .

m e th od I hav e f ou nd s uc c e ss fu l is to gi ve N os 1 and 2 and , .

,

t h ro w a ll o f it o u t o f the sy ste m t h at c a n possi b l y be d o ne and ,

b y ste am i ng k e e p t he h e at o f the b od y ab o ve it A ll o th e r poi .

so ns c an b e e radi c ate d b y t he c o m mo n c o urse of me di c i ne .

EX T EN D ED P RA C T I C E.
I was c all e d on to atte n d the si c k from all q u art e rs ; b u t fe w
o f t h e m we re ab l e to pu rc h ase t he i n fo rmati on, and ma n y w ho
h ad it h a v e n e v e r pai d an y th i ng . T he pe opl e g e ne rall y w e re
we ll sati sfi ed w i th its u ti li t y ; m y fri e nd s we re v e ry z e al o us in
i n trod uc i ng it am o n g t he peopl e ; b ut my o ppone n ts we re not
sl ac k in d o i ng e ve ry t h i n g in t h e i r po we r to prej ud i c e t he pu b
lic ag ai nst ru e and t he m e di c i ne . T he d o c tors see me d m uc h
t ro u b l e d at the suc c e ss o f t he prac t i c e , many h av i ng b e e n c ure d
who we re gi v e n o ve r b y t h e m.
P A T I EN T C U RED — D OC T O RS OF F EN D ED .

O ne woman, w ho had b ee n u nab l e to wal k fo r ab o ut n i ne

mont h s afte r h av i ng b ee n c o nfi ne d , and the d oc tors c o u ld not
he l p he r, was atte nd e d b y M r. S e we l l , and in a sh o rt ti me re
store d to a c omfo rtab l e state of h e al th , w hi c h g ave t h e m g reat
offe nc e .

P A RT OF T RI A L P U BL IS H ED .
S o me o f th e m p ub l i sh ed in the ne wspape rs, a pa rt of my tri al
for mu rd e r, i n j di c e the pu b li c ag ai nst me 1 pre
d
or e r to pre u .

a re d an answe r. b u t the y had so m u c h i nfl ue nc e wi t h t he

p
ri nte rs th at I was u n ab l e to ge t it i nse r ted T h e y t h e n had
p .

t he me an ness to c i rc u l ate t he re port t h at I ac k nowl e dg e d the

fac t b e c ause I did not an swe r t h e i r state me nt
,
Th us h av e the .

fac ul ty b y suc h u npri n c i pl ed c ond uc t man ag ed to k ee p t he pe o

l b l i d to the b e ne fi t t h e y m i g h t re c e i ve fro m t he use o f the
p e n

medi c i ne for the purpose of k ee pi ng u p th e i r o wn c redi t and

, ,

maki ng th e m t ri b utary to t h e mse l ves, wi th out regard to the

p u b li c g ood .

S EN T F O R T O G O T O P H I L A D EL P H I A .

I n the month of F eb ruary, 1 8 1 5 , I had an appl i c ati on to go

to P h il ad e l phi a, and i ntrod uc e my soc i eti es and sy ste m of prac
'
t i c e in t h at c i ty . T hi nki ng it not pro pe r to g o alone, I mad e
an ag ree me nt wi t h M r. J o h n L oc k to g o wi t h me, and afte r we
h i d he starte d on the se ve nth to g o in the
‘

g o t e ve r
y t n gp pre are
 M A TERI A M ED I C A . 5 63

g
sta e , and I c h ose to go b y wate r, an d sail e d the same d ay in a
v e sse l fo r N e w Y o rk. We had a long a nd tedi o us passag e , su f
fari ng v e ry m uc h fro m t he c o ld We had a g al e o f w i nd w hi c h
.

b l e w u s o ff i n to the g u l f stre am, a nd we we re 200 m il e s sou t h

o f o ur po rt. O n g e tt i ng i n to a wa rme r l a t i tud e , t he we ath e r
b e c ame warme r, w h e n we we re e nab l e d to g e t c l e ar o f the ic e ,
wi t h w h i c h the v esse l was m uc h b u rd e ned , and c ou ld se t some
sail , a nd we a rr i ve d at N e w Y or k afte r a v e ry ro u gh passag e of
-

1 7 d ays.

CA S E OF F REEZ IN G .

D u ri n g t he passage , o ne o f t he c re w had froze n his h ands

and fee t v e ry b adl y, and w h e n we had ge t w h e re t he w e at h e r

b e c ame warm e r he was i n t he most e x t re me pai n . He said th at

i t see me d as t h oug h t he b one s of his h and s a nd fee t we re c o m
ing in pi ec es ; his su ffe ri ng was so g re at t h at the te ars wou l d
r un fro m his e y es and t he s we at d o wn his c h e e ks, wi t h the pai n .
I was re q ue ste d b y the c aptai n and c re w to d o somet hi ng to re
l i e ve h im I ag re e d to do t he be st I c ou ld fo r him in the c ol d
. ,

and c o m fo rtl ess s i t uati o n we we re i n T h e re was no pl ac e to

.

k ee p a fi re u nd e r d ec k s, and the we ath e r was so ro ugh t h at we

c o u ld se l d om k e e p a ny i n the c ab oose o n d e c k . I was ob l ig
e d to ad m i n i ste r the me di c i ne ac c ord i n to m y j udg me nt in the
g
b est m an ne r I c ou ld .
—

T RE T M A EN T A N D CU RE.
In the fi rst plac e I proc ure d h and ke rc hi e fs and c l oth s e nou gh
to w rap his h and s and fee t u p i n se v e ral t h i c kne sse s, th e n we t
t h e m we l l w i t h c old water, and pu t him in his b e rth , c o ve re d
w e l l w i t h b l ank e ts, and g av e hi m the warmest med i c i ne to take
I had w i th me , and re pe ated it, to kee p the i nward h e at su ffi
c i e nt to c au se a fre e c i rc u l ati on in the li mb s ; an d if his h and s
and fe e t g re w pai n fu l , po u re d c o ld w ate r o n t he c l oth s ; and

c on ti n ue d t h i s c ou rse of t re atme nt, o f k ee pi n g the i n ward he at

ab ov e the ou tward , b y r ai si ng o ne an d l e tti ng d own the oth e r,
til l I g ot the fou ntai n ab ove t he stre am , and in abo u t two h ou rs
free d him fro m al l pai n, to the asto n i sh me nt of all the h and s o n
b oard . Wh e n I c a me to ta ke off t he c l o t h s, the b l ood had se t
tle d u n d e r the n ail s a nd u nd e r the sk i n,
'
w
h i c h c ame off wi th out
any b li ste r b e i ng rai se d , and b e fore we arr i ve d at N e w Y ork he -

was ab l e to atte nd his watc h .

REM A RK S OF C A P T . A N D C REW .

I t was said b y t he c aptai n and c re w th at th i s was t he most

ramarkab le c ure t h e y had e ver k nown, and th at if he had b ee n
atte nd e d in the c ommon for m he would h ave l o st his toes if not
his fee t, b esid es suffer n
gi muc h pai n and a l ong c onfi ne ment.
5 64 TH E T H O M S O N I A N

N O M Y S T ERY IN TH E C A S E.
I t wi l l b e n ec essary to re mark , t h at the gre atness of thi s c u re
c onsi ste d in its si mpli c i ty . A ny person c o uld h ave pe rformed
the same w ho had c o me to y ears o f di sc re ti on, b y ad opti ng the
same pl an, and m an y t i me s b e t he means of s av i n g the am pa
tation of l i m b s. T h e re is no m ystery i n it ; the wh ol e pl an
consi sts in k ee pi ng t he d e termi n i ng powe r to the su rface , from
t he fou n tai n of the b ody, w h i c h is the stom ac h , fro m w hi c h all
t he l i mb s re c e i ve t h e i r su pport and warm th ; an d w h e n y o u
c annot rai se the fou n tai n su ffi c i e nt to gi ve n atu re i ts proper
c ourse , you m ust l o we r t he stream, or o utward h e at, b
y k ee p
i ng d o wn the h eat on the li m b s, and rai si ng the i n ward h e at,
whe n t h e re c an n o mortifi c ation e v e r re tu rn from the li mb s to
t he b ody , any more t h an a l og c an fl oat ag a i nst a stream.

D EL I B ERA T I O N B EF O RE T REA T M EN T.

In the c ase ab ov e state d b e fore I b eg an to d o any th i n g for

,

the m an, I d u l y c onsid ere d his si tu at i o n . H e h ad b ee n al most

c hill e d to d e at h b y t he e x tre m e c old we ather, so th at his li mbs
'

had v e ry l i t tl e warmth from the b ody— not e nough to b ri ng

t h e m to t h e i r fee li n g . U n ti l the warm we at h er r ai se d a fe ve r
o n the l i m b s faste r t h an in the b ody , an d i n proporti on as the
h eat in the e x tre mi ti es is rai se d ab ove t h at in the b ody , b y ap
pl yi ng hot poul ti c es or ot h e r si m il ar appl i c ati ons, so m uc h wi l l
the w h ol e syste m b e di sord ere d , and the parts t hat h av e b e e n
i nj u re d wil l b e e x tre me ly pai n fu l , and b y a c on ti nu e d appl i c a
t i on of su c h m e ans t he fe ver or o u twa rd h e at w il l i n c rease , b y
the c u rre n t b e i ng tu rne d i n ward , ti l l m ortifi c ation take s pl ace ,
'

w
‘
'
h e n t he l i m b s h av e to b e tak e n off to sav e l i fe ; and in m ost
c ase s the b ody has b e c ome so m uc h di sord ere d t h at th e y d ie af
ter al l . T h i s may , I am c on fid e nt, b e avoid ed , b y u nd e rstan d
i ng m y pl an o f tre atment and pursu i n g it wi th z eal , parti c u l arl y
'
’

in all c ases of b u rns or freezi ng .

‘

A RRI V AL A T P H I L A D EL P H I A .

O n m y arri v al at N e w Y ork , I fou nd M r. L oc k e, who had

-

bee n wai ti ng for m e te n d ays. T he ne x t morn i n g we starte d

in the stag e for P h il ad e l phi a, w h e re we arri v e d t hat e ven i ng ,
and wen t to a b oardi ng h ouse w h ere we pu t u p for the nigh t. I n
the morn i ng w e we nt in se arc h of Eld e r P l u me r, w i th w h om I
had e ng ag e d the fal l b e fore to g o to P hil ad e l ph i a ; we found
him in the c ourse of the fore noon, an d he e xpre sse d m u c h j oy
at o u r arri val . H e preac h ed a l e c ture t h at ev e n i ng , an d ap
o i nte d a mee ti n g at the sam e pl ac e t he n ex t e veni ng for me ,
p
at wh i c h I atte nd e d and g av e a l ec tu re . A l arg e c o ll ec ti on of
'

l e atte nd e d t hi s m ee ti n g , and I g ave a fu ll and e xpli c i t x

‘

p eo p e
l ti f t h i n i l w
‘
hi h m y t m i found ed .
p
'

a n a on o e p r c p es u pon c y s s e s
5 68 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

S EN T F OR I N H A S T E.

Wi thi n awee k afte r my from Cape G od , I re c e i v e d a

re tu rn
letter from Easth am , to g o t h ere as soon as possi b l e . I too k a
stoc k o f m e di c i ne and we nt on th e re as soon as I c ou ld , and on

m y arr i v a l fou nd t h at the fe v er had ag ai n m ad e i ts appe ar

an c e amon g the peopl e , wi th d ou b l e fata l i ty. I soon fou nd
e n ou gh re ady to pu rc h ase the t we n t y righ ts, for w h i c h I had
offe re d to se l l t he ri g h t of t he w h ol e to wn . I attend e d o n m a

ny of t h ose w ho h ad the di sease , i n c om pan y w i t h the t wo me n

wh o had pu rc h ase d the righ t of m e w h e n t h ere b e fore , an d ih
struc te d th e m ho w to c arr y a pati e nt t h rou gh a c ou rse of me di

c i ne , and t h e y atte n d e d and g ave i nstru c t i on to ot h e rs. Wh e n

t h e y c ou ld m ee t tog e th e r, I g av e i nformati on b y l ec tu res ; th ose
who g ot the infor mati o n atte nd e d w h e re ve r t h e y we re wan ted . I
u rsu e d m usu l m od e of t re atme n t, b gi v i n g t he m e di c i ne to
p y a y
m t a free i ra ti on , and w h e n n ecessar y ste ame d an d
p ro o e pe rsp .

ave i nj e c ti ons, c l eansed the stom ac h an d c l e are d off t he c an k e r .

g
G REA T S U C C ES S .

T he su c c ess in c u ri ng th i s al arm i n g di se ase w as ve ry g re at. I

staid ab o u t two wee k s, d u ri ng w hi c h ti me t h ere we re atte nd e d
w i th my me di c i ne th i rty four c ases, of w h om o ne d i e d , and t he
-

rest g ot we ll . A t the same ti me , o f t h ose who were atte nde d b y

the re g u l ar d oc tors, e l e v e n ou t of twe l ve di e d , maki ng in t he
w h ol e u pward s of fi fty d eath s in a sh o rt ti me i n thi s pl ac e, whi c h
w as ab ou t one twe l ft h part of the i n h ab i tan ts who were at h ome .
T he tru t h o f the ab ove state me nts is au th e n ti c ate d b y the c e rtifi
c ates of the se l ec tme n of the tow n and o t h e r respe c tab l e i n h ab i t
an ts.

ABU S E REWA RD ED , ET C .

D uri n g m y stay t hi s ti me , I atten d e d the h usb an d of the wo

m a n w ho h ad ab u se d me w h e n h e re b e fore , at the hou se o f his

si ste r. S he c ame t h e re w h il e I w as atte ndi n g u po n he r h u sb an d

,
and treate d me and hi m i n a m ost ab u si v e m an n er, say i ng th at

she wo u l d soone r d ie t h an tak e any o f my me di c i ne or h a v e an

y
t hi ng to d o
sat i sfac t i on
o ne o f t he l ast
tre ated me w it
te rest in my c a
re l i e v i ng t h e m from t h i s al arm i ng di sease , g av e u n i ve rsal sat i s

f ac ti on .

I formed t h ose w ho purc h ase d r ig hts i nto a soc i ety , and th e y

c h ose a c o mmi tte e, w h om I au th oriz e d as ag e nts to sel l rig hts and

me di c i ne .
 M A TERIA M ED I C A . 5 69

S O C I ET I ES — TH EI R C ON S EQ U EN C ES .

I h av e fo rme d fo u r soc i e ti e s, and gi v e n t h e m c ertai n pr i v i

l e g es, b y al l o wi n g th e m pa rt o f t he profi ts o n the sal e of righ ts
a nd m e d i c i n e b u t as soon as t h e re we re an y f u nd s, i t has a l
;
ways c re ated u neasi ne ss among the me m b e rs. S om e of t he ig
moran t a nd se l fi sh wou l d c all fo r th e i r d i v id e nd s, as t h oug h it
we re b an k stoc k, i nste ad o f fe e l i ng g rate fu l for t he ad van tag es
t h e y e nj o y b y h av i n g t he i r di se ase s c u re d , an d t h e i r m i nd s re
l ie ve d fro m t he al arm i ng c onse q u e nc es o f a di sease , w i th a tri
fl i ng e x pe nse .

ON E S O C I ET Y ON L Y .

I h ave al te red m y pl an , h av e b ut one soc ie ty Ev

an d n o w .

e ry o ne w ho pu rc h ase s a r igh t fo r hi mse lf an d fam il y b e c ome s ,

a m e m b er o f t he F ri e ndl y B otan i c S oci e ty and is e n ti tl e d to a ll

,

t he pri v il eg e o f a fre e i n te rc o u rse w i t h e ac h oth e r an d to c on ,

v e rse wi t h a n y o ne w ho h as b ou gh t a righ t for i n stru c ti on and

,

assi stance, as e ac h o ne is b ou n d to gi v e his ass i stan c e b y ad ,

~

v i c e o r ot he rw i se whe n c al l e d on b y a me mb er
, I n t h i s w ay,
.

m uc h m ore g ood c an b e d o ne a nd t h e re w i l l b e m uc h m o re
,

g ood w il l to ward s e ac h o th er, t h an w h ere t h ere is any mone y

d epe ndi ng .

P RA C T I C ED T H I RT Y Y EA RS .

I had n o w be e n i n prac ti c e , c on stan tl y at te ndi ng u pon those

l ab ori n g u nd e r d i se ase , w h e n e ve r c al l e d o n, for ab o u t t hi rty
y e ars ; had su ffe re d m uc h , b o th in b ody and mi nd from the
e rse c u ti o ns I had m e t w i th an d m y u n we ari e d e x e rt i ons to t e
p
l i e v e t he sic k and t o e stab l i s h m
y prac t i c e u pon a pe rm ane n t
b asi s, t hat the pe opl e m ig ht be sati sfi e d of its su peri ori ty o v e r
t h at w h ic h is prac ti se d b y t h o se s tyl e d reg u l ar physi c i ans, pu t
t i ng it in t he i r po we r to b e c o me t he i r o wn p hy si c i ans, b y e na
b l i ng e v e ry o ne to re li e ve t he m se l ves and fri e nd s from al l d is
e ase s i n c id e nt t o ou r c o u nt ry, b y m aki ng u se o f t h ose v eg e tab l e

m e di c i n es, t he prod u c e o f ou r o wn c o u n try, wh i c h are pe rfec t

l y safe an d e asil y ob ta i ne d ; an d w h i c h , if pro perl y u nd e rstood ,
a re fu l l y be
a n y c h anc e o f c u re , w it c i ons and
o fte n fatal c onseq u e nc e s a t h ose oi
p
s o ns t h at t he fash i on ab l e d oc tors are gi vi n to g
h i
t e r p at i
e n ts.

TH ES Y S T EM — P RA C T I C E— EL IA S S M I T H A G EN T .
,

A ft e r h av i ng di sc o ve re d a s ste m , and
y b y m uc h l ab or and
c onstan t perse v e ranc e red uc e d i t to prac ti c e , i n a m anne r th at
h ad g i ve n g e ne ral sati sfac tion to all w ho h ad b e come ac q uai nt
e d wi t h it, and h avi ng secured t he same b y pate nt, i n ord er that

37
5 70 TH E T H O M S O N I A N

I migh t reap some b e n efi t fro m m y d i sc ov e ry , to su ppo rt me in

o ld a e h av i ng b y a l o n g se ri es of a tte nd anc e o n t he si c k, b o t h
g
as h y si c i an an d n u rse , b e c o me al m ost w orn o u t, 1 c ame to t he
p
d e term i n ati on to appoi n t som e su i tab l e pe rson, w ho w ou l d d o
j usti c e to me and the c au se , as a ge ne ral ag e nt, to take t he l e ad
i n prac ti c e , and gi v e t he ne c e ssary i n form ati o n to t h ose w ho
s h o u ld pu rc hase the righ ts, w h i c h w o u ld e n ab l e m e to re ti re

from prac ti c e , and re c e i v e a s hare of the profi ts as a re w ard for

my l on g suffe ri ng s.
A fter c onsid e rab l e i n q uiry , I b e c am e ac qu ai n te d w i th Eli as
S m i th , wh o was re c omm e n d e d as a m an i n w h o m I c ou l d c o n
fi d e , and who w as ev e ry w ay q u al ifi e d as a su i tab l e pe rso n to
e ng ag e i n t he u n d e rta ki n g . I fou n d hi m in B oston , and in v e
ry poor c i rc u m stan c es, h av i n g b ee n fo r se v e ra l y e ars a pu b l i c
ac h e r, b u t in c o n se q u e n c e o f his ofte n c h an gi ng his r e ligi ou s
p re

ri n c i l e s, an d e n g agi n g i n d i ffe re n t proj e c ts i n w h i c h he had

p p
b ee n u n suc c e ssful , he w as n ow w i th ou t a soc i e ty or an y v i si b l e
me ans of su pporti n g hi m se l f and fam i ly . H e re adily e n g ag e d
wi th m e , an d prom i se d to d o e v e ry th i n g in his po we r to pro
m ote m y i n terest, and e x te n d t he use fu l n ess of m y sy ste m. of
prac t c e .i
S AL E T O S M I T H — M I S P L A C ED C O N F I D EN C E.

I sol d hi m a fami l y ri g h t in Dec e m b e r 1 8 1 6 and was in hi s

, ,

fam il y d u ri n g the w i n ter for t he pur pose of i nstru c ti n g h im in

,

the prac ti c e to q u ali fy hi m to atte nd u pon the si c k and gi v e ,

i nfo rmati o n to o the rs . I pu t the u tmost c on fid e n c e i n his b e

n or an d spare d n o pai ns i n c om m u n i c ati n g to h i m w i th o u t re
, ,

se rv e al l the k no w l e dg e I h ad g ai n e d b y e x pe r i e n c e b ot h b
, ,y
p r a c t i c e and v e rb al i n st r uc t i on u nd e r t he e x pe c tat i on th at w h e n
,

h e b e c am e su ffic i e n t l y ac q u ai n te d w i t h t he sy ste m and prac

t i c e I sh o u ld b e re ward e d for m y t rou b l e b y h is fai th ful l y pe r
,

for m i n g his d u ty to ward s me ac c ordi ng to his prom i se

, .

I shal l m ake no re m ark u pon my b e i n g di sa ppo i n te d in all

m y e x pe c tati on s i n r e g ard to M r S m i th s c o nd u c t an d the tre at
.
’
,

m e n t I re c e i v e d from him afte r he had g ai n e d a k nowl e dg e of

,

t he prac ti c e h i m to se t u p fo r h i mse l f ; b u t
s h al l pro c e e ou n t of w h at t ook l ac e

my c on n e c t
p u ri n
g g
OF ITCH .

T he fi rst c ase 1 atte n d e d w as in h is o w n fam il y . T he so n

o f h is wi fe had t he i tc h v e ry b adl y , so th a t n earl y o ne h al f of
h im was a raw sore . T he y had tri e d the usu al re m ed i es w i th
ou t an y b en efi t. I sh o we d h im the u se o f N o 3 , to w ash wi th ,
.

to stop the sm arti ng o f the sore s ; th e n too k so me r h eu mati c

d rops and add ed ab out one fourth part of the spi ri ts of turpen
5 72 TH E T H O M S O N I A N

v e nt m ortifi c ation , b u t he ne gl ec te d it u n til I told him t h re e

d ays i n su c c essi on. H e t h e n g ot al arme d and se nt for me , b u t
b e fore I a rri v e d he had gi v e n an i nj ec ti on , w hi c h had re l i ev e d
the pati e nt . H e re m ai ne d an d was atte n d e d ab o u t t h ree wee ks,
and we n t h o m e i n a c o m fortab l e state o f h eal t h . H e paid M r.
S mi t h ab ou t thirty d ol l ars.

B A D CA S E OF RH EU M A TIS M .

A b ou t t h i s ti me a M r. J e n n i ng s appl ie d to M r. S m i th , h av i ng
l ost the u se of on e of his arms b y t he rhe u mati sm . H e had
b een atte n d e d b y a d o c tor for more th an n i ne mo nth s and h ad
b een gi v e n o v er as i n c urab l e .

A RM P ERI S H ED .
H is ar m was peri sh e d , he w as i n poor c i rc u mst anc es,
and

h av i n g paid all he had to the d oc tor. H e w an ted re l i e f, b u t

said h e c ou l d pay not h i ng fo r i t u n l ess he w as c u re d , so t h at h e
c ou ld e arn som e t h i n g b y h is l ab or. M r . S m i t h aske d m e i f I
was w illi ng to assi st to c ure him on t h ese t e rm s, to w h i c h I
ag reed . We c arri e d him t h rou gh a c ou rse o f the m ed i c i ne and
steam i n g t w i c e or t h ree t i m es a wee k for fou r wee ks, w h e n a

c ure was e ffe c te d . T he l ast ti me he w as carri e d th ro u gh was

on e l ec ti on d ay , and he e x presse d a w i sh to g o on the c omm on
in the afte rn oon, to w h i c h I g ave e nc ourage m en t .

P EP P ER S A U C E— I T S EF F EC T , ET C .
T he m e di c i n e w as d one ab ou t te n o c l oc k — he was t h e n
’

ste ame d a nd w ash e d al l ov e r w i t h pe ppe r sauc e . H e c o m pl ai n

e d b i tterl y of the h e at, an d t h re w hi m se l f u po n the b ed ; I too k

a spoon fu l of g ood c ay e n n e an d pu t i n t wo spoon fu l s of pe pper

sau c e , and g av e i t to h im to tak e . T hi s rai se d t he i n w ard h eat

so m u c h ab ov e t he ou t ward , t h at i n t wo m i n u tes he was q u i te

c omfo rtab l e , an d i n t he afte rnoon he we nt on the c om m o n . H is

arm w as re store d , an d h e was we l l fro m t h at t i me . H e afte r
ward s, as I h av e b ee n told , paid M r. S m i th forty d oll ars for the
c u re .

JOI N T S O U T OF P L A C E.

A M rs. B url e i nt to his h ouse ab out t hi s ti me , who had

the rh eu m at i sm y th at he r j oi nts were g ro wn o ut of
l c e , an d I assi ste d in atte ndi n g he r. S h h ad neve r tak e n
p a e

mu c h m e di c i ne , w hi c h m ad e i t the e asi e r to c u re he r, as we
h ad not hi ng to d o b u t to c ure t he di sease, w i th out h av i ng to
c l ear the syste m o f po i sonou s d ru gs, as is the c ase w i th m ost of
t h ose who appl y for rel i ef i n c ase s of l ong standi n g . S he was
c arri e d t h rough the c o u rse of me di c i ne seve ral ti mes, an d
ste amed . T he l ast ti me I atte nd ed her, and g ave the medi c i n e
three times, as usual , whi c h rai sed a l ive l y pe rspira n and a
fig ,
 M A TERI A M ED I C A . 5 73

fresh h
c olo r, s ow n i g an e q ual and n atura l
did i l i
c rc u at on , b ut
n ot sic ke n or c au se he r to v omi t as is t he c ase m ost g e neral ly
,
. .

I me n ti on th i s to sh o w t h at the e me ti c q u al i ti e s o f the m edi c i ne

w il l n ot o pe rate w h e re th e re is n o di sease S he w as th en ste am .

e d a nd washed and we nt out o f d oo rs b e i ng e nt i rel y c u re d of

, ,

he r c o mpl ai nt .

L A U DA N U M TA K EN .

A b o u t t h i s ti me I ra S mi t h c ame h ome , afte r h av i ng b ee n ab

se nt ab ou t fou r y e ars, b u t was not t re ate d w i t h t h at affe c ti on a

c h ild e x pec ts to re c e i ve in a fat h e r s h ou se : h e w as se n t off to

’

fi nd l odgi n g s w he re h e c ou l d . A b o ut t we l v e o c l oc k he re turn
’

e d , n ot b e i n g ab l e to ob tai n l odgi n gs, and c al l e d u p a y o un g

m an who b oard e d w i th M r. S m i th— he took a ph i al and d rank
fro m it, and soon afte r fe l l o n the fl oor .
T he yo u ng m an b e i ng al arme d , awok e his fat h e r; and ih
forme d him of the c i rc u mstan c e , b u t b e fore he go t to his son he
was sen se l e ss, a nd sti ff i n e ve ry j o i n t. I w as i n b ed i n the
h o use, and M r. S mi th c ame to m e and req ueste d my assi stanc e,
s ayi n g t h at he e x pec ted I ra h ad k i ll e d h i m se l f. H e sh o we d m e
a phi al an d ask e d m e w h at had b ee n in it ; I told hi m i t h ad c on

t aine d l au d an u m I g ot u p as soon as possi b l e , an d on g oi ng

.

d own , m e t M r. S mi th and the y oun g man, b ri ngi ng I ra u p

i
sta rs.

REM ED Y — REL I EF .

di re c te d th e m to lay him on the h e arth and took a b ottl e

I ,

from my poc k e t w hi c h c on tai n ed a stro n g pre parati o n of N os

,

1 2 an d 6 ; too k his h e ad b e twe e n m y k ne es his j aws b e i n g

, , ,

set and pu t m y fi ng er b e twe e n his c h e e k an d tee t h and

, poure d ,

i n some o f t he me di c i ne from t he b ottl e A s soon as i t re ac h e d

.

the gl an d s of his th roat his j aws b e c ame l oose n ed

,
and he ,

swall o we d so me o f it ; i n fi v e m i n utes he v om i te d — i h te n he
spo ke — ih o ne h ou r he was c l e ar of the e ffe c ts of the o i u m
p
a nd the n e x t d ay was we l l .

A GA IN TA K ES L A U DA N U M — D I ES .

A b ou t fou r ye ars afte r, he b e c ame d ej e c te d , in c onse q uen ce ,

as he g said , o f i ll tre atme n t, w e nt over took a
q u an ti ty o f l au d anu m , w as fo un d n ear the mon u me nt sense
l ess, and was c a rri e d to the ai ms h ouse, w h e re he d i ed .
-

A CA S E OF G RO U P — EF F ECT OF P H Y S IC .

I we nt h om e to atte n d to m y far m and g et in my hay , after

wh i c h I re tu rne d to B oston, and i n the fal l we nt to C ape C od,
an d o n m y re tu rn t o B oston I fou n d M r. S m i t h s y ou ng e st c hil d
’

si c k w i th th e qu i n sy , o r rattl es. H e had d one all he c o ul d an d

i ve n it o ve r to d ie. T he wome n had tak e n c h arg e of the c hild
‘

g
5 74 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

after he had gi ve n it u p and had gi ve n it so me physi c I told

, .

t he m t h e y h ad d one v e ry w rong in gi v i ng p h ysi c for it w as ,

stri c tl y ag ai nst my ord e rs e ve r to gi ve an y i n c ase s wh e re t h e re

w as c an k e r . T he y ob se rv e d t h at th e re w as n o appearanc e
,

of c an ke r . I tol d t h e m it wou ld n ev e r appe ar w h e n t h e y g av e

,

hy si c for it wo ul d re m ai n i nsid e t il l m ortifi c ation d e c id e d the

p ,

c on test .

T REA T M EN T —REL I EF .

I b eg an wi th t he c hi l d b y gi v i n g N o 2 , w hi c h c ause d v i ol e nt
.

stru ggl e s, and arou se d it fro m t he stu pid state i n w h i c h it ha d

l ai n, u n ti l t he moi sture appeare d in t he m on th t h e n g av e so me
N o . 3 , steepe d , and N os. 1 and 2, to start th e c an k e r and c ause
i t to vomi t.
A CCU S ED OF C RU EL TY .

T he wo men w ho we re prese nt ac c u se d m e of the g re atest

c rue l ty , b e c au se I b rou gh t t he c h il d ou t of its st u pi d state , and
r estore d its se n se of fe e l i ng , b
y w h i c h the l i fe of the c hild was
sav e d .

AC K N O WL ED G M EN T.

T he ne x t m orn i ng i ts m ou th was as w h i te as pape r wi t h

c an k er ; t h e y we re th e n al l sat i sfi e d t h at I k n e w the c hild s si
’

t uation b est, an d t h at I h ad sav e d its l i fe . I c onsid ere d the

c hild so m u c h re l i e v e d t h at the fath e r and m ot h e r w ou l d b e
ab l e to re store i t to f c t h l t h — l e ft it in t h e i r c are an d we nt
p e r e ea

out of town .

A G A IN G IV EN OV ER T O D I E.

I re tu rne d the n e x t d ay ab ou t n oon , and

h at th e y had fou n d t
ag ai n gi ve n i t u p to d ie I ts th roat was so fill e d w i t h c ank e r
.

t h at it h ad n ot sw al l o we d any t hi n g fo r fou r h ou rs I w as i n .

s us e n se w h e th e r to d o an y t hi ng for the c hil d or n ot b u t tol d

p ,

t he fathe r and m oth e r I t h ou gh t if i t was m i n e I wou ld not gi v e

it up ye t : th e y w i sh e d m e to t ry .

A G A IN REL I EV ED — T REA T M EN T.

1 too k some s m al l q u ill s from a w i n g , and stri ppe d th e m ex

c e pt ab ou t t h ree q u arte rs o f an i n c h at t he poi n t, t i e d se v e ral of
t h e m tog e th er, w hi c h m ad e a swab , di ppe d it i n c an k e r tea,
and b eg an b y washi n g the m ou t h , t h e n r i n s i n g it wi t h c ol d wa
ter ; t h e n wash e d i t w i t h the te a ag ai n , pu tti n g the s wab d own
l owe r i n the t h roat, w hi c h c ause d i t to g ag , an d w h il e the
thre at was ope n pu t it d o wn b e l ow t he sw al lo w, an d too k off
sc al es of c an k e r, t h e n r i nse d ag ai n w i t h c old wate r. S oon as
i t c ou l d swal l ow, g av e some tea of N o. 2, a tea spoon fu l at a
t i me, and it soon b eg an to struggl e for b re ath , and appe are d to
b e in great d i stress, si mi l ar to a d rowned person c omi ng to li fe .
5 76 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

U N G RA T EF U L RET U RN S .

Th ere h av e b een some h owe v e r w ho h ave tak e n a d i ffe ren t

, ,

cou rse an d h av e no t on l y re fuse d to c o m pl y w i th t h e i r c on

,

t rac t b u t h av e notwi th sta ndi n g the y h ave c on ti n u e d to u se the

, ,

medi c i ne t u rn e d ag ai nst me and tri ed to d o me all the h arm in

, ,

t h e i r po wer S uc h c on d uc t has c ause d m e c on sid e rab l e v e x a

.

t i on an d trou b l e .

S U I T ON N OT E F O R A RI G H T .
I pu t o n e of t he n otes in su it
,
was tri e d b e fore
an d t he ac t on i
the Boston P o l i c e C o urt. T he d e fe n c e se t u p w as, t hat t he
c on trac t w as vo id ,
in c onse q ue nc e o f the fail u re of the pate nt ;
and a so, l th at t h e re
w as n o v al u e re c e i v e d .
T he tri al was b e fore M r. J u sti c e O rne , and w as m anag e d b y
'

M r. M orse for t he plain tifi , and M r. M e rril l for the d e fe nd an t.

T he J udg e see m e d u nwil li ng to d e c id e al o ne , an d the c ase w as
c on ti n ue d for arg u m e n t b e fo re the fu l l c o u rt .
T he c ase was arg ue d b e fore th e t h re e j udg es, w ho all ag ree d
i n the opi n i on t h at a d e c i si o n of the C i rc u i t C o u rt did n ot affe c t
t he paten t r igh t, b u t w as a m e re suspe n si on , in c o n se q u e n c e of
an i nfo rmal i ty i n t he s e c ifi c ati on s, w h i c h did n ot d eb ar m e
p
from re cove ri n g ac cordi n g to the c on trac t.

S EC O N D H EA RI N G .

A fte r t hi s d ec i si on , ano th er h eari ng was had , and an oth e r at

te m pt m ad e to pro ve t h at t he d e fe n d an t had n o t b e e n fu rn i she d
b y me w i th the n e c essary i nform ati on to e n a b l e hi m to prac ti c e
wi th safe ty , b u t i n t hi s he fail e d al tog e t h e r.

I M P O RT A N T T ES T I M O N Y .

I n the c ou rse of the tri al , a g re at n u mb e r of g e n tl e me n of u n

d oub te d v e rac i ty we re b rou gh t forward to prov e the u til i ty of
m y system o f prac ti c e , w ho g av e t he m ost perfe c t tes ti mony in
its favor. A mo n g the wi tnesses, an e m i ne nt ph ysi c i an of B os
ton v o l u n tar il y c a me fo rw ard , a nd g av e a v e ry fai r an d c an d id
state m e nt i n fav o r of i ts u tili ty , the v al u e o f m di sc o v e ri es, and
y
t he i mportant addi ti ons 1 had m ad e to t he m ate ri a m e di c a.

T RI U M P HAN T RES U L T.

T he j udge took se v e ral d ays to mak e u p his j udg me nt and ,

fi nally d e c ided in my favor gi v i ng m e the ful l amoun t of my

,

c l ai m ; t h u s se ttl i ng t he pri nc i pl e t h at ob l ig ati on s gi ven for fa

,

mil y righ ts we re g ood in l aw .

T hi s w as the fi rst ti me 1 had e ve r had a c h an c e to prov e the

u tili ty of m y m e di c i ne an d syste m of practi c e b e fore a c ou rt of
l aw h av i ng al ways b efore b ee n preven te d b y some man ag e
-

ment of the c ourt.

 M A TERI A M ED I C A 5 77

I N D EX ,

amu el Thom son Di sc ov er i es

’
To the H istor i cal S ket ch f o S an d
Ea r l y P r acti ce.
A B U S E, w her e b e n e fi t r e c ’d, 5 05 EDU C A T ED M en opini on of,, 5 04
b y Dr . F r e n c h , 5 40 Em e tic s ,
5 07
r e war d e d , 5 68 F A M I L Y Rig h ts , l ib erali ty in , 5 75
A dv e r sity , f rie n d sh i p in , 5 16 F e v e r a n d a g ue , 5 16
A g u e in t h e f ac e , t r e a tm e n t of , 5 71 F ev e r sor e , t r e atm e n t of,
-
5 18
B I RTH a nd p are nta g e , 4 93 F r e nc h, Dr ., p l o t b y , 5 23
o f d a u g ht e r , 4 95 F i ts, 4 95 , 5 1 3 , 5 18
se c o n d d o . 4 96 z
F r e e i ng , tr e a tm e nt a n d c u r e , 5 63
t h i r d c h il d , 4 97 sim p l i c i ty of c u r e, r e
f ou r th d o . 4 98 m ar k s, St e . 5 64
B l e e di ng a t t he l u n g s, 5 09 F ev er , sc ar l e t, 4 96
B al a nc e o f p ow er t o b e ob se r v e d, 5 3 2 l ong , 4 97
B r u ise d f oot, 5 49 ob se rv a ti on s on , 5 08
B ar ton, D r ., adm i ssi on of, 558 all k i nd s f r om sam e c au se , 5 08
B u tte rnu t, 5 60 y el l o w , 5 0 8 , 5 1 5 , 5 21
C O L I C , 4 95 , 5 0 1 , 5 02 tre a tm e nt of , 5 1 5 , 558
C a n k er , 4 9 6 , 5 07 , 5 1 1 , 5 20 c u re d , 5 16
G r ou p , 4 9 7, 5 73 , 5 74 p hy sic d a n g er ou s in , 5 30
C on su l tati on a b ou t p r ac tice , 4 98 tw o c a se s of , 5 1 1 ,
tr eate d, 5 0 3
C a y e n n e p e p p er , 5 07 l un g 5 17
C h i ld b e d f e v er ,
-
5 10 s p o tt e d
C hild sav e d , o p ini on of f r i e n ds, 5 75 se v er e c ase c ur e d , 5 37
C o m p e n sa t io n, n on e r ec e i v e d , 5 11 v er y b a d c a se of c h il d, 5 38
C on su m p tion , c a se s o f , 5 0 3 , 5 1 0 , r e m a r k s on , 5 38
5 2 1 , 5 24 , 5 26, 5 33 , 5 3 4 , 5 3 5 , 5 49 v i ol e n t c a se , t r e a tm e n t , 5 60
C ase , c hr o n ic n er v o u s, M rs . Ric h g re a t suc c e ss o n C a p e C od, 5 66
ar d so n , 5 1 2 , c ur e d, 5 13 se v e r al si c k , tr e a tm e n t of ,
C a nc er , 5 1 0 , 5 1 4 , 5 65 5 66, 5 67
h ow tr e a te d b y d c otor s, 5 14 c au t ion i n at t e n d i ng , 5 67
C u t, b ad c a se , c u r e of , 5 17 g re a t m or tal ity of , 5 67
C ur e s, e ff ec t of , 5 21 r eap p eara nc e o f, se n t f or
w on d er e d a t, 5 22 i n h aste , 5 68
C onfi ne m e n t, 5 5 0 , 5 60 g reat su cc e ss, 5 68
C on fessi on , i nfa m ou s, 552 G O U T , h o w t r ea te d b y d oc t or s, 5 3 1
C au t ion , 5 67 r e l ie v e d , 5 31
C on stip a tion , t re a te d , 5 71 G r at i tu d e , 5 36
DO CT O RS , d isa g r e e me nt am on g , 4 9 5 H EA T , i nte rnal , 5 07
h o n e st, 5 25 I N F L A M M A TI O N , c ol d w a ter
v ill a n y , 5 28 f or ,
j
t he ir o b e c t , 5 48 I nv e stig a tion , t al e n t f or ,
n u m b er of
,
550 I ng r at itu d e of c ur e d p a ti e n ts, 5 09 ,
o p i nion o f, 550 5 1 6, 5 76
m a na g em e nt of, 55 1 f ri e n ds, 5 1 0 , 5 27
o u t o f b usi nes s 554 f or b e n e fi ts c onferr e d, 5 5 5
t h r e a te n ,
,
5 61 j
I n u r ie s su sta i ne d , 5 75
off e n de d , 5 62 J
I nstr uc ti on t o u d g e Ri c e , 8t e ., 5 30
p r iv i l e g e d t o kil l , 5 24 I tc h , 5 70
Di se a se s, c om m on o ri g in o f, 5 06 J O I N TS ou t of p l a c e , 5 72
Dr o psy , c a ses o f tr e a tm e n t, 5 1 0 , J u d g m e n ts , 5 48
5 24 , 5 25 , 5 36 , 5 5 0 , 5 5 9, 5 71 q
K N O WL ED G E, a c u ire d b y e x
Dy se ntery ,5 1 3 , 5 20 , 5 71 p e r im e n t s,
g r e a t suc c e ss i n, 5 20 , 5 1 9 L A B O R, h ar d , c omm e n c es,
b a d c ases i n D ee r fi eld, 5 32 L ob e l ia fi rst u se d,
c ur e of , 5 19 L auda num t ak e n ,
Dig estion , syru p f or , 5 20 r e l ie f fr om ,

D e pl e tion, r em ar k s a n d t e at
r m ’
t, 5 3 6 d eath cause d b y ,
5 78 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

L aw su i t, o n ac c ou n t of a
-
f am ily Rel ax c ase
,
of ,
r ig h t , 5 76 Ri c hard son ,
M r s ., a r em ar k ab l e
fi r st h e ar i ng , 5 76 c a se , 5 12 c ur e .
s e c o nd h e ari n g , 5 76 S C A L D H EA D,
-

i m p ort an t te st im ony 5 76 S t e am in g , fi r st p ra t ic e d , 4 96,

t ri um p han t r e su l t , 5 76 b e ne fi t o f ,
M A RRI A G E, 4 95 n e w m e t ho d o f,
M e a sl es, c ase a n d tr ea tm e nt, 5 00, 5 0 1 w h e n e sta b l ish e d,
M e di c in e , e ff e c t of , 5 13 b y t he d oc t or s,
M e di c al k n owl e dg e , v al ue of , 5 31 S m al l p ox , i ts n atu r e ,
M ur d er , T h om son c har g e d w i th , S p ra in s, tr e atm e n t of ,
5 3 2 , 5 39 S al t r h e um t r e a t e d , 5 3 1 ,
-

i ndic te d f o r , 5 39 su g ar o f l ead u se d ,
a tt em p t e d on , 5 49 S ic k n e ss a n d d e a t h of C ap ta in
M y ster iou s ac ti ons of M r s . L ov T r ick y ,
e tt, 553 S al t p e tre , d an g er ou s p oi son ,
-

M y ste r i e s, u na c c ou n tab l e , 553 r e m e d y f or ,

M e dical st u d e n ts, a ne c d ote of, 5 65 S oc ie ty ,
M arsh rose m ar y , 5 65 S m ith , El ias, a g e n t,
s ub st itu t e f or , 5 66 S i c k , t r e a tm e n t of,
M or tali ty , g r e at, 5 67 T H OM S O N , S am u e l , b ir th a n d
M e r c ur i a l sor e s , 5 75 p ar e n t a g e ,
t r e a tm e nt a n d c u re , 5 75 se v ere p ar e n t al t r e a t
N ERV ES , m e d i c in e f or , 5 20 m e n t,
N e ttl e r a sh , c a se a nd tr e a tm e n t, 5 23 m arr ia g e , b ir th of fi r st
N o se , sor e , d a n g er o u s, 5 61 d au g h te r , sic k n ess, 4 95
O P P O S I T I O N , v i ol e n t , b y Dr . M rs ., c on fi n e m en t, 2d
F r e n c h, 5 22 c h il d ,
O rd e r s d isob e y e d, 5 51 t hir d c hil d b or n,
P A T I EN T , u ne x p ec te d , 5 10 m e dic al skill a p pr e c r
P hy si c i an s, b li n d c o nfi d e n c e i n , 5 00 a te d ,
e m i n e n t c i v il i ty of, 5 05 n ot e xp ec t ing t o prac
a l a rm e d 5 27 t ic e ,
,
P oi son s, u se of c on d e m n e d, 5 04 se c on d son b or n ,
P e r sp ir a tion , e ff e c t o f, 5 13 m id wif e , 4 98
P oi so n , su pp o se d c ase of , 5 14 hi s o w n p h y sic ia n , 4 98
P u b l ic se nt im e n t, 5 17 i n str uc ti on t o c h il dr e n , 4 98
P aym e n t , u su al , 5 1 3 , 5 28 t hir d son b orn , & c . 4 99
P ra c ti c e , su cc essf ul , 5 1 7 , 5 21 s ev e r e sic k n e ss, 4 99
a n d c u r e s, r e m ark s on , 5 39 r e st or e d fi ft h c a se g iv
i n P or tl a n d , 559 e n ov e r ,
e xt e n d e d
,
5 62 su c c ess ap pre c ia t e d ,
i t s u t ilit y p r ov e d b e f or e fi f th son a n d 3 d daugh
a c ou r t o f l aw , t e r b or n , 4 99
q
P hy sic , c ons e u e n c e o f, 5 3 0 , d i ffi d e n ce , 5 03
P e o pl e , r e m a r k s o f, c o n su l t s a b ou t p rac t ic e , 5 0 4
P r e g n a nc y , o v e r ti m e , hi s id e a s o f h i s e d u c a
P e p p er v i ne g ar , p o ison e d , ti on , 5 04
e ff ec t s o n p at ie n t d e t er m in e s t o p r ac tic e , 5 0 5
a n d c u re , t h e or y , 5 05
P ip sissiw ay , u se f u l i n c anc er s , u n re m i t t e d a tt e n ti on
P e ri sh e d ar m , i m pr ov e m e nt, 8cc .
P e pp er sa uc e , it s e ff e c ts in b ath his r ea son s f or l eav i ng
ing . 5 72 h om e . 5 I5
Q U A CK , T hom s on c al l e d, 5 09 v i si t s N e w Y ork ,-
5 15
RO O T S a nd he r b s, g a the rin g of , 4 98 r e tu r n s h o m e , 5 1 6, 5 22
Rattl e snak e ’s oil, fi r st u sed,
-
4 97 c ol l e c t s m e d ic in e , 5 16
Re m e dy, g e ne ral , 5 06 v i si ts V e r m on t , 5 18
Rh e um atism , 5 21 , 5 25 , 5 72 a t te n d s s ic k in G e or gi a , 220
Rick e ts, 5 36 a t S a l isb ur y M ill s, a n d
Ru sh, Dr . his tre atm ent of y ell ow p ra c tic e s th e re ,
f ev er , p er sec u te d, &C .
5 80 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

D ES C RIP T IO N O F T H E V EG ET A B L E S U B S T A N CES
U S ED B Y S A M U EL T H OM S ON , T o S U S TA I N H IS S Y S T EM or

V ITA L IT Y IN M A TTER.

We sh al l be as c o nc se i in di ffere nt ve
ou r d esc ri pti on of the
g e tab l e re me di es u se d b y Dr T h o mson as possi b l e k no wi ng as
.
,

w e do th at t he patro ns o f t hi s w o rk w ish his e x per i e n c e and

, ,

n ot t h at o f the re g u l a r ph ysi c i ans We sh al l e nd eav or th e re .

,

fore n ot to l u m b e r the wo rk wi th use l ess re me di es o r w i t h too

, ,

m any of th ose of o th ers b u t sh al l c on fi ne o urse l f m ostl y to ou r

,

o wn e x pe ri e n c e an d to T h o mso n i an p ri nc i pl e s and t re at me nt
,

ge nerall y w i th ou t q uoti ng as good au t h or i ty t h ose w h ose sys

,

te ms of prac ti c e we pro fe ss to h av e passe d l on g si n c e i n poi n t of

c o rrec t pr i nc i pl e s a nd prac ti c al suc c e ss C onse q ue n tl y we d o .
,

n ot w i sh to re trac e ou r ste ps an d ag a i n pass o v e r the b attl e ,

fi e ld fo r the sake of the fig ht as the v i c tory has al re ady b ee n

, ,

won and the l au re l s ac q u i red

, .

F or w h at the n sh al l we c on te nd Z
, ,
We answer te ac h the ’
.
,

o l e to res e c t t h e mse l ves and t h e i r ow n j u dg me nt in re l a

p pe p
t i o n to me di c i ne and to k e e p c l e ar o f t he i?
, v eg eta b l e a n d t

m in er a l p ois on s a n d the ir a d v oc a tes $3 for the sak e of b o ,

di l y h e al th and d ome sti c peac e .

T he re m edi e s an d treatme n t o f the di ffe re n t di se ases to w h i c h

we are su bj ec t are m ad e so pl ai n that an y pe rson o f ordi n ar y ,

c apac i ty c an b y fo ll ow i ng t he ru l e s and di re c ti ons in th i s wo rk

, ,

p r ac ti c e at fi rst i n si mpl e form s o f di se ase s u c c e ssfu l l y A nd i n .

t he m ost v i o l e n t c ase s w i th m u c h b e tter su c c e ss t h an atte nd s

t he prac ti c e o f the most e m i ne n t ph y s i c i an of the o ld sc h ool ,

w h ose m ate ri a me di c a to c ure the si c k is c om pose d o f the most

v i ol e n t veg e tab l e an d m i n eral poi sons— su c h as wou l d d e stro y

the most rob u st pe rson i n h e al th an d su c h as the w i c ke d h av e

re c ou rse to to d estroy the l i v es o f othe rs or to c o m m i t s u i c id e
, .

i f arsen i c n i tre and opi u m w il l k il l th ose in h e al th w h en g iv

, , , ,

e n fo r the pu rpose o f d estruc ti o n wil l t h e y c u re t he si c k w h e n , ,

gi ve n b y a man of l e arn i ng on ac c ou n t of his d i pl om a ? A nd

,

i f red r aspb e rry w i tc h h azl e an d su m ac are i nn oc e n t sub stan

,
-

, ,

c e s b y n atu re c an th e y b e m ad e o i sons b e c au se ad mi n i ste re d

, p ,

b y a man w ho d oe s not u nd erstan d l ati n, and has n ot ob tai ne d

d iplo ma z
’

a .
5 82 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

t he b ottom or the see d m ay b e si fte d t h rough a fi n e si e ve to

,
sepa rate i t fro m t he h e rb . T he se e d s h ou l d b e b ott l e d c l ose ,
a n d the h e rb m a
y b e k e pt l n b ox e s, al l o f wh i c h s h ou ld b e d ry .
T he d ri e d l e ave s of l o b e li a h ave a sligh t i rr i tati n g od or, an d
w h en c he w ed , th ou gh at fi rst w i th ou t m u c h taste , soon pro d uc e
a b u 1 n in , ac rid i m ressi on u on t he oste r i o r
g p p p parts o f t he
t o n g u e , a nd pal ate , v e r y c l ose ly re se m b l i n g t h at oc c asi one d b
y
to b ac c o, a nd atte nd e d 1 11 l i ke m ann e r w i th a flo w of sal i v a, a nd
a n ause o us e ffe c t u o n the sto m ac h . T he powd e r 1 s o f a g re e n
p
ish c ol o r. T he pl an t yi e ld s its ac ti v e pro pe rti es re adil y to wa
te r a nd al c o h ol ; and w ate r di still e d fro m it re tai n s its ac r id
taste . T he l ob e li a c o ntai n s a v o l atil e o i l, u pon w h i c h its od or
d e pe nd s, an d an ac ri d al kal i n e pri n c i pl e , to w hi c h i ts e ffe c ts
u pon t he sy ste m a re rob ab l y asc ri b ab l e . T h e se e d c o n tai n s at
p
l e ast t w i c e as m u c h o f t hi s pri nc i pl e in pro porti on as the w hol e
pl an t.
L ob e l i a is an e m e t c , i an d ,
l l d oses a d i aph ore ti c and
in sm a ,

e x e c to ra n t T h l v e s or c a su l e s h w e d for a s h ort t i m e
p .e e a p c e , ,

o c c asi o n giddi n e ss h e ad ac he t re m ors a n d u l ti mate l y n au se a

, ,

a n d v o m i ti n g Whe n sw al l owe d 1 11 fu l l d ose the me di c i ne g e

.
,

n eral ly p rod u c e s v o m i ti n g atte n d e d wi t h c o i ou s pers i ra ti on

, p p ,

and a g e n e ra l re l ax ati o n I ts e ffe c ts l n d oses too l arg e o r too

.
,

o fte n re pe ate d are g re at an xi e ty and e x tre m e prost rat i on of

,

s tre n g th and t he a e aran c e o f t he t i n t is v e ry al arm i ng to

, pp p a e

t h ose w ho a1 e u n ac q ua i n te d w i t h its o pe rati on b u t to the prac ,

titione r t h ose sy mpto ms a re al most a n e v e r y d ay oc c urre nc e ,

c on se q ue n tl y i t g i v e s h im 11 0 u n e asi ne ss for t he safe t y o f the

pat i e nt . I n t wo o r t h re e h o u rs the pati e n t is t h rou gh w i t h t he

o e rat i o n
p an d possesse s a s m u c h v ig or i f n ot mo re
, ,
t h an im ,

m ed i ate l y pre v i ous to the c om m e nc e me nt of the c o u rse I f t hi s .

m d i c i n e d oes n or o pe rate as an e me ti c afte r b e i n g tak e n i n rea

e

so n a b l e q u anti ti es i n fro m t h re e to fi v e h ou rs it w il l pass off

, ,

the sam e as a n y othe r h arm l e ss s u b stan c e a nd l e av e the person ,

w i t h a f u ll flo w of v ig or an d spi ri ts t he sam e as if it had n ot

,

b e e n take n .

V e ry u n li ke t he ta r ta r iz ed a n t im on y o r ip ec a c , is t he ope
rati o n o f the l ob e l i a i n flata T hose arti c l e s, w h e n tak e n to
.

c au se v om i ti ng , and fail tng to prod u c e t he d es i re d e ffe c t, l e av e

t he pati e n t w i th a d i str essi ng n a u se a, th at i s n ot g o t rid of m a

n y t i me s for se v e ra l d ay s F atal effe c ts a re freq ue ntl y the re
.

su l t of taki n g tartariz e d a n ti mo n y i n too l a rg e u an t i ti es ; b ut

q
sa fe an d sal u tar y are t he e ff e c ts o f t he l ob e l i a, i n al m ost e v ery

fo rm t hat i t c an b e use d , e v e n b y t he m ost i ne x pe ri e nc e d h and ,

if he b u t fol l o ws the di re c ti ons fo r its u se .
T he fi rst k no wl edg e I e v e r had of it, w as ob tai ne d b y ac c i
d ent more th an fi fty ye ars ago, and I n e v e r had any i n forma
t i on w h ate v er c onc e rn i ng it, e x c e pt w h at I h av e g ai n e d b y my
 M A T ERI A M ED I C A . 5 83

o wn e x peri e nc e A g re at d e al has b e e n said o f l ate ab ou t th i s

.
.

l n t b o t h i n i ts fa vo r an d ag ai nst i ts u t l ll ty as a m e d i c i ne
p a , ;
b ut all th at the fac u l ty h av e said or pu b l i s he d c o n c e r n i ng i t ,

o nl y s h o ws t h e i r ig noran c e o n the su bj e c t ; for t he re is v e r y

l i tt le t ru th i n w hat the y h ave state d c o n c e rni ng i ts m edi c i n al

r t i x t w h e re t h e y ad m i t i t to b e a c e rtain c ure for
p p o er e s e,
c e p '

t he asth m a o n e o f the m ost di st re ssi n g c o m pl ai n ts t h at h u m an

,

n atu re is s u bj ec t to I t is a t ru t h w hi c h c an n ot b e di spu ted

.
,

t ha t a ll t he y h a v e kn o w n ab ou t t h i s art i c l e an d t he e x pe ri ,

m e n ts that h av e b e e n m ad e to asc e rtai n its v a l u e o rigi nated in ,

m y m a ki n g u se o f it i n m y p rac ti c e .

I n t he c o u rse o f m y prac t i c e a n u m b e r of the d o c tors di sc o

,

v e re d t ha t t he m e di c i n e I m ad e u se o f prod uc e d e ffe c ts w h i c h

as to n i she d t h e m an d w h i c h t h e y c o u l d n ot ac c ou n t fo r
,
Th i s .

le d the m t o c on c l ud e th at b e c ause i t was so po we rfu l in t e

,

m ov i n g d i se ase i t m u st b e poi so n
,
T hi s I t h i n k c an b e v e ry
.
, ,

sati sfac to ril y ac c o un te d fo r T h e y h av e n o k no w l e d ge of an y

.

t hi ng i n t he i r s yste m w h i c h is c a pab l e o f prod u c i n g a po we rfu l

e ffe c t u o n t he si c k e x c e t w h at is poi so n o u s and t her e fore n a
p p ,

t u rally fo rm t h e i r o pi n i o ns ag re e ab l e to t hi s e rro n e o us t h e or y .

T h ere is a powe r to prese rv e l i fe an d a powe r to prod uc e ,

d eat h w h ic h o f c ou rse are di re c tl y o ppose d to e ac h oth e r ; and

,

w h ate ver te n d s to promote l i fe c an n ot prod uc e d eat h l e t i ts ,

o w b e r so g re at I n t hi s c onsi sts all t he di ff e re n c e b e
p e r e e v .

t we e n m y s yste m o f pr ac ti c e and t h at o f t h e l e a rne d d oc tors .

I n c on seq ue n c e o f the i r thu s fo rm i n g an e rron eo us opi n i on of

t h i s h e rb w h i c h t he y h ad no kno wl edg e of t h e y u n d e rtook to
, ,

re prese nt i t as a d ead ly poi son ; an d in o rd e r to de stro y m

y
rac ti c e t h e y r ai se d a h u e and c ry ab o u t m y k i l li n g m ti
p y p en ts
a
- -

b y ad m i n i ste ri ng i t to t h e m S o m e o f the fac u l ty e v e n m ad e

.

o at h t hat i t w as po i so n and w h e n t ak e n i nto t he stom ac h i f i t

, ,
did not c ause i mm edi ate v o mi ti n g it w as c ertai n de ath It is .

u nn e c essary for m e n ow to po i n t o u t the fal si ty o f t h i s for the ,

fac t is pre tt y w e l l k n o w n t hat t h e re is n o d e at h i n i t ; b u t on

,

t h e c o n trar y th a t t he re is n o v e g e tab l e t h at the e ar th prod u c e s

,
,
m ore h arml ess i n i ts e ff e c ts o n the h u m an sy ste m and no o ne ,

m ore po we rfu l i n re mov i n g di se ase an d pro moti n g h e al th .

T he re is no m e nti o n mad e o f t hi s h e rb b y an y a u th o r th at l
h av e b ee n ab l e to fi nd pre v i o us to m y d i sc o v e ri n g it e x c e pti n g
, ,

L i nn ae us w ho has gi v e n a c or re c t d esc ri pti o n o f i t u n d e r the

, ,

n a m e o f l o b e l i a i nfla ta ; b u t th e re is n o t hi ng sai d o f i ts m e di c a l
rope rti es i t is the re fo re re ason ab l e to c o n c l u d e t h at th e y w e re
p
n o t kn o w n t il l I di sc o v e re d the fac t and
prov ed the pl an t to b e
,

u se fu l .

When the fac ul ty fi rst di sc overed th at I u se d thi s h erb in my

r ac t i c e th e y d e c l are d it to b e a d e adly o i d w h il
p , p so n a n e
per
sc e nti ng m e b y e v ery me ans in th e i r w d ti g
p o e r an re pres e n n ,
5 84 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

to the worl d th at I k i l l e d my pati ents wi th it th e y were v e ry

,

re ad y to c al l it m y m e d i c i n e a nd al l o w it to b e m y di sc over y ;
,

b u t si n c e t h e i r ig noran c e o f it h as b e e n e x pose d and t h e y fi nd

,

i t is g o i ng to b ec ome an arti c l e o f g re at v al ue an atte m pt see m s

,

to b e m a ki n g to rob m e of all t he c re di t o f c au si ng its v al u e to

b e kno wn a nd the pro fi ts w h i c h b e l ong to m e fo r the d isc ove
,

ry — ln w h i c h some who h ave b ee n i nstru c te d b y m e are re ady

to j o i n for t he pu rpose o f prom oti ng t h e i r own i n te rest at m y
,

e x pe n se .

What is q u ote d in the Di spe nsatory from the Re v D r M

, . . .

C u tl e r c o n c e rn i ng t hi s h e rb is in ge n e ral c orre c t parti c ul arl y

, , ,

a s i t re g ard s its b e i ng a spec ifi c for t he as th m a thou gh he 1a,

b ored u nd e r m an y m i stak e n n o ti o n s a b ou t i ts e ffe c ts w h e n tak

e n i n to the stom ac h . H e s ay s “
,
if t he q u an ti ty b e a l i ttl e i h
c re ase d it o pe rates as an e me ti c and th e n as a c ath arti c
,
i ts e f
,

fe e ts b e i n g m u c h the sam e as t h o se o f the c om mon e me ti c s an d

c ath a rti c s I n th i s he is m i stake n fo r it is e n ti re ly di ffe re nt
”
. ,

fro m an y oth er e m e ti c k n ow n a n d as to its o e rat i n g as a c a

p
t ha rtic , I k ne w it to h ave s uc h an e ffe c t in al l m y prac
ne v e r

ti c e. A nd I c e rtam ly ou gh t to k n o w som e thi ng ab ou t it, after

h av i ng mad e u se o f it for more t h an forty y ears, and ad m inis
te ri n g it in e v ery form and m an ne r in w hi c h i t c an b e gi v en ,
an d for e v ery d ise ase t h at h as c o me w i t hi n m y k n o wl edg e .

I t appe ars t h at all the k no wl e dg e he an d oth e r d oc tors h ave

o t of t his h e rb s b e i ng u se fu l in c u ri ng d i se ase , par ti c u l arl y in
’

g
t he ast h ma, was ob tai ne d from me ; fo r w h e n I w as prose cu te d
I was o b l ig e d to e x pose m y di sc o ve ri e s, to sh o w the fal si ty of
t he i nd i c tm e nt.
D r. C u tl er was b rou gh t fo rward as a w i tn ess at m y tri al , to
o e t h e v i rt u e s o f t hi s pl a n t b y his te st i m on y — that he c u red
p r v

h i mse l f o f t he asth m a w i t h i t H e says, the fi rst i nfo rm ati on

.

h e had o f its b e i ng g ood for t hat c o mpl ai n t, w as from D r. Dru

r y , of M ar b l e h ead . I n the fal l of the y e ar 1 8 0 7, I i n t rod u c e d
t he e m e ti c h e rb , t i nc tu re d i n spi ri t, fo r t he asth ma and ot h e r
c o m pl ai n ts o f t h e l u ngs, an d c u re d se v e ra l o f t he c on su m pti on .

I n 1 8 0 8 , I c u red a wo man in N e wi n g to n o f the ast h m a, who

h ad n ot l ai d i n her b e d fo r six mo n ths. I g ath e re d so me of th e
l an ts, ab o u t the siz e o f a d ol l a r, b ru i se d t h e m , and ti nc tu re d
p
t he m in s pi ri ts, g ave he r t he ti n c tu re , and she lay in b ed the
fi rst n igh t. I sh owe d he r w h at it was, and how to pre pare and
u se i t, and b y ta ki n g t hi s and o t h e r t hi ng s ac c ordi n g to my di
re c t i o n , s he e nj oy e d a c o m fo rtab l e state o f h e al t h for t we l v e
y ears, and has not b een ob l ige d to sit u p o ne n igh t si nc e . T he
s a me fal l I u se d it i n B ev e rl y a nd S al e m ; a nd th e re c an b e no
d o ub t b ut al l the i n fo rm ati on c onc e rni ng the val ue of t his arti
c le was ob tai ned from my prac ti c e .
 5 86 TH E T H O M S O N I A N

pl enty . I n the ye ar 1 8 0 7 i f I had offe re d a r eward of a thou

,
o

sand d ollars fo r a ou nd o f t his h e rb I c o u ld no t h a ve o b tai n e d

p
it. I h ave se e n the ti me whe n I wo u ld h av e g i v e n two d ol l ars
fo r an ou n c e o f the po wd e r b u t the re was no ne to b e had ; and
,

t hi s fac t taugh t me to lay u p al l I c ou ld ob tai n w h e n it was

l
p e nt3
s
I n e asons w h en th i s h e rb is pl e nty, it may b e foun d g ro wi n g
in high ways and pastu re s, b y the si d e of old tur n pi k es, and in
stu bb l e l and , arti c u l arly w h e re it has b e e n l ai d d o w n to g rass
p
the y ear b e fore . Wh e n g rass is sc arc e it is eate n b y c attl e , and
is h ard to b e fo un d w he n ful l g ro wn . I t is a wild pl ant, and a
n at i v e of thi s c ou n try ; b u t t h e re is n o d o u b t of its b e i ng c o m
m on to oth e r c ou ntri es. I t may b e transpl an te d and c ul ti v ated
in g ard e ns, and wil l b e m u c h l arge r an d more v igorous t h an
w h e n g rowi ng wild . If so me stal ks are l e ft, it will sow i tse l f,
and pro b ab l y m a b d u c e d fro m the se e d ; b u t h o w l ong
y e pro
the se e d s re m ai n i n t he g ro un d b e fo re th e y c om e u p, I d o n ot
k now, h av i n g mad e n o e x pe ri me n ts to asc ertai n the fac t. I t
is c e rtai n t h at it is prod u c e d from the see d , and th e re is n o good
re aso n to su ppose t h at i t m ay n ot b e c u l ti v ate d i n g ard e n s fro m
t he se e d , as we l l as ot h e r v e g e tab l es. I thi n k it m ost pro b ab l e,
h owev e r, fro m the nature of t he pl ant, th at it w ill not c ome up
ti l l the see d s h ave l aid at l e ast one w i n te r in the g rou nd .

Th i s pl ant is di fferen t in one v ery i m portant parti c u l ar from

all oth e rs th at l h av e a k no wl edg e o f, and th at is, t hat t he same
quanti ty w il l prod u c e the same effec t in all stage s of its g ro wth ,
from its fi rst appe aran c e till i t c omes to matu r i ty . B u t the b e st
t i m e fo r g ath e ri n g it, as has b e fore b ee n m e nti one d , is w h e n the
l eav es and pod s b e gi n to tu rn y e ll ow, for t he n the seed is ri pe ,
and y ou h av e all t hat c an b e had of t he pl ant . I t sh ou ld t h en
b e c u t and k e pt c l ean, and spread in a l arg e c h amb er or l oft to
d ry, w h e re it is o pe n to the air in the d ay t i me , and to b e sh u t
from the d amp air d uri n g the nigh t. Wh e n pe rfe c tly d ry, sh ak e
ou t the se e d , an d si ft t h rou gh a c omm on me al si ev e , and pre
se r ve i t b y i tse l f ; t h e n b e at off the l e av es and d f m the
p o s ro

stal k s, and pre se rve t h e m c l e an .

T hi s h e rb may b e pre pare d for u se in th ree d i ffe re nt ways,
v iz. 1 st . T he powd e re d l e av es and pod s. 2d . A ti nc ture ,
mad e from t he g reen h erb w i th spi ri t. 3 d . T he seed s re d uc ed
to a fi ne powd er, and c o m pou nd e d wi th N os. 2 an d 6 .
M edic a l u ses — 1 . A fte r the l e av es and pods are se parate d
from the stal ks, g ri nd th e m or pound th e m in a mortar to a fi ne
w d e r, si ft it t h rou gh a fi ne si eve and i t f m t he air.
p o p re se rv e ro

T hi s is the most c o m mon pre parati on, and may b e gi v e n in

m any di ffe re nt way s, e i th er b y i tse l f or c ompound ed wi th o th er
arti cl es. F or a c ommon d ose, take a tea spoon ful of thi s pow
’

q
d er, with the same uant i ty of sugar, in h al f a teac uptul of
'
 M ar m ra a M ED I C A . 5 87
‘
warm wate r, or a te a of 3 m ay
N o. d i nstead of the wa
b e u se
te r ; t hi s d ose may b e take n al l at o ne ti me , o r at thre e ti me s, at
'

i nte rval s o f te n m i n ute s. F o r a y ou ng c hi ld , strai n off the l i

q u o r, and gi v e a part as c i rc u mstanc es may req u i re .
2 . T o pre pare the ti nc tu re , take the g re e n h e rb i n any
'

of its g ro w th i f the s ma l l pl ants are u sed , take roots an

h m i t m d d th e m fi ne , t he n add the s ame
'

p u t t e n o a or ta r a n
po u n
q uan ti ty of g ood spi ri ts ; w h en we ll pou nd e d and worke d to ge
t h e r, st rai n it t h ro u g h a fi ne c l oth and sq u ee z e and pre ss it h ard
to g e t o u t a ll the j u i c e ; save the l iq uor i n b ottl es c l ose ste pped
for u se . G ood v i ne g ar or pe ppe r sauc e m ay b e u se d i nste ad of
-

the spi ri t. P re pare d in t hi s m an ne r, it is an effec tual c ou nte r ,

po i so n , e i th e r take n , or e x te rnal ly appl i e d . It i s al so an e x c e l

l e n t m e dic i ne for t he asth m a, an d all c om pl ai nts of the l u ngs.
T hi s is the o n ly way in w h i c h the d oc tors h ave mad e u se of
”

'

the e me t i c h e rb , and the y ac k no wl e dg e it to b e o ne o f t he b e st

re me di e s in m any c o m pl ai n ts t h at has b ee n fo u nd , t h ou gh th e y
k no w b u t l i ttl e a b ou t i t. F or a d ose, take from h al f to a tea '

s oon fu l . I ts e ffe c ts w il l b e m ore c e rtain , i f ab out the same

'

p
q u an ti ty of N o. 2 is add e d , and in all c ases w he re t h e re are ne r
v o us sy m ptoms, add h al f a te a spoon fu l of nerve powd er to the
‘

d ose .

3 . Re d uc e the see d s to a fi ne powd e r in a mortar, and take

h al f a n ou nc e of t hi s po wd e r, or ab o ut a l arg e spoonful , wi th the
same q u anti t y o f N o. 2 , m ad e fi ne , and pu t t h e m in a gil l of

N o. 6 , addi n g a tea spoon ful of ne r v e po wd e r, to b e k e pt stop

p e d i n a b o tt le for u se "
; w h e n take n, to b e we l l sh ak e n to e th e r.
g
T h is pre paration is sfor the m ost v i ol e nt attac k s of d i se ase ,
‘

su c h as l oc k j aw, b i te o f m ad d og , d rowne d pe rsons, fi ts, spasms,

-

and i n all c ases of s us pe nd e d a ni mati on, w h e re t he v i tal s park

is n e arly e x ti nc t. I t wi l l g o th rou g h the sy ste m l i ke e lec tric i

ty , g iv i ng h eat and l ife to e ve ry part. I n c ase s whe re spasms
are so v i ol e n t th at the pe rsons a re sti ff , and the j aws b e c o me

se t , b y pou ri n g some of t hi s liq u id i n to t he mon th, b e twee n the

c h eek and tee t h, as soon as it to uc h es t he gl and s at the roots o f

the to ng ue , the spasms w ill re l ax , and the j aws w il l b e c ome
loose ned so th at t he month w il l ope n ; th en gi ve a d ose o f i t,
a n d as soon as the spasms h av e ab ated , re peat it, and after
'

ward s gi ve a te a of N o. 3 , for c ank er. T hi s c ou rse I ne ve r

.k ne w fail of gi v i ng re li e f.
I t is g ood in l ess viol e nt c ases, to b ri n g out the easl es and m
s mal l p ox ; and i f appl i e d to will re move
th e m . I hav e c u red t hre e d ogs w i th th i s pre parati on, wh i c h
“

we re u nd e r the most v i ol e nt sym ptoms of h yd roph ob i a ; se ve ral

of my age n ts c u re d patie nts w ho had bee n b i tte n b y mad d ogs ;

and I h ave not t he l e ast d ou b t of i ts b e i ng a spec ifi c for th at

al ise ase. F or a d ose, tak e a tea spoonful .

5 88 TH E m omsom a rt
'

M uc h has b ee n said of the powe r of the e me ti c he rb , and

some ha ve e x presse d fe ars of it o n t h at ac c o u nt ; b u t I c an as
sure the p u b lic , that t h e re is no t the l eas t d ang e r in u si ng it . I
have gi ve n it to c hil d re n from o ne d ay old to pe rsons of e igh ty
y ea r s. I t is m ost
p o we rfu l in re mov i ng d i se as e , b u t i noffe nsi v e

to nature . Its o pe rat i on i n d i ffe re nt pe rsons is ac c ordi ng to

,

thei r di ffe re nt te mpe rs, mo ving wi th the natural c u rre nt o f the

a ni mal spi ri ts.
T he re are t wo c ase s w h e re th i s med i c i ne wil l not O pe rate ,
v iz whe n the pati e nt is d yi ng , and wh e re t h e re is n o d e ath
, or
‘
in oth e r words, wh e n th e re is no d i se ase . T here c an b e no
w ar w h ere th e re is no e ne my .
. W h e n t h e re is no c o l d in the

b od y th e re is nothing to c on te nd ag ai nst, and whe n t he re i s no

heat in t he b od y, th e re is nothi ng to kind le
, ,
in e i th e r c ase ,
the re fore , t h i s med i c i ne is sil e n t and h arm l es s. It is c al c u l ated
to re mo ve t he c ause , and n o more — as foo d re mo ves h u ng er,
and dri nk , t hi rst. I t c l ears all ob stru c ti ons to the e xt remitie s,
wi th o ut reg ard to the n ames of d ise ase , u nti l it produc es an
q
e uil i b ri u m in the syste m, and w ill b e fe l t in the fi n g e rs and
to e s, pro uc i n a pri c kl ing fe eli ng lik e t h at c aused b
d g y a k noc k

o n t he e l b o w.
'
Th i s sy mptom is al armi ng to th ose u nac q uai nt
e d wit h its ope rati o n ; b ut it is al ways favorab l e , b e i n a c er
g
tain ind ic atio u o f t he turn of the d i sorder, and t h e y g e ne ral ly
.

ai n fro m t h at ti me.
g
I n reg ard to the q uanti ty to b e g i v e n as a dose, it is a matte r
.

of l ess c onse q uen ce t h an is g e ne ral ly i m a i ne d . T he most im

g .

p o r ta n t t h in g is to g i ve e no u gh t o
p rod u c e the d e si re
,

d e fi ia
c t.

If too l i ttl e is g ive n, it will worry the patie nt, and do b u t li ttl e
,

g o o d ; i f m o
re is g i v e n th a n is n e c e s sary
, th e s u rpl us w il l b e
t h rown off, and is onl y a waste of me di c i ne . I h av e gi ve n d i
re ctions wh at I c onside r as a d ose in c om mo n c ase s, of the d
'

fe rent pre parati ons ; b ut stil l it must b e le ft to the j udg me nt of

those who use it, ho w mu c h to gi ve. T he most safe way wi l l
b e t o g i ve :the small est prescrib e d dose fi rst, th e n repeat it till it
rod uc e s t he desi red ope rati on. I n c ase s w h e re the stomac h is
p
old and ve ry fou l , its o perati on wil l b e sl ow and u nc e rtai n, in
c
whi c h case g i ve N o. 2 , whi c h wi ll ass i st it in d oi ng its work.
When thi s medi c i ne is g i ve n to pati ents who are in a d ec l ine,
,

or are l ab ori ng u nde r d i sea ses of long standi ng , the sy mptoms

in di c ati ng a c ri si s wil l not take plac e till th e y have be en c arrie d
throug h from t h ree to e i g h t c ourses of the m ed i c i ne
; and the
lowe r t h ey hug e be en the more al armi ng will be the sy m toms.
, p
I have see n so me who would lay for two hours, and sob like a
'

,
;

c hi ld that had bee n punished , not ab l e to speak e r to rai se the ir .

ha n d to t he ir h ea d — and the next day be about, and soon et

.
g
w‘ell.
In cases where they have taken c onsid erab le opium, and this
5 90 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

C A P S ICUM B A C C A TU M .
-

N O. 2 .

C ay enn e, West I nd i a , or
'

B ir d P ep p er , Chi n c op i n s .

S TIM U L A N T ;, A P ERI EN T, A RO M A T I C , XP ECTO RA N T

E .

To raise and r etain the v ital h eat of th e b od y , and prom ote free pers pirati on.

CA P S ICU MBA C C A T U M F r u c tu s . T he fru i t — C or oll a ,

.

wh e e l shape d . B err y , w itho ut j nic e .

’

T h e re are se ve ral spe c i es of c apsi c um i n h ab i ti ng the tropi c al

I ndi es and A me ri c a, the fru i t o f wh i c h , di ffe ri ng si m pl y in the
de g ree of pungen c y, may b e i nd i sc ri m i natel y e m pl oy e d .
T he c ap s i c u m b acca tu m , or b i rd pe ppe r, and the c ap s i cu m
f r u tes c e n s , y ld the prin c i pal part o f t he C aye n ne pe ppe r that
i e

is b ro ugh t f ro m the East and West I nd i es, an d fro m S o u th

A me ri c a. T he s pec i e s m os t e x te nsi v e ly c u l ti v ate d i n Eu rope
and i n t hi s c ou nt ry, is the c a s i c u m a n n u u m . T he two fi r st
p
are ve ry s h rub b y l n ts, t he l ast is h e r b ac e o u s an d ann u al .
p a

CA P S IC U M AN N U U M .

T he ste m of thi s pl ant is th i c k, ro u nd i sh , smooth and b ranc h

ing , r i si ng fro m 1 2 to 3 6 i nc h e s, and su pports ov ate , poi nted ,
,

sm oot h e n ti re leave s, w h i c h are pl ac e d i rre g ul a rl y on l o ng foot

,
stal k s . T he fl o we rs a re w hi te , solitary , and stand on l o ng pe
d un c le s at t he axi ls o f the l eave s I t has a pe rsi ste nt c al yx , .

fi ve c l e ft a nd t ub u l ar the c oro ll a m onope tal o u s, and rathe r of

a w h ee l form, wi th t he l i mb di v id e d i nto fi ve poi n te d , s read
p
-

i ng and pl ai te d seg me n ts, wi th s h ort fil ame n ts, tape ri ng , and

fu rni sh e d w i th anth e rs ob l o ng ; t he g e rms are o v ate , su pport
i n g a sty l e th at is sl e nd e r, and l ong e r th an the fil ame nts, and
ter mi nates i n a b l un te d stig m a.
T he fru i t is a pod li k e , pe n d ul ou s b e r ry, s moo th , l igh t and
-

sh i ni ng , of a b righ ti s h sc arl e t, o r so me ti m es of a n ora ng e c ol or,

w i t h se ve ral c e ll s, c on tai n i ng a d ry, loose pulp, and flat, k id
-
h d seed s
ne y s ape .

T hi s pl ant is a nati ve of the warmer reg io ns of A si a A fri c a '

, ,

and A me ri c a and is c ul ti v ated i n ne a rly a ll pa rts o f t he wo rld

, .

I t is ab und ant in t hi s c o u ntry b ot h fo r me di c i n al an d o th er ,

p pu r ose s I t fl o wers
. d uri n g the su mm e r m o n t h s and th e fr u i t ,

r i pe ns in O c tob e r .

Th e re are man y v ar i e ti es c ultiv ed in o ur g ard ens w hi c h d if ,

fe r i n the sh ape of the fru i t T he most ab u nd an t is t h at w i th

.

a l arge i rre g u l arly o v ate pe n d u l o us b e rry rath er d e pre sse d at

, , ,

t he e x tre mi ty w h i c h is mu c h use d fo r pi c kl i ng in the g re e n

,

state . T he medi c i nal v ari e ty a re th ose wi th a l o ng poi nted , ,

c oni c al re c ur v e d fru i t not m uc h th i c k e r th an t he fi ng e r

, , We .

fre q ue ntly me e t wi th s ph e ri cal sligh tl y c o m pressed s mall b er , ,

r i es n ot m uc h e x c ee di ng t he siz e of a l arg e c h e r ry
,
Wh en .

r i pe and d ry the fru i t is pu l ver i ze d or g ro und i n to a fi ne po w

, ,
5 92 TH E Tu o n so u u s

afte r puki ng and prese rve t he stre ng th of t he pati e nt in pro po r

,
.

ti o n
. I mad e use o f it in d i ffe ren t ways for two years and nié ,
ways Wi th g ood suc c ess .

I n t he fal l of 1 8 0 7 l was in N e wb uryport, and saw a b ottl e

'

, _

of pe ppe r sauc e
-
b e i ng the fi rS t I h ad e ve r se e n I b oug ht it
.

and c a rri e d it ho me ot some of the same ki nd of t h at

, g p p
e p e r
was d ri ed whi c h I put i nto the bottle ; thi s mad e it v e ry hot
,
-

O n my way h ome was taken unwell and Was q u i te c old I

‘

, .
,

too k a swall ow fromthe b ottle, whic h c ause d v i ole nt pai n for a

”

fe w mi nu tes wh e n it prod uced re w

‘

, piration a nd I soon, g
easy I afte rwa rd s t ri ed it and oti nd that afte r it had e x pe l l ed
'

. ,

the c old it wo uld no t c ause pain F rom these e xpe ri me nts I

.
,

b ec ame c o nv i nced th at t hi s ki nd of pe ppe r was muc h strong e r,

and would b e be tte r for med i c al u se t h an the c ommon red e
p p
pe r.
S oon afte r thi s, I was ag ai n in N e w b u ry port, and made e n
q u i ry and fo u nd som e C a y e nne , b u t it w as pre pare d w i th sal t
for tab l e use, w hi c h i nj u red i t f i r m ed i c al pu rpose s. I tri e d i t
b y tasti ng , and se l e c te d t h at w hi c h had t he l e ast sal t in i t. I
afte rward s mad e use o f thi s a rti c l e , and fo u n d it to answer al l
t he pu rposes wi sh e d , and t h at it was t he ve ry t h i ng I had l ong
b ee n in se arc h o f.
T he ne x t ye a r I we nt to P o rtsmo u th and made e nq u i ri es c on
’

c e rni ng C aye nne , and fro tn th o se w ho d e al t in t he arti c l e I

le arned th at it was b ro ug h t to t h i s c ou n try fro m De me rara and
Jamai c a, pre pare d o n l y fo r tab l e use , and t hat sa l t was put in
to pre se rve it and ma k e it m o re palate alrle . I b e c a me ac q u ai nt
e d wi t h a F re nc h ge nt l e ma n w ho had a b rot h e r i n De rna ra ra,
and n1 t a rra ng e me n ts wi t h him to s e nd to h is b ro t h e r a n d re
'

u e st him to pro c u re so me , a nd h a v e it pre pa re d wi t ho ut sal t.

q .

He d id s0 and se nt on a b ox c o ntai n i n g ab ou t e i g h ty po u nd s,
,

in a pu re state . I se n t a l so b y man y o t h e rs w ho we re g o i ng
,

to th e pl aces wh ere it g rows, to proc u re a ll t h e y c o u ld ; in c o n

seq ue nc e o f whi c h , l arg e q u a n t i ti e s we re i m po rte d i nto P o rts

mou th , muc h ruo re th an t he re was i mm e di a te d e mand fo r. I

'
was ab l e to purc h ase b ut a s ni all pa rt o f what was b ro ug h t, and
it was b ough t u p b y o th e rs o n spec u l ati o n, and se nt to B o s to n.
The c onseq ue nce was, th at the pri c e was so muc h re d uc ed
that it wou ld not b ri ng t he fi rst c ost, w hi c h pu t a ste p to i ts b e
ing i mported , and it has si nc e b e e n ve ry sc arc e .
t e n I fi rst b egan to u se thi s arti c l e , it c ause d muc h tal k
among the pe o pl e in P o rtsmo ut h and the adj o i ni ng to w ns ; the
doc tors tri ed to fri g h te n th e m b y te ll i ng t h e m th at I mad e u se
,

o f C ay e nne pe ppe r as a me di c i ne , an d t h at it wo u ld b u rn u p

the st o mac h and l u ngs as b ad a s v i tri o l T he pe o pl e g e ne rall y ,

.

ho we v e r , b e c ame c o n v i nc e d b y usi ng it, that wh at the d ot to rs

-

said ab out it was fal se and it only prove d t h e i r ig no ranc e of its

 mu e nt a M ED I C A . 5 93
medi c i nal i
v rtues, and t he i r mal ig ni tyd me It soo n to war s .

c ame i nto ge ne ral use a nd t he k no wl e dge o f its b e i ng use fu l i n

,

c u ri ng d i se ase was s pre ad th ro u g h a ll the c ou nt ry 1 mad e use .

o f it i n c u ri ng the s po tte d fe ve r a nd wh e re it W
,
as k no wn it was

the o nl y t hi ng d epe nd ed o n fo r t hat d i se ase .

I h ave mad e use o f C aye n ne in a ll ki nd s o f di sease and h ave ,

i it to pati e nts o f all ag e s and u nd e r e v e ry c i rc u mstanc e

g ve n ,

t hat has c o me u nd e r m y prac ti c e ; and c a n assu re the pub li c ,

t h at it is perfec tl y h arml ess neve r h a v i ng k no wn it to prod uc e
,

an y bad e ffe c ts wh ate ve r It is no d o u b t the mos t po we rfu l sti

.

mul aut k no wn ; its po we r is e nti re l y c o nge ni al to nature b e i ng ,

we rfu l o n l y in rai si ng a nd mai ntai ni ng t he h e at o n w h i c h

‘

p o ,

l i fe d e pe nd s
. I t is e x t re me l y pu nge n t a nd whe n tak e n se ts th e
,

mo uth as it were o n fi re : thi s l asts howe ve r b ut a fe w mi nutes,

, ,
'

and I c onsi de r it esse n ti ally a b e ne fi t fo r its e fi e c t o n the g l and s

,

c au ses the sal i va to flowfree l y, and lea ves the mouth c l e an a nd

moi st .

T he on l y pre parati on necessary is to h av e it g rou nd or

'

, ,

po u nd e d to a fi ne po wd e r F or a d ose from o ne hal f to a te a

.
,

spoon fu l may b e tak en i n hot wate r s we e te ned

,

,
o r t he s a me
,

q uanti ty may b e mi x ed wi th e i t h e r of the o th er nu mb e rs whe n

tak e n. It wil l prod uc e a fre e pe rspi rat i on wh i c h sho u ld b e ,

ke pt u p b y re peating the d ose until the d i se ase is re move d

,
A .

s p oon fu l w i th an eq ual q uant i t y o f c om mo n sa lt pu t i nto a gil l

, ,

o f v i ne g a r, m ak es a ve ry g oo d sa uc e to b e e ate n o n me at and ,

Will ass i st the appe ti te a nd st re ng t h e n the di g esti o n O ne

, .

S po o nfu l o f t hi s pre pa rati o n ma y b e tak e n to good ad v a ntag e ;

and will re mo ve f ai nt si n ki ng fe e l ing s whi c h so me a re su bj e c t
, ,

to es pe c i ally in the spri ng o f t he yea r

,
P pp er sauc e is g ood . e -

for the same pu rpose . A te a s poon fu l o f C a ye n ne may he ta k

e n ia a tu mb l e r o f c id i and is m uc h b ette r t h an a rd nt spi ri ts
e '
,
e .

T h e re is sc arc e l y any pre pa rati o n o f med i c i ne th at 1 mak e use

o f i n w h i c h I d o not put so me o f th i s a rti c l e
, It w il l c u re the .
‘

algae in the fac e b y ta ki ng a d o se and t yi ng a s mall q u an t i ty

, ,

i n a fi ne c l o th and pu tti ng it b e t wee n the c h ee k and tee t h o n the ,

sid e t h at is affe c ted s i tt i ng b y the fi re , c o ve re d w i th a b l an ke t

, .

I t is geod to pu t o n old sores .

RED P EP P ERS .
T h e se are v e ry ple nty in t hi s c o untry, be i ng c ul ti vated in
ard e ns, and a re pri nc i pal ly mad e u se o f f or i c kli n , fo r w h i c h
g p g
p u rpo se t he pod s a re g at h e re d whe n g reen a nd
pre se rv e d in v i
ne g a r. T he y a re o f t he same natu re as C aye n ne pe ppe r, b ut
no t q u i te so st rong , a nd a re t he b est su b sti t ute fo r t h a t a rti c l e
t h at h a v e e ve r f ou nd . F o r medi c al u se , t h e y sh o ul d no t he
'‘
,

athe re d till ri pe , w he n the e o f a b righ t red c ol o r. l he

g y a r
‘ ‘ y
s h o u l d b e red uc e d to a fi ne po wd e r, and may he use d i nste ad
of C ay enne , wh e n th at artic l e c annot b e ob tai ne d .
5 94 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

Z IN G IB ER O F F I CIN A LE— . N o. 2, c on tinue d .

Com m on G i ng er .

E XP ECTORA N T , A RO M A T I C , S TIM U L A N T , A N D CA RM IN A TIV E.

I ts uses t he sam e as C ay e nne , b ut l e ss ac tiv e .

Z IN G IB ER O F F IC IN A L T he root.— T he fl ow
E. Ra d ix .

er s , spath ac e ou s I nn e r l i mb o f the c or oll a wi t h on e l ip. A n

.

ther , d ou b l e , w i th a si m pl e re c u rv e d b o rn at the e nd . G er m an ,
i nfe ri o r. S ty le e nc l ose d in t he fu rro w forme d b y the an th e r.
T he gi n ge r ro ot is c re e pi ng , pe re nneal, tu b e ro us, and has a -

ste m w h i c h is an n u al and ri se s t wo or th ree fe e t in h e igh t, and

,
i s e re c t, ro u nd , sol id , and e nc l ose d in a me mb ranous i m b ri c ate d
h
s e at h i ng .

T he l e aves are ac ute smooth l anc eol a te fro m four to six

, , ,

i nc h es in l e ng th b y ab ou t an i n c h a nd a h al f in b re ad th and
, ,

s tand i rre g u l arl y o n t he stal k T he fl o we r stal k ri se s b y the .

sid e o f t he ste m fro m six to t we l v e i nc h es high

,
a nd l ik e it is ,

c l oth e d w i t h ac c u min ate sh e ath s b u t is d esti tute of l e aves and , ,

ter m i nate s in an o b tuse i m b ri c ate d spi ke ,
.

T he fl o we rs are y e ll o w i sh and appe ar se veral at a ti me b e , ,

twe e n t he b rac te al sc al es .

'

I n H i nd ostan t hi s pl ant is i ndige nous and it is c u l ti vate d in ,

most parts of the East I ndi e s and of l ate i n t he West In di es al

,

so h av i ng b ee n i nt rod uc e d th e re fro m the East

,

T he fl o we rs are a ro m ati c a nd w h e n the s te ms are b ru i se d ,

t h e y are f rag ran t T he root is d ug fo r use w h e n ab ou t a y ear

.

old . T he c rop is g ath e red in the West I ndi es in J an uary and

F e b ruary afte r the ste ms h av e d e c ay e d
,
.

A fte r b e i ng c l e an se d th e root is sc ald e d in b o iling water to

,
.
,

pre v e n t i ts g ro wi ng and is t h e n d ri e d fo r m ark e t

,
Th us pre .

are d it is t he o rd i nary gi nge r o f c o mme rc e I t i m tl y i m

p , s os .

p o rte d fro m C al c utta and is kn own b

, y t he n a me o f East I n di a

gi ng e r .

I n t he West Indi e s anoth er q u al i ty is pre pare d b y taki ng the ,

b est roots and re mo v i ng th e i r e pid e rm i s and d ryi ng th e m c are

f ul l y in t he su n T h i s is the whi te g i n ge r of the sh ops and is
.
,
t he most v al u ab l e I t c ome s fro m Engl and w h e re it und e r
.
,

g oes fu rth e r pre parati o n b y wh i c h it is m u c h i mprov e d It is

, .

c all e d in t hi s c o u ntry J a m ai c a gi ng e r,
T he root is fre q ue n tl y .

b rou gh t fro m t he We st I ndi es in a g re e n state and is u se d and ,

sold b y t he c on fe c ti o ne rs T he pre se rv e d gi ng e r is mad e fro m

.

y o u ng and te nd e r roots b y re mov i ng t h e i r c o rti c al c ov e ri ng

, '
,

a nd b o il i ng t h e m in a sy ru o f su g ar I t is t ra n sluc e nt and
p .

te nd e r w h e n g ood .

T he g re e n roo ts are an i nc h o r more in l e ng th some what ,

flat o n th e i r u ppe r and u nd e r su rfac e and k notty and b ranc h , ,

d i rreg ul arly , or l ob e d — e x ternally o f an ash c ol o r, i n te rn ally

5 96 TH E r n o n so n ran

n a te mpe ratu re , so
i l hi g hl y i mportant f or th e i r wel fare S uc h .

ati ents u sually h av e had re c o u rse to t he W e st Ind i a c l i mate

p ,
where the c onstant ste ady and g e ni al rays o f a tro pi c al sun
, , , ,
fu rni sh ne arl y the same te mpe ratu re natural l y t h at we prod uce
for o u rse l ves artifi c i ally Why sh al l we go to the West Indies
.

to pro d uc e a c h ang e in the syste m b y the natu ral te m pe ratu re,

w h e n the same in e ffe c t c an b e b ro ugh t ab o ut b y a rtifi c i a l me ans
in o ur o wn c li mate ? T he e x pe ri me nts upon the write r j usti
'

fi ed and have proved his theory c orrec t.

P IP ER N I G RU M .
— N o. 2, Continue d .
B la ck P epp er .
S TIM U L A N T , A S TRIN G EN T, A N D A ROM A TIC.

A sub stitu te for C ay e nne pepper—b in m or e astri ng e nt and less ac ti v e .

P IP ER N ie an m. B T h e
accce .b err i es — T he v in e of the
e ppe r pl an t is pe re nne al, w i th a smo th , rou nd , wood y ste m
p o ;
w i th s we ll i ng j oi nts, b ranc h ed , and fro m twe l ve to fourtee n
fee t in le ngth . T he l eav es are b road, ov ate, ac u mi nate and e u
tire , c ori ac eous, seve n ne rve d . v e ry smoot h , and d ark t ee n .at
tac he d b y foot stal k s to the j o i nts of the b ranc h e s. he flow
e rs a re sessile, w h i te and small , c o ve ri ng a c yli nd ri c spad i x ve
r y t h i c kl y , and su c ce ede d b y re d gl ob u l ar b e rri es , wh e n ri pe .
T h i s v i ne is a n ati ve of C oc hi n C hi na, and va ri o us parts of
-

the East Indi e s . T he v i ne is c ul ti vate d fro m c utti ng s, a nd is

s ustai ne d b y t re e s o r pro ps o f v a ri ous ki nd s , t ha t are a rra ng ed

fo r the pu rpose , u po n w hi c h it is trai ne d to ad h e re. I n fro m

t wo to s ix ye a rs fro m t he ti me o f pl anti ng , it b e g i ns to b e a r.
T he b erri e s are g athe red fro m the v i ne b e fo re th e y a re all ri pe,
and whe n d ri e d b ec o me w ri n kl e d a nd b l ac k.
T he white p epp er is t he be rry d e pri ve d of its ski n wh e n
ri pe , b y mac e rati o n i n wate r a nd su b seq u e nt fri c ti o n, a fte r
wh i c h l l is d ri e d . T he pe c u li ar v i rtue s o f the s pi c e are l ess in
the w hi te th an in the b l ac k pe ppe r, and it is b u t l i ttl e used in
the U n i te d S tates.
P r op er ti es — T he d ri e d b e rri es o f w hi te pe ppe r are ab o ut the
siz e o f small pe as, hot a nd pu nge nt o f a n a ro mati c sme l l and a
v e ry fi e r y taste . T o al c o h o l o r wate r t h e y yi e l d th e i r v i rtues.
M ed ic a l u se — Whi te and b l ac k pe ppe r are warm and ac ti ve
sti mu l ants, c a pab l e o f prod uc i n g g re at i nte rnal o r e x te r nal e x

c ite me nt, al ways ac ti ng w i t h g re at e ne rg y, o n wh ate ve r part it

m ay b e appl i e d l ts m e d i c i nal v i rtu es are , to c re ate pe rspira
.

ti o n , and e xc i te the s u rfac e , and to rpid sto ma c h , and to re mo ve

flatu l e nc e . T h i s a rti c l e is fre q ue ntl y u sed fo r the c u re o f fe

v e r and ag ue . W
h e n pe rfec tly pu re it is i ne rt. Th i s may b e
5 98 TH E TH O M S O N IA N

i n t he mou th — fai ntne ss at the stomac h , re c e nt attac k s of di ar

‘
rhoea, and g e ne ra l d e ra ng e me nt o f the b o we l s. T ak e n as snufi ,
it c l ears t he h e ad and re li e ves t he h e ad ac h e , and o perate s as a
ste rn u tatory
,
c aus i n g v i o l e n t snee zi ng . W he n t h e sto m ac h is
ou t o f o rd e r, i ts o e rati o n is e x c e ll e nt as a n e me ti c . F or a d ose
p ,
tak e a te aspoon fu l o r m o re , i n a l i ttl e ho t w ate r, swee te n e d .
T he pro c e ss of c oll e c ti n g t he wax is si mpl e . T he b e rri e s are
b oil e d i n wate r, and the wax, m el ti ng and fl oati n g on the sur
fac e , IS e i the r s ki mme d off an d strai ned , or al l o we d to c onc re te
as the liq uor c oo l s, a nd 1s re m ov e d i n the so lid state . T o re n
d e r it pu re, i t is ag ai n m e l te d and strai ned , and t h e n c ast i nto
l arg e c akes. It i s c oll e c te d i n l arg e q u anti ti es in the N e w Eng -

l an d states, and e xp0 1 te d to ot h e r parts of the c oun try . M y rtl e

w ax is of a pal e g re e n i s h w h i te c o l or, m o re b ri ttl e th an b ees
wax, o r a sligh t od o r and b i tte ri sh in taste . I t is ab out as h e av y
as wate r, and m e l ts at 1 0 6 d e g rees F ah re n h e i t.
M ed i c a l u se — T hi s v ari e ty o f w as has b ee n e mpl oyed in thi s
c ou ntry as a re me dy fo r re l ax and dy se n te ry , and g reat b e ne fi t

has re su l te d fro m its u se in t h ese c om pl ai nts. T he me th od

w as b y ad m1 n1ste1 m g the wax, e i th e r g rated or powd ere d fi ne,
i n tea spoonfu l d oses, in a m uc illa2g3 e , o r sy ru p, re pe ated as o fte n
as nec e ssar y . I t is oc c asi o nall y su b sti tu te d b y d ruggi sts for
b ees wax i n m aki ng pl asters, and is u se d i n the pre parati on of
-

tape rs and c and l es. I t is so m e wh at frag rant in b u rn i ng , b u t

e m i ts a l ess b ril l i an t l igh t t h an l am p oi l . T he b ar k is c om
p ou n d e d i n to c om p os i ti o n a n d v ari o us ot h er arti c l es for c an k er.

N Y M PH E A O DO RA T A .
— N o. 3, c on t inu e d .

White P on d L ily .
A S TRI N G EN T , T ON I C , B I T TER.

To c l ear th e c oats of the sto mac h an d b owel s k

of c an er .

N
'

Y M P H JEA O D O RA T A . F l or es — Ra d ix . T he fl owers and

roots — L ea v es , ro u n d ,
c ord ate ,
i
e n t re , s u b e -
marg i nate . L ob es ,
s
pre adi n g d e r, ac u mi nate ob tuse
asu n P eta ls eq ual l i n g the
,
.
,

four l eave d c alyx S tam en s from six teen to twenty radi ati ng
.
, ,
i n e rec tish l i nes .

T he wh i te pond l il y is an i ndigenous h e rb ac eou s pere nni al , ,

l an t g o wi ng i n nearly al l the states in sm all sl u ggi sh stre ams
p r, ,

and fres h wate r ond s I t is m uc h c e l e b rated on ac c ou n t of

p .

t he b eauty and d e l i c i ous od or of i ts l arg e w h i te fl ower Its root .

is l arge and fl eshy w h e n g ree n b u t b e c omes v e ry ligh t and ,

spon gy b y d ryi ng It is v e ry astri ng e nt, and a strong b i tter

.
,

and contai ns muc h tann i ng matter .

60 0 r u e r n o mso m m

Wh en full
g rown it is o fte n fro m se ve n ty to one h und red and
,

fi fty fee t high wi t h a t ru n k two o r th re e fee t in di ame te r and

, ,
o f ne arly t he sa me siz e fo r t wo thi rd s o f its l e ng t h T he b ra nc h .

e s a re sl e nd e r a nd d e pe nd e n t a t t h e i r e x t re mi t i es T he l e a ves .

a re six o r e igh t li ne s in l e ng th a nd are ve ry n u me ro u s flat

, , ,
d e nti c ul ate a nd i r re g u l arl y arra nge d in t wo rows
, T he o v ate .

stro b il e s a re l onge r t han the l e a ve s a nd s i tuate d at the e nd s o f

,

the b ranc h e s .

T he he m l oc k tree is ab und ant i n the e aste rn states and the

B ri ti sh pro v i nc es and is al so fo u nd in the mou ntai no us re g i o ns
o f t he m idd e and weste rn state s T he b ark i s muc h use d in
.

t he U ni te d S tates for ta nn i ng Its j ui ce is m uc h l e ss ab u nd ant

.

t h an t h at of ot h e r spec i es o f the pi ne I n many of the trees

.
.

w h i c h h ave b eg u n to d ec a y, t he j u i c e e x u d es spo n taneo usl y,

and c onc re te s u on the b ark b
p y t he pa rti al e vapo rati o n o f i ts
,

e sse nti al oil T hus e nc rusted t he b a rk is st ri ppe d fro m the

.
,

t ree b ro ke n i nto pi ec es and b oil ed i n wate r

, , T he g u m me l ts .

a nd ri se s to the to p o f t he wate r a nd is ski m me d off and is frs ,

que ntly furth e r pu rified b y a sec ond boili ng ; it is t h e n b roug ht

to marke t i n d ark b ro wn b ri ttl e masse s w hi c h e x h i b i t smal l
, ,

frag me nts of b ark sc atte red t h ro ugh the su b stanc e F rom t h i s .

s tate it is
pu ri fi ed b y the d ruggi sts b y me l ti ng and strai ni ng it
,

t h rough c an vas sac kc l oth o r a fi ne sie v e

, , . Th us pre pared i t . ,

is o f a d a rk ye l lowi sh b ro wn c o l o r and b eco mes more so b y e x

,

o u t t h i I t on tai ns resi n a nd a smal l rt i n o f es

p s re o e a r c .
po , o

se nt ial oil .T h i s substanc e is k nown b y the name o f hem lock ,

um.

M ed ic a l u se — T he b ark is c l eare d o f the e id e rmi s, d ri ed ,

p
pu vl
e r iz ed ,
and c ompo und e d in v ari o us ways. S ee c omposi
ti o n.
T he h eml oc k may he mad e e moll i e nt, b y me l ti ng it and
g u m
add i ng b e es wax a nd h og s l a rd o r s wee t o il ; and wh e n re d uc
’

ed to a prope r c onsi ste nc y — no t too so ft— it may b e u se d for

stre ng th e n i ng pl aste rs . A nd b y addi ng a l i ttl e c apsi c um, y ou
make an e x c e l l e nt rh e umati c pl aste r. B y a sti ll g re ate r red uc
t i on wi th l ard , and the addi ti on of a s mal l q ua nt i ty o f b e es wax
and a li ttl e b al sam of fi r, it mak e s an e x c e ll e nt sal ve fo r c u ts,

b ru i ses, or wou nd s. A tea mad e o f the b o ugh s is a d i u re ti c ,

and is ve ry stre ng th e ni ng to the kid ne y s and smal l o f the b ac k .
T he b oug hs may al so b e used as a su b sti tute fo r hops in the
e parati o n o f smal l b eer, and fu rni sh an e x c e l l e nt addi ti on to
p r
wh at is g e ne rally d e nomi nated root b e er . T he b o ug hs may al
so b e b oil e d d own, and a th i c k resi nou s e x trac t ob tai ned, th at

may be used for the same purpose s as the g um.

 602
”

T H E T h o ms o n ia n

RH U S G L A B RU M .
— N o. 3; 5
c on t inu e d .

S l e ek S u m ac.
"

A S TRI N G EN T , REF RI G EREN T , TO N IC .

To sc ou r t he al imentary c anal of i ts v isc id c oat ing .

RH U S G L A B RU M V B izcc ce — F ol i a — C or l ex —
’ ‘

Ra d ix . T he “

Be rri es, l eaves, b ark and se e d — T he c a ly x , fi ve parte d : P e

‘
t a ls , fi v e: B err y , s mal l w i t h o ne n u c i for ny see d .

O f th i s ge n us t h ere are se veral s pe c i es wh i c h possess poi son "

~

e rt i e s a nd s ho u ld be c a re fu ll y di sti ng u i sh e d fro m t h at}

’
‘

o us r
p po ,

h ere d esc ri b e d Iii b otan y t h e y are more parti c u l arl y d esi g nat
;
'
i

e d u nd e r the he ad o f tox ic od e n d mn
’

Rhu s G l d lir u m . —Th i s s pe c i es of rh us c alled smooth

' l
‘ '

o r u land l su mac is an 1 ndl g e nous sh rub from six to fou rtee n

’ ’

p , ,

fe e t h igh , w i t h a ste m u su a lly m uc h b e nt k n otty an d d i v i ded , ,

'

i nto n u m e ro us b ran c h e s, w h i c h are c ove re d w it h a smooth ,

l igh t g re y bar k T he l e aves are situ ate d up on smooth pe ti o l es

.
,

a n d c on si st of m an y
pai rs o f lea fe ts o posi te
p wi t h an od d o ne ,
'

at t he e x t re m i ty ; al l o f w hi c h are se rate l an c e ol ate ac u m i nate , , ,

l ab ro u s g re e n o n t he u ppe r su rfac e of a d us ky w hite

'

g ,
b u t ,

b e ne ath I n aut u m n th e ir c olo r c h ang es to red

. T he flow .

e rs a re re ddi sh g ree n
'
and di s ose d i n l arg e
p t e r m
,
i n al c om , ,

ou nd t hy rses, w hi c h a re fol l o we d b y d e nse cl usters of sm al l

'

p
c ri mson b e rri es c ov e re d wi t h a ve ry soft d own
“

.
,

T hi s sh ru b is fou nd in all t he n o rth ern and mi ddl e states

'
,

o w i ng in ne lec te d fi e ld s al o n fe nc e s and o n the b o rd e rs of

’

g r g g , ,

T he fl o we rs appe ar i n J u l y
'

wood s and on hig h m ou ntai ns

“

.
, '

and A u g ust an d t h e fru i t r i pe ns in the e a rl y part o f fal l

, T he .

l e ave s and b ark are astri nge n t and m u c h u se d i n tan n i n g mo ,

Ex c resc e nc es are prod uc e d

“

roc c o le at h e r and i n dy e i ng c l oth

'
, . .

u nd e r the l e av e s mu c h re se mb l i n g g all s in c h arac te r and c on

, ,

tai n i ng l arg e q uanti ti es o f ta n ni n T h ese h av e b ee n u se d as a .

"

su b sti tu te fo r i mpo rte d g al l s a n d are said to b e r f b l i s

p e e ra e n ,

e v ery respec t T h e y ma y b e c oll ec ted wi t h l i ttl e e x pe nse as

.
,
'

t h e y a re prod uc e d v e ry a b u n dantl y e spec i all y in the weste rn ,

state s . T he b ark leaV e s and b e rri e s are use d i n the T homso

, ,

n i an prac ti c e T he b erri es hav e a sou r astring ent a11 d not

‘
.
, ,.
'

u n pl e asant taste, an d are ofte n e aten, wi t h n o b ad c onseq ue n

,

c es.
M ed i c a l u ses — S umac b e rri es, b ark and l eav es, may b e u éed
'

as me di c i ne . T he fi rst k nowl edg e I had of the v irtt1 es of thi s :

‘
t re e was i n 18 01 , w h e n ia J eri c h o, V e rmon t, atte ndi ng the
d yse nte ry . I was mu c h in want of some thi ng to c l ear the sto
m ac h and b owe l s of c an ke r in t hat c ompl ai nt. Wh i l e in se arc h
o f so me v e g e tab l e subs tanc e s u i tab l e for t h at pur ose I i
p ,
ac c
d entally tasted the su mac , and fro m the rough ness i mparte d I ? “
 M A TERI A M ED IC A . 60 3

was at o nc e sat s e it was the arti c l e I n eed e d . I g ath e re d a

i fi d
q u ant i ty, and o n a ppl i c ati o n i t m o re t h an answere d m y e x pec t
a t io ns a n d I h a v e b e e n i n th e c o nstant u se of it s i nc e . F or
;
me di c i ne , the b ark s h ou ld b e g at he re d w h en full of sap— the
l e ave s w h e n ful l g ro wn and the b erri es w h e n ri pe. Th e y
s h o ul d b e c are full
y d r i e d ,
a n d w h e n u se d as a
pa r t o f N o. 3 ,
s h o u ld b e
p o w d e re d , a n d t h e di ffe re n t p ar ts us e d a l to g e t h e r, or
al o n e . T he b ark o f the roots, d i v este d o f the e pid ermi s, or ou t
e r c oat is c o nsid e re d al most a spec ifi c in the sore month at
te ndi n g i n ordi nate m erc u ri al sal i v ati on .
T he i n n e r b a rk o f su mac may b e b o il e d in mil k and u se d to
g ood ad van tage i n the b l oody flu x . U se d in thi s w ay , it c on
tai ns a m uc illag e , th at w il l i mpart a soo t hi ng se nsati on to the
b owe l s, th at is v e ry ag ree ab l e to the pati e nt . B y usi ng a w i ne
gl ass of e q u al parts of g in and mol asses or l oaf sug ar, w hil e u n
d er t he o pe rati on o f t he ab ov e pre parati on , the v ery b est resu l ts
may b e anti c i pate d . T he g in w il l ac t as a n e rv i ne, and w il l
q u i e t the b o we l s, and stop the di stressed , forc i n g sensati on
d o wn ward s ; and t h u s, w h il e u nd er thi s i nfl uenc e , the h e ali ng
p ro pe rti es o f the su m ac and m il k are l eft to ac t u pon the i rr i ta
b le c oats o f t he b o we l s, an d i n man y c ases the fo rc e of the d is
e as e is e n ti re l y b ro k e n b e fore the a n ti spasmodi c pro pe rti e s o f the
s ti m u l an t h ave l e ft the b ody . I h ave see n pati e n ts re l i e ve d
from t hi s di stre ssi n g di se ase i n a v e r y s ho rt t i me b y the ab ov e
t re atme nt, a nd b y q u i e ti ng the n e rv ous syste m, th e y w e re c om

ple te ly h appy i n m i n d , and re l i e v ed in b od y .

I h a v e a l so u se d the red raspb erry , w i tc h h azl e l e av es, and -

t he Wal pol e te a C ce n ot/w s A m er i c a n u s fo r t he same c om

( )
pl ai n ts, and c o mpou nd e d i t i n the same mann er and form.

HA M A M EL I S V I RG I N IC A .
-
N o. 3, c o ntinu e d .

Wi tch Hil d-
e.

B I TTER, A S TRIN G EN T , DI S CU TIEN T , EXP ECTORA N T .

To k
re mov e c an e r fro m the st omac h an d b owel s.

H A M A M EL I S V I RG I N I C A . F e ll a — C or tex . T he leaves and

b ark — L ea v es, o b o v ate , ac u te tooth ed , c ord ate, w i th a smal l
si n u s . F l o we rs i n the fal l , and perfec ts the frui t the ne x t sum
me r . A sh rub , from six to twe l ve fee t h igh .
Witch haz le is an i ndigenous sh rub g rowi ng in almost all
-

se c t ons of
i N o rt h A m eri c a, g e ne rally on ston y pl ac e s on elev at
ed g rou nd ,
and
fre q u e ntl y on the b an ks of stre ams, or b ord e rs
o f s wamps. I ts ye l l o w fl o wer is re markab l e for its l ate appe ar
anc e , w hi c h e x pand s in S e pte mb er or O c tob er, and c on ti nues

t il l l ate in the fal l . T he frui t, w hi c h rese mb l es a hazlen ut, ri

60 4 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

pe ns in the fol l owi ng au tu mn , and is freq ue n tl y m i ng l e d on the

same b ush wi th t he n e w b l osso ms . T he b ark h as a swee ti sh
b i tte r, pung e nt an d astri ng e n t taste .
M ed ic a l m esa— It is e x c e l l e n t as a di sc u ti e nt, appl i ed to
ai n fu l tu mo rs, and o th er c ases o f e x ter na l i nfla m m ati o n I t is
p .

u se d in t he fo rm o f pou l t i c es, or as a w ash i n d e c oc ti on , for

h e morrh oi dal affe c tions and o ph th al m i a. T he l e av es posse ss
the same q u al i ti e s as the b ark , a nd m ay b e gi v e n in d e c oc ti on
i nternall y, for b owe l c o m pl ai nts and h e mo rrh ag e T he see d s .

are b l ac k and shi n i ng e x te rn al l y , w hi te , o il y , an d fari n ac eo u s

w i th i n , b ut are l ess e di b l e than the h azle n u t. 1 w as fi rst m ad e

ac q u ai n te d w i t h the a rti c l e as a me di c i ne w h e n q u i te y o u n g ,

and h av e c o nti n u e d its u se t h rou g h the w h ol e c ou rse o f m y

c ti c e . I ts v al u e c onsi sts in i ts astri ng e nt, sti mu l ati ng , an d

p r a

h eal i ng p p
ro e rt e s.i
A te a of the l e av es m ay b e u sed free l y and w i th g re at ad v an
tage , for b l eed i n g a t the sto m ac h and l un g s, as it is a powe r fu l
sty pti c . I h ave k now n se v e ral c ases c u red , b y c h e w i ng the
green l eav es and swall o w i ng the j u i c e I n some c ases t he c an.

ke r d estroys the b l ood v e sse l s , an d h e m orrh ag e and u l c e rati on

tak e pl ac e . I n suc h instan c es, t h i s arti c l e is c al c u l ate d , if j u di
c iously appl i e d , to re move t he puru l e n t m atte r an d k ee p t he ori

fi c e c l ean se d w h i le t he so re is h eal i ng I h av e m ad e m uc h u se
.

of a stron g te a of t he l e ave s for i nj e c ti on s, an d h av e fou n d th e m

serv i c eab l e i n al l c ompl ai n ts of t he b o we l s. F or the pil e s, b e ar
i ng d own pai n s, and o th e r c o m pl ai nts c o mm on to fem al e s, thi s
d ec oc ti on, w i th the addi ti on of a l i ttl e o f N o . 2, is an e x c e ll e nt
re me dy , w h e th er for ab d o m i nal or u teri ne di ffi c u l ti es. T he
m edi c i ne m u st b e appl i e d to the affe c te d parts w i th the appro
p ria te i n stru me n ts . T h e b e ari n g d ow n pai ns are s eedil y t e
p
l iev ed b y su c h a c ou rse of tre atme n t.
Wi tc h h azl e l e aves m ay b e u se d in c on ne c ti on w i th the oth er
-

ar ti c l es of N o . 3 , or t h e y m ay b e use d a l o ne as a s u b sti tu te for

the oth e r arti c l e s, in all c ase s. T he pu l v e riz e d l e av e s, use d as

snu ff , are an e x c e l l en t re me dy for b l ee di ng at the n ose .

RU B U S S T RI G O S US .
— N o 3, . c on tinu e d .

Red Rasp b erry .

ROU G H , B I TTER, E XP ECT ORA N T , T ON IC .

To remov e th ru sh , di sc uss ul c ers, and c l eanse s ores .

RU B U S S F oli a . T he l eav es — T he l ea ves u n

r m aos v s .
'

armed, ri g idl y hispids ; le afe ts th ree , or pi nnate q u i nate , o val , at -

the b ase ob tuse, ac u mi nate , m ark e d w i t h l i nes, and wh i te

d owny beneath . C aly x, ac umi nate. F lowers, axil l ary, soli ta
 M A T ERIA M ED I C A . 60 5

ry at the e n d s o f the b ranc h es— w hi te . P ed u n cl es and c aly x ,

h i spid . B err ies , red , swee t. A sc in es, ve ry sl igh tly attac he d .
T he r e d r a sp b e r ry l e av es an d b e rri e s a re t he o n ly parts of
the pl ant us e d b y m e as medi c i ne . Whe n a t Eas tport, M e , in.

1 8 1 1 o r 1 2 , I was m uc h i n wan t o f so me a rti c l e g ood fo r c an

ke r ; so I had re c o u rse to m y u su al me th od , o f tasti ng and
c h e w i ng , to asc e rtai n t he m e di c a l v i rtues o f pl an ts. I fou nd
t h at t he l e av e s whe n c h e we d c au se d a rou gh se nsati on in the
m o u th, e x c i te d the sal i val gl and s, c au se d a free e x pec to rati on ,
a nd l e ft the s u rfac e o f the m o ut h m o i st, pl i ab l e , and t he se nse

o f taste as ac u te as e v e r. A n a rti c l e posse ssi ng su c h q u ali ti es,

I h ave al ways foun d to b e se rv i c e ab l e in al l c ases w h e re c ank er
m e d i c i ne was re q u i red . I g at h e re d a q u ant i ty o f the l e av e s at
the ti me and d ri e d t h e m, and h av e m ad e u se o f t h e m fo r c an
ke r an d c o m pl ai n ts of the b o we l s, wi th g re at su c c e ss, e ve r
si nc e . F o r re l ax and b o we l c om pl ai n ts of c hild re n , and in
te e thi ng , it is t he b e st re me d y I h ave e ve r fou nd . T he te a g iv
e n i n d ri n k an d b i nj e c t i ons, g en erall y affo rd s i m me di ate re
y
l i e f.
Raspb erry l eav e s m ay b e u se d free l y as a su b stitute for im
p o rt e d te a, (
t h e a C hi n e n s i s
) w i t h no appre h e nsi ons o f d anger .
I t is the b e st t hi ng fo r a wonan in t rav ail of an y ar ti c l e I k now
o f. I n suc h c ases it sh ould b e gi v e n i n s trong te a, wi t h a l i ttl e
o f N o 2 , swe e te n e d .
. It w il l b r i ng o n the l ab or pai ns re g u l ar
l y , an d re d u c e the i rre g ul ar pai ns to ord er an d reg u l ari ty , t h us
aff ordi ng re st to t he
pat i e n t i n the i n te rv al s . I f t he i
p ns are
a

u n ti me l y , it w ill q u e ll t h e m . If ti me l y and li ng eri ng , gi ve

more of the tea, w i th a l arg e r q uan ti ty o f N o . 2 , and u m b il, or
n er ve w d e r. T hi s w i l l assi st t he n at u ral fu nc ti o ns o f the b o
p o

d y , and t h u s h as te n t he l ab or . A nd if t hi s i s gi ve n , in the i nte r

v a l s the pati e n t wil l b e q u i e t, a nd re st i n t he same ro orti on as
p p
t he l ab or ai ns we re se v e re T h s t he w om an s stre ng t h and
’
p . u
c o u rag e are ke pt u p, and s he is re ad y to me e t the n e x t attac k
,
t h u s c on ti n u i n g til l t he c hild is b orn .
S ho u l d a re l a x ati on of the syste m b e ne c essary b e fore the
c hild is b o rn , i n c on se q u e nc e o f the siz e of the foetus o r of the
,
t hi c k se t fram e and c l ose h ab i t of b ody o f the wo man , add to
h al f a c u p o f t h i s te a as b e fore me n ti one d , in whi c h N o. 2 and
u m b il have b ee n pu t, a te as oon fu l of b ro w n e me ti c the seed s
p (
o f the l ob e l i a i nflata
pu l v e riz ed ) an d gi v e the pati e nt thi s, and
i f nec e ssary an i nj ec ti on o f the same pre parati on . K ee the
p
w o m an c ove re d as w ar m as m ay b e c o mfortab l e , and t hese are
the b e st f or c ep s th at we re e v e r appl i e d , to b ri ng the h e ad of a
c h ild t h rough a c o n trac te d
p el v i s .
A fte r taki ng t he l ob el i a as ab ov e di re c ted , the m usc u l ar pow
e r o f the w h ol e s yste m is re l ax e d , and wi t h the g e ne ral re l ax a

t i on, takes pl ac e t h at of the c artil agi nous sub stanc es of t he b ones

60 6 TH E TH O M S ON IA N

of the pe l v i s, wh i c h
dil ate mec h an i c al ly and w h e n t he c hild ,
is b o rn th e y c on trac t as reg u l arly to th e i r pl ac es T he sa me is .

a l so the c ase w i th the u te ru s A ll th at is nec essary afte r t hi s

.

m e di c i ne has pre pared the pati e n t is for t he m id w i fe to d i rec t ,

the h ead of t he foetu s to a nd wi th i n t he b o nes o f t h e pe l v i s b y ,

e l e v ati ng or d e re ssi ng as the c i rc u mstanc es of the c ase m a

p , y
req u i re .

A fte r the c hild is b o rn gi v e it so me o f the raspb e rry l e af te a

,
oc c asi on al l y s wee te ne d
, w i th m il k T h i s w il l pre v e n t t he
,
.

sore mo u th so m u c h d read e d b y m o the rs

, T he raspb e rry te a .

is al so g ood as a wash for so re ni ppl es A n e x c e l l e n t pou l ti c e .

for b u rns o r sc ald s m ay b e m ad e b y taki ng a tea o f th i s a rti c l e, ,

an d t hi c k e ni ng it wi t h fi ne I ndi an m e al B oston or spong e ,

c rac k e rs m ad e fi ne
, wi th the add i ti on of a l i ttl e sl i ppe ry e l m .
,
If the s ki n is off b y appl yi ng t h i s pou l ti c e or wash i n g w i t h the
,

te a the sma rti ng w il l b e s to ppe d

, T he re d raspb e rry m ay b e .

u se d w i th t he o th er arti c l es o f N o 3 or it ma b e s u b stit te d
y q .
,

for an y o f the o t he rs o r b e use d b y i tse l f to g ood e ffe c t

,
Ev e ry ,
.

fa m il y o u g ht to h av e o n h an d a su ppl y of the pre pare d l e ave s,

as al mos t a u n i v e rsal re me dy .

C EA N O T H U S A M ERI C A NA —N o . 3 , c o nt in ue d .
'

Red Root, A m er ic a n ,
-
W lp a ol e , L i b e r ty , or N ew Jersey Tea .
-

A S TRI N G EN T , T ON IC , EM O L L I EN T AN D Q U I ETI N G.

F or dy senie ry , and sore ness o f t he st om ac h and b o w el s.

C EA N OT H U S A M ERI C A N A F ol ia — Ra d ix — S em i n a . T he
.

l eave s, r0 0 ts, and se ed s — L e av es, o v ate , ac u m i nate , se rrate ,

th re e n e rv ed , pu b e sc e n t b e ne at h .
-
P a n i c l es , axill ary , l on g pe
d unc les, sub c ory m b ed . -

T he Wa lp ol e or A m er i c a n te a , is a sm al l , ind ig in ou s sh rub ,
g rowi ng on pi ne pl ai ns, t h ro ugh o u t t he U n i ted S tate s . T he
root is ast ri ng e n t, and i m parts a red c o l o r to wate r. I t is said
to b e use ful in s y ph il i ti c c om pl ai n ts, i n w h i c h it is gi v e n in
the fo rm of d ec oc ti o n, m ad e i n the pro porti on o f o ne ou nc e of
the g ree n roots, we l l b r u i se d , pu t i nto o ne pi nt of soft ho t w a te r.
I n so me c ase s it is a pu rg ati ve . T he l e av es we re use d d u ri n g
the re v ol uti onary w a r as a s u b sti tu te for te a.
M e cd i a l u s es — T he l e a v es an d see ds o f th i s pl an t, w h e n
b ru i sed , o r m asti c ate d in t he mo u th , are astri ng e n t and mu c il a
in o u s. F o r the su m me r c o m pl ai nt, o r l oose ne ss o f the b o we l s
g
i n c h il d re n, t h i s is an ad mi rab l e re med y , fo r w hi c h it is e qu al
to a ny sh rub in ou r m ate ri a m e di c a l n taste , it some w h at re .

se mb l e s the The a B ohe a , or b o he a te a ; a nd fro m its S i mi l a ri ty

t o that arti c l e i n its aromati c taste , i t has b e e n b y so me d e no mi .

 60 8 TH E TH O M S O N IA N

u se d freel y . Ti nc tu red in spi ri ts and water it mak es a v e ry ,

g ood b i tter ,
and is g ood fo r v e rti g o and c old ne ss of t he x t re
,
e

m ities.

GU EM V I RG I N I A N UM .
— N o. 3, c on t inu e d .

A v en s Root— C hocol a te Root .

B I TTER, A S TRIN G EN T , A ROM A TI C , A N D T om e .

To b e use d fo r c an k e r, an d g en e r al d er ang eme n t of the d ig es tiv e org an s.

G EU M V I RG I N I A N U M . Ra d ix . T he root — Th i s pl ant is
h erb ac e ous and pe re nni al , w i th b ranc h in g , erec t, sl e nd e r, hir
su te ste ms , from twe l ve to twe nty i nc h es hi g h . T he l ea v es are
se rrate , hai ry , and pe tio l ate . O n the u ppe r part o f the stal k
the l e av e s are si m pl e and po i n te d ; t h ose n e arest t he roo t, pin
n ate, w i th t wo pai rs o f le afe ts. T he fl ow er s are of a b righ t ye l
lo w c ol or, sm al l , and si tuate d u pon e re c t, te rm i nal pe d u ncl es.
“

T he s eed s are c oll ec te d in a rou ndi s h c ap l i k e pod , and h a v e at -

the top a n ak e d a wn , and m uc h c o vered at the ape x .

M ed i c a l m esa— Thi s root is m u c h priz ed b y th ose ac q u ai nt

ed w i th its prope rti es, for its ton i c a nd astri ng e nt v i rtu es. In
the T h o mso n i an prac ti ce i t is u se d w i th t h ose art i c le s e m b rac
e d u nd e r the h e ad o f N o 3 , su c h as c rane s b il l , b ay b e rry , w i tc h
’
-
.

h azl e , h e ml oc k, & c ., for c ompl ai nts of the b o we l s, d y se n ter y,

l eu c ho rrhaaa, doc .
T he root, pu l v e ri z e d , is u se d b y peo ple in many parts of the
c ou n try as a b e v e rag e w i th t h e i r m e al s, an d is d e n o m i n ate d
c h oc ol ate , fro m its fl a v o r re se mb l i ng t ha t a rti c l e o f di e t , w h e n ,

re pa red w i th m il k a n d su g ar H e n c e is c al l e d b
y so me c h o
p .

c ol ate root.
I t is an e x ce l l e n t arti c l e for sore mo u th , and may b e use d to
g re at ad vantage wi th c hi ld re n w h e n te e th i ng . It is a n arti c l e .

we l l d e se r v i ng , fro m its m an y v i rtues, to b e c al led “ the p oor

m a n s f r i e n d , as th e re is sc arc e l y a d isease t h at a pe rso n c an
”
’
.

b e trou b l e d w i th in w h i c h t he c h oc ol ate root c an no t b e u sed

.

w i th profi t to the pati e n t. It g row s in m oi st m e ad ow l an ds , and?

is g e n e ral l y k now n, e v e n b y c hild re n, as th e y a re tau gh t fro m
th e i r i nfan c y to b e fam i l i ar w i t h its med i c i n al v i rtu es.
A te as poo n fu l of t he po wd e r m ay b e put i n to h al f a te ac up of
wate r and s we ete ne d , wi th t he add i ti o n o f a l i ttl e m il k, in w hi c h
f or m it m ay b e tak e n e ith er as an arti c l e o f d i e t o r as m e d i c i ne .

I t m ay b e use d b y th ose t ro ub l e d wi th so re m o n t h o r d yse ntery

i n the root in its g re e n state , b y m asti c ati n g and swal l o w i ng t he
sal i va and t he root i n the fi n e su b stan c e : or it m ay b e m ad e ih

to a sy ru p, b y pu tti n g o ne pou nd o f t he g re e n roo t w e l l b rui s ,

e d, i n to one gal l on o f w ate r, and si mm e ring it do wn to t h ree

 M A TERIA M ED I C A . 60 9

quarts ; h
t e n stra n i ”

ofl , swee te n wel l wi th l oaf su g ar, add

fou r
o u nc e s o f a
,
w l l s pi c e
e l l pu l v e riz e d ,
o ne q u art of 4 th proof Ja
m ai c a ru m , and o ne te aspoon fu l of C ay e n ne pe pper.
T he sy ru p s h o u ld b e mad e i n the fall o r spri ng , b e fore t he
le av e s h a ve c o me o u t or a fter the y h av e d e c ay e d , as t he root
th e n posse sse s its f ul l stre ng th . T he m e di c i ne sh ou ld b e c are
f ul l y sto pped in a j ug , and ke pt c onstan tl y on h and fo r u se , b u t
e s pe c i all y i n t he s r i ng , su m m e r an d au t u m n, w h e n we are l i
p
ab l e to b e attac ke d w i t h dyse n ter y c h ron i c d iarr h oea, d yspep
,
sia, (Se c .

G ERA N I U M M A CU LA T UM — N o. 3, c on t in ue d .

C r a n es b ill
A S TRI N GEN T , TON I C , A N D B I TTER.

F or c an er ,k d y sent ery , and to c l ean se the st om ac h and b owels .

G ERA I U N M M Ra d ix T he leav es and

A CU L A TU M . F oli a — .

r oo t— Ere c t b t d S t m di c h oto m o u s L e a v es
p u e s c e n
, re v e rse e ,
.
,
.
,

opposi te t h re e o r fi ve parte d u pper o n es sessi l e P ed u n c l es

'

.
, , ,

t wo -

fl o we red . P e ta l s , o b o v ate .

T he c r a n es b il l has h y root, w h i c h se nds up

a
pe re n n a i l ,
fl es

ann u al ly an e re c t h e rb ac eou s s te m ,
w i t h a n u m b e r of radi c al ,

l e aves T he ste m is ro u nd b ran c h ed fro m twe l v e to twe nt y

.
, ,

i n c hes h igh o f a l igh t g re e n c o l or and t h i c kl y c o v e red wi t h pe ~

, ,

tio le s and pe d u n c l e s w hi c h are h i rsu te ,

T he di v i si on of t he .

l eav e s is i n to se ve ral l o b es w hi c h are i nc i se d an d h ai ry and of

, ,

a l i h t g ree n c o l o r a n d sc at te re d w i th stil l
g , p al e r s ots
p T h e .

l e av e s w hi c h ri se fro m t he root are attac hed b y foot stalk s six -

o r e i ht i nc hes l o ng
g T he fl o we rs are usual ly l arg e and pur
.

l T he ped u n c l es spri n g fro m the angl e of the stal k and

“

e
p .

ste m ; a nd se v e ral l
y s u pport t wo flo we rs .

T he c ran e sb i ll is i n d i g e n o us to a ll parts of the U ni ted S tates ,

in w ood s m e ad o ws a n d h e dg es b u t m ost u sual l y in moi st low
, ,
‘
g ro u nd s I t fl o we rs in Ju ne and J uly T he roots sh ould b e
. .

g athe re d in the fal l .

M ed ic a l u s es —T hi s s pe c i e s of g e rani u m is one of the m ost

.

po we rfu l ast ri ng e n ts wi th w hi c h we are ac q u ai n ted and m ay ,

b e e m pl oye d f or all the pu rposes that a n y of t he arti c l es u nd e r

N o 3 a re use d T he ab se n c e o f a b ad taste re nd e rs it v e ry se r
. .
,
v ic e ab le in c ases of i n fan ts o r
pe rsons of we a k aud d e b ili tate d
'

s to m ac hs I t is an e x c e l l e nt a rti c l e for c ho l e ra i nfan tu m i n i ts

. -

l ast stag es and fo r d iar rhm a

, F o r h e mo rrhag e o f t he l u ng s.

an d b o we l s it is v e ry u se fu l C are sh ou ld b e ta ke n t h at the.

c o ndi t i o n o f the syste m b e suc h as not to re u i re t he u se o f ow

q p
erfu l astri ng e n ts A s an appl i c ati on to torpid u l c e rs, and an in
.
ti l e r m: TH O M S O N I A N

je c tion glin
e e ts a n d le ucorr h ce a o r w h i te s ; a g argl e i n
,
a ph
t h ou s u l c e rati ons o r u tr i d so re t h roat i t a ns we rs as v al u a b l e
p , ,

t h t h t i g t — b ay b e rry w i tc h h azl e red

a
p p
ur ose as e o e r as r n e n s -

, ,

r as b e rry I t i id d l u ab le rem ed y i n m a n y
p , s c o n s e re as a v a

arts o f t he c o u n tr y an d m uc h use d b l l Th o mso n i ans who

p , y a

are ac q uai n te d wit h its v i rtu es .

F o r a d ose take a te aspo on fu l o f t he fi ne powd er i n a te ac u p

,

ful of hot wate r to whi c h add a l i ttl e C aye nn e a nd swe e te n

, , ,

wi t h m i l k I t m ay b use d i nste ad o f c o m posi ti o n o r a n y o f

.
e
,

t he c a n ke r re m edi es w hil e u nd e r the ope rati on of c ou rses of

,
m ed i c i ne .

I t m ay b e si m me re d w i th h one y and b o rax and u se d for all ,

i nflam matory d i ffi c ul ti e s o f the m o ut h and th roat I t is g ood .

for old u lc e rs wh i c h m ay b e wash e d in a d e c oc t i o n of the roo ts

,
.

I t is an e xc e l l e n t a rti c l e to s wee te n the m ou th and b rea t h a nd ,

t o c l e an se the te e th f rom i m uri ti es b its ro ug h c l eansi n g pro

p , y
pe rti e s.
-

C hild re n th at ar e tee t hi ngb t ki n g w e a k b e v e rag e m ad e

, y a a

of h i s root
t swe ete n e d and w i th m il k, w i l l re mai n he al thy i n
, ,

the sto mac h and b owe l s .

Q U ERC U S RU B RA —
. No 3, . c o n t in u e d .

B l a ck O a k.
B I TTER, A S TRI N G EN T , S L I G H T L Y RO M
'
-
S TIM U L A N T , T O N IC , A N D A A T IC .

F or d yse n tery , h e m orrhag e , i nte rm itten ts, and o b s tinate d iarrhoe a.

Q U ERC U S RU B RA
'

C or tez G l a n s i b er i c a
. . T he b ark a nd .

ac o rns — L e a v es l on e t i ol e d ob l o n g gl ab rou s o b tu se ly sin

g p
-

, , , ,

u ate l ob es ac u ti sh to ot he d se tac e ou s m u c ro nate

, , C a ly x sau
,
-

.
,

oer form smoot hi sh

-

, A c or n s su b o v ate turg id
.
,
-

, .

T hi s v al uab l e tre e is i ndig e no u s to t he U n i ted S tates and is ,

o ne of the l arg est o f t he A m e ri c a n fo re st I t fre q u e n tl y att ai ns .

th e h e igh t o f fro m s e ve n ty to on e h u nd re d fe e t I ts t ru n k is .

c o v e re d w i th a thi c k b a rk o f a d ar k b ro w n c o l o r T he ac o rns
, .

are ro u nd , fl atte ne d at the top a nd pl ac e d i n a sa u c e r sh a e d

p
-

c u p.
T he b ark of
b l ac k oak is the m ost powe rfu l b i tte r o f an y o f
the s pec i e s. and ma y b e d i sti ng ui sh ed b y i ts c ol ori n g t he sa li va
w h e n c h e wed.
M e d i c a l u s es —T he b ark o f the o ak is a n ast ri ng e nt a nd
.

fee b l e ton i c , and m ay b e u sed in fe ve r o b sti nate d iar rlice a, a nd

sc ro fu l a. I t m ay b e c o m po u nd e d wi t h b a y b e rry , he m l oc k,
w i tc h h azl e o r raspb e rry , i n t he pro po rti o n o f o ne f ou rt h, an d
-

use d i n all c ase s of c an ke r, o r for an y o f t he f w hi h

p p
u r os e s or c
6 12 T H E T H O M S O N IA N

sy m
pto m s w e re
pa n i n the he ad , b ac k and l i mb s, w i th sore
i
t h 1 o at, a nd g re a t a n xi e t y a nd ne rv o u s e x c i ta b i li ty . T he fi rst
l i ved se ve n d ays, t he se c o nd f ou r, and the th i rd e l e ve n . T he
u m e m itte d a t te n ti o n o f tw o or t h re e ph y si c i ans, c ou l d aff o rd
n o re l i e f. A fte r the d ec e ase o f the l ast c hi l d , the fath e r re
m ark e d , th at sho u l d a no th e r m e m b e r o f his fa m ily b e attac k ed ,
he s h o u ld e mpl o y the b o ta ni c phy si c i an. In a fe w d ays , t he
e ld est d au gh te r was take n w i t h prec i se l y the sa me sy m pto ms as

t he o th e rs, a nd m uc h ag ai nst he r i nc l i nati on , we we re c al l e d .

A s i t was h igh l y i m po rt a n t for t he sa fe ty o f t he pati e nt t h at

she sh o u ld possess he 1 me n tal fac u l ti es d u ri n g he r si c k ne ss, in

ord e r t h a t we m igh t k no w fro m h e rse l f t he si tuat i on of he r

sy ste m , and as s he was al re ad y i n c li ni ng to d e rang e m e n t, ou r

fi rst o bj e c t was to q u i e t the ne rvo us i rri tab i l i ty of the b od y, and

re l i e ve the di stre ss i n the h e ad . T o e ffe c t wh i c h , we took h al f
a n o u n c e o f sa g e h al f
,
an ou n c e o f se nna, (c assi a m aril andi c a)
a nd t t h t w t i l s i n to h a l f a i n t o f b oi li ng w ater to
p u e o a i c e p ,

w hi c h w e add e d o ne te aspoo n fu l o f g in ge r. T he a rti c l es we re

si mme t e d tog e t he 1 a b o u t t w e nt y m i n u te s ; th e n h al f t he q uan

ti ty w as poure d off a nd ad m i n i ste re d at a ti me, w h e n c ool

e n o u g h to d ri n k . We al so appli e d to the ne c k an ad hesi ve
sti m u l at i ng l ste r, a nd put a b ot tl e o f hot wate r to t he fee t.
p a

T he m e di c i ne o pe i ate d , and in ab o u t th ree hou 1 s, the pai n in

the h e ad w as e n ti re l y g o ne , t he n e rvou s e x c i te me n t w as m u c h
red u c e d , an d t he ati e n t fe l t q u i te c o m fortab l e . T o ni c s w e re
p
nex t i v e n , an d i n a fe w d ay s s he was resto re d to h e a l t h w i th
g
o u t at a n
y ti m e l os i n g he r se nse s. T h e sa m e wi n te r w e at

te nd e d fi v e pati e n ts i n th a t fa m il y, t h re e o f the ty ph us fe ve r,
a nd t he c ase ab o v e m e nt i o ne d is a fai r ac c ou n t o f t he oth e rs.

T he y all re c ov e re d to the g re at sati sfac ti o n o f th e i r pare nts. I

o c c as i o n al l
y g av e a ligh t e me tl c , an d some ti mes o rd e re d an in
j e c ti o n o f m il k, in w hi c h w e re c ay e n n e and c asto r oi l : th i s
w o u l d e n ti re l y 1 e m o v e t he stri c tu re o f the b o we l s. C ath arti c s
an d astri n g e n ts w e re gi ve n in s uc h pro po rti on s as to prod u c e

j ust a he al t hy m o ti on o f t he b o w e l s, c onseq ue ntl y the h e ad was

c l e a r, e asy a n d c o m fo rtab l e . Wh e n th ese two opposi te m edi
c i ne s we re gi ve n , in ju st pro porti o ns to c orre c t t he ac ti on , I

fo u n d n o d ang e 1 o f m o rttfi c atio n, or o f any ot h e r 1 nj ury re su l t

i n g fro m t he ph ysi c .

I n pu trid d 1 ffi c u l ties, s ag e te a m ay b e u se d w i t h g re at ad v an
tag e as an an ti se pti c ; a nd i f an ape ri e nt we re to b e u se d , it
s ho u ld b e of o il a n d m il k . T hi s c re ate s an ag ree ab l e se nsa
t i o n , a nd re nd e rs t he pati e nt c o m fo rtab l e . I n a ll c ases of v io
l e nt di se ases, atte nd ed wi th i nsan i ty , t he b owe l s are g e neral l y
the se at o f the di se ase , atte nd e d w i t h c ol d fe e t and a pressu re of
b l ood to the he ad . I n s u c h c ase s, afte r u si ng the pro pe r re me
d i es fo r the b owe l s as l ax ati v es, b ath e the fee t in hot water, and
Gil T H E T i ro M s o m A N

b ase , pal mate , se rrate , g ash e d . P ed i m c l c , te rmi nal , so l i tary

o ne flo we re d . Root , y el l o w .

G ol d e n S eal is an h e rb ac eous ,
ann u al,
i nd ig inou s an d

l t g w i g i di ffe re nt a rts o f th e U n i te d S tates, b ri t m ost

p a n . ro n n p
l y w e st o f the A l l egh an y m o u ntai ns. I t fl ou ri s h es b est l n we t
w o od l and s. I t has a pe re nn i al root, and a n h e rb ac eo us, ann ua l
ste m , fro m s ix i n c h e s t o o n e foot i n h e igh t, w i t h t wo u n eq ual

lea v e s, a nd a si ngl e te rmi nal w hi ti s h o r rose c ol ore d fl o we r. -

T he roo t c o nsi sts o f a to rtuo u s c o rd ax , and n u me ro us l on g fi

b res, and is o f a b rig ht y e ll o w c ol o r. I t is j u i c y w h e n ne wl y
d ug , an d i ts we igh t is m u c h di mi n i she d b y d ryi ng . I t h as a
s tro ng od or, a nd a n e x c ee di n l y b i tte r taste . I t osse sses the
g p
o rdi n a r
y v i rtu es o f ve g e tab l e b i tte rs in a g reat d e g re e , and is
po pu l a rl y e m pl oy e d as a u se fu l ton i c b y T h o mso n i an physi
e i au s t h ro u gh o u t t he U ni te d S tate s I n form of an i n fusi o n, i t
has b ee n m rrc h u se d i n t he weste rn state s, as a topi c al a ppli c a
t i o n i n o ph th al rn ia i nfl a m mati o n o f t he e ye s) T h e I ndi an s
( .

a re said to h a v e e m l o y e d i t 1 11 t h e sam e fo rm for old so res

p .

Th e y al so u se the j urc e o f the root as pai nt and for c ol ori ng .

M ed ic a l u se s — F dyspepti c s or t h ose who are t ro ub l ed
o r ,

w i th i ndig e sti on a te as poonfu l o f t hi s root pu l ve riz ed t ake n i n

, ,

a l i ttl e ho t wate r s we e te ned

,
w i t h the addi ti on o f a l i ttl e C ay
,

e nne ,
w ill gi v e i m me d i ate re li e f from t he di stress c au se d b y
foo d in the stomar h I t is a n e x c el l e n t c orrec tor of the b il e
.
,

and m ay b e u se d fo r t h at pu r ose C o m o u n d e d wi t h o la r
p p .
p p
b ark o n e part o f g o l d e n se al and t wo o f po pl a r b ark fo u r parts
, ,

o f ood su g ar and o ne e igh t h pa rt C ay e nne forms a c om ou nd

g p ,

t hat is v al u ab l e i n e v e ry f am il y w h e re it s h oul d b e u se d
,
.

Wh e n the food oc c asi ons di stre ss a smal l parti c l e of t hi s pow

,

d e r— the si z e o f a pe a— w il l re mov e the i nq u i e tu d e It is al so .

g ood in c ases of worms i n c h ild re n tak e n i n hot wate r I t is ,

. .

v e ry g o od i n j au nd i c e a nd i n al l d eran g e m e nts of the d i g e sti v e

,
.

o rg an s .I n c oli c i t may b e u se d to good eff e c t

, I f yo u have a .

fai n t si c k e n i ng se nsati on at the stomac h and n o appe ti te take a ,

l i ttl e of this i n hot wate r swe e t wi ne or c id er

, I n fac t if y ou
, .
,

w i sh a re medy w h i c h you c an fi nd the m ost e x te n si v e l y u se fu l

i n the l i ttle e v ery d ay ill s to w hi c h w e all are l i ab l e , k eep a su p
pl y of th i s m edi c i ne on h and .
6 16 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

l ar, i ki ng popl ar) L e a v es o v ate ac u m i nate wi th c l ose

st n .
, ,

p resse d se rrat u re s w h i te and ne t v e i ne d b e n e a th ; b ud re si n

-

o us . Th i s is the m ost v al u ab l e spe c i es o f all th e po pl ars fo r its

o wn to n i c i e b a rk m a d r i ed a nd
p p
ro e rt e s T h .
y b e
pu l ve riz ed
for use ; or i t m ay b e b oil e d d o wn and a n e x trac t proc ured , ,

w hi c h is o n e of t he m ost v al u ab l e arti c l es in the w ay of ton i c s

o r b i tters o f an y in t he T ho mson i an m ate ri a m e d i c a .

M e di c a l m esa— T he pu l ve riz e d b ark m ay b e u se d i n the

c o m posi ti on po wd e rs to g ood ad v an tag e T a ke o ne pou nd o f .

t h i s b ark or m ore i f yo u w i s h to ma ke i t b i tte r and add it to

, ,

t he c o m posi ti on a s pre pa red S re pa rati ons

, ( ee
p .
) .

I t m ay al so b e u se d in proporti o n o f t h ree pound s to o ne of

g old e n se al t wo ou nc es o f C ay e n n e and e igh t pou nd s o f sug ar
, , ,

a l l we l l m ix e d T hi s c ompound is an e x c e l le n t arti c l e for d ys

.

e psia and al l c ases o f i ndig est i o n I t m ay b e t ake n d r

p , y 11 .
,

m il k i n warm w ate r and in v ari ou s o t h e r ways

, , b trt the b est
m anne r is the m ost si mpl e that is d ry or in w ar m water w i th
, , ,

m il k a nd sug ar Dose from h al f to a teas poonfu l

-
.
,
.

F or t he age d an d i nfi rm wh e re the v i tal e ne rgy is fast d e c li n

,

i ng and natu re need s t he assi stan c e o f a m e di c i n e th at w il l su p

,

t i t t he sam e as a staff d oes t he b od y t hi s arti c l e w il l serv e

p or , ,

for th at purpose so b a g as the digesti ve powers c an b e b rac ed

,

u p t o s u ppo rt t he b ody .

Wh e n a person has arri ve d at maturi ty the digesti ve po wers ,

h ave attai ne d t h e i r high est state of stre ng t h or pe rfe c ti on B ut .

t h e y n o w b e gi n g rad ual ly to d ec a y T he pe rson m ay e at the .

s am e a mou n t o f food as fo rm e rl y b u t t h ere is not the sa me a b i ,

l ity to e x trac t b y dige sti on the s ame q uanti ty o f n ou ri sh me n t .

A s digesti on c on ti n ue s g rad uall y fai li ng so d o the o th e r c onsti ,

t u tional an d m e ntal po we rs fol l o w t he s am e as t h e y did in ar ,

r i v i ng at m at u ri ty an d the st re ng t h a nd b stan c e of t he b ody

w h i c h were ac c u m u l ated in y o ut h are % it u pon to su pport
, ,

t he sy ste m Wh e n the d igesti v e powers b egi n to d ec ay we

.
,

a re ad moni sh e d to d o som e thi n g t o su stai n t he b ody u nd e r its

c onse q u en t d ib ility T wo di ff e re n t m eth od s are ad o pte d

. O ne .

is to s uppor t the b ody b y m eans of a staff the o t h e r to b rac e u p ,

t he dig e sti v e org ans b y mean s of i n tern al appl i c at i ons .

B y t h ese two m e th od s c o mb i ned if the c on sti tu ti on has sus ,

taine d n o mate ri al i nj ury t he pe rson m ay l i ve and m ake him

,

se l f c om fortab l e to a g re at age T a ke good c are t h ere fo re to

. , ,

kee p the g al l strong and h e al t h y b y a g ood artifi c i al b i tte r as , ,

t h at is t he phy si c of th e b od y and w i th o ut w h i c h the syste m is

,

soon fill e d u p or ob st ruc te d from a c osti ve h ab i t the appe ti te

, ,

i mpai red and the b ody c an proc u re b u t l i ttl e n o uri sh me nt fro m

,

the food A ssi st the natu ral sti m u l us b y arti fi c i al me ans as its
. ,

n atural m eans o f prod u c ti on fail , w hi c h is t he pro pe r c onsu mp

tion of food , or the f u el of l i fe T h u s k ee p u p the p ower, or
.
618 TH E Tn o n so m m

root is u ng n t b i tter, and a

a p e

use fu l me di c i ne to c orrec t the g ul ate the dig esti ve pow

g all , re

ers and re mov e a c osti ve h ab it

,
T he b ark sh oul d b e c oll e c ted
.

at the prope r se ason c are fu ll y d rie d and pu l ve riz e d

,
and may ,

b e u se d as a part of N o 4 b i tte rs
. .

T he fi ne l y pu l ve rized powd er is a c ath arti c in teas poon ,

ful d ose s at n igh t on go i ng to b ed

,
T he b ark of thi s s h rub is
.

some ti me s u se d in c id e r for the j au ndi c e, and is ne xt in v al ue

to gold en seal and popl ar .

A P OCY N UM A N DRO S JEM I F O L I U M .— N o. 4,

c o n t inu e d .

B i tter Root Wa nd er i ng M ilk Weed ar D og s B an e qf

— ’ -

the H ig hl a n ds .

EM ETIC, C A TH A RTIC , N A RC OTIC , H Y DRA G O G U E.

To remov e c ostiveness, and c orrec t the d ig esti on.

A . A N DRO S ZEM I F O L I U M . Ra dix . T he root — C a ly x , very

smal l , fi v e c le ft, pe rsiste nt.
-
C or olla , c ompanulate , hal f fi ve
c le ft. L ob es , re vol ute , furn i sh e d at the b ase w i th fi ve d entoi d
l and s, al tern ati n g w i th t he stame ns. A n ther s, c on n i van t, se
g
i tate , c oh e ri ng to the sti gm a b y t he m iddl e . S t l ob so l e te .
g y e,

S tig m a , th i c k and acu te . F oll i cles, long and l i ne ar. S eed s ,

c on n ose .

T he d og b o n e or b itter r oot is an i ndige nou s, perenni al pl ant,

from one to t h ree fee t in h e ig h t, and ab ou ndi ng i n a mi lky and
e x tre me l y b i tte r j u i c e , w h i c h e xu d es from all par ts o f the
plant
whe n wou nd e d . T he ste m is ve ry straigh t and e rec t, smooth
b el ow, muc h b ranc h e d ab ov e , u suall y of a reddi sh c ol or on the
sid e w hi c h is e x pose d to the sun . T he pl ant is c overe d wi th a
v e ry toug h b ark . T he le aves are opposi te , ov ate , enti re , ac u te
and smooth on b ot h sid es, and n earl y t h ree i nc h e s in l en th .
g
fl
“

owers are re ddi sh w h i te , and g row in l oose ax il l ary or

T h e ,
, ,

termi nal c y mes. T he pe d u nc l es h av e smal l ac u te b rac ts. T he

corol la has a tu b e l ong e r t h an the c aly x, and a spre adi ng bor
de r. T he fru i t c onsi sts of a se t of long , ac u te, l i near fol li c les,
contai ni ng many i mb ri c ate d seed s, ,
w
hi c h are attac h e d to a re
ceptac le i n the cen tre , and e ac h furni s h e d w i th seed d own . -

T he plant g rows ina ll parts of the U ni te d S tates. I t is found

in grain fi e lds, and g rows v e r lu xuriously among sh rub s and
vines, b y the side of fences, an where the ground is most neg
 M A T ERI A 11 11 11 1 0 11 . 6 19

fl
l ec ted . I t owe rs in J une and J u l y . T he b ark of the root is
t he part u sed as me di c i ne . T hi s is l arge , and l ik e oth er parts
o f t he pl a nt c ontai ns a m i lky j u i ce . Its taste is u n pl easant and
i n te n se l y b i tte r. T he pu lve rized root is v e ry wh i te.
M ed ic a l u ses — T he po wd e r o f the ne wl y d ri ed root ac ts as
a ste rn u tato ry w h e n tak e n as sn u ff, and as an e me ti c , in d oses
o f fro m h alf to a te as poon f ul , o r more . I n smal l q uanti ti es,
s uffi c i e n t to nause ate the sto m ac h , the powde rs are an e xc e l l ent

re med y for l ues v e ne ri a, sy ph il i s o r ve nere al . T he root sh ou l d

b e d ug in t he fal l , t he b ark b ru i sed off and c are fully d ri ed , afte r
wh i c h it s h o u l d b e pu l v e riz e d . It is o ne of the g reatest c or
re c tors of the b il e t h at is u se d in our syste m of prac ti c e , e xc e t
p
t he g ol d e n seal and b l ac k popl ar. F or re g u l ati ng the b owe ls
a nd re mov i ng a c ost i ve state , its o pe rati ons are ad mi rab l e . It
'

m ay b e use d in s mall q u an ti ti es for the d ropsy, as it is a pow

e rful hyd ragog ue , c at h arti c , e me ti c and d i uretic . I h ave known

a d ro si c al pat i e n t, fro m t he u se of t hi s arti c l e to d i sc har e se

p g
v e ral q uarts o f wate r in one n i h t. I t is al so a sud orifi c , as it
g
c auses c op ou s i pe rspi rati on .
T ake of the pu lve ri ze d b ark of the root, one ounc e, three
fou rth s of an o unce of wi tc h h aze l le av es, and one fou rth of an
-

o u nc e o f b ay b e rr y , all mad e v e ry fi ne ; m ix, and th e y mak e a

o w e rfu l snu ff, fo r c atarrh , and ot h e r di ffi c ul ti es of the he ad .

p
T h i s snuff is frecj ue n tly u se d b y us in the l ast stages of ac ute
d i se ases w i th small c hild re n. If th ere is v i tal e ne rgy suffi c i ent
l eft for the c h i ld to snee ze , we c onc l ud e t h e re is y e t hope for the
l i ttl e pati e n t. T hi s is the be st way to test the imme di ate v i tal
‘

ac ti on, i n t h ose e xtre m e c ase s, t h at has as y e t b ee n di sc overed

b y u s. N o i nj ury c an ari se from a tri al of thi s means.

A P OCY N U M C A N A B IN U M -
N o . 4 , c on t n ue d.
i
B itter Root , or Wa n d eri ngM ilk Weed, or D og B ane qf the
Riv er la n d s.
P rope rtie s and applic ati on— the same as the pre c eding artic le .

In its h arac ter, t hi s pl ant rese mb l es th at whic h we last de

c
sc rib e d ; and al so in most o f its o pe rati ons u on the syste m.
p
We h ave g ath e red the two i ndisc ri mi natel y , c ompounded th em
toge th er and d eal t the m out as one and th e same t hi ng 7
, .

T ake t h ree d oses, of one thi rd of a teaspoonful eac h of the ,

w e r, in a li ttl e hot wate r, o nc e in two or three hours and i t
’

p o d
w il l ope rate as a c ath arti c in ab out tw
,
el ve h ours
'

, C é re should .

b e tak en that the q uantitm

' ,

b e not too large , as the operation as

an e meti c and c a th arti c is e xc ee di ng l y powerful in suc h cases.
We have known it to ope rate as an e meticf for eight hours in
'

suc c ession, before it could be stopped.

620 T H E TH O M S O N IA N

A LET RI S F ERI N O S A .
— N o. 4, c o nt inu e d .

U n i cor n Root— F als e A l oe— S ta rg r ass —S ta r wor t , ye ;

(

TON IC , B I TTER, E XP EC TO RA N T ,
. AN D S L I G H TL Y EM ET IC , A N D CA TH A R'

sid e o r b reast , c o u g h , and t orpid liv er .

F or pain i n th e

A L ET Rrs F ERrN os a .— L e a v es, l i n ear, l anc eo l ate , w i th e ri ng

'

at t he ti ps. S c ap e , w i th al te rn ate , pe d i c e ll ed , mostl y fari nac e ous

flo we rs. T he root e x tre me ly b i tte r.
Thi s pl ant is fo un d in al most al l parts o f the c oun try g ro w ,

i ng i n ope n fi eld s a n d ab out b ord ers of pi ne fore sts, a nd b l os

,

soms in J une and J u l y

M ed i c a l u s es — T h e u n i cor n r oot is a v al uab l e toni c and

, ,

may b e u sefully e mpl oy e d fo r si mil ar pu rposes w i t h o t he r b it

te rs of the same c l ass fo r fe ma l e we ak n e sse s and pai n i n t he
, ,

sid e and b reast .

Wh en take n in l arge q u an ti ties it w il l c re ate n ause a and vo ,

m i ti ng and w il l freq ue n tl y ope rate as a c at harti c

,
T he pow .

der m ay b e u se d i n d ose s o f fro m o ne fo u rth to a te aspoo n fu l .

l n fe mal e we akness a nd n e rv o u s d eb i l i ty t h i s re medy has prov ,

e d i tse l f one o f the fi rst o rd e r I n c ase s o f fre q u e nt ab orti on

.
,

w h e n t he sy ste m had l ost its tone and h ad b ec o me mu c h d e b i

l itated it has in m an y i nstan c es affo rd e d pe r man e n t re l i e f We
,
.

h av e known o f fe m al es who had b e e n tro u b l e d t hi s way b e i n g , .

restored to su c h a d e g re e of h e al t h as to h a v e se v eral c h ild re n .

add e d to the fam i l y and a l w ay s d o w e l l i n ti me o f c o nfi ne

’
s
,

me nt and e nj oy g ood h e al t h afte rw ard s

,
.

T he v e ne rab l e fou nd e r o f t he T h omson i an prac tic e w h il e ,

in t he state of O h i o a fe w y e ars si nc e had the m i sfo rtu n e to

, ,

fal l and b reak th re e o f his ri b s H e was al s o oth e r wi se se ri.

ousl y i nj ure d i nte rn ally H e re mai ne d v ery fe e b l e for several

.

w ee ks h av i ng a dis tre ssi n g i rri tab l e d ry c ough and pai n in

, , , ,
.

his s id e and he c ou ld fi nd b ut te m porar y re l i e f u n ti l he b e g an

, ,

to m ak e u se of this re m e dy w hi c h i mme di ate l y c u re d his ,

c ou gh stre ng th e ne d his sid es an d l u n g s and in a fe w we e k s he

, ,

foun d hi mse l f e nj oyi n g e x c e ll en t h e al th F ro m t h at ti me he .

h as b e en in t he h ab i t of u si ng it for c onsu mpti ve pati ents w i t h ,

the most h appy resu l ts .

It is the b el i ef of t h ose who h av e tri ed it th at if a person of

.
,

feeb l e c onsti tuti on e x pose s h i mse l f b y tak i ng a sev ere c ol d an d ,

mak es use o f h al f a teaspoo nfu l of t hi s powd e r in a l i ttl e hot ,

wate r sweetened he w il l rec e i ve no i nj u ry from his e xposu

, ,

A nd for uteri ne di ffic ul ti es it has not its eq u al to ou r k no wle dge

w i thi n the rang e of the T h o mson i an mate ri a medi c a .

I t may be u se d al one in warm wate r in the c om posi ti on i n , ,

wi ne b i tters, in the N o 6 O r it m ay be m ad e i nto a sy ru p ;

. .
622 m s r n o n so n rrmr

C O P T IS T RI F O L IA .
—N o. 4, c o n tinu e d .

G ol d thr ea d .
T ON IC, A N D P O W ER F U L L Y A S T RI N G EN T .

F or c orre c t ing morb id sec re tions, of a torpid l iv er and b ile .

C or n s T RI F OL IA . Ra d ix T he root — S
. . c ap e, one flower -

ed . L ea ves , te nate, t wo or th ree i nc hes l ong . Roots, fi liform,

o lde n y e ll o w.
g
G ol d thread b e ars c onsid erab le rese mb l an c e to the wh i te
strawb erry v i ne . It has a c ree pi ng , pe re nn i al root, of a b righ t
llow c ol or, from w hi c h it d e ri ves its name . T h e g old th re ad
y e
is a nati v e of the north ern states. I t g rows in m orasses, and
c ol d , northe rn re i on s, and ab ou nd s in the B ritis h prov i nc e s,
g
and in the hil ly d i stri c ts of N e w Engl and . It b l ossoms in M ay
-

or June . T he pl ant posse sses g reat b i tterness, b u t the root is

t he onl y part u se d b y u s as a me di c i ne .
M ed i c a l u ses . T he c op ti s is an e xc e ll e nt b i tte r, c losel y re
se mbl i ng old e n seal and b arb erry, and m ay b e u se d i n al l c ases
g
-

whe re t h ose arti c les h ave b een rec o mme nd ed . In the e aste rn
states it is muc h u se d for apth ous u l c e rati ons, and is an e x c e l
le nt sub sti tute for the b i tte rs b e fore me nt i o ned , as it is a g reat
c orre c to r of t he g all . It is an e x c e l l e nt g argl e fo r so re mou th
and t hroat. Every Th omsonian physic i an shoul d kee p a sup
l
p y for use .

M A RU B IU M V UL GA RE .
-
N o. 4, c on t inue d .

H or ehon n d .
B I T T ER, T ON IC, A P E RI EN T , EX P EC T O RA N T .

F or c ou g hs , asthma, and b leed in g or wea kness of the l ung s .

M A RU B IU M V I f er b a . T he h erb . H o re h ou nd has
U L GA RE. -

a fi b rous, pere n ni al root, and se ve ral annual s te ms, w h i c h are

erec t, ve ry d own y, and from te n to s ix tee n i nc h es h igh .
T hi s pl ant is a nati v e of b oth Europe and A meri c a. In this
c ou nt ry it g rows spontaneousl y , a l on g road si des and in ne
g
-

le c ted fi eld s. I t flo wers in Ju l y and A ug ust. T he h e r b has a

strong b i tter taste , and rat h e r an ag ree ab l e od or, wh i c h is m uc h
re d uce d b y d ry i ng , and is ne arly l ost b y b e i ng l ong k ept. I ts
bitte r taste is d urab le , and may b e e x trac te d b y wate r or al c o h ol .
M ed ic a l uses . Hore h ound is a toni c a nd l ax ati v e, and may
-

b e g i ve n in suc h forms and q uanti ti e s as to inc rease t he e xc re

ti ons in the ski n and kid ne y s. It is a v al u ab l e d e obstrue n t, to
re move ob stru c ti ons, and is g ood i n i nfl am mati on of the l i ve r,
j aundi c e, menstrual ob stru c tions, phthysis, or c onsu mption of
the l ungs,
 M A T ERI A M ED I C A . 623

A te a mad e of the h e rb and s wee te ne d wi th hone y is a v alu

ab l e re medy for ast h ma, a nd ot h e r c ompl ai n ts of the l u ng s. It
is an e x pec torant and stimul ant. A sy ru p mad e of the h erb
wi ll re move h eav i ness, and d e tac h from the mucous me mb rane
the tough c o h e si ve phl eg m , so di ffi c ul t to ej e c t from the l u ngs,
and wh i c h re d uc es c onsu m pti ve pati e n ts so rapidly . C andy
mad e wi t h h o re h ou nd is an e x c e ll e nt arti c l e fo r peopl e who
h ave b ec ome h oarse , from w h ate ve r c ause , or for th ose wh ose
v i ta l h e at is so m uc h re d u c e d t h at the sali v a, i nste ad of re tai n
i ng its natu ral c onsi ste nc y— nearl y t h at of warm water— has b e
c ome t hi c k and ad he si ve .

S Y M P H YT UM O F F I C IN A L E— . N o. 4, c o ntinue d .

S L IG H TL Y A S T RI N G EN '‘
I , TON IC , A N D B ITT ER.
F or fem al e k f th b k
c ompl aints , and
d m h w ea n e ss o e ac an s to ac .

S Y M P H Y T U M De m e t ri u s — Ra d ix T h e root . .

Comf r ey is a pe re n n i al e x o ti c pl ant c ul ti v ate d in g ard ens

, ,

fo r medi c al u se l ts root w hi c h is s pi ndl e sh aped b ranc h e s

.
,
-

, ,

a nd is fre q u e n tl y m o re t h an an i nc h t hi c k a nd te n o r twe l v e ,

l ong I t is smooth and b l ac ki sh ; wh i te fl esh y and j ui c y wi th

.
,

in. I t b e c ome s wri nkl e d b y d ryi ng and of a fi rm h orn y tex , ,

t ure a nd tu rns d ark w i th i n

,
I t h as a m uc il agi n ou s i nod oro us
.
, ,

a nd sl igh tly b i tte r taste A mong its q ual i ti es are muc il a e i n

. g

a b u nd anc e and a l i ttl e tann i n

,
I t is h ighl y e ste e me d as a re .

medy for fe mal e weak nesse s for w h ic h it has b u t fe w e qu al s , .

I ts v i rtue s are c h i efl y th ose o f a sti mu l ant and it m ay b e used ,

as a sub sti tu te fo r marsh m all o ws I n man y c ou gh m i xtu res it

-
..

is one o f the pri nc i pal i ng redi e nts and is mu c h e mpl o ye d in ,

affe c ti o ns s uc h as c atarr h and c ons u m t i on

, p I t m ay .

i n te a mad e o f the fres h o r d ri e d roots

,
T hi s root .

l arg er proporti on of m uc i l age to wate r t h an the mal

l ows .

ll ed i c a l u ses — C o mfre y roots after h av i n g b een b oil e d soft

’
i .
, ,

may b e eate n w i th a v e ry b e ne fi c i al effe c t b y fe mal es who are ,

t rou b l e d w i t h the fluo r al b u s Th e y are not o nl y a v al uab l e

.

m edi c i ne b u t are ne arl y as esc u l e nt as the potatoe

, T he tea .
,

s we e te ne d is a g ood arti c l e fo r a we ak o r l ame b ac k

, .
‘
C omf r ey sy r up T ak e a l arge h and fu l of the roots we l l
.
-

c l e anse d ,
b oi l t h e m twe n ty or t hi rty m i n utes in t wo q uarts of
soft wate r pour off t he l iq uor pu l v e riz e the roots and work
, , ,

t he m th ro ugh a fi ne si eve i nto the l iq uor swee te n we l l w i th ,

l oaf sug ar g rate in four n u tmegs b eat u p fou r e ggs and sti r in
, ,

wh e n the sy rup is co ld ; the n add t wo q uarts of b est M ad e i ra

624 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

w i ne, and preserve ; l e t it b e s h ak e n w h e n u sed . Dose , fro m

a fo urth to h al f a gl ass, fro m fo u r to six t i m e s a d a .
y
T hi s is o ne o f t he b est sy rups fo r we akl y fe mal e s I ev e r pre
pare d . I t is g ood for all c ase s of d e b ili ty o r c onsum pti on, and
only nee d s a fa i r tri al to e stab li sh its v i rtue s.

To Restore the D ig estive P owers, a n d

g iv e Ton e to the

S tom a ch and B owels .

A M Y GD A L U S P ERS I C A .
— N o. 5 .

P e a ch T r e e.
A N TH EL M IC , C A TH A RT I C , T ON I C , AN D S T O M A CH I C .

To r e sto re di g e st ion and r e g ul at e t he st om ac h an rl b owels .

AM Y G DA L U S P e n s rc A .— F r u c tu s— N u cl ei — F ol i a F l or es
C or tex . T he fru i t, k e rne l s, l e aves, fl o we rs an d b a rk — S e rra
t ures of t he l e ave s all ac u te . F l owers , sessil e , soli tary, e x oti c .

M ost of us are w e l l ac q u ai n te d wi th the appearan c e o f the

c om mon pe ac h tre e . I ts c h arac te ri sti c s are , its sessil e , sol i tary
fl o we r, and a ll the se rratu re s of the l eave s ac u te I ts nati ve .

c ou ntry is n o t c e rta i nl y k no w n , b u t i t is g e n e ral l y su ppose d to

h ave c o me fro m P e rsi a. P ro b ab l y in n o o the r c o u ntry it at
tai n s as g re at pe rfe c t i o n i n t he q u al i ty o f its fru i t as in t he
U n i te d S tate s. A mo ng ou r su m me r fr u i ts, pe ac h e s m ay j ustl y
b e ranke d as on e o f the fi rst, fo r t he i r g rate fu l fl avor and w h ol e
so m e q u ali ti e s. T he peac h ab ou nd s in sac c h a ri ne m atte r, t hat
re n d e rs t he j u i c e l i ab l e to fe r me n tati o n , the sam e as v i n o us l i

q uors. A liq uor is di still ed f ro m t h e m , c al l e d pe ac h b ran dy,

w hi c h is m u c h use d in t he we ste rn state s. T he n u t o f the fru i t
c on tai ns a k e rn e l , th at m u c h re se m b l e s, i n a ppe ara nc e , pro pe r

t i e s and n atu re , t he b i tte r al mond , fo r w h i c h t h e y a re , in t he

Th o msoni an prac ti c e , s u b sti tu ted . T he l e a v es, fl o we rs, and
b ark, al so, h av e the o d o r an d taste o f the b i tte r a l mond , fro m
w h i c h a vol atil e oil m ay be di sti ll e d T he fl owe rs, k erne l ,
.

b ark an d l e aves, are u sed i n o u r prac ti c e .

M ed i c a l u s es — T he fl o we rs and l e av e s are l ax ati v e , and a
sy ru p m ad e o f t h e m is g ood for i n dig e sti on a nd c ostive ness.
T ak e one o u nc e o f the fl ow e rs a nd stee p th e m in a q uart o f wa
te r d ow n to a pi n t a nd a h al f, s we e te n it we l l w i th l oaf sug ar ,
add h al f a pi nt o f 4 th proof J a m a i c a ru m , a nd sto p it c l ose i n a

b ottl e for use. I f more stre ng th is req u i red , t he l e av es and ke r

 626 TH E T H O M S O N IA N

t h i s tre e i nform u s that t h e y ne v er k ne w any i nj ury to resu l t

fro m its use . Th i s we c onsid e r c on c l u si ve e v id e nc e of its ma
n y v rtues. i

P RU N U S V I RG I N I A N A . N o. 5 ,
c on tinu e d .

B l a ck C her ry Wild Ru m
, , or C a bi n et Cher ry .
T O N IC , A RO M A TI C , A S TRI N G EN T , A N D S L I G H TL Y S TI M U L A N T .

To c o rre c t d ig esti o n , a nd res tore tone t o t he stom ac h an d b o we ls.

P RU N U S V I RG I N I A N A . B a cons— C or tex . T he b erri es and '

b ark.— Ra c e m es , e re c t, e l ong ate d . L e av es , oval ob l ong , ac u mi -

n ate , u ne q ual ly d o u b le toothe d gl ab ro us b oth sid e s.

,
~
P eti oles ,
ge neral l y b e ari ng four gl and s.
‘

In o pe n l i m b s o f this t ree spread out i nto an ele

fi eld s , the
g ant o val top ; b ut in d e nse forests it g ro ws to a v e ry g reat ,
he igh t, w i t h a fe w c o ntrac te d b ranc h e s T he flo wers are small .
,
w h i te and c o l l e c te d in l o ng e re c t rac e mes
, Th e y appear in .

M ay and are fol l owe d b y gl ob u l ar d ru pes ab out the siz e of a

, ,

p e a a nd w h e n r i e, o f a shi n i ng b l ac ki s h u r le c ol o r
p p p .
-

T he wil d c her ry is o ne of the l argest t rees of the A me ri c an

forest ; so meti mes g ro wi ng on the b an k s of l a ge ri ve rs in the
r ,

west fro m se ve nty to u pward s of one h u nd re d fee t high ; w i th

,
a trun k fro m fi fte e n to twe nty fe e t in c i rc u m fe re nc e B u t thi s .
,
tree in the e aste rn state s is of mu c h le ss di me nsi on s In o pe n .
,

g rounds it is not so l arge as in the forest b u t is more b ranc h ed , ,

o fte n a
ppeari ng wi th an e l eg an t c on i c al su m mi t T he trun k .

is v e ry re g u l ar in its s h ape and is c ove re d wi th a b l ac k rou h

g ,
b ark whi c h is easily d e tac h e d in thic k n arrow stri ps and th us
, ,
the t re e m a b e d i sti ng u i sh e d w h e n the l e av e s a re too high for
y ,
i nspe c ti on .

T hi s s ec es of c
p i d in all parts of the U n i ted
h e rry ab ou n s
S tates b ut flouri sh es b est in a ri c h soil and te mperate c l i mate
, .

I t is m uc h v al ue d fo r its wood w hi c h is fi n e g rai ned c om pac t, , ,

and s usc e ti b l e of a h igh li s h is of a re di s h t i nt whi c h d ee
p p o p , ,
e ns wi th a e T h fru i t h as a b i tte r ton i c s wee ti sh and
g e .
, , ,
astri ng e n t taste
; and is so meti mes use d to gi v e a fl avo r to spi
ritu ous liq uo rs T he i nn e r b ark di v este d of the e pid e rmi s or
.

c u ti c l e is t he part u se d as m e di c i ne and m ay b e o b tai ne d f rom

, ,

an
y part o f the tre e b u t th at from t he roots is the b est
, T he .

b ark sh ou ld b e use d wh e n fresh from the tree , as it possesses

more o f the esse n ti al oil whe n g ree n .

P r op erti es — Wild c h e r ry b ar k i n the fresh state or w h en

b oil ed in water e m i ts an od o r rese mb li ng th at of peac h l e aves
,
.

I ts taste is ag re eab l y b i tte r and aromati c , wi th the pe c uli ar fla

 M A T ERI A M EDI C A . 27

v o r of the b i tter a l mond . I t i mparts its

i b l e prope rti e s to
sens

water e i th e r c old o r hot rod uc i ng a c l ear redd i s h i nfu si o n re

,
p , ,

se mb li ng M ad e i ra wi ne i n appe a ranc e
b
I ts fl av o r as we l l as
.
,

med i c al v i rtues are mu c h i nj u re d b y b oil i n g in c o nseq ue nc e , ,

partl y of the v o l atiliz ati on o f the pri nc i ple u pon whi c h th e y

,

d e pe nd ; and partl y U po n a c h e mi c al c hange effec te d b y t he ,

h e at A n oil c an b e e x t rac te d from the frui t l e av es or b a rk of

.
, ,

a ligh t st ra w c o l or v ol atil e in its natu re and v e ry c l ose ly re

, ,

se mb li ng i n its rope rti es the v ol ati l e oi l o f b i tte r al mo nd s

p ,
.

M ed ic a l U ses — T he b ark o f t he b l ac k c h erry tree is one of

.

the most v al u ab l e ton i c s a mo ng o ur i n dig e n ou s re me di es It .

has al so the powe r o f c al mi n g i rri tati on and di m i ni sh i ng n er ,

v ous e x c i tab ili ty

; and is ad mi rab l y ad apte d to the tre atmen t of
di se ases in wh i c h a d e b il i tated state o f the stomac h o r of the ,

syste m at l arg e is u n i te d w i th l oc al o r g e ne ral i rri tati on

, Wh e n .

tak e n in l arge q u an ti ti es it is said to di mi n i sh pe rc e pti b l y the

,
.
, ,

ac ti on o f t he h e art I f the c old i nfusi on b e tak e n in l arge

.

d raugh ts d ail y for se v e ral d ays it w il l re d u c e the pu l sati on

,

ab o u t o ne t hi rd T hi s re med y is high l y use fu l in c onsu mpti v e

.

c o m pl ai nts sc rofu l a and j au n di c e

, I n g e n e ral d e b il i ty it has
.
,
al so b e e n fo u nd ad v a nt ageou s ; and is we l l ad a te d to c ases o f
p
d yspe psi a I t has b ee n use fu ll y appli e d in i nte rm i tte n t fe v er
. .

I t may b e u se d in po wd e r or i nfusi on mad e w i t h c old water .

T he c h e rri e s may b e d ri e d and ke pt fo r u se .

B l a ck cherr i es may b e use d i n t he fol l o wi nbg manne r : T ake

o ne po un d of c h erri es i n t h e i r n at ural state we ll u l ve r iz e d
p , ,

h al f pou nd of b l ac k popl ar b ark — le t the b ark b e b o il ed i n one

g al l on o f w ate r strai n an d swe e te n i t wi t h l oaf su g ar ; g rate
, ,

in t wo n u tme g s and add one q u art o f J amai c a ru m fo u rth

, ,

p r o o f ; w h e n c o l d st i r i n t he c h err i es a nd p u t t h e c o n te n ts i n to

a ju
g ,
and t h e n add t wo o u n c e s o f
pu l ve riz e d g u m my rrh .

S h ake it we l l e v e ry d ay for a we e k and it is fi t for use Dose .

,

from a fourth to h al f a w i ne gl ass b e fore e ati n g , It is an e x .

c e lle n t ton i c and may b e u se d i n al l c ases of i n dig esti on

, G ood .

for c h ild re n in tee th i ng o r b o we l c om pl ai nts reg u l ate you r ,

d ose ac c ordi ng to t h e i r age .
‘
A g a i n — l he pu l v er iz e d c h erri es m ay b e put i nto c old wa
’
.
o

te r au d swe e te ne d : o r pu t h al f a po u n d of c h e rri es i n to wa rm
w ate r and add some sc orc h e d I ndi an m e al and a l i ttl e ye ast ,
.

T h i s makes a d e li c i ous b eer to b e use d in hot we ath e r I t m ust .

b e k e pt in a c ool pl ac e to pre ve nt its souri ng .

62 8 TH E T H O M S O N I A N

AM Y G DA L U S A M A RA .
—N o . 5 ,
c on t i nu e d .

B i tter A lm on d .

B ITT E R, A S T RI N G EN T .

C ompou nd ed t o c orre c t di g est ion , and s tr eng t he n t he stom ac h an d b owel s.

AM Y G DA L U S AM A RA .— N ll 6 l 8 a . T he ke rne l .

T he A lm on d tr e e is f ro m fi fteen to twe n ty fi ve fee t high , and .

d i v i d es i nto n u me rous b ran c h es T he l e aves stan d u po n foot .

stal ks, a re ab ou t t wo and a h a l f i n c h e s l o ng , and h al f o r th ree

q u arte rs of an i nc h b road , po i nte d at b oth e nd s, e lli pti c al , m i

n u te ly se rrate , and wi t h the l o we r serratu re s gl and u l ar, a nd o f
a d ar k g re e n c o l o r. fl
T he o we rs a re l arg e , v aryi n g i n c ol o r
fro m red to w h i te . T he fru i t is o f the pe ac h spec i es, wi t h the
c o veri n g to ugh , d r , t h i n , a nd ma rk e d w i th a l o ngi tudi nal fur
y
ro w, wh e re i i o e ns w h e n r i e . T h e al mon d is fo u nd wi th i n
p p
t hi s c ov e ri ng , o r ro u gh sh e l l .

M e d i c a l u ses — B i tte r al mon d s ,

r
p o per l y c o m pou nd ed , m ak e
an e x c e l l e n t to ni c and m ay b e u se d for the same pu rpose s as
,

p eac h p i t s a n d c h e rr y s to n e s
( se e N o 5 sy ru p
) T hi s sy ru
.
p is
,
.

pre pared as fo ll o ws : T ake popl a r b ark and b ark of t he root ,

of b ay b e rry of e ac h one ou n d b oi l th e m i n t wo g al l on s o f
, p ;
w ate r ; strai n off and add se v e n poun d s o f su g ar ; th e n sc al d
,

and ski m and ad d h al f a po u nd of pe ac h m e ats b i tter al mo nd s

, ,

W
,

o r b l ac k c h e rry stone s u l v e riz e d h e n c old ad d o ne g all on

p ,
.
,

o f g ood b randy and st i r it we l l tog e th e r

,
I f pu t i n to di ffe re nt .

v e sse l s le t the se di me nt b e ort i on ally di v id e d a mong st i t

, p ro p .

T hi s c ompou nd is a c orre c tor of d ig estion is good to stre ng th ,

e n the sto m ac h an d b o we l s and re s to re h e al th to t he pati e n ts

, ,
and is also rti c u l arl y u se fu l i n dy se n te ry a nd t he fl u x e s In
p a .

a re l ax e d state o f the b o we l s a te a of N o 3 ,
u se d n igh t and .
,

morni ng and t h i s sy ru p throug h the d ay w il l g e ne rall y resto re

, ,

t he pati e n t B y u si n g t h ese me di c i nes oc c asi on al l y w h e n e x

.
,

ose d to dyse n te ry t h e re is b u t l i ttl e d an g e r of ta ki ng the d is

p ,

e ase . It wo u ld b e we l l fo r e v e ry fa mily to h av e t hi s sy rup o n

h and ready for u se , in c ase of any d e b i li ty of the stomac h and
,

b owe l s .
6 30 TH E T H O M S O N I A N

t he p p
ro ort on oif o ne m y rr h , pu l v eri ze d , to a g al l on
pou n d of

o f t he s i ri ts, and to t hi s add two o u nc e s o f C a e nne , and two

p y
o u nc es o f i kl y ash se e d s, and a q uarter o f a n o u n c e o f um
p r c g
c am ph or, mad e fi ne ; pu t t h e se arti c l es i nto a j ug, and le t t h e m

b e k e pt g e ntl y warm, b e i ng oc c asi onal l y sh ak e n , for two o r

t h re e d ays .

T h ese d rops are fo r e x te rnal appl i c ati on in su c h c ases as ,

r h e u m at i s m b ru i se s sprai ns a nd fre s h wou nd s

, , , I nte rnal ly , .

for c o li c dyse nte ry pa i n i n the stomac h and b owe l s and fo r

, , ,

m an y ot h e r d e b il i tati ng c o mpl ai n ts .

T h e g rai ns afte r the d rops h av e b ee n re move d m ay b e c om

, ,

o u n d e d and u se d in a g re at v a ri e ty o f way s and to g reat ad

p ,

v an tag e . T h e y may b e take n and pu t i nto a k e ttl e (the amou nt

b e fore me nti one d ) and ad d h al f a g al l on of swee t wi ne
,
b oil
t h e m for te n m i nu te s— t hi s w il l d e c o mpose t he parti c l e s of
m y rrh ; pour off the w i ne , and add wh e n c ool a pi nt and a hal f
o f spi rits s we e te n t hi s and ou h ave an e x c e l l e n t art i c l e for a
y ,

we ak sto mac h and l oose ness of the b owe l s

, .

T h i s syrup 1 h av e known w h e n gi ve n in d oses o f from one

,

fourt h to h al f a w i ne gl assfu l two o r t h ree ti me s a d ay to pro

, ,

d uc e an appe ti te wh e n oth e r b i tte r arti c l es wou l d not I t is al .

so g o od for di ab e tes o r c on ti nu e d v o idi ng of u r i ne

, .

T ak e two l arge tab l e spoonsfu l o f the ab ove m en ti one d grai ns

and pu t t h e m i nto w i ne su ffi c i e n t to mak e the m ix tu re ab ou t
,

t he c onsi sten c e of a pou l ti c e ; b o i l it two or th re e m i nu tes,and

t he m y rrh wi l l ab sorb t he w i ne and the mass w il l b e c ome of a
,

t hi c k ad h e si ve c onsi ste nc y L e t thi s b e spread u pon c l oth or

.

leat h e r, and appl i e d to a weak o r l ame b ac k a l ame sid e or

"

, ,

we ak j oi nts and the mo st h appy resul ts may b e anti c i pate d

,
.

M y rr h is per h aps the most powe rfu l an ti se pti c k nown It .

has b e e n c e l e b rate d fo r its pre se rv i ng prope rties fro m the e arli

est a es of the world
g T he sc ri ptu res i nform u s th at my rrh
.

was o ne of the c onsti tue nts u se d in anc i e nt t i mes for e mb al m

i ng the d e ad ; and we have fre q ue ntl y see n spe c i me ns of its
r se r v at i v e powe rs, w h i c h h av e b ee n re move d from the c ata
p e

c o mb s oi Egy pt t h at we re su ppose d to h av e b ee n e mb al med U p

,

w ard s of t h ree t h ousand years I f su c h are the prese rv i ng

.

po we rs of my rrh on the d ead wh at mu st its e ffe c ts b e on the

'
,

l iving .z
In 1 8 32, it is we l l known, th at we we re scourge d w i th the
A si ati c c h ol e ra ; and one c h arac teri stic of the d i sease was the
rapid d ec ay of the sol id s as we ll as u id s of t he b od y, passed fl
off b y freq ue nt and c o pi ou s aq ue ous d i sc h arg es from the b ow

els. S uc h was the rapid c onsumpti on of the body, t h at a fleshy

e rson , in som e i nstanc es, wou l d b e red uce d al most to a ske le
p
ton, and eve n u nto d eat h , i n from twe l ve to e i g h tee n hours.
O n e xamining the subj ec t, we found that b y some me ans the
 M A TERI A M ED IC A . 63 1

atmosp e re h was h arge d wi th a fore ig n sub stanc e , th at we

su rc

t h ou gh t to b e n i tre w hi c h d estro ye d in a g re at me asure the ox

,

e n o r v i tal pri nc i pl e of the air and at e v e ry re spi rati o n the

yg , ,

at i e n t re tai ne d a q u an ti ty of th i s re fri g e rat i n g o r c o ol i n g g as

p ,

a nd t h rew off a pro porti on ate q uanti ty o f the o xyg e n o r V i tal

i n ci le w hi c h d e fi c i e nc y was no t m ad e u p ; and b
y t h e se
p r p ,

me ans t he b od y rapidly lost its sti m u l us or heat and re c e i v e d in ,

its ste ad t hi s re frig e rat i n g g as ; and as the warmt h b ec ame re

d uc ed at the seat o f v i tal i ty t h at fro m the e x tre m i ti es was c all
,

e d in and t h u s the l i mb s b e c ame c old c o n trac te d and c rampe d

, , .

T he se c re tory ve sse l s we re al so c ontrac te d and forc e d b ac k the ,

e rs i rab l e m atte r i n to t he b ody w hi c h passe d rapidl y off fro m

p p ,

the b owe l s in di sc h a rg es some w h at re se mb li ng ric e w ate r ; an d ~

at t he same t i m e the ab se nc e o f he at in the e x tre m i ti es c au se d

a c ont rac ti on of the musc l es a nd v i o l e n t c ram p, u n til in a s h ort

t i me d e ath u su ally c l ose d the sc e ne .

I n e x ami n i ng the su bj e c t I found as I th ough t, the fi rst d i th ,

c u l ty in the atmosph ere b y b reat hi ng w hi c h t he pati e n t c o u l d

,

n ot e t t h at q u anti ty o f o xy e n th at was nec e ssary for a h eal th

g g y
ac ti on ; c onseq ue nt ly some artifi c ial me ans mu st b e u se d to
,

k ee p up the v i tal e ne rgy and the rapid c onsu mpti on of the

,

flesh must b e stopped b y some prese rv ati ve arti c l e I th e refore .

pre pare d the fol l o wi ng c ompo un d P u l ve riz e d m y rrh two ,

o u nc es di sso l v e d in one i n t of fo u rt h proof J am ai c a ru m t

, p ; o
t hi s add a fou rt h of a n ou nc e of C aye nn e stee ped in t wo or ,

t h ree s poon sfu l of b o il i n g wate r ; and t h e n to t h i s ad d h al f a

pi n t of m o l asses and put it i nto a j ug or b ottl e for u se

, A nd .

in its appl i c ati on my most sang u i ne e x pe c tati ons we re re ali ze d .

I g av e from a fourth to h al f a gl ass ac cord i ng to the c i rc u m ,

stan c es of t he c ase T he nec essar y warmt h w as i mmed i ate l y

.

resto re d to the v i tal s and fro m th e m it spre ad to the e xtre mi

,
ti e s ; pe rspi rati on was e xc i te d a h e al th y ac ti on i nd uc e d t h ro u h
, g
o ut the syste m and t h us the d esol at i n g di se ase was stay e d
, .

S uc h were the e ffe c ts of t hi s m edi c i ne in M ontreal wh ere I ,

fi rst use d it th at it w as soon proc l ai me d in the pub li c pri nts

, ,
f ro m C anad a to N e w O rl eans and appe are d to be a stand ard
-

re me dy on the M i ssi ss i ppi and O h i o riv e rs, for t h i s terri b l e d is

e ase .
T he more thi s v al uab le arti c l e (my rrh )is exam i ned, the more
me di c al e xcel l enc i es are di sc overed in its prope rti es. Th i s is
the m ed i c a l g ia n t among the u ms, b alsams, and aromati cs of
g
t he v ege tab le ki n d om.
g
63 2 m m TH O M S O N I A N

A n tisp a sm od ics an dN er vin es.

T o pr ocu re r e st f or the n erv o u s a nd ar te ri al sy stem s, w h e n u nde r g r e at b o

d il y or m e ntal e xc ite m e n t, fr om dise a se o r any o t he r c a use , a n d to i nd uc e t e
f r e sh in g sl e e p, w it hou t t he u se o f n arc ot ic s, su c h as o p i um , m orp hi ne , S t e .
T his he a d shou l d c o mm e n d i tse l f t o all p e r sons of st ron g a n d d e te r m i ne d pa s
s i on s a n d we ak b o die s, or th ose of w e a k n e rv e s a n d s tro ng b odi e s.

C YP RI P EDI U M .

L a d i es
’
S l ipp er - n
A m er i c a n V a l er i a n , or N er v e Root .

A N TIS P A S M ODIC, S W EET I S H BITT E R, S L IG H T L Y T ON IC , A N D

N ERV IN E.
T o q u ie t m ent al a nd ne r v ou s irr itab il ity , and proc u re r es t .

CY P RI P ED rU M .
— F l or es —F oli a — Ra d iv . . T he fl owe rs ,
l e av e s an d roo ts.

C yp r ip ed i u m c a n di d u m (wh i te l adi e s s li ppe r). T he ste m ,

’

le afy ; l e av es, l an c e o b l o n g ; l ob e of the l e ft styl e , l anc e ol ate ,

-

o b t usi s h ; lip c o m pre sse d , s h o rte r t h a n the l an c e o l ate pe tal s .

C yp r ip edi u m p a r v ilfl or u m (c o mm on l ad i es sli ppe r) S te m,

’
.

le afy ; l o b e of the styl e , t ri ang u l ar o b l o ng , ac u te ; o u te r pe tal s, -

ob l o ng o vate , ac u mi n ate ;
-
i nne r ones, l i n ear, c on to rte d lip
s horte r t h an the pe tal s, c o m presse d .

C y p r ip ed iu m p u b escen s (ye ll o w ladi e s sli ppe r).

’
S te m,
l eafy ; l o b e o f the styl e , tri an g u l ar o b l o ng , o b tuse ; o u te r pe tal s, -

o b l o n g o v ate , ac u m i n ate ; i n ne r o nes, v e ry lon g , l i ne a r, c o n

-

torte d ; lip c om pre sse d , sh orte r th an t he pe tal s .

Cyp r ip ed i u m sp ec ta bil e (re d o r g ay l adi es sl i ppe r ) S te m,

’
.

l eafy ; l o be o f the styl e , o val c ord ate , o b tu se ; ou te r pe tal s , -

b road o val, ob t use ; l ip l ong e r th an the pe tal s, spl i t b e fore .

-

C yp r ip ed iu m ac au le (low l adi es sl i ppe r). S c a pe, l e afless,

’

on e flowere d ;
-
l eav es, radi c al , in pai rs, ob l ong , o b tuse ; l o b e o f
the styl e , rou nd rho mb oi d , ac u m i n ate , d e fle xe d ; l ip l onge r t h an
-

the l an c e ol ate pe tal s, spli t b e fore .

T h e re six spec e s of t he c
y pri pedi u m or l adi es sl i pper
i ’
are , ,

fi v e of w hi c h we h ave thou gh t worth y of a d esc ri pti on in th i s

w ork as t h e y all possess ne arl y the same medi c al pro pe rti e s
, ,

a nd may b e g ath e re d pu l ve riz ed a nd use d i nd i sc ri mi n a te ly fo r

, ,

t he same c o m pl ai n ts .

T he roots are t he o nly part o f the pl ant t h at is g e ne ral ly

 M A T ERI A M ED I C A . 63 3

u se d al th oug h c onsid e rab l e medi c al v i r tu es are fou n d in t he

,

sta l ks a n d l e a v es .

T he ro o ts are l a rg e fi b rou s an d c l ose l y m atte d tog e th e r

, , ,

e ac h fi b re o rigi n ati ng in a sol id ro ot pare n t o r c e n tre w hi c h , ,

m ay b e fo u n d b y pa rti n g t he c l o se l y e n t w i n i ng m e mb e rs o f th i s
t ru l y c o m pac t fa m ily T he m ai n roo t pu ts fo rt h se v e ra l stal ks
.
,

w hi c h g ro w ab o u t o ne foot i n h e ig ht .

T he l e av es re se m b l e the i tc h o r I ndi an poke wee d or v er a , ,

t r u m v ir i d e b u t are n o t as l a rg e
,
.

T h e se x u al c harac te r o f the di ffe re n t pl an ts of t h i s spe c i e s is

di sti ng u i s he d b y the form a nd c ol or of t he fl o we rs T he flo w .

e rs o f t he fe m al e p l a nt a re re d re d and w h i te an d w h i te ,T he .

re d has b u t t w o l e av es w h i c h g ro w ou t o f t he g ro u n d an d l e an
,

ov e r to the righ t a n d l e ft f ro m b e t we e n w hic h a s i ngl e stal k

,

shoots u p to t h e h e i ht o f fro m e ig ht to te n i n c h es b e a ri ng on
,
g
,

i ts top t he fl o w e r w h ic h i s of a v e ry si n g u l ar fo rm an d from
, ,

w hi c h t he se x u al c h arac te r o f t he pl an t i s k n o w n .

T he red a n d whi te a n d w hi te l adi es sli ppe r g rows on l y i n

’

sw am ps and ma rs hy g ro u nd a n d is fo u n d to
prod u c e l arg e r
,

c l uste rs o f roo ts th a n t h e y e ll o w b u t i n a s i m il ar for m T he , .

to p of t he y e l l o w I S si m il ar to t he re d l adi es sl i pper e x c e pt t he
’
,

c ol o r of t he fl o we r .

T he y e l l o w a nd red are the b e st fo r m e di c i n e T he root .

s h o u l d b e d u g i n the spri ng b e fore t he stalk starts as it m ay b e

(
e asi ly fo u n d b y t he d e ad s tal k o f the pre v i ou s y e ar
) o r in the ,

fall w h e n t he fo l i age is d e ad
,
Th e n the w h ol e su b stan c e of .

t he pl an t i s c on c e n t rate d i n t he i oot If d u g i n t he su m me r .
,

w h e n the sap is ab road i n the stal k an d l e av e s t he roots w il l

Whe n proc u re d it shoii ld b e w ash ed
,

n e arl y all d ry a w a y .
,

c l e an and c are fu ll y d ri e d an d pul v e riz e d an d si fte d t h r ou gh a ,

fi ne si e v e an d prese r v e d fro m t he air for u se

, ,
.

ill eol ic a l u ses — Th i s m edi c i ne i s on e o f the m ost v al u ab l e

.

n e r v i n e s o r a n ti s pasm odi c s k n o w n
,
I h av e u sed it n e arl y
, .

fi fty y e ars an d hav e al w ay s foun d it to prod u c e t he m ost b en e

,

fi c ial e ffe c ts in al l c ase s of n e rv o u s di se ase or h y ste ri c al afle c

t i on s ; i n fa c t it w ou ld b e d ifli c ul t fo r th e T h o m son i an prac ti
,

t io n e r to g e t a l o ng in n e rvou s c ase s w i t h ou t t hi s v al u ab l e n e r
v i ne . I t is an i nn oc e nt re me d y d esti tu te o f n arc oti c pro pe rti es, ,

an d m ay b e u se d i n a l l c ase s of d i se ase w i t h s afe ty an d is m u c h ,

b e tte r t han o pi u m as i t re l i e ves t he i rri tab il i ty b y q u i e ti ng t he

,

n e r v o us syste m w h e re as opi u m r e li e v es b y d ead en i n g i n a g re at

,

m e asu re t he n atu ral e x c i tab l e ani m al fun c ti on s .

A fte r the o pe rati o n s of t he n e rv e pow d e r t he pat i e n ts fe e l ,

l i v e l y c he erful and h appy as if th e y had re c e i v e d a su b

, , ,

stan tial n i gh t s re st after g re at fatig ue o f b oth b ody and m i nd

’
.
,

Wh e re as t he opi u m l e av es the pati e nt d u ll h e av y and prostrate , ,

b oth in b od y and m i nd ; stupi d in ac ti on, d u l l in i nte ll e c t si c k ,

41
63 4 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

at the stom ac h and w i th an awful foreb od i ng i n t he i mag i na

,

t i on o f an i ne x pl i c ab le so me th i n g t h at ne v e r h ad an d n e v e r ,

w il l h av e an e xi ste n c e th i s sid e of the g rav e ; to re l i e v e w h i c h ,

anoth e r d ose o f o pi u m m u st b e ta ke n ; and t h u s th e y c on ti n u e to

d rag ou t a mi se rab l e e xi ste nce ne i th er taki ng pl e asure o r c o m ,

fort t h e mse l v e s n or su ffe ri ng o th e rs to d o so an d ru nni ng g ra

, ,

d u all y d o wn an d fi ndi ng re l i e f o n ly in d e ath

,
.

H al f a te aspoon fu l o f t h i s m e di c i ne m ay b e tak e n o r gi ve n i n
a gl ass o f h ot wate r s we e te n e d and t he d ose re e ate d i f n e c es
, p ,

h sam e q u an ti t y m ay b e u se d in an
s ary
; or t e
y of the six n u m
b e rs or tak e n in the i nj e c ti on s a n d w h e re t h e re a re n e rv ou s
,

sy m ptoms it sh ou l d n eve r b e di spe n se d w i th .

F ERU L A A SAF ET I DA .
— A n t is as m o d ic s c o nt i
~

p
h ue d.

P O W E RF U L L Y A N TIS P A S M ODIC ,
S L IG H T L Y A S T RI N G EN T , EX
P EC T O RA N T ,
A N D G EN T L Y L A XA T I V E.

T o q uiet i rritab ility , rel ie v e spasm s , h y ste r ia, c ram p, c on v ul s ions — re

g u l ates an d
'
n ervous
c om for t s t h e mi nd .

AS A F ET I D A .— T he ro ot of asafe t
id a at fu l l si ze is as l arg e as
a m an s le ape ri ng an d pe re n n i al at the to h e re are n u
’
g t , , p t
m erou s strong fi b re s ; e x te rn al ly b l ac k— i n te rn ally w h i te and ,

ab ou n di n g i n an e x c e ssi v e l y fe tid m ilky j u i c e T he l e av e s , .

spri ng di re c tl y fro m the r oot and are from se v e n to te n i n n u m,

b er ab ou t two fe e t i n l eng th
,
T h e y a re b i pi nn ate smooth .
, ,

w i th the l eafl e ts al te rnate si n u ate and lob e d so me tim e s lanc e o

, ,

l ate of a d ar k g ree n c o l o r and o f an e x c e e di ng l y fe tid smel l

, , .

T he ste m r i se s fro m t he m id st o f the l e av e s a nd is l u x u ri an t , ,

herb ac e ou s (from fi v e to te n fee t i n h e igh t an d ab ou t th re e

, ,

i nc h es in di am e te r at the b ase smooth stri ate d r o u nd e rec t , , , , ,

si mpl e a nd te rm i n ati n g in l arg e c on v e x u mb e l s

, T he fl owe rs .

are li gh t ye l l o w the se e d s a re o f a redd i sh c o l o r o v al flat an d

, , , ,
'

foli ac eou s T he l e ave s are said to d ifle r m u c h in sh ape and

.
,

the c h arac te r of its fe tid prod uc t ac c ordi ng to the so il o n wh i c h ,

it is c u l ti v ate d I t is a n ati v e o f P e rsi a an d fl ou r i sh es m ost

. ,

ab u n d antly i n t he m ou n tai n s T he i n h ab i tan ts o f th at c o u ntry

.

are said to e at it w h e n y ou n g and te nd e r and s h ee e at it g re e

p ,

dily .
T he old pl ant is th e m ost prod u cti ve, and i t is not c on sid e red
worth g ath e ri n g u n l ess it is four or fi ve y ears old Wh e n the .

leaves b e gi n to fad e the eart h ab ou t the top of the root is t e

,

mov ed and the l e aves are t wi ste d o ff and are th rown w i t h o th e r

,

v e g etab l e sub stan c e s ov e r the root to prote c t it from the h e at ,

'

of t he su n A fter a fe w d ay s the su m m i t of the root is c ut ofl

.
,

t ransv ersel y and the j u i c e w h i c h e x u d es is c o ll e c te d ; and th e n

, , ,

anoth er t hi n sl i ce is tak en off , and the j u i c e is a ain pre se rve d

g .
63 6 T H E TH O M S O N IA N
'

u se o f the pil l for se v e ral n igh ts, ou r m i n d b e c ame q u i e t o u r ,

sy ste m reg ul ar, an d th e b l essi ng s o f h e al t h s oon t e

'
n er v ous
tu rn e d .
T h o ugh its o d or is i
off e n s v e , the m ed i c i n e ou gh t n ot t o be
c on d e m n e d .

L A U RU S C A M P H O RA .
—A n tis as m o d ic s c o n t i
p
h u ed.

C a mp /t or .

S TIM U L A N T '

,
B ITT E R, A N TIS EP TI C, A ‘N D A RO M A TIC .

T o pr omote m e ntal w ar mt h
e xh il arat ion , a nd perspirat ion ; t o re m ov e fain tness, and
g iv e
t e mporary str en g t h an d t one t o t h e st o m a c h .

L AU C A M P H O RA . C on cr etu m s u i g e n er i s , o r a pe c u l i ar
RU S

c on c re te su b sta nc e — C a ly x , n one C or oll a , c al y c i n e , s ix par t . -

ed . N ec t a r y , wi t h t h ree t wo b ri stl e d gl an d s, su rro u n di n g -

th e g e r m . F i l a m en ts , i n te ri or, gl an d u l i fe rou s D r ap e , one .

se e d e d .

I t is sa id th at c am p or
h is not c onfi n ed to a ny one spec i es of
l an ts b u t is w id e ly di ffu se d an d e xi sti n g in a g re at v ari e t y
p , , .

I n the roo ts o f the c i nn amon c assi a an d sassafras l au re l s i t , , ,

m ay b e fo u nd and is on e of t he c o nsti tu e n ts of the see d s o f the

,

c ard am om and l on g pe ppe r ; it al so e xi sts in l av e nd e r pe ppe r ,

m i n t t hy me sage r ose m ary & c

, ,
I ts prope r ti es i n m ost of
, , .

t h ose pl ants a re so m i n u te as to re nd e r it u n profi tab l e to e x trac t

t hem It is proc u re d fro m t he c i n n amon t re e b y t he i n h ab i t
.

an ts o f C ey l o n I t e x u d es fro m the b ark of a t ree u n kno wn to

.

b otan i sts in so m e parts of S ou t h A m e r i c a an d is c ol l e c te d b y

, ,

t he n ati v es B u t the l au rus c amph ora and the d ry ob al an ops

.
,

c am ph ora are the c am ph or of c o m m e rc e

,
.

L au r u s c a m p ltor a —T h i s tre e is an e ve rg re e n o f g ood siz e

.
,

h av i ng the aspe c t o f the l i nd e n tree w i th a straigh t tru n k b e ,

low b u t m uc h di v id e d ab o v e i n to b ranc h e s w h i c h are c ov e red

'

, ,

Wi t h a g ree n i sh s moot h b ark T he l e av es w h i c h stand u pon .

,

l on g foot stal ks are smoot h shi n i ng r i b b ed and of a pal e g re en

-

, , , ,

c ol o r ti n g e d w ith y e l lo w o n t h e i r u ppe r surfac e and f rom two

, ,

and a h al f to th ree i n c h es l on g T he fl owers are s m al l w h i te .

, ,

and we l l c o ll e c te d i n c l uste rs w hi c h are su pported b y l ong pe ,

d u nc les I t has a re d b e rry m u c h re se mb l i n g th at of the c in

.
,
~

n am on tree .
T he tree is a n ati v e of A si a, g ro w i n g i n C h i na and J apan .

A ll parts of t he pl ant are i m pre g n ate d wi th c am ph or, an d i t is

o b ta i ne d fro m t he t ru n k , b ranc hes an d root, b y su b li m ati on .

T he fo ll o w i ng proc e ss is the m ost pre v al e n t m et h o d of ob tai n

i ng it T he s mal l e r b ran c h es and roots are c u t i nto s mal l
.

c hi ps, and pu t i n to a l arg e i ron v e sse l wi th a l i ttl e wate r, sur

 31 11 1 5 11 1 11. M ED I C A . 6 3 77

- o un d e d b y c api t als of e arth e n , f urn i sh e d w i th a li n i n g of ry e

s t ra w . T h e h e at i s t he n a ppl i e d m od e rate l y an d t he c a m phor
,

b e c o me s v ol atil iz e d b y t he stea m o f t he b o ili n g wate r , r1 se s, an d

is c o nd e nse d u po n t he stra w w i th i n t he c api tal s .

D 1 j ob a /a n op s c m np lt or a is an ot h e r spe c i es I t i s t he pro
.

d u c t o f a t ree 0 11 the i sl an d s o f B orn eo an d S u m at i a T he .

g u m c o n c re tes i n l on g i tu d i n a l c a v i ti e s i n t he h e a 1 t o f t h e t re e
,
i n m asse s at c e rtai n d i stan c e s apart, fro m a foot to a fo ot an d a
h al f l o nDg T he old t 1 e e s a re the m ost prod uc ti v e and t h e n u m
.

b e 1 t hat affo rd q u an ti ti es o f t he d r u g s u ffi c i e n t i or e x trac ti ng tD

is
s m a ll . O n e t re e w il l y i e ld from te n to t we n ty fi ve po u nd s, ac -

c ord i n g t o its siz e .

T 1 e 1 e i s p1 od u c e d from th e d 1 y ob al an o ps a n o il , c al le d t he
1

o il o f c a m pho r, w hi c h 1 s h ighl y v al u e d as an e x te rn a l a ppl i c a

t i o n i n r h e u m a ti s m and o the r pai n fu l afle c tion s T hi s o il is

.

fo u nd in y o u ng tre e s w hi c h ha v e n o t atta i n e d su ffi c i e n t g 1 o w th
t o prod u c e c a m pho r, a n d i t is pro b ab l y t he fl u i d s ta te in t he d e
v e lo e m e nt o f t h is use fu l s u b st an c e as it o c c u pi e s t h e s s ame c
p a
y i ti e s w h i c h a re afte r w a rd s fill e d w i t h c a m ph0 1 1 t ho l d s i n
'

s ol u ti o n a l arg e q u an t i ty o f t hi s pri n c i pl e an d w ill i e l d an ih

.
y
fe i i o r q u an t i ty b y artifi c i al h e at . T he w h o l e ti e e i s pe r v ad e d
by tai ns a f1 ao g 1 a n t sm e ll a nd 1 s t he re

t he attac ‘ {S o f i nse c ts o n ac c o u n t o f w h i c h

i t is h i g h ly fo r c ab i n e t w oa k, doc .

M e d ic a l is n ot d efi n i te l y k n o w n ho w th e sys te m is
aff e c te d b y t hi s s u b s tan c e . I ts m ost po w e rf u l i nfl ue nc e is fe l t
u po n t h e b 1 ai n d i re c tl y a n d th e n c e to t he n e rvo us s ys te m T he .

c i i c u latio n w hi c h it a l w ay s affe c ts to a g re ate 1 o r l e ss d e 1 e e is

g .

r o b ab l m uc h i n v o l v ed t h ro u g h t he ag e n c o f t he b rai n T he
p y y .

e ff e c t o f t hi s m e d i c i n e i s v a 1 io us, as t he q ua n t i t y is i n c re ase d o r

d i m in i sh e d . G i v e n in m od e rati o n , it prod u c e s m e n ta l e x h il a
r at i o n , an d i n a h e a l th y i n d i v i d u a l a n i n c re ase d h e at o f th e su r . .

f ac e , a n d pe rs pi rati o n . I t i nc re ase s t he pu l se in f u l l n e ss and

fo rc e I n so m e , it appe a rs t o a c t u po n t he u r in a1 y a nd g e n i tal
“
.

o rg a n s, p 1 od u c i ng a b u rn i n g se n s a t i o n . Ex pe ri e n c e te ac hes,
t h a t it a l lay s n e 1 v o u s i ri itatio n , a nd q u i e ts rest l e ssne ss .

I n l a 1 g e d ose s 1 r p1 od u c e s gi d di n e ss an d d i spl ay s a m o re d e
,

c id e d ac t i o n u po n t he b rai n, c re at i n g m e n tal c o n fusi o n , w i t h a

d i sposi ti on to sl e e p I n a mo rb id state o f t he sy ste m , it re li e ve s
.

ai n a n d al l ay s spas m od i c ac ti o n I n stil l l a1 g e r d ose s it o c

p .
,

c asi o n s a n xi e ty , fai ntness, v e 1 tig o , n au se a, v om i ti n g , a nd d e l i

r i a m , a n d so me t i m e s e v e n d e ath .

C a m ph o r m ay b e u se fu l l y e m pl o ye d as on e o f the c onstit u
e n ts o f t he ho t d ro ps . I n pre pa1 in g t he rh e u m ati c l i n i m e n t it
i m parts a sti mu l ati ngg , a1 o m ati c and pl e asan t fi t V O I A s m al l ‘
.

ai tic l e o f t i e g u m m ay l e u se d to ad v a n t ag e f or di spe ll i n g
p
w i n d fro m the b ody . I t is a p l easan t sti m u l an t for those who ,
 63 8 T H E TH O M S O N I A N -

c h oose it in prefe re nc e to C aye nne to e x pe l wi nd? from t he s te ,

a

m ac h in c as es o f dyspe pti c affec ti ons I t is use fu l to preserv e .

g ood s o r c lot hi ng fro m mot hs I f pu t i n to c l ose ts in w hi c h are .

e rves s ug a r o r an y ki n d o f sa c c ha ri ne s u b stan c e s i t w il l
p re s , , ,

ke e p off the s mal l an ts and o t he r i nse c ts th at are tro u b l eso me

in ho t we at he r ; and fo r t h i s pu rpose al o ne it is w orthy th e at
ten ti on of all go od l i v e rs, and espe c i all y ep i c u r es .

I C H T O DES F (ET I DU S .
-

A nt s i pasm od ic s c on t i

n u e d.

S ku n k C a b b ag e.

EM E T I C , N A RC O T I C , A N TIS P A S M ODIC , S TIM U L A N T , A N D EX

P EC T O RA N T .

T oz
q n ie t the n er v o us sy ste m in hy s te ric s—u se ful in c atarrh, c hronic r heu m ati sm r an d phthisis
p ul mo n ah s , or c ons um puon.

Ic n r oo s s F m T I D U
'
Ra d ix T he root s .— . .

T he s ku n k c a bb ag e h as a l arg e pe ren n i al root ab ru pt and , ,

fu rn i sh ed w i th n ume rous fi b re s w h ic h pe n e trate to t he d e pth ,

o f a foo t o r m o re T he sp a th e w h i c h appears b e fo re the

.
,

l e av e s is ac u m i nate ob ov ate o b liq ue l y d e pre ssed at t he ape x

, , , ,

au ri c u l a te d at t he b ase folded i n w ard at the edg es a nd o f a

“

, ,

b ro wni s h pu rpl e c o l or v ari e d wi t h s pots of re d y e l l o w and;

" "

, , ,

g re e n A t the b egi nn i ng of M ay the l e av es are ful l y d e ve l op

.
,
~

e d a nd are v e ry l a rg e
,
b e i ng fro m t we l ve to e igh te e n i n c h e s
,

l ong a nd fro m n i n e to twe l ve b road

, .

Thi s pl ant is i ndi ge n ou s g ro wi ng ab und an tl y in m e ad ows

,
»
,

swa m ps a nd o t h e r w e t pl ac es i n m ost o f the m iddl e an d n o rth ,

;

ern sta tes I t fl o we rs i n M arc h an d A pri l an d in l o we r l ati

.
,

tu d e s as e arl y as F eb ru ary T he fru i t is qu i te r ip e and the

.
,

l e ave s d e c ay b e fo re the e nd o f A u g u st T he pl an t is ve ry c on
‘

s ic u o u s from the ab u nd an c e a nd mag n i tu d e o f i ts l e av es A ll

p , .

a rts o f it h av e a fe tid d i sag ree ab l e o d or rese m b l i n g th at of t he

p , ,

offe ns i ve a n i mal a fter w h i c h i t is n a me d T hi s od or resid es in .

an e x tre me l y v o l at il e pri nc i pl e w h i c h is rapidl y di ssi pate d b y

,

he at an d di mi n i sh e d b y d esi c c ati on
,
T he root is t h e part usu .

all y e m pl oy e d i h m e di c i ne . I t sh o u l d b e c ol lec te d in au tu m n
.
,

e r e arl y in the spr i n g and d ri e d w i t h c are,

.

M ed ic a l u ses —T he properti es o f th i s root are sti m u l ant e u

.
,

tispas mod ic and n arc o ti c

,
I n l arg e d oses i t oc c asi ons n au se a
.

an d v o m i ti n g w i t h h e ad ac h e v er ti g o an d di m ness of v i si on
, , , .

I t is u se fu l i n asth m a c h ron i c c atarrh c h ro n i c r h e u m ati sm

, , ,

a nd h y ste ri a T he pu l v e riz ed roo t has b e e n e x te nsi ve l y u se d

.

in the Th o msoni an prac ti c e as a sti mu l an t a nd e x pe c to ran t ih

'

t h e i r c ough powd ers I t m ay b e u se d in po w d e r in teaspoon

.
,
~

ful dos es t0 good ad v an tag e take n in hot water s wee te ned oa

.
, , , , ,
 M A TERI A M ED IC A . 63 9

i n the y ru p of any ki n d of pre se rv es o r mix e d w i th h on e y It

s , .

good for asth ma c ou g h di ffi c u l ti es o f the l u n g s fi ts o r any

, , , ,

s asmodi c aff e c ti o n s I t m ay b e u se d i n s m al l d ose s o f a fou rt h

p .

o f a teas oon fu l an d b e ta ke n fi v e o r six ti mes a d ay in any of

p , ,

the way s b e fore me n t i on e d .

F o r c o ug h o r d ro psy it had b e tte r b e tak e n o n g oi ng to b ed

, ,

i n hot w ate r pl ac i n g a hot ston e o r b ri c k o r j ug of hot wate r at

,

t he pati e nt s fe e t
’
Wh e n t he c ou gh is l igh t an e q u al q u anti ty
. ,

o f a r u m tr i hi ll u m o r I ndi an h e m p m ay b e m i x ed w i t h t he
p , ,

s k u n k c ab b ag e and t he sa m e q u an t i ty pre pare d a nd ta ke n as

,

ab o v e d i re c te d o n g oi n g to b e d If the pati e n t is tro ub l e d w i th .

a c oug h d u ri n g t he n igh t l e t thi s stan d b y t he b ed w h ere he

, ,

c an ta ke a te aspoon ful o c c asi on all y .

S O L A N UM DUL C A M A RA .
— A n t is
p asm o d ic s c on

t in n e d .
B ittersweet Woody N ig htsha d e.
S ED A TIV E, DIU RET I C , N A RC O T I C , E M E T I C , A N D A N TIS CO R
B U TIC .

'
U se d m ostly b y T hom sonians in ne rv e o intme n t, t o rem ov e st ifi ne ss of t he j oints, c al l ou ses,
e t re m s , and re lax c o nt rac te d m usc l e s .

S OL A N U M DU L CA M A RA .
—S em i n a C a u l is C or tex — Ra d
i an— T he d s stal k b ark o f t he b ody an d root — T he s te m
se e , ,
’
,
.
,

u nar me d woody c l i m b i n g
,
L o wer l e a v es m ostl y c ord ate
,
.
, ,

gl ab rous ; u ppe r o ne s m ostl y g u i tar h astate F e w fl owe r ed

,
-
.
,

c or y m b s o pposi te to l e av es Th i s is the true b i tterswee t T he

. .

c el a s tr u s s c a n d e n s is some ti m es m i stak e n for t he sol a n u m .

T he b i tte rswee t is a c l i m b i ng s h ru b fro m six to te n fee t h igh , ,

w i t h a s l e nd e r b ra nc hi ng w oody ste m
,
T he l e av e s are al ter
,
.

n ate ov ate pe ti o l ate poi nte d a nd s moot h ; the v i ne s soft a nd of

, , , ,

a b ro w n i s h g re e n c o l or T he fl o we rs are arrang e d in e l e g ant

.

c l u ste rs stan d i n g o pposi te to the l e av es

, T he c al y x is sm all .
,

r at he r pu rpli sh a nd d iv id e d i n to fi ve se g me n ts
, T he w h e e l .

s h a pe d c o rol l a has fi v e po i n te d se g me n ts w h i c h are v i ol e t b l u e , ,

w i th a pu r ple v e i n r u n n i ng t hro u gh t he i r c e nt re an d two b righ t ,

g re e n s pots at t he b ase of e ac h I t has s h ort fil ame nts and .

,

su or ts l arg e e re c t y e ll o w an t h e rs w h i c h are arrang e d in the

pp , ,

form o f a c one c o mpl ete l y e n c i rc li ng the styl e T he ov al .

s h a e d b e rri e s are o f a b righ t sc arl e t c ol or and c on ti nu e to

p ,

h ang u po n the b ush in b e au ti fu l c l usters afte r the l e aves h ave ,

g one to d e c ay .

T he b i tte rswee t fl ouri sh es b e st in d amp and s h e l tere d pl ac es ,

as on t he b anks o f ru nn i ng wate r am ong t hi c ke ts al ong fe nc es , , ,

and i n m oi st m e ad ows l t ab ou nd s t h ro ug h ou t the U n i ted

.

S tates, and is in b l oo m in J u l y an d A ug ust T he root stal k .

, ,
64 0 TH E T H O M S O N I A N

an d b e rri es, possess the m e di c al prope rti es o f t he pl ant .T he

b e rri es we re fo rme rl y c o nsid e re d po i so n ou s, an d w e re , wi t ho u t
c au se , t h ou g ht to a c t w i t h g re at se v e ri ty u o n t he sto m ac h and
p
b o we l s.
A fte r the fal l of t he l e af i n au tu m n , b i ttersw e e t sh o u l d b e g a
t h e red , t he t w ig s as we l l as t he b ark o f t he b od y a n d r oot T he.

b est is th at w hi c h g ro ws o n h ig h a nd d ry si tu ati o n s .

M e d i c a l u s es —T he proper ti es of b i tte rsw e e t a re n arc oti c ,

w i t h t he pow e r o f i nc re asi ng t he se c re ti o ns o f t he kid n e y s an d
s ki n . 1 11 se v e ral i n stanc es, w e hav e o b se rv ed a d ark pu rpl i sh
c ol o r o f t he fac e an d h a n d s, an d at t he sa m e ti m e c o n s i d e rab l e

l an g uor o f the C i rc u l ati on w h e n t he sy ste m was u n d e r its ih

.

fl ue n c e .
I ts n arc oti c effe c ts d o n ot b ec om e o b v i ou s, u nl e ss ta ke n in
ov e r d oses . I t t he n prod u c e s fai n t n e ss, v e rtig o , n au se a v o m i t
,

i n g , an d spasm od i c m usc u l ar m o ve m e n ts I t is n o w m ostl y

.

c on fi ne d to t he t re at m e n t o f l e pr ou s a n d o t he r c u ta ne o u s e ru p
t i on s, parti c u l ar l y tho s e o f a s c al y c ha rac te r I ts o pe rati o n l i p
.

o u t he se c re t i o n s is i n su ffi c i e n t t o ac c ou n t for its fa v o ra b l e e f
fe c ts, an d w e m ust t h e re fo re asc ri b e th e m to an a l terati v e ao
t i on . I n some c ases it h as b e e n b e n efi c i al ly e m pl oy e d i n e b ro
n ic r h e u m ati sm .
I t is said to b e u seful (an d we thi n k , from i ts prope rti es , w i t h
m u c h r e ason , )in m an i a c on ne c te d w i th st ro n g v e n e re al prope n
s i ti e s . I t m ay b e u se d in d e c o c ti on , o f w hi c h take a foo t gl ass -

t h re e o r fo u r t i m es a d a y, a nd i n c re ase t he q u an ti t y t il l so m e
sl ig ht di sord e r o f t he h ead i ndi c ates t he ac ti v i ty o f t he m e di

C i ne .
In i d ec oc ti on m ay b e appl i e d to
c u tan e ou s affe c t ons, a stro n g
th e ski n , at the sa m e t i m e t hat t he m e d i c i n e is tak e n i n te rn all y .
T he e x trac t m ay al so b e ta ke n , i n d ose s of fro m fi v e to te n
g rai n s. A d ose of the pow d e r sh o u l d b e fro m o ne to t hree te a
spoonsfu l , take n i n w ar m wate r .

N V
ER E OIN TM EN T .

T ake of b ark of the ro ots o f b i tte rsw e e t, w i t h the b e rri es,

the
t wo parts ; wo rm w ood an d c ham o m il e , o f e ac h o n e pa rt ; al l o f
w h i c h shou l d b e g re e n— b u t if d ry , m o i ste ne d w i th ho t w ate r ;
‘

t o n o u n d o f t he ab o ve m i x t u re , afte r b e i n g w e ll b ru i se d ,
p u e
p
i nto o ne g al l on o f porpoi se o r h o rse o il, o r an y othe r so ft an i mal
o il— si m m e r t he m o v e r a sl o w fi re for t w e l v e h o u rs, t he n st rai n
off an d add on e o u n c e o f spi r i ts o f tu rpe n ti n e a nd h a l f an o u n c e

of t he spi rits o f c am ph or fo r e ac h po u n d o f t h e o i n t m e n t .

T hi s pre parati on is to b e u se d for b ru i ses, sprai n s, c al l ou s

s we ll i n g s, stiff j o in ts, a n d e a rn s I t sho u l d b e r u b b e d u pon the
.

affe c te d part, an d d ri e d i n b y t he fi re , o r b y ho ldi n g as u r a r 1 1

as c a n b e b orn e , so me h e ate d art i c l e ; afte r w hi c h pu t b and age s

64 2 TH E T H O M S O N IA N

M e d ic a l u ses — T he id e re d su dorifi c di aph ore ti c

root is c on s ,

an d a pe ri e n t w i t h o u t i r ri ta ti n g pro pe rti e s ; a nd is g ood in l e

, p
rou s rhe u m ati c sc ro fu l a sc orb u ti c g ou ty v e nere al a nd ne h
, , , , p ,

ritic aff e c ti on s P e rse ve ran c e and c l ose appl i c ati o n are n e c e s

.

sary i n ord e r th at t he sy ste m m ay fe e l e ffe c tu al ly t he b e ne fi t o f

t h i s a n ti sc o rb u t i c re m e dy A d e c o c ti on m ay b e pre pare d b y
.
,

b o il i n g fo u r o u n c e s o f the g ree n root w e l l b ru i se d in t wo q uarts

o f w ate r and h al f a pi n t o f it take n th re e ti mes a d ay
,
.

T he se ed s are di u re ti c an d m ay b e u sed i n the fo rm of po w

,

d e r of w h i c h a te aspoon fu l m ay b e tak e n t wo or th ree ti mes a

,
d ay . T he l eaves m ay a l so b e u se d to g re at ad v antage as d rafts
o n t he fe e t T h e y m ay also b e take n g ree n rol l ed an d satu
.
, ,

r ate d wi t h v i ne g ar a nd a ppl i e d as w arm as c an b e b o rn e on

,

an y
p ar t o f t he b od y su ffe ri n g w i t h pai n R e m e m b e r a l w ay s .

to appl y t h e m hot and p u t ab ou t the m a b and ag e of woo ll e n

,

c l ot h o r fl ann e l to e x c i te pe rspi rati o n

,
T he l eav es m ay b e .

d ri e d , and kept fo r applyi ng to b u rns ,

N o. 1 . AN T I S C O RB U T I C S Y RU P .

T ak e of d oc k roots and b u rd oc k se eds e ac h one po un d ; ,

b urd oc k and l o v ag e roots e ac h tw o pou nd s A m e ri c an se nna

,

a nd g re e n ozi e r b ark e ac h o ne an d a hal f pou n d s ; le t t h e m al l

,

b e g re e n as possi b l e b rui se t h e m t h oro u g hly tog e t h e r pu t t h e m

, ,

i n to a l arg e ke ttl e and add e igh t g al l ons o f soft spri n g wate r ;

,

b o i l fo r two h ou rs t h e n st rai n off a n d add o n e g all on o f mol as

,

se s and t he s am e q uanti ty o f J am a i c a r u m ; s h ake the m w e l l

tog e th e r and kee p it t igh t in j ug s f or u se

,
.

Dose fro m a q u arte r to o ne gl ass from fo ur to six ti m es a

, ,

d ay .

N o. 2 A N . T I S C O RB U T I C S Y RU P — A va ua l ble a r ti c l e .

T a ke y el l o w o r n arrow d o c k and b urd oc k r oots e ac h

of the ,

o ne po u nd ; b u rd oc k se ed s and A meri c an se n n a o f e ac h o ne ,

h al f a pou nd pu l v e riz e an d mi x t h e m we l l toge th e r and t h e n ,

b o i l in te n q u arts o f w ater fo r h al f an h ou r ; strai n off and add ,

h al f a g allo n o f b randy and the sam e q u anti ty of m o l asses

, .

K e e p i t b ottl e d c l ose for u se T h i s is o ne o f t he b est an tisc or

.

b u ti c sy ru ps I h av e e v e r m ad e, fo r al l h u mo rs o f the b ody .

Dose fro m a fou rt h to h al f a gl ass t h ree ti mes a d ay o r l ess

, , ,

or mo re ac c o rdi ng to the c i rc u mstan c e s o f the c ase

, .

Whi l e u si n g t he i
a n t sc o rb u t c i
ifi e d l i me wate r s y ru ps , pu r ,

mad e from oyste r sh e l l s b e fre e l y u se d

, sh o u l d
T he ab ov e .

c om pou nd e mb rac e s the m os t po w e rfu l an t i sc orb u ti c s k n ow n to

u s i n t he v e g e tab l e k i ngd o m T hese rec e i pts are of i nc alc u .

l ab l e v al u e to the sc o rb u ti c pati e n t .

T he artic l es may b e pre pare d in l ess q u an ti ti es b y ob se rv i ng ,

 111 11 7 11 11 1 11 M ED I C A .

the sam e ro or t o ns.

p p i I f a ll the i l
art c e s c an n ot b e had , m ake a
te a o f s u c h as o u c an ro c u re , a nd u se t h at i nste ad o f t he sy
y p
ru
p.

M A C RO T Y S S ERP EN TA RI A .
— A n t sc or b u t ic s
i
c o n t nu e d .
i
B la ck S n a k er oot C ohosh .

S TI M U L A N T , TO N IC , A N TI S P A S M O DI C , A P O WERF U L EM MEN A G O G U E,
DI U RETI C , AND A N T I S C O RB U T I C .

F o r s ti m u lat ing t h e se c re t ion s o f t he b od y , e xpe ll ing r h e u m at ic pains, and re m ov ing fem al e

o b s tr u c t i o n s , and has m u c h i nfl ue nc e o v er t h e ne r vo u s an d ar te ri al sy s te m s .

M S ERP EN T A RI A .— Ra d ix
A C RO T Y S T he root. C a ly x , .

four o r fi ve l eav e d P e t a ls , fou r to e i g h t, d iform e d , t h i c k i sh ,

.

so me ti m e s wa n ti ng C ap su l es, o ne to fi ve ob l on g , m an y see d
.
-

ed S eed s , sq uamose .
.

T he b l a ck c ohosh is a tal l h e rb ac e o us pl an t, from six to e igh t

fee t h igh , w i t h a pe re n n i a l root. T he l e aves are l arg e , c onsi st
i ng o f o b l o n g o v ate le afe ts, tooth e d an d i nc i se d at t he e dg es .

I t h as s mal l w h i te fl o we rs, d i spose d i n a l o n g te rm i n al rac e me ,

w i th oc c asi o n al ly t wo sh ort r ac e m es at the b ase . T he c al y x is
w h i te, d e c i d u ou s and fou r l e a v e d T he pe tal s are m i n u te , and
-
.

s h o r te r t ha n the s ta m e n s . T he pi stil c o nsi sts o f a se ssil e stig

m a a nd an o v a l g e r m . T he fru i t is an ov ate c apsu l e , c on tai n
ing m a n y flat se ed s .

T he bl a ck s n a ker oot g ro ws in roc ky wood l an d s t h rou g hou t

t he U n i te d S tate s, and fl ow e rs in J u l y and A u g ust. T he root;
is t he on l y par t u se d as m e di c i n e .

[M ed ic a l u s es — T he pro pe rti es o f t h i s pl an t are sti m ulant,

ton i c , a nd ha v e a po we rfu l a c t i on o n t he secre ti ons o f t he u te ru s,
k id ne ys, s ki n , and the m u c o us me m b ran e o f t he l u ng s I t has .

a stro n g affi n i ty fo r t he u te rus, a n d e x e rts g re at i n fl u e n c e o v er

t he n e r v o us an d arte ri a l sys te ms.

I t is e m pl o ye d in c ases o f rhe u m ati sm , d ro psy , h y steri c s, and
v ar i o u s aflec tio ns o f the u te ru s , a nd c o nsu m pti o n o f t h e l u n g s ;

i n suc h c ases it is ve ry u se fu l , on ac c o u nt o f its sti m u l ati n g and

e x pec to rati n g q u al i ti e s. F o r c o n v u l si o ns, oc c asi o ne d b y pe ri
od ic al u te ri n e d i ffi c u l ti e s, t hi s is a v al u a b l e re m ed y F o r rhe u .

m uti sm , o r fe m al e ob struc ti o ns, it m ay b e u se d in form o f de c oc

ti o n , o r as b i tte rs.
T a ke h al f a pou nd o f the roots, and b ru i se th e m wel l in a
m o rtar, pou r upon t h e m on e pi nt o f b o ili ng w ate r, le t it ste e p
fo r te n m i n u tes, th e n po u r it o ff and le t i t c ool ; pu t it i n to a
j u g an d ad d a q u art o f g ood H oll and g in ; le t it stan d twe l ve
h ours, to e x trac t the stre ng th o f the roots, b e i n g o fte n sh ak e n.
8 4131 TH E T H O M S O N I A N

D ose , wi n egl assfu l , fro m t h re e to s ix ti me s a d ay . I t w il l

a

v e ry so o n b e g i n to s h o w t he e ff e c ts o f i ts a c ti v i t y ; i f i n fe m al e

o b st ru c t i o n s, b re m o v i n g t he d iffi c u l t y ; if i n r h e u m ati c pa i n s,
y
i n e asi n g t he pati e n t ; a n d so o n fo r t he vari e ty o f c om pl ai n ts
i t] w hi c h it is b e ne fi c i a l .

T h i s m e d i c i n e s hou l d n o t b e take n b y fe m al e s i n a s tate o f

u te ro g e sta ti on , as i t w il l prod u c e ab o rti o n and c ons e q ue n t d e

b ility , an d we a kn ess of t he c o nsti tu ti on .

C H KM A P H I L A UM B EL A TA L — A n t is c o rb u t c s i
c o n t in u e d ,

P r i n c ess P i n e — P ip s i ss ewa — B i t t er Wi n terg r e en .

A N T I S C O RB U T I C , D IU RET I C , A S T RI N G EN T , T ON IC , AN D S TIM U L A N T.

U s ed m uc h t he sam e as B u rd oc k ,
D oc k a nd L ov age .

CH IM A P H IL A U S em i n a H er b a — Ra d ix T he
M B EL L A TA .
- ~
.

s ee d s, he rb , a nd roo t C a ly r , fi v e to ot he d
. S ty l e , v e ry s h o rt,
-
.

i m m e rse d in the g e rm P e t a ls, fi v e S tig m a , an n u l ar, o rb i

. .

c u la r, w i t h a fi v e l o b e d di s k . F i l a m e n ts , sti pi tate
-

S ty l e, dis .

oo id , c il i a te C ap s u le s, fi v e c e l l e d , ope n i n g fro m the su m m i ts ,

. -

m argi n u n c on ne c te d .

T he P ip s i sse w a is an e v e rg ree n , w i t h a smal l , pe re n n i al ,

y e l l o wi sh roo t, w hi c h gi v es off se v e ral si m pl e , e re c t ste m s, fro m
si x to e i h t i nc hes h ig h L e a v es , w e dg e sh a pe d , so m e w h at
g
-

l an c e ol a te , se rrate and s m oot h, o f a shi n i ng g re e n c ol o r, s u p ~

orte d u o n foo t s ta l ks , i n i rre g u l a r w h o r l s T h e fl o w e rs a re

p p .
-

a rran g e d i n te rm i n al c o ry m b s, a n d s ta n d u on pe d u n c l e s T h e
p .

c al y x 1s d i v i d e d at i ts b o rd er i n to fi v e se g m e n ts T he c o ro l l a .

is c o m pose d o f fi v e s pre ad i n g pe tal s , w h ic h a re o f a w h i ti s h c o

lo r, t i n g e d w i th re d , an d gi v e an ag re e ab l e od o r I t has te n .

s tam e n s, t he fil a m e n ts sh o rte r t h a n t he e tal s w i t h u r l e an

p p p ~

t he rs . T he g e r m is d e pre sse d , a nd su ppo rts a thi c k se ssil e s tig

m a, the sty l e b e i n g i m m e rse d i n t he g e rm T he se e d s a re l i .

n e a r , c haffy , n u m e ro u s, a nd e n c l ose d in a d e pressed , ro u ndi s h ,

fi ve c e l l e d c a ps ul e , w i t h t he pe rsi ste n t c al y x at the b ase
-

T hi s b eau ti fu l pl an t is a n ati ve o f t he n o rthe rn a nd m iddl e

states, a nd o f Eu ro e a n d A si a . I t i s fo u n d i n all arts o f A rn e
p p
r i c a, a nd e x te n d i n g t o t he P ac ifi c o c e an I t g ro ws i n a l oose , .

san d y so il , i n d e e s h ad w oo d s, an d is su rro u nd e d b y d e c ay
p y
i n g l e a v es i t fl o we rs 1 11 J u n e a nd J u l y
. Ev e ry part o f the .

p l an t is po sse sse d o f ac ti v e ro
p p e r t i es .

T he p s i
p p s
ott e d
iss e wa
,
C /i i m a
p /
i il a m a c u l a t a , po sse sses

m u c h t he sa m e pro pe rti e s as the o n e a b o v e d e sc ri b e d , a nd i s d i s

ting n ishe d from it b y the c h arac te r of th e l e a ve s . T he l e av e s
64 6 rm: “ 1 0 14 5 0 11 1 11 11

r ate s too se v e rel y I n all c ases

. ,
the q uan ti ty to b e taken mu st
be re g u l ate d b y di sc re t i on .

C O RN U S C I RC I N A T I —
. A n t s c o rb u t ic s c o n t n u e d .
i i
G r e e n O s i er — Rou n d -
l ea v e d D og wood .
A N T I S C O RB U T I C , B IT T ER A S T RI N G EN T, A RO M A T IC A N D

To st re n g th en t he s t om ac h and r e m ov e sc orb u tic d ifli c ul ti es .

C O RN U S C I RC I N A T I . F ol i a — C or te x T h e l e av e s a n d
.

b ark . T he b r a n ches warty f L ea ves b road ov al , ac u m i n ate,

w h i te — d o w ny b e n e ath C y m e m uc h spre ad . A b ou t e igh t o r
.

t e n fe e t h igh . B er r i es b l ue , i n vol uc re , u sual l y fou r l e av e d -

.

P et al s s u pe ri or , fo ur d ru pe d w i t h a t wo c e ll ed n u t -
T h e re .

ar e se v e ra l di ff e re n t spe c i e s of t he C am u s g ro w i n g in t h i s v i

c in ity ; al l o f w hic h i n a g re at d e g re e rese m b l e e ac h ot h e r in

t h e i r m e d i ca l prope rtie s .

‘
T he C orn a s c i r c in a zi is a sh ru b from e igh t to twe l ve fee t
h igh . T he b ran c h es are c o v e re d w i t h sma l l e x c resc e n c e s o r
w arts ; t he l e aves are l arg e, po i nted , w it h ro u gh ed g es d ow n y
b e n e at h . It has l a rge w h i te fl owe rs di spose d in c y m es. T he
b e rri e s are b l u e . T hi s t re e is a n ati ve o f the U n i te d S tate s,
g ro wi ng from t he C arol i nas to the B ri ti s h P ro vi n c es, on t he
s id e s of b ills and the b an k s of r i ve rs. I t fl o we rs in J u ne and
J u lv .

M edic a l u ses — T he b ark whe n d ri ed is of a w h i ti s h ash

c ol or, a nd w h e n po wd e red rese m b l es t ha t o f the b i tte r root. It
h as an astri n g e n t , b i tter, and arom ati c taste . I t possesse s pro
orti e s v e r y si m il ar to t he C or n ns F l orid a, an d m a b e e mpl o y
p y
e d i n the s am e w ay as a su b sti tu te I t is m uc h u se d as an as
.

t rin ge n t and ton i c . T he most e l igi b l e p re parati o n is to pou r a

i n t of b oil i n g w ate r o n t wo ou n c e s o f the b ar k , fre s h , if it is to
p
b e h ad ; le t i t steep h al f an h ou r, and tak e of it a wi ne gl ass
f ul l t wo o r three ti mes a day. A tea m ad e of the l e av es m ay
b e u se d to ad v an tag e as a c o nstan t d ri n k , b y t h ose l ab ori n g u n
d e r sc orb u ti c di ffi cu l ti e s. T he l eav es rol l e d to ma k e t h e m soft
a nd we t in v i ne g ar, a re an e xc e l l e nt a l i c t i on to re d u c e in
pp a

fi am mat io n , espec i al l y th at of the e ye s. I n c ase of an i nfl amed

b ru i se , i f the l e av es are pre pare d , as ab ov e me nti one d and ap
l i ed to the i nj u rd part, at the same t i me gi v i n g i n te rnally c om
p
osi ti on te a, the pe rspi rati on w il l start b e ne ath the l eaves a nd
p
t he pai n wil l b e re moved . T h e y are a v al uab l e arti c l e and
s hould b e k ept on h a nd .
 M A T ERI A M ED I C A . 64 7

EY E WA T ER N o. 1.
Eye wate r m ay b e pre pare d b y pu tti n g a hand fu l of the b ar k
fro m t he tre e i n to a s m all q uan ti ty o f ho t w ate r ; le t i t stand
l on g e noug h to b e we l l satu rate d the n add ab o u t t he same
q u a n ti ty o f fo u rth proo f Ja maic a ru m , and le t it re m ai n for two
o r t h re e d ay s , the n st rai n and pre ss o u t the j u i c e from t he b ark

a nd ese rve fo r u se . T h i s pre parati on ma y a l so b e u se d as a

p r

w as h fo r sores to red uc e t he i nfl a m mati o n . S i mme r the b ark,

w h e n b ru i se d fi ne , i n fre sh b u tte r o r l ard , an d i t m akes an e x
c e l le n t so i n tm e n t fo r o ld so res, c rac k e d h an d s, so re li ps o r
f t o

n i ppl e s a nd so re e y e s, w h e re t he l ash e s are i n fl ame d Wh e n .

m ad e i n to an o i n tme n t o r sy ru p, th i s v al u ab l e arti c l e m ay b e
u se d ad v a n tag e ou sl y i n a g re at n u m b e r o f c o m pl ai n ts, e spec i al
l y w h e n the b l ood is i m pre g nate d w i th s h arp ac rid h u m ors. A
fi n e c oo l b e v e rag e m ay b e m ad e , b y pu tti ng the g ree n l e av e s
i nto c old spri ng wate r : th i s is n ot onl y c oo li n g b u t sooth i ng
b ot h to the b od y and m i n d , and is g ood to d ri n k i n pu trid and
i nfl ammatory d i sord e rs .

EY E WA T ER N O 2 . .

T ake o f the fresh g ath e red b ar k o f g ree n osi e r fo ur ounc es , ,

o f th e roo t o f y e l l o w l il y w e l l c l e an se d t he sam e q u a n ti ty
, , ,

b ru i se th e m we l l toge th er a trd ste e p t h e m m od e ra te l y in t wo

,

q uarts o f soft wate r i n a stone pot for th ree h ou rs sti rri ng

, ,

t he m oc c asi on a l l y ; t he n s trai n o ff and add t w o o u n c es o f fi n e

l o af sugar and an e igh t h o f an o u nc e of sal e ratus and h al f a
, ,

pi n t o f fou r th p roof J am ai c a ru m A smal l pi e c e of w h i te v it

.

r i o l h al f the siz e of a w al n u t m ay al so b e pu l v e riz e d an d add

,

e d ; t hi s w e add k no w i ng it to b e g oo d i n c ase of sore e y es .

T h i s wash wil l c l e an se t he e ye of all offensi ve m atte r re ,

m o ve the i tc h i n g or i rri tati on and re store it to a h e al th y c on

,

d i ti on I f too stro ng it m ay b e red u c e d T o b e u se d n igh t

. .

a n d m or n i n g o r w h e n e v er t he e e is i r ri tab l e
y .

S ore e y e s a re g e n e ral l y ac c o m pan i e d wi t h a torpid state o f

t he b o we l s w h i c h c au se s a pre ssu re of b l ood a n d o th e r fl u i d s
,

U pon the b al l of the e y e I n su c h c ase s u se i nj e c ti ons o f a te a

.

o f c ay e nn e , swe e te n e d wi th mo l asses T he fe e t m ay b e b athe d

.

i n hot w ate r and l i n i m e nt to aid in e qu al izi ng t he c i rc u l ati on

, .

OIN TM EN T F OR H EM O RH O I D ES OR P IL ES .

T ak e of lovage seed b u rd oc k seed and pric kle y ash b ark

, , ,

e ac h o n e o u n c e ; b ark of g ree n osi e r t he fl owers of y arrow ,

e ac h two ou n c es
a nd pi psesse wa , ; pu l v e riz e and si mmer al l
t he art i c l e s we ll tog e t h e r in t wo pou nd s o f f re sh b u tte r or l ard
for two or t h ree h ou rs over a sl ow fi re or i t m ay b e ke pt in a
wh i te e arth en or b rass vesse l , w h ere it wil l si mmer v ery sl ow
64 8 1 T h is T H O M S O M AN

l y f or a d ay o r t w o , in o rd e r th at al l th e s tre ng t h o f the ar ti c l e s
m a y b e e xtrac te d t he n stra i n a n d pre ss o u t al l t he l iq u o r
'
.

T h i s is a v e ry v al: t ab l e a rti c l e fo r the pi l e s, an d e v e ry s pe c i e s

o f o ld so re s B e fo re u si n g it l e t t he sore b e w ashe d w i th c la
.

r i fi e d l i m e w ate r T h i s is al so an e x c e ll e n t o i n t m e n t to pu t
.

u o n t he n e c k a nd b re ast f or q u i n sy o r pu t ri d so re th ro a t, afte r
p
w h i c h pu t 11 fl an ne l a b ou t t he n e c k I t is al so g ood fo r stifl
'

j o ints a nd r he u m ati c pai n s, in s u c h c ases ad d a l i ttl e c aye n ne .

I t is u se fu l to b e a ppl i ed to the b ac k o f fe mal e s w h o are irreg u

l a 1 in t he it m e n stru a l d i sc h arg es L e t it w he n appli e d a l w ays .

b e d ri e d i n b y t he fi re o r b y h oldi n g n e ar so m e h e ate d su b
sta nc e P rac t i ti on e rs sh o u l d a l w ay s ke e p t h i s o n h a nd
. .

RE11 l EK '
.
— A n t sc o rb u t ic s c o n ti nu e d .
i
D ocks .
A N T I S C O RB U T I C A P ERI EN T, AS T RI N G EN T A N D T ON I C .

U se f ul in sc o rb ut ic a nd o th e r c om pl ai nt s . T he sam e as other ar t i c l es u n d er t his he ad .

RU M A q u a zicu s ,
EX
B r i t a n i ea Ra d ix — F ol i a T he root an d l e ave s
. . .

O b l u s if ol iu s ,
T he re a re six s pe c i e s o f d oc k , all possessi ng n e arl y the same
v i rtu es, so m u c h so t h at w e t hi n k it u n n e c e ssar y t o d e fi n e t he

a rti c u l ar q u al i ti e s o f the di ff re n t s pe c i e s se a ra te ly T h
e
ey
p p .

a re al l h e r b ac e o u s , w i th l o ng , fl esh y , pe re n n i al roo ts T he .

fl o we rs a re a xil l a ry o r ter m i nal ; so m e o f the spe c i es a re d i ae

c i o n s ; b u t a l l o f t he m h a v e pe r fe c t fl o we rs T he r u m e x .

aq u ati c u s, ru m e x B r i t ann i c a, an d r u m e x o b t u si fol i u s a re t he

m ost u se fu l .

T he pro pe rti es o f the ro o t f rom w h ate v er s pec i e s d e ri v e d , are

b i tte r an d as t rirrg e u t, w i t h b rrt l i ttl e od or I t y i e ld s its v iri u es .

to w a te r atrd a lc oh ol , r aprd l y . T he l e a v e s o f t h e d e c ks a re
e d i b l e a n d m u c h u se d a s spi n ag e , i n the s pri n g , he n th e y a re
y ou n g and te nd e r T he y fo rm a n e x c e l l e n t d i e t in sc or b u ti c
.

c ase s a n d are u su a ll y l ax a ti v e T he roots are an e x c e l l e n t a r

.

t i e l e t o d ye y e l l o w .

M ed ic a l u ses —T he m e di c al q u al i ti es of the d oc k r oots are

’
.

a nti sc o rb u ti c , ast ri n g e n t, a n d m ildl y to n i c

-

T h e y al so posse ss .

al te rati v e p ro pe rti e s w hi c h re n d e rs th e m v e ry u se fu l 1 11 sc o rb u

tic d i so rd e rs and c u ta n e ou s e r u pti o ns . I t h as so m e ti m es pro v e d

use f ul , c o m po u n d e d w i th b i tte r root i n t he v e n e re a l d i se ase .

M has from l o ng u se pro v e d a v al u ab l e re m edy in i c l hg / o s is .

o r a d ry , sc al y , sc o rb u ti c , o r l e pr ou s s ta te of t he ski n . T he
r oots o f m ost o f t he spe c i e s u n i te a ton ic w i t h a l ax a ti v e astrin

g e n t property, m rrc h re se mb l i ng t hat o f rh ub arb , i n t h e i r opera ~

‘
tI O l l S .
 M A TERI A M ED I C A . 64 9

Doc k may b e e mpl oye d to the b est ad v antag e mad e into

root
sy ru p, b u t i t m ay b e gi v e n i n the fo rm of d e c oc ti on or powd e rs.
'

F ou r oun c e s may b e b ru i se d and steepe d in a q u art of hot w a

ter and a foot gl ass of i t tak e n six o r e igh t t i mes a d ay T he .

r oot si m me re d in fre s h b u tter, w i t h t he addi ti on of a l i ttl e fi ne

l o v ag e, pri c k l y ash an d b urd oc k seed s m ak es an e x c e l lent
o i n tme n t fo r the i tc h an d all sc orb ut i c appe aran c es of t he ski n .
Whil e i g th i s oi ntme n t the b ody sh ou l d b e w ash e d onc e or
us n
t wi c e a we e k in pu re l i me wate r dil ute d w i t h w h i sk e y and ,

soft wate r T h i s w il l ne u tral ize the b ad h u mors and morb i d

.

m atter th at has w orke d out u pon the su rface A t the sam e .

ti me tak e a w i ne gl ass fu l l of t he d oc k te a t h re e t i me s a d ay ,

al so tak e a li tt l e o f t he l i me wate r t he one w ill pu ri fy the

b l ood t he oth e r Wil l n e u tral iz e the m orb id h u mors of the b ody
,
an d re nd er t h e m h arml e ss T he d oc k is on e of the most v al u
.

ab l e c o nsti tu e n ts of the an ti sc orb u ti c sy rup S ee arti c l e B ur .

d oc k ) T he pul veriz e d root is al so a good entrifi ce for the

.

tee th and g ums .

M Y RI C A GA LE — . A n t isc orb u tic s c on tinu e d .

M e a d ow F er n — S weet G al e— B ay b ush.
A N TI S C ORB U TIC , A RO M A TI C , A N D S TI M U L A N T .

F or all pois onous erupti ons, s uc h as s al t r heum , -

i tc h, te tt e r, ery sipel as —or for sores on th e
h ps, e ars, fac e, or any part of t he b od y .

M Y S em in a — F r u ctu s— F oli a. T he seed , the

RI C A G A L E.
fru i t and l e av es — T he leaves, wedg e l an c eol ate , ob tuse, serrate -

a t the ape x. S tami nate a m en ts, imb ri c ate. S ca l es, ac u mi n ate,

c ili ate . F ru i t, in a sc al y h e ad .
I t is y ab u nd ant b y the side of fresh pond s in the north ern
ve r
state s and e spe c i al l y i n som e parts of M assashu se tts
,
T hi s .

s h rub g rows in t hi c k b u nc h es or c l usters, and is from two to

t h ree fe e t h igh .

Wh en the l eaves h ave fall en from the sh rub the wh ol e of its ,

stre ng t h see ms to b e c on c e ntrate d in the b u r and b ud w hi c h , ,

o n b e i ng b ru i sed e xh i b i t a b al sam i c or resi n ous su b stance re

, ,

se mb li ng b al m of G il ead b u d s T h e y are a powe rfu l aromati c .

and sti m ulan t Th e y may b e pul ve rize d fi ne and si mmere d in

.

c re am or l ard or fre sh b u tter, whi c h m ak es an e x c e ll e nt oi nt

, ,

me nt for c utaneous e rupti ons .

M edi c al u ses — T hi s oi ntmen t is a v al uab l e remedy for all

c u taneous erupti ons and espe c i all y in su c h c ase s as are men
,

t ioned at the h e ad of t hi s arti c l e It is al so good for all ki nds .

of old sore s c h appe d h ands and feet sore ni l es and b urns, if

, , pp ,
mad e suffi c i entl y soft.
 65 0 T H E rrro msou t rm
'

: A y
s ru
p or b eer, mad e as fo ll ows, m ay he d rank w h il e the
o n t me n t is
i b e i ng u se d .

T ak e two po u n l eave s of me ad ow fe rn , b oil th e m an

d s o f the
h ou r in th re e g al l ons of w ate r ; strai n off, and b oil in t hi s d e
c oc ti on h al f a po u nd of sc orc h e d w h e at b ran , se t i t a w ay and
l e t i t c ool an d se ttl e ; th e n strai n off, and h e at it b o il i ng hot
and add fou r ou nc es o f p u l v e riz e d b u rs and b u d s o f t he same
i
s h rub , a nd le t t h e m si m me r fo r te n o r fi fte e n m i nu te s ; the n le t

i t c ool wi t h the l ast me nti one d i ng redi e nts i n it. Wh e n ab ou t

b l ood warm , add a pi n t of g ood y east and h a l f a g al lon o f mo
'

l asses. I t wil l fe rme nt, and in ab o ut twe nty fou r h ours w il l b e -

fi t for u se .
A h al f pi nt of t hi s m ay b e take n b e fore e ati ng , th ree ti mes a
d ay . A teaspoon fu l of c re am of tartar may b e u se d in t hi s
d ri nk e ve ry n igh t b e fore go i ng to b ed, w h i c h wil l c l e ar the b ad
h u mors from the sy stem i mme di ate l y . A w i neg l assfu l of t he
l i me wate r m ay b e u se d o nc e or tw i c e a d ay .
T he su rfac e of the b od y m ay b e b ath e d oc c asi on al l y w i th
l i me wate r and ti n c ture of l ob e l i a, to re m ove the morb id m atte r
fro m the ski n . T ire applic aton is v e ry useful in e ffec ti ng a
c ure .

XA N '‘
I H OXY L U M F RA X I N EU M .
—A n tis c orb u t
ic s c on t inu e d .

P ri c k ly A s/i Tooth -
a che B u sh.

A N TI S C ORB U TIC , A N TI S P A S M O DIC , S TI M U L A N T , A N D DI A P H O RETI C .

T o w arm and inv ig orat e t h e sy st em, and r em ov e morb id h um ors.

XA N T H O XY L U M F RA e EU M . — F l or es, S em in a , C ortex ,
Ra dix . T he fl owers ,
see d , b ark and root.

T he p ri ckly ash is a small , sh ru b l ik e tree, from e igh t to -

twe l v e fe e t h igh , w i th spre adi ng b ranc h e s, w h i c h are t hi c k l y

s tu dd e d w i t h stron g , sh arp, th orn l ike pri c kl es. T he l e av es are
-

i nn ate , c onsi sti ng of se v e ral ai rs of l e afl e ts, and a te rm i nal one

p p
w i th a sh ort foot stal k , whi c h is freq uen tl y pri c kly on the b ac k ,
-

b u t someti me s u narmed . T he l ea e ts are sessil e , ovate , ac u te ,fl

and sigh t l y d own y o n th e i r u nd e r su rfac e . T he o we rs are fl
s mall , g ree n i sh , an d are di spose d i n u mb e l s ne ar t he b ase of t he

o u ng s h oots. T h a su l e s are of a e i h r ed c ol or, w i t h

y e c p g r e n s

t wo v al ves, an d one ov al , b l ac ki sh see d .

T h i s sh rub is i ndig e nous, g rowi ng in moi st, sh ady pl ace s,
t h roug h ou t t he northe rn, m iddl e, and western states. I ts flow
e rs appear b e fore the l e av e s, in A pri l and M ay . T he l eav es,
flowe rs and c apsul es, h av e an aro mati c od or, anal ogous to th at
of the oil of lemons. fl
T he owe rs, b ark and seed s, are use d b y
 M ar mara M EDt C A . 65 1

Th omsoni an prac ti ti one rs. T he b ar k is v er y th i n an d b ri ttl e,

”

q u i te i nod orou s, and o f a taste whi c h is at fi rst sti mu l an t, th e n

s we eti sh
,
sligh tly aro mati c , and th en b i tte r, and u l ti mate ly ac

r id .

M ed ic a l u ses — T he ri c kl y
p ash is an ac tive stimu l ant, pro
d uc ing wh e n swal l o wed a sense of h e at, wi th some arte ri al ex»
c ite me n t, and a te nd e nc y to ers i rat i o n. T h e b e rri es are v e
p p
ry ng e n t, a nd o we rfu ll y sti m u l ant, as al so are the b ark and
p u
p
flo we rs. T he b ark and seed s sh ou ld b e pul ve rized for use . It
is a val uab l e addi ti o n to b i tter c ompound s, and it may b e tak e n
a l o ne i n h ot wate r or wi ne . It is a g ood ing red ien t in the w i ne
b i tte rs it is g oo d for fe ve r and ag ue , for whi c h it is mu c h use d
i n the weste rn state s ; a nd it is al so good for c old h and s and
fee t.
I t is an anti sc orb u ti c and anti spasmodi c sti mul ant, and a pow
e rfu l di aph ore ti c . If a pe rsc rr is h ab i tuall y c o ld , or troub l ed
wi t h c hi l l s, it wil l c ause a g en i al gl o w of warm th to pass al
most i mpe rc epti b l y t h ro ugh the syste m.
T he se ed s, pu l ve riz ed and si m mere d in fresh b utter, or k ept
war m for t h ree or four d ay s in any soft ani mal oil, mak e an e x~
c e l le nt r h e u mat i c o i ntme n t, and w hi c h is g ood for pai ns in the
l i mb s, b ac k , or sid e . L e t it b e we l l d ri ed in .
-

F o r i nfl ammati o n in the j aws, or tooth ac h e , th i s is an e x c e l

l ent arti c l e . L e t a pou l ti c e o f it b e appli e d to the fac e , and at
t he same ti me c h e w a fe w of the se ed s, and k ee t h e m b
p y the
a ff e c te d part ; th i s wil l soon afl ord re l i ef.

T he ti nc ture of the b ark or seed s, red uc ed w i t h tw i c e its

q u a n t i ty o f w a t e r,
w i t h t he a ddi ti o n o f a l i tt l e alk al i , is an em
c e llen t fo me ntati on for b ath i n g t he su rfac e o f t he b ody after

s te ami n . T h i s is arti cu larly u se ful i n c ase s o f r h e u mati sm,

g p
w h ere t he ti n c ture may b e u se d i n its ful l streng t h . B e fore ap
p lyi n g t hi s, ru b t h e s k i n w e l l w i t h a c o a rs e to w e l ,
an d t h e n ap
~

ply it wi th m u c h fri c ti on.

V A L U AB L ES Y RU P .

T ak e pu l ve riz e d seed s, and pe ac h me ats, of e ac h two

the
7
3
o u nc e s,
pu t t h e m i nto one pi nt o f fo u rt h proof J amai c a ru m ,
a nd add l oaf s ug ar sufli c ie nt to ma ke it o f t he c onsi ste nc y of

m ol asses. Th i s is on e of the b e st re medi es for sy nc ope or fai nt»

n ess used in the Th omsoni an rac ti ce.
p
65 2 TH E TH O M S O N IA N

A C H IL L EA M I LL EF O I U M L .
— A n t isc orb u tic s

c on t inue d .

Y a rr ow— M il lf oi l .
A ROM A TIC , B I TTER, A S TRIN G EN T, A N D M O DERA TEL Y
' ‘
S L IG H TL Y ' . S TIM U "

L A N T.

‘
U in rheum ati c afi eetions in d ec oc tio n, and for 's ores i n oin tmen t.
'

sed

A c H rL L EA M F l or es— F oli a — Ra d ia . T he
'

, iL L EF O L rU M .
' ‘

flowe rs, l eav es and root — T he l e a ves, two pinn at ifi d , d own y , -

the di v i si on s l in ear, tooth e d , m u c ronate . S tem , furrowed .

Y a r r ow is a he rb , c ommon to Europe and A me ri

pe re nn al i -

c a, g rowi ng al ong fe n c e s, on t he b ord ers of wood s, in old fi e l d s .

and in high way s . I t is from twe l ve to e ig h tee n i n c h es high ,

and is k nown b y its d oub l y pi nn ate , di v id e d l e aves. I ts flow
e rs appear from J un e to S epte mb e r. T he fl owers and l eav es, .

w h i c h are u sed as m e di c i ne, h ave an ag reea b le , aro mati c od or,

and a b itte ri sh , astri ng e nt , pu nge n t taste .
T he pl an t owes its v al u ab l e properti es to a v ol atil e oil , w h i c h
may b e se parated e b y di still ati on, an d h as the fl av or of millfoil
in a g re at d eg ree T he ac ti ve pri n ci pl es c an b e e x trac te d b y
.

water or alc o h ol . T he prope rti es of the h e rb are astri ngent,

ton i c , and arom ati c . I t has b e en u se d in i nte rm i tten ts, and as .

an an ti spasmodi c in c ol i c , and v ar i ou s nerv ous affe c ti ons. It

may b e use d in d ec oc ti on . T he oil m ay b e gi ve n in d oses of .

from fi ve to te n d rops.
M ed ic a l u ses . — T he . fl
i mmere d in l ard or
owe rs may b e s

fresh b utter» w i th e q u al q u an ti ti es of g re en ozi er l ov age see d s

, , ,
.

and pri c kl y ash b ark fi rst b e i n g b ru i se d in a mortar

, S trai n .

and press ou t all t he oi nt men t an d y ou h av e a v al uab l e re me d y ,

for pil es e i th e r i nte rnal or e x te rnal

,
F o r i n te rnal appl ic ati on .
,

me l t it and apply it wi th the tip of a g oose q u il l .

It is g ood for all ki nd s of i nfl ammatory sores, sore e yes, salt w

rh e u m, and c rac k e d h and s .

LI GU S T I C U M L EV I S T I C U M — A ntisco rb u t ic s
'

c on tinu e d .

L ov ag e

S T IM U L A N T, A ROM A T I C, C A RM IN A TIV E, D I A P H O RET I C , A N D

EM M EN A G OG U E.
To b e c ompo und ed with b urd oc k ,
and u sed for ec roful a, v enereal , rheumatism , and fem ale
o b st ruc tions .

L I G U S T I CU M L EV I S T ICU M . S em i n a w
F oli a — Ra di x The .

seed , l e aves and root.— T he l eav es, l ong , nu merous. L ea flets,

ab ove , gashed . S trong l y aromat c , espec ali i ly the seed s.
 65 4 TH E T H O M S O N I A N

w h i c h in the old v nes are u ne q u a

i l
b ase, less th an an
at the
i nc h l ong , and su pporte d u pon short foo t stal k s. T he fru i t or -

b e rry g ro ws in c l uste rs, a nd is ab ou t the siz e of a s mal l pea, o f

a b ro wn i sh g re y c ol o r, a nd has a s h ort stal k , w h i c h a
ppears to
b e c onti nu o us, w i th rai se d v e i ns, th at run ov er the surfac e at?
t he b e rry l ik e n e t work . T he a rom ati c fl av or o f the b erry is
a re e ab l e to the taste , b i tte ri s h a nd c am horous, le a v i n g in the
g p
m out h a se nse of c oo l n ess, smilar to pe ppe rm i nt oil. T he pow
d er is d ark c o l ored , and of an oil y appearanc e . I t l oses it s

stre ng t h w h e n e x ose d fo r an
p y l e n g t h o f t i m e . T h e b err i es
sh ou ld al wa y s b e ke pt w h ol e til l wan te d for u se .

M edic a l u ses . —C u b e b s a re di u re ti c and sti mu l an t, ac ti ng

w i th c onsid e rab l e forc e u po n t he kid ne ys. If u se d in l arge
q uanti ti es, th e y prod uc e h ead ac h e and v e rti g o. N au se a, v omi t
ing , and a g e ntl e pu rge , are the atte nd ant c onseq ue nc es of th e i r
e x c e ssi ve u se
; a n d a se ns e o f c o ld n e ss i s e x pe r i e n c e d i n t h e
re c tu m si mil ar to t h at rod uc e d o n the se ns e o f taste . T h i s ar
p
tic le has l ong b ee n u sed in the East I nd i es for g on orrhma,
gl ee t, and is a g ratefu l stomac h i c , ton i c , and reg u l ator of the
digesti ve g
o r ans .

I t is b e st u se d in the form of s ru p, c ompou n

y ded wi t h eq u al
q uanti ti es of
b u rd oc k se ed s, l o v ag e root, g re e n o si er ,
b ark
and se nn a, to mak e i t o e rate m ore e ffe c tu al ly .
p A h al f of a

n d f e ac h m ay b e pu t i n to t wo g all ons o f so ft w ate r a nd

p ou o

b oil ed one h ou r, t h e n strai ne d and s wee te n e d w i t h mol asses,

w i th the addi ti on of spi ri ts suffi c i e n t to pre ve nt i ts b e c omi n g
sou r.
Dose, hal f a w i negl assfu l six d ay , or u nti l i t
or e ig ht ti mes a

o e rate s s u ffi c i e n tl y ; t he n g rad u ate its u se , and kee p u p a g e n

p
tle mov e me nt o f t he b o we l s u nti l the d i se ase is c u re d — d u ri ng
w h i c h ti m e a te as poonfu l o f b al sam c opai va m ay b e use d t wo
o r t h re e t i mes a d ay , or til l a sligh t se nse of weak ness is fe l t i n;

the b ac k .

C a t/i ar l ics .

Whatev er ma y b e said in t his b ook in r e l a ti on t o p hy sic, will b e d on e on

the r esp onsib il ity o f t he sub sc r i b e r ; f or i t is wel l k no wn tha t Dr . S am u e l

T hom son is a g ain st th e e xte nsiv e u se of c a thar ti c m e di c i ne s ; c on se q u e ntly

th e par t w e h av e ta ken in wr i ting th e ar t ic l es i s n o t to b e r e g ar d e d as hi s

o pinions or tha t h e i s t o b e c ons id er e d i nc onsi ste nt i n his v iews for w hat we

h av e d on e .
We h av e sele c te d f rom th e v e g e tab l e k i ng d om , som e of t he m ost soot hing
an d m il d c atha r tic s, to b e u se d b y th ose who w ill , if t he y c annot ob tai n a g en
and
“ ”
tl e d ose phy sic f r om a T h o m sonia n , g o to the
of r e g ula r p hy sic ian,

b l indl y tak e c a l omel , c roton oil , g amb og e, a nd the m ost po wer f ul, d rastic ,
and d e ad l y dr u g s t hat ar e t o b e f ou n d in the sh op s b y whic h m eans m any
 M A TERIA M ED I C A . 65 5

t ime s l iv e s a re l ost, for the w ant of the k now le dg e o f a sim pl e d ose of p eac h
l eaf tea , b itter r oot, senn a, or c a stor oil . T h e T hom so nia n, i f h e wishe s to
k e e p his p at ie nts, a n d b e e nab l e d to sav e th e m , m ust , if i t b e n ec essar y ; xc
j
spe c t those l ittl e p re u d ic es t o w hic h the m ind of e v e r y i n div id u al i s m or e or

l ess j
su b e c t ; a nd w h i c h, l ike r e l ig io us, p oli tic al , or a ny o the r p r ec onc e ived
o p i ni o ns , m u st b e r e asone d r a the r than f orc e d ou t of th e m .
I t i s, th e r e for e , t o p r o te c t t he liv es a nd he al th of t he un su sp ec ti ng , tha t the
j
sub e c t of p h y sic i s a g i ta te d a t t hi s t im e an d p lac e . J . T.

S O L A N U M L Y C O P ERS I C U M .

Tom a to - _
L ov e A pp l e.
C A TH ART I C , DI U RET IC , CA RM IN A T I V E, TO N IC , DI A P H O RETI C , A N D S TI~
M U L A N T.

To c orrec t t he m orb id st ate of th e b ow els, t he se c re t ions of the liver, aad restore the di
g es tiv e o rg ans.

S O L A N U M L Y C O P ERS I C U M . S em i n a— F r u c tu s . T he se e d
an d fru i t.— T h e s te m , u narm ed . L ea v e s, pinn atifi d , g ash ed .

Rac em es, two parted , le afl e ts. F r u i t, gl ab rous, toru l ose .

-

T he tom a to is a pl ant ab ou t two fe e t high , wi th a l arg e su c

c ul e nt ste m and b ra nc h es. T he pl an t c ol l e c ti ve ly, e x c e pt t he
fru i t, m uc h rese m b l es the c o m mon potato v i ne . T he fru i t 1 8
e sc u l e n t, and muc h u se d for c u li nary as we l l as m e di c al
pur
poses.
[M e d ic a l u ses — T he e x pressed j u i c e of the to mato has prov
. ~

e d a v al u ab l e re m e dy i n o u r prac t i c e , fo r l i ve r c o m pl ai nts, d ys

pe psia, c onsti pati on of the b o we l s, and o b struc ti on of the b il i ar y

d u c ts .

T ake o ne b ush e l o f fre sh g athered to matoes b rui se and ,

sq ue e z e o u t t he j u i c e t h ro ug h a c oarse c l ot h an d le t i t stand for

t we l ve h o u rs ; t h e n pou r o ff t he j u i c e from the sedi me nt and ,

si m m e r i t to the t hi c k ne ss of mo lasse s t h e n ta k e ou t wh at y ou ,

w i sh for sy rup a nd si mme r the re mai nd e r to the c onsi sten c e of

,
tar and fo rm i t i nto pill s
, S wee te n the sy ru p wi th mol asses
.
,

and ad d su ffi c i e nt spi ri ts to kee p it f rom so uri ng .

Dose — of the pil l s fro m f ou r to six at nigh t and v ari ed at

, ,

d i sc re ti on ; and of the sy rup from h al f to a wi negl assful , th ree ,

o r fou r ti me s a d ay .

A l ady fro m the w estern part o f N e w Y ork c ame to our in -

'

fi rmary who was affl i c te d w i th a g e ne ral d ib ility of the wh ol e

,

sy ste m prod uc e d b y a c o n fi rmed b il i ou s h ab i t

, S he had a lso .

e x peri e nc e d th re e pa raly ti c s h oc ks w h i c h had affec ted he r l e ft

"

s id e a nd e y e : he r di st re ss at t i mes was e x c ruc i ati ng S he had .

fo r a fe w mo nth s b e fo re c om i n g here e m pl oyed a v e ry j udi c i ous

T h omson i an prac ti ti oner, who was very fai th fu l in his attend
65 6 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

anc e, h avi ng ad mi ni stere d to he r e ig hty six cou rses of medi c i ne, -

wi th b ut te mporar y re l i e f We c o mme nc e d gi v i ng her to mato

.

sy ru b t w i gl f l t h e ti m e s a d a w i t h t h ill
p a ou , a ne ass u re
y e p s at ,

n igh t and oc c asi onall y a fe w e m e ti c pill s

, S he staid wi th u s .

two weeks in t h at ti me taki ng b ut on e c ourse of me di c i ne and

,
one e me ti c S he l e ft fee li ng m u c h b e tte r th an afte r taki ng t he
.
,

e igh ty six c ou rses o f m e di c i ne

-
Th i s i mprov ement we attri .

b ute in a g reat measure to t he ac ti v e prope rti es of the tomato .

C A S S IA M A RI L A N DI C A —
. C a thar tic s c on t inu e d .

A m er i ca n S e nn a .

AN EF F I CIEN T AND S AF E C A TH A RTI C .

C A s sm M A RY L A N D I C A . S em i n a — F ol ia — Ca u lis . T he
seed s, l eav es, and stal ks — S ome w h at gl ab ro us. T he l eaves,
i n e igh t pai rs, l anc e ob l ong , mu c ron ate
- -
F l owers, in axill ar y .

rac e mes, and in term i n al pan i c l es. L ug u m es, l i n ear, c urv e d .

It g ro ws al ong r i vers and on all u v i al soil I t is v ery c om
,
.

mon in t he sou th ern and m i d dl e states It fl ouri sh es b e st on

-

t he b an k s of r i v e rs and i n a low m oi st soil y e t it is some ti me s

, ,

fou n d on e l e v ate d pl ac es I t is some ti mes c u l ti vated at the

.

nort h for medi c al purposes .

I n the mont h s of J u l y and A u g ust it is in ful l b l oo m and ,

has a b eau ti fu l appe aranc e T he l e av es for u se sh ou l d b e

.
, ,

c oll ec te d i n A u g u st or S e ptemb e r and d ri e d ; t h e y a re b rou gh t,

into ou r m ark e ts u su all y c o m pre sse d i n to c ak es T he l e afl ets .

are ab ou t t wo i n c h es l on g a nd h al f an i n c h w id e v ery t hi n, ,

and of a g re e n c ol or T h e y h av e a n auseous taste, and feeb l e

.

od or some w h at re se mb l i ng se nna
,
.

M ed i c a l u s es — A me ri c an senna is an al te rati v e and safe os

thartic c l ose l y re se mb l i n g t he i mporte d ki nd in its ac ti ons an d
, ,
'

m ay b e u se d i nste ad of it in all c ases I t is not as ac ti ve and .

,
t o prod uce an e q u al ope rati on mu st b e ad m i n i stere d in d ose s
,

ab out on e t hi rd l arg e r I t is h ab i tuall y use d b y m an y as one

.

of the most sal utary an d e ffi c i en t c ath arti c s k no wn .

I t is m ost c onv e ni e ntly gi v e n in form of i n fusi on and sh ou l d ,

c omb i ne wi th it on e te aspoon fu l o f gi ng e r to ob v i ate i ts te n ,

d ene y to prod uc e g ripi ng T he i m ported se nna wil l answe r,

.

wh e n the d omesti c c annot b e ob tai ne d .

T he b est w ay to pre pare it fo r u se is to tak e of sage h al f an ,

ou nc e and add i t t o the same q u anti ty of se nn a w i t h a te a

, ,

spoonfu l of gi ng e r ; ste e p i n a h al f pi n t of wate r for fi ftee n mi

hu tes t h en strai n and add su g ar and m il k , and let h al f of it b e

, ,

taken as a d ose on g oi n g to b ed .
65 8 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

F rom its muc il age i t is u se d w i th m uc h ad vantag e in costi ve

h ab i ts, and is ad vantag eousl y u se d i n a tea of c o mposi ti on I t .

may al so b e gi v e n in g in sl i ng w i th g re at ad vantag e . Wh en
c h ild re n are m u c h t rou b l e d wi t h tou gh ph l e g m a nd di ffi c u l t
respi rati on , i t m ay b e u se d i n the hot sl i ng w i t h the addi ti o n of
a l i ttl e c ay e n ne . Its o pe rati ons c arry a l ive l y warmt h th rou g h
the b ody , m uc h to the re l i e f and c o m fo rt of t he pati e n t.
I n gi v i ng c o urses o f medi c i n e , the b owe l s o fte n b e c o me v e ry
m u c h c onstri c ted or b ou n d t hi s w il l o fte n soot h e and re m ov e
t he o b struc ti ons, and t h us prod u c e i m me di ate re l i e f, a nd re nd er
the fu tu re c o u rses m uc h m o re e fli c ie n t. B y re mov i ng f ro m
t he b ody t h ese d ry mo rb id se c re ti ons wi t h the use of c astor oil,
and ke e in t h i m l w m t h th t i t i m b
p g p u e a n a a r so a
pe rsp ra o n ay e
fe l t in t he pal ms o f th e h an d s, a c o u rse o f m e di c i ne wil l o pe rate
w i th mu c h l ess t rou b l e , t h e re b y prod uc i ng t he g re atest possi b l e
re li e f to t he pati e n t. I n a g re at va ri e ty o f c ases o f c rou p and
q ui nsy in c h ild re n, b y the u se o f th i s m edi c i ne i n c onne c ti on
wi th t he c o mposi ti o n, c aye n ne and e m e ti c , we h ave su c c e ed e d
i n re l i e v i ng e v er y c ase , w i t h l i ttl e trou b l e , and to the g re at se
tis fac tion o f al l c o nc erne d . 1 11 the fi rst sy mpto ms of c ro u p, u se
t he o il in hot sli ng w i t h t he a ddi ti on o f a little c ay e n n e , and the
r e l i e f is al most c e rtai n . I t c arries off all morb id matte r fro m
t he b owe l s, a nd t h ro ws l i fe, v i g o r, an d a g e ni al gl o w to the
l owe r e x tre mi ti es, th e re b y re li e v ing the h e ad and re mov i ng al l
te n d e n c y to hy d r oc ep li a li s or d ropsy o f the b rai n. 1 11 all at
tac ks o f d ise ase in c h ild re n, g re at c are sh ou l d b e e x e rc i se d to

p re v e n t an e x c ess o f c i rc u l at i o n to t he h e ad . T hi s may al
wa ys b e d o ne b y k ee pi ng the fee t w arm and the b owe l s in a
re g u l a r state for w hi c h u rpose ob se rv e ou r di re c ti o ns i n the
, p
u se o f c astor oil , to te m er t he ac ti o n o f t he b owe l s, b u t j u dg
p
m e nt sh o u l d b e use d in its appl i c ati o n. I n all c ases o f d an ge r
fro m mo rtifi c ation , 11 0 c a tha r ti c medi c i n e sh ou l d b e u sed , ne i
'

t h e r shou ld b a b e rr , hem l oc k, or on d lily b e u se d w h e n

y y p
th ere is g reat c o nsti ati on o f t he b o we l s o r c osti ve ne ss. Ju dg
p
me n t is ne c e ssary, t h e re fo re , in the u se of all m edi c i nes, wi th
ou t whi c h t he most i nnoc e n t su b stanc es c an b e m ad e i nstru
me nts to prod uc e d i sease

JU G L A N S C IN ERI A .
— C a thar tic s c on t inu e d .

B u tter n u t. O il N u t.

CATHA RT I C , EM ET I C , S T IM U L A N T, D I A P H O RET I C , A N D
EM M EN A G OG U E.
U sed in c ol ic , flat ul enc y , pain in th e stom a c h , t o p romote pe rspiration an d rem ove u ter ine
d i ffi c u lt ies .

JU G L AN S C I N ERI A .— Ra d icis l ib er. T he in ner b ark of the

root.
 M A TERIA M ED I C A . 65 9

T he b utte rnut is an i ndig e nous forest tree , c om mon in the

m id d l e , no rth e rn , and e aste rn states. I n fav orab l e l oc a ti o ns as
to so il , it attai ns a g re at siz e of t ru n k , w h i c h o fte n d i v id e s i n to
se ve ral b ra nc h es b u t a fe w fe e t from t he g rou nd . T he to p
w h e n i n the forest, fre q ue ntl y ri se s to the h e i g h t o f six ty o r se
v e nt fee t T h e m al e an d fe m al e flo we rs are di sti nc t on t he
y .

same tre e . T he mal e fl o wers are in l arg e ame n ts, four or fi ve

i nc h es l ong , h angi ng d ow n b y the sid e s of t he sh oots, o f the
di g g w h T h fe mal e fl o w e rs are at the e nd o f
’
p r e c e n y e a r s ro t . e
t he s hoots o f t h e same spri ng s g ro wt h . T he g erm is su rro u n d
’
~

e d b y two l arg e rose c o l ore d stig m as T he nu ts are suspe nd

.

e d some ti mes b a t hi n pl i ab l e ped u nc l e, freq u e ntl y se v e ral are

y
a ttac h e d to the sid es o f the sam e on e . T he d ru pe , w h e n ri pe,
i

is ob l ong , b ro wn , and c on tai ns a h ard , d ark b ro w n pointed n u t,

w i th a ro ug h and d e e pl y furro we d su rfac e . T he k e rne l is
t hi c k, oi l y , pl e asan t to t he taste , and n u tric ious.
M ed i c a l u ses — B utte rn ut is a mild an d sti mu l ati ng c ath ar
tic , ope rati ng w i t h l i ttl e or n o i rri tati on , pai n , o r u ne asi ne ss of
t he b owe l s, and w i th o ut w e ake n i n g the ali me ntary c anal or i m

p a i r i n g dig e s t i o n . T h e b ar k t ak e n f ro m t he roo t or b od y of
the t re e and b oil e d d own t il l as t h i c k as tar , m ay b e mad e i n to

p il l s
, i n w h i c h fo rm t h e y m a
y b e u se d . O r a s r
y pu m a
y be
m ad e b y b oili ng the b ar k o r the b ud s and twig s, and addi n g
one th i rd mol asse s a nd a l i ttl e W. I . m m . Thi s syru p is g ood
i n all c o m pl ai n ts o f t he b o we l s, a nd for worms in c hild re n .

Wh i te ash and b al m of G il ead b a rk m ay b e ad d e d in eq ual

p s and mad e i n to a sy ru p o r pi ll s. B y b ru i si n g t he g ree n
ar t
b ark and appl yi ng it to t he s urfac e a b l i ste r w ill b e rai sed , and
t h ose w ho m ay wi sh t hi s ki nd of treatme nt c an t h us fi nd a
c h e ap arti c l e .

RHA M N US C A T H A RT I C U S —
. C athar t ic s c on

t i nn ed .

B u ck -
Thor n .
B I T T ER, D I U RET I C , s ma r rc , A N D A N A CT I V EHY D RA G O G U E.
T o c l eans e the b owel s, g iv e t one to the stom ac h , an d for d ropsy .

RH A M N U S CA r H A
'
Rr
'
rc u s . —B a cc a .
T he b e rrie s .

T h e b u c k t h orn is a m iddl i n g siz e d sh ru b , from te n to twe l ve

-

fee t i n h e i g ht. T he l e av es are si tu ate d on footstal ks, o v ate , and

v e i ned . T he fl o we rs a re i n c l uste rs ; sm al l , g ree n, ped u nc l es
w i t h a c al y x four c l e ft, and fou r s mal l pe tal s, pl ac e d in the
fl
m al e o we r b ac k o f the stame ns, w hi c h are the sam e in n u m
he r. T he b e rry is fou r se ed ed . Th i s sh rub is a n ati ve b o th of
-

Europe and A me ri c a, g rowi ng wild in the c ountry. It fl owers

6 60 m s T n o mso u rm

i n M ay and J une, and the frui t i s r i pe in S epte mbe r, and are

a b ou t t he siz e o f a pea, r ou n d e d , som e w h at fl atte ne d on th e

su m m i t, sm ooth , b l ac k an d shi ni ng , wi th four see d s. T h ei r

t aste is b i tte r, ac ri d and n au se ous.
M ed ic a l u ses . T he b e rri es and ex presse d j u i ce are ac ti ve l y
-

u g t i Th e y are a t to c reate n au se a and v om i ti ng . In

p r a ve . p
t he i r ope rati on as a c at h arti c t h e y will c reate g ri pi n pa i n i n
g
the b owe l s w i t h d r y ness in the m ou t h and t h roat. T h e y are
b y m an y c onsid e re d a g ood hyd rag og ue c ath arti c in d ropsy,
‘

for w hi c h pu rpose al one t h e y s h ou ld b e u se d . S enna, c astor

oil, and b u tternut are fa r su peri or to the b u c k th o rn b erri es, b u t -

t h e y c an b e u se d w h en the oth e r art i c l e s c annot b e h ad . T hi s

arti c l e sh o u l d not b e u sed i n c ase o f a re l ax dy sente ry, or
,
w h e re th ere are any sym pt oms of mortifi c ation .
F or oth er C a tha r ti c su b stanc es, se e c aye n ne (c apsi c u m)5 9 0 ;
popu l us (popl ar) 5 1 5 ; b i tte r root (apoc y nu m ) b ar
b err y (b erb erris)6 1 7 peac h (amygd al us) 62 4 .

D iu r etics.
T he ar ticl e s u nder th is head shou l d str ong l y c omm end them sel v e s t o a ll

su c h inv al ids as are af fli cted w i th str an

g uar y , g r avel , or d ifii cul ties of the kid
n eys and b l adder, al so f or d ropsy
-

and f emal e ob str u c tion s.

F RA G A RI A V I RGI N I A N A .

Wi ld S tra wb erry .

DIU RET I C , T ON I C , D I A P H O RET I C , A N D A S T RI N G EN T .

To b e u sed for s tran g u ary , gr av el , o r d iffi c ul t ies of th e kid ney s.

F RA G A RI A V ru G rN rA N A . —F ru c tu s, F ol i a , C a u l is , Ra d ix .
T he fru i t, l eaves, stal k and root. T he c a ly x i nfer i or, ten c l eft, -

fi v e of the seg me nts alte rnate l y sm all e r. P eta ls fi v e . Rec ep

t a c l e of the see d ovate and d ec idu ous, b ec omi n g a b erry . S eeds
e ve n .

T he wi l d s tr awb erry v i n es are c reepin g , herb ac eous pl an ts,

‘
o fte n se nd i n g ou t fi liform radi c ant ste ms i n all di rec ti ons,
‘

w h i c h d i m i ni sh the q u antity o f fl owers and fru i t ; l eav es te rnate

v ery rare l y digi tate b c u l ti v ati on some ti mes si m pl e sti u l es
; y p
ad ante to the t i l fl w t rm i nall y c ory mb ose, some
pe o e s ; o e rs e
t i mes d ioec o us, re c e ptac l e escu l e n t.
T he wild straw b e rry is too we ll k nown to req ui re a more
m i nu te d esc ri pti on . I t is c omm on in al most e very me ad ow, on
'

h igh g rounds, in pastu res, & c ., and is known b y a l mo st

 M A TERI A M ED I C A . 66 h

e v er y person in the c ountr y ,

if for n ot hi ng el se ,
for its d e l i c i ous

M ed i ca l u ses . — T he strawb e r r y v i ne and frui t is d i ureti c ,

ge n tl y astri n ge nt di aph ore ti c mod erate l y ton i c and sti mul ant
, ,
.

I ts d i ure ti c prope rt i es are m ost promi ne nt and u se fu l T ake a .

h and ful of t he l eaves and the m ore of the frui t the b etter and
stee i n q u r t f h ot water te n or fi f te e n m i nu tes ; l e t
p a a o
'

i t se t to b e u se d w h e n c ol d L e t thi s b e u se d as c onstant d ri n k
.

in c ase of g rav e l or any u l c e rs o r ur i n ary d ifli c u lty of the

k id ne ys or b l add e r T h ose affl i c te d w i th g rave l o r strang uary
.

s h ou ld e at pl e n ti fu l l y of the g re e n fru it or if n ot in the se ason ,

o f it the d r fr u i t o r prese rv e s T h e fol l ow i n g re arati o n

y p p
.

s h ou l d b e ke pt on h an d for u se in v i ol e n t attac k s of stran uary

“

g
o r di fli c u lty of maki ng w ater
'

A DI U RET I C C OM P OU N D .

F il l a j ug as fu l l
it c an b e c ro wd e d of the strawb e rry
as

v i nes, l e av e s, roots, and fru i t, if a n y ; t h e n r i to the j u as

po u n g
m uc h g ood H ol l and g in as it wil l h old , h av i ng add e d to e ac h
g al l on of g in two po u nds of sc alde d h one y . L et it stand two
w ee k s, and it is a powerfu l di ure ti c . Dose from h al f to a gl ass
th ree or fou r ti mes a d ay . '

If y o u h av e not a suffi c i e nt q uan tity of the strawb erry v i nes,

add w i t h t h e m e q u al parts of c l i v e rs, h e ml oc k b ou gh s, or j uni - o

per tops and b e rri es. Th ese arti c l es m ay b e u se d al one in si

m il ar form as the strawb err y v i nes, alway s reme mb eri ng to use
the c l arifie d h one y to swee ten t he c ompou nd .

GA L I UM AP A RI N E .
— D iu re tic s c on t in u e d
.

C l iv er s C l ea ner s .
A P O WERF U L DIU
‘
RET IC , S T I M U L A N T ,
- D I A P H O RET IC , A N U
EM M EN A G O G U E.
To b e used for s trang u ary , g rav el or d ropsy , as pre pared ; N ot t o b e used in diab e tes.

GAL IU M AP A RI N E.— S F oli a , C a u lis, Ra d i x . T he

em i n a ,

se ed , l e ave s, stal k and root. T he s tem l imb e r, sc ab rous b ac k

w ards. L ea ves i n ab out eigh ts, l anc e li ne ar, m uc ron ate , his -

id ab ov e , m argi n and kee l pr i c kl y . B r a n chlets ne ar ly si m

p
~

le , ab ou t t h ree fl o we re d . F r u i t, h ook e d , b r is tl e d .
p
T he c l i v ers is an an n u al pl an t v e ry c ommon in the U n i ted
S tates, g row i ng in c u l ti v ate d ope n fi el d s, al ong fe nc es, b y the
b ord e r of wood s, doc . I t has a b i tte r, h erb ac eous, and some
w h at ac rid taste , and is d esti tu te of od or. T he e x pressed j u i ce
is aper i ent, di ureti c , and anti sc orbu ti c , and has b ee n use d in
d ropsy, sc roful a, and scorb uti c erupti ons.
 66 2 m s r n o n so m an

M ed ic a l m esa—
T he j ui c e h as prov e n u se ful in sc orb utic
e ru ti ons, fo r w hi c h t wo o u nc es m ay b e ta ke n th re e t i me s a
p
d ay. T he h e rb w h e n g re e n , pre pare d in the fo rm o f oi ntme n t
o r i n fusi on, m ay b e u se fu ll y a ppli e d to sc o rb u ti c di ffi c u l t i e s or
s we l l i ng s u po n t he su rfac e . I t m ay b e m ad e i n to a stro ng te a
and b e free l y u se d d ai l y as a b e v e rag e , b y t h ose t rou b l e d wi t h

c al c u l ou s u l c e rs, g rave l , o r a n y u ri nary d i ffi c u l ty . It is al so

u se fu l i n d ro psy , as i t o pe rates as a hy d rag og ue , a g e nt l e ape
r i e nt a nd di u re ti c ; it is a l so v e ry u se fu l fo r t h ose w ho are
t rou b l e d wi th c osti ve ne ss and torpidi ty of t he b owel s.

S Y RU P F OR S T RA N G U A RY A N D D RO P S Y .

T ak e of c l i vers , parsl e y roo

j u ni pe r b erri es and flax seed ,
t, ,

e ac h fo ur o u n c e s b i tte r root o ne ou nc e p u l ve riz e se parate l y

v e ry fi ne ; take t h ree g al l o ns o f pu re u e w swee t c i d e r di re c t

from the pre ss and h e at it mod e rate l y i n a ke ttle til l the sc u m

,

r i se s w h i c h re m ov e a nd t h e n le t it b o i l
, p u t in you r pu l v e riz
e d arti c l es and l e t t h e m b o i l tog e t he r for fi ftee n o r t we n ty m i

n u tes t h e n se t it off and add w h il e ye t ho t t wo o u nc e s o f g in

,

e r an d fou r po u nd s of g ood b o il e d h one y ; w h e n c o ld u t it

g p
i n to a sto ne j ug and add o ne q u ar t of the b est H ol l and g in
, .

T he i n g redi e n t sh o ul d b e preserve d wi t h the l iq uor .

T hi s s yrup may b e take n f ro m a fo u rt h to a wi ne glass fu l l

a t d i sc re t i on It is g ood fo r al l c ases o f d ro psy g rav e l stran
. , ,

g uary or ob struc te d perspi rati on o r fe m al e ob struc ti ons Th i s

, ,
.

a rt i c le ou gh t to b e k e t c o nstan tl y o n h and l t ro rt i
p s
p pe es a re .

h yd ragog ue d i ure tic sti mu l ant d i aph ore ti c and wi th fe mal es

, , , ,

e mmen ag og ue N ot to b e use d i n di ab e te s
. .

L A C T U C A EL O N G A T A . D iure tic s c o n tin u e d.

Wi ld L ettu ce .

m U REr rc , '
A N T I S C O RB U T I C , M O D ERA T EL Y A N T I S P A S M O D I C,

D I A P H O RET I C , A N D N A RC O T I C .
F or c ompl ai nts of t he k id ney s and b l ad d er, d ro psy , sc orb uti c d ifli c ul tie s, and c onstipati o n o f
t h e b o we l s.

L E
A CTU CA L ON G A I A
'’
. H erb a . T he h e rb — Rec ep t a c l e , na
ired C a ly x i mb ri c ate d
. ,
c yl i n d ri c al , wi t h a me mb ran ous m ars
,

i P a p u s si m pl e s tipi tate
g n .
p , ,
.

T he wi l d l ettu c e is an i ndi g enous b i enni al e ve rg re en w i th , ,

a sle nde r ste m and l e av es fro m t he siz e of a c e n t to th at of a

i
,

doll ar, and mu c h re se mb l i n g the c o mmon l e ttuc e It g rows in .

d ee p sh ady wo od s an d may g e ne rall y b e fou nd i n the same

,

k i nd of so il and l oc ati ons as pi psi ssewa. T he leaves, wh en

664; TH E T H O M S O N IA N

A C O M P OU N D S Y RU P .

T ak e (if parsl e y roots tops and see d s h al f a pou nd the sa me

, , ,

q uan ti ty of d an d el i on r oots and h e rb ; of j u ni pe r b erri es a four th

o f a pou nd a nd of b i tte r root one o u nc e ; pu l v e riz e a ll t he ar ti
,

c l e s we ll tog e t h e r and b oi l i n t wo g a l l ons of w ate r d own to s ix

,

q uarts ; strai n off and press the g rai ns th en add one q u art of
, ,

H o ll an d g in o ne g all on o f fre sh ne w c id e r as soo n as i t h as fer

,

m ented t h ree pou nd s of b oil e d hone y t wo ou nc es of g ood g in

, ,

e r and two ou n c es o f pri c kl y ash see d s S to p it tigh t in a

g
.
,

sto ne j u g an d s h ak e i t t h ree or fou r t i mes a d ay for a we e k

, ,

and i t is fi t for u se .
F or di ffi c u l ties of the kid ne ys or b l add er , or d ropsy , and c o ld
fee t and h and s, o r i rre g u l a ri ti e s i n the m e nstr u al di sc h arges,
and for c onsti pati on o f the b o we l s, t h i s w i l l pro v e a v al u ab l e

arti c l e, w h e n e ver u se d .

L EO N T O DO N TA RA X A C U M .
—Diu re tic s c on
t in n e d .
D a n d eli on.
DIU RET I C , T ON I C , A P ERI EN T , A N D H Y D RA G O G U E.
F or d ropsy— to c or rec t t he liv er an d d ig est iv e organ s.

L EO N T O D O N T A RA X A C U M . F ol i a, Ra dix . T he l eaves and

C a ly x , d oub l e . Rec ep tacl e, nak e d . P app u s, sti pi tate,
‘

root.
l m ose . S c a e, o ne flo we red . L ea v es , ru n c i nate .
p u p
-

T hi s pl ant is n atu ral iz ed , and is a g en us of fi ve spec i es i nd i

genou s to Europe .

T he l eon tod on is a pere nn i al h erb ac e ou s pl ant w i th a fusi , ,

for m root T he l eave s are l ong pinn atifi d r u nc i nate , w i th

.
, ,

t ooth e d d i v i si ons, smooth and of a d ar k g re en c ol or

, , T he .

flo wer ste m ri ses six or e igh t i nc h es h igh or more, from the ,

m id st of the l eaves I t is n ak e d , e re c t, si mpl e smooth and hol

.
,

l ow and term i nates b y a l arge y e ll ow fl owe r w hi c h c l oses at

, ,

n igh t and e x pan d s i n the m orn i ng T he c al x is d ou b l e smooth

.
, ,

w i t h the outer sc al es b e nt d ownward s T he fl ore ts are lig u .

l ate n ume ro us an d tooth e d at th e ir e x tre mi ti es

,
T he Re c e pta .

c le is pu nc tate and c on v e x T he seed d own sti pi tate and at

. -

m aturi ty is so l igh t and feath ery as to b e e asily b l own away

w i th the l east b re at h of air w i th the see d s attac h ed and is thus ,

t ranspl ante d f rom one soi l to anoth er T he pl ant h as a milky . ,

b i tteri sh j u i c e di ff use d t h rough ou t al l its parts w h i c h e x u d es

,

w h en it is wou nd e d Wh en v e ry y ou ng the le aves are b l anc h

.

e d or b eau ti ful ly w hi te A ful l g ro wn and fresh root is fre

. .

quentl y more th an a foot l ong and as thi c k as the li ttl e fi nger .

 M A TERIA M ED I C A . 665

l d
s e n er, rou n d and t aper n i g , ful l of a m ilky, b i tte ri sh j ui c e , of a

b ro wn l
c o or o u twar b u t w hi te w i thi n , h av i ng a c ord ru n
dl y ,

n i n g t h rou gh t he c e n tre . Wh e n d ry, it is m uc h wri nkl ed,

s h run k and b ri ttl e , a nd on b e i ng b rok e n prese nts a s h i n i n g , t e

si nons frac t ure . I t has a swe e ti sh b i tte r, h e rb ac eous taste . It -

yi e ld s its medi c al prope rti es to boili ng water.

M e d ic al u ses — T he
d and el i on is di ure ti c ton i c and aperi , ,

e nt and has a di re c t ac t i on u o n the li v e r and k id ne s e k c it

, p y ,

i ng t h e m w h e n l an g u id to ac ti on
,
I t is most appl i c ab l e to he
,
.

pati c di se ases and d eran ge me nt o f the digesti ve o rg ans ge ne

,

r al l y . I n c h ron i c i nfl am mati on of the l i v e r and spl ee n in c ases ,

o f d e fi c i e nt b i l i ary sec re ti o ns and i n d ro si c al affe c t i ons of the
p ,

ab d o m i nal v i sc e ra it is c a ab l e of b e i n g v e ry b en e fi c i al if
p , pro ,

pe rl y appli ed F rom e x peri e nc e we c an spe ak d e c id edly i n its

.

fa vo r .I t is u su al ly gi ve n in the form of e x trac t, d e c oc ti on o r ,

sy ru p .

F o u r o u nc es of the g ree n root or two of [the d ry may b e , ,

b oil ed in a q uar t of wate r d own to a pi n t and a w i negl assful , ,
b e gi ven six or e igh t ti mes a d ay .

S Y RU P op DA N D EL I O N S .
—F 0 r D r op sy or S tr a ng u ary .
T ake of fre s h
g ath ere d d an d e li ons root and top one pound , , ,
r i f d ry t wo pou n d s of d warf e ld e r g ree n two
, ) , p o u nd s
(or , , ,
d ry a poun d and a h al f )one poun d e ac h of g ree n strawb e rry
, ,

and pe ac h l e av e s o f g re e n
parsl e y root and top h al f a pou nd ;
, , ,

b ru i se all t h e se art i c l e s t h o rou ghl y an d pu t th e m i n to fo u r g al ,

l ons of w ater and si mmer t h e m d own to th ree S trai n off and

, .

s we e ten w i t h g oo d s u g ar put i t i n to a c l e an k e ttl e and si mme r

,

t ill the sc u m ri se s and th e n re mo ve it T h e n take h al f a pound .

of
pu mpki n se e d s t h re e fou rth s of a pou n d of water me l on
,

see d s fo ur ou nc e s o f j u n i pe r b e r ri es an d two o u nc es of b i tte r

, ,

root ; pu l v eriz e fi n e a nd ad d t h e m to the sy r u

p w h en it c om »

m e nces to b oil whi c h it sh ou l d c onti n u e to d o for ab ou t fi ve

,

m i nu tes afte r th e y are add ed ; t h e n se t off ski m it, and add one ,
g all on of the b e st H ol l an d g in .

Dose from a fou rth to a gl ass se v eral t i mes a d ay

, , .

I f t h i s d oes n ot start the wate r, i t is d ou b tfu l wh e th e r any

t h i n g wil l I t is a powe rful h yd rag og ue di u re ti c di aph o re ti c
.
, , ,
and m od e rate l y sti mu l an t I t will ope rate mo re e ffec tu all y if
.
,
t he pati e nt b e i n b e d and pe rspi rat i on e x c i te d b y taki ng stimu
,

lants and b y h av i n g at the fee t a ste ami ng stone or j ug of hot

,

w ate r . Wh il e u nde r thi s operati on, g reat c are sh ould b e tak en

to preve nt c atc h i ng c old .
666 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

J UN I P ERU S C OM M UN I S .
—D iu r e t ic s c o ntinue d .

Ju n ip er .
DIU RET I C , A N T I S C O RB U T I C , S L IG H TL Y S T IM U L A N T A N D
,
T ON IC .

F or all di ffi c u l ties of t he kid ney s, stran g uary , g rav el , c al c ul us , an d dr opsy .

J U N I P ERU S C OM M U N I S B a cc a — the b erri es L ea ves in . .

,

t h ree s spre adi ng mac ron ate l on g e r th an the b e rry

, , , .

T he j u n ip er is an e ve rg ree n sh r ub u su all y sm all b ut ofte n , ,

attai n i n g to t he h e igh t of te n or t we l ve fe e t w i t h nu merou s a nd ,

spreadi ng b ranc h e s T he l e aves a re smal l and n arrow m u c h

.
,

l on ge r th an t he fru i t sh arpl y poi nted of a d ee p g reen c ol or

, , ,
spre adi n g and attac h e d to t he b ran c h es i n t h ree s
, I t has a g lo .

b ul ar b e rry forme d of the fleshy sc al e s o f the ame nts, and h as

,

t h re e ang ul ar se e d s .

T he s h r u b is ind ig in ou s and g rows in N e w Je rse y from , ,

w h e nc e the b erri e s are b rou gh t to m arke t b u t are n ot as strong ,

as t h ose b rou g ht fro m F ran c e and I tal y T he b e rri es i mpart .

t h e i r v i rtue s to w ate r an d al c oh ol , and a re muc h u se d b y di stil

l ers in maki n g H oll and g in .

M ed ical u ses — T he b e rri e s are the onl y part of the tree use d
as me di c i ne , and are a st i m ul an t a nd di ure ti c Wh e n e x ten .

siv e l y u se d it c re ate s a di sag re eab l e se nse of i rri tati on in the

,

u r i nary passag es T he b e rri e s are u se d to assi st more po we r

.

fu l d i u re ti c s i n c ase s o f d ro psy T h e y h ave al so b ee n use d in .

sc orb u ti c an d cu taneou s di se ase s and as a ton i c in c orre c t i ng ,

digesti on J u ni pe r may b e tak e n i n i nfusi on

. B ru i se tw o .

o u nc e s and pu t it i nto a q u art o f b oi li n g wate r an d ste e p i t fo r

,

hal f an h ou r ; w h e n c oo l m ak e it a c on stan t d ri n k u n l ess b ad

, ,

e ffec ts s h ou l d resu l t fro m i ts e x c essi v e use ; w hi c h w il l b e fe l t ,

if any, in the u rethra or u ri nary passag es .

A S T RO N G DIU RET I C S Y RU P .

T ak e of j uni pe r b erri es popl ar b ark , an d water mel on o r ,

u m ki n seed s e ac h h al f a po u n d h e m l oc k b ou gh s one pou nd ;

p p , ,

b rui se all the arti c l e s tog e th e r an d b o il the m in two g al l on s of ,

u re n e w c id er for h al f a n h our ; strai n off and swee te n w i th

p ,

b o il e d h o ne y ; th e n add h al f a pou nd of g ree n roots o f h orse t a -

di sh h al f a pou nd of pu l ve riz e d m ustard see d and h al f a gal

, ,

lon of b est H oll and g in L et it stan d in a s tone j ug for two or

.

t h ree d ay s b e i ng o fte n sh ak e n wh e n it is fi t for u se

, , .

. Dose a gl ass two o r t h re e ti mes a d ay or at di sc re ti on It

, , .

wil l start an ac ti v e c i rc ul ati on and pe rspi rati on th rou gh the

wh ole b od y and i ts di u reti c prope rti es wi ll o perate ad mi rab l y
,

in al l c ases o f d ropsy strang uary, g rave l , and i rre g ul ar men

,

struation.
668 tu rn TH O M S O N ma

T hi s is a re med y th at sh ou l d b e re me mb ered b y e ver y

F re sh y east m ay b e mix e d w i th c h arc oal pu l ve riz ed and ap
li d to u trid so re s o r m ay b e tak e n i n wardly, w h e n t h e re is
p e p ,

dang e r of mo rtifi c ation e i th er i n b ody or l i mb .

U LM US F U LV A .

S l ipp ery Elm — Red Elm .

EM OL L I EN T , T O N I C , D EM U L C EN T , A N D
'
-

Internally for d y se n te ry , & c ., externall y fo r inflamm ation.

U L M U S F U L V A . L ib er — the
i nne r b ark T he b r a n ches sc a .
,

b rou s w h i ti sh
,
L ea v es o v ate o b l o ng a cum i nate ne arl y equ al
.
-

, ,

at t he b ase u ne q uall y se rrate pu b e sc e n t b oth sid es ve ry se ab

, , ,

ro us . B u d stomen tose wi th v e ry de n se y e l l o wi s h wool F l ow

, .

e rs sessi l e I t m ay al w ys be k nown b y c h e w i ng the b ark ,

. a

w h i c h is v ery m uc il ag i no u s .

T he s lipp ery elm is a l ofty tree from fi fty to on e h un d re d ,

fe e t high and a nat i ve of the A meri c an forest

,
I t is o fte n fou nd .

in the n orth e rn states b ut fl o u ri sh es b est west of the A l l eg h e n y

-

m ou ntai ns T he i nner b ar k is wh i ti sh , and is the on l y part

.

u se d as medi c i ne .

M ed i ca l u ses — S li ppery e lm b ark is an e x ce l l e nt mu c ilagi

no us sub stanc e a ppli c ab l e i n al l cases w h e re t h i s c l ass of m e
,

dic i nes may b e u se d I t is a v al uab l e arti c l e in d y se ntery

. ,

d i arrh oea and di se ases of the u ri nary passag e s

,
I t h as b ee n .

e m pl oye d i n l e prou s and h e rpe ti c e ru pti ons p rob ab l y fro m its ,

g re at d e mul c ent properti es I t is h ighl y n u tri ti ous, an d we are

'
.

told t h at peo ple ha v e ac tu al l y sub si ste d on i t for some ti me ,

w i t h out an y ot he r food .

T he i nne r b ark s h oul d b e c are ful ly an d t h orou g hl y d ri ed

'

and pu l v e ri z e d as fi n e as w h e at flou r I f for i nte rn al u se mix .

,

a te aspoon fu l of it Wi th as m uc h su g ar add a l i ttl e c ol d w ate r ,

and sti r t he m we l l tog e t h e r and t h e n ad d hot wat e r e no u g h to

,

re d uce i t to the de si re d c onsi ste nc y Th i s is an e x c e ll e nt re . ~

medy for put ri d sore t h roat afte r h av i ng used N o 3 to c le ar ,

.
,

away the c an k e r T he e l m se oths the sores and prod u ces a

.
,

c omfortab le se nsati on .

M ak e i t of a suffi c i e nt t hi n ness and i t is one of the b est of ,

d ri nks to b e used c onstantl y b y the si c k .

S l i ppe ry e l m is mu c h u sed i n the Th omson i an prac ti ce for

ou l ti ces, for whi c h purpose it has n ot its e q u al
p .

P O U L T I C ES .

P u t one tab lespoon f ul of fine g i nger in to h a l f a pi nt of hot

water, then stir ia B oston or spong e c rac k ers th at h av e b een
-
670 TH E r n o n s o m ari
'

M i n ous S y rup , f or We akly F em a les .

uci l ag

T ake the pi th s of the roo ts of b uck h orn b rak e , b ru i sed ; put -

th e m into a stone po t and ad d wate r, e i th e r c old or hot ; b e at

w i th a spoon u n ti l i t is of t he c o nsi ste nc e of the whi te of an
“

E o o ne al l o n addf t wo pou n ds of wh i te su
e g.
g P ou r off and t ,
g -
’
~

a r o n e q u art b e s t b randy , t wo o u nc es o f pul ve rize d c araway

g ,
se ed , and one g lass of the v ol atil e ti nc tu re .
U se —F or weak , nervous patients, or wome n in c h ild b ed .'

S ES IM U M O RI EN T A LE .

B en n e P l a n t.
M U C I L A G I N OU S , T ON I C , A N D EM O L I EN T .

F or dy sentery , d isord ered b owel s w ith c h ild ren w he n tee thin g — in poul tic es for b u rns , frozen
k
l imb s, whi tl ows, b il es , o ld s o res o f any ind , and g ood t o all ay i nflamm ation.
,

S ES O RI EN T A L E.
IM U M F ol i a, O leu m S em i n u m — the
leav es, and oil of t he seed s.
T he b en n e p l a n t o f the U n i ted S tates is a b ranc h i ng , an n ual
l an t, fro m fo ur to fi v e fe et h igh , ha v ing o pposi te pe ti ol ate
p
l eaves, v ar yi ng i n th e i r sh ape c onsi de rab l y . I ts o wers are fl
re ddi sh w hi te , and sta nd u pon sh o rt ped u n c l es n e ar the inse r
t i o n on the angle of the l ea ves w i t h the s tal k . I t g ro ws pri nc i

p all y i n t he sou th ern state s. T he seed s are

parc h e d b y t he ne

roes, a nd use d as food .

g
M e di c a l u s es — T he
d s and l e av es y i e l d a fix ed oil of a
see ,

m u c il agi nou s n ature w h i c h is v e ry u se f ul i n all di seases o f the

,

b owe l s I t has a swee ti s h taste is i n od o rous and some w h at

. , ,

rese mb l es fre sh swe e t o il and m ay b e u se d as a su b sti tu te for i t

,

in all c ase s I t is an e x c el l e nt arti c l e to softe n t he ski n to re

.
,

mov e c rac k s from the h and s or any part of the b ody and for ,

c h afe s e spe c i all y wi th c hild re n

,
.

T he l eave s possess an ab u ndanc e of g u mm y m atte r w h i c h ,

th e y re adily i mpart to wate r; fo rmi ng a v ery ric h m uc il age ,

w h i c h is mu c h u se d as a d ri n k at the so u th in c o mpl ai nts wh ere

d emu l c en ts are use fu l su c h as c h ol e ra i n fan tum c atarrh d i ar
, , ,

r hcs a d y sentery and all di ffi c u l ti es of t he kid ne ys and u ri nary

, ,

assag e s
p .

T wo of the l e aves b eat rapidly in h al f a pi nt of c old w ater

, ,

m ake it v ery mu c il agi nous i n w hi c h way i t is usual l y pre par

,

e d fo r i nte rnal use I f t he l e ave s are d ry th e y m u st b e pu t ia

.
,

to hot wate r.
T h e pu l ve riz ed l eav es. w i th the addi ti o n o f spong e c rac k ers
and a l i ttl e g i ng e r, we t w i th w arm w ate r, m ak e a n e x c e ll ent.

o u l ti c e for b u rns, and all k i nd s o f i nfl amm atory sores

p
 M A TERI A M ED I C A .

A L T H JEA RO S EA .

H olly hock .
M U C I L A G I N OU S .

I n pou lt ic e s—or inter nal ly as a d em ul cent

AL T H zEARos n a F l or es — the fl o we rs T he stem e rec t

. . .

L ea v es rou gh h e art form fi ve to se v e n angl ed c renate

,
-

,
-

,
.

T h i s pl an t is c u l ti vate d in g ard e ns fo r its b eau ty as wel l as ,

m edi c al prope rti es .

M e d i c a l u ses — A te a of the h ol lyh oc k fl owe rs may b e e m

l o ye d i n i nfl a m m at i on o f t he m uc ous m e m b rane o r sore n e ss o f
p
a ny part o f t he a l i m e n tary c an al I t a l so fo rms the m u c ilag i
.

n ou s part o f t he c onse rv e of h ollyh oc k or b read of l i fe T he ,

.

l e av es pul ve riz e d may b e sub sti tute d for sl i ppe ry el m in poul

ti c es .

T RI F O L I U M P RA T EN S E .

Re d C l ov er .
D I S C U T I EN T , S T I M U L A N T , A N D D EM U L C EN T .

F o r c an c e rs , and ot her s c o rb u ti c d iffi c ul ti es.

T RI F O L IU M P RA T EN S E. F l or es, F o l i a — the fl owers an d

l e aves. S ta lk asc e nd i ng , smoothi sh L e afl ets ov ate, su b e n .

-

t i re . S tip u l es awn ed . S p ik es d ense , ov ate L owe r tooth of .

the c a ly x s h orte r t h an the tu b e of the c ore ] , and l ong e r t h an

t he o the r te e t h . I t is too we l l k nown to n e e d a furth er d esc rip
i
t on .

C A N C ER P L A S T ER .

T ake b rass ke ttl e t h at w il l h ol d e igh teen or twenty g al l ons

a

an d fi ll it w i t h t he h e ad s o f red c l ov e r, pre sse d c l ose tog e t h er,

w i th some h e av y s u b stanc e o n t he t op to kee p t h e m d own , and

u r in w ate r t ill the c l o v er is c ov ere d . B i l i t on e h ou r o v e r
p o o

a l i ve l y fi re , t h e n strai n off, and pre ss o u t all the l iq u or from

t he c l ov e r. F il l the k e ttl e ag ai n w i th fresh c l ov er, b oi l in the

l iq uor t h at w as ob tai ne d from t he fi rst b oil i n g, for the same
l e n g th of ti me , and strai n off as b efore, t h e n si mmer it ov er a
s l o w fi re til l it is ab ou t t he c o nsi ste nc e o f tar, w h e n it is fi t for

u se . G re at c are sh oul d b e take n not to b urn it, as th at d estroys

i n a g re at me asu re its v i rtues.
M ed ic a l u se — T hi s sa v e l is
dh esi v e e molli ent and anti
a »
, ,

st y pti c g oo d fo r old sore s c an c e rs so re l i ps 65 0

, , Wh e n used ,
, , .

i t sh ou ld b e spread u pon a pi e c e o f spl i t b l adde r, or on the mem

b ran ous c o ve ri ng o f s ue t l ard , or tal l ow , .
672 m s r n oms o n rm

A RU M T RI P H I L L U M .

Wi ld T ur n ip Wa ke Robi n .

M U C I L A G I N OU S ,
E X P EC T O RA N T , S T IM U L A N T, A N D A N TIS P A S
M O DIC .
‘

F or all d iffi c ul ties of the l ung s, a sth m a , raising b lood , b ronc hial aff ec t ion s of the t hroat, or
of t he m uc o us m em b rane .

A RU M T RI P H IL L U M . Rad ix — t he roo t.

T he wild tu r n ip has a tu b erous pe ren n i al roo t, w h i c h se nd s

u p i n the spri ng a l arg e c ol ore d spath e , fl atte ne d and b e n t at the
t op l ik e a h ood , and su pporte d b y an e rec t, pu rpli sh sc ape .
T h e spat h e has wi t hi n it a c l ub sh ape d spadix , v ari eg ate d , -

rou nd at the e nd . A t the b ase it is su rro u nd e d b the stam e ns,

y
the fe mal e org an s b ei ng b e l ow the m al e T he spath e, spadi x , .

and g e rms, are c on verte d i nto a b u nc h o f sc arl e t b e rr i es. T he

l e aves stan d on l on g sh e ath i ng foot stalk s, and are c om pose d o f -

l e afl ets, pal e r b e ne ath than on the i r u ppe r s urfac e, and i n t i me

b ec omi n g gl au c ou s.
T h e re are se veral v ari eti es o f the aru m, k nown b y the d if
fere nt c ol or of the spat h e , w h i c h i n o ne is w hi te , in anoth er
‘
d ark pu rple , an d i n a third g re e n. T h i s pl ant is a nati ve o f the
U ni te d S tates, g rowi n g in swam ps, al ong di tc h es, and in sh ad y
p l ac e s. A l l pa rts o f t he p l ant are sti m u l ati ng , b u t t he root is

t he on l y part u se d as me d i c ine . T he root is rou n di sh , a nd

fl atte ne d at the top and b otto m, and is c ov e re d wi t h a l oose ,
wri n kl ed , b l ac ki sh e pid e rmi s. I nte rnal ly i t is white and solid .
T he fresh root h as a sligh t od or and is v e ry sti mu l ati ng ,
c re ati ng wh e n c h e we d a b u rn i ng se nsat i on i n the t h roat and
m onth, w hi c h l asts for some ti me , and l eav es a se nse of sore
n ess. T he sti mu l ati ng q ual i ty o f the root is e x tre me l y v ol atil e ,
and is e nti re l y d e st roy e d b y h e at. T he root b e c o mes i n a g re at

m easure i ne rt w h e n d ri ed . I t may b e prese rv e d for m ed i c al

u se , fre sh fo r a y e ar , if b u r i e d i n d ry e art h o r sand .
M e d ic a l u ses — T he wil d turn i p i n i ts fresh s tate is a po we r
f ul sti mu l ant and l oc al i rr i tant, possessi ng the powe r of st im u
l ati ng the sec re ti ons of the l u ng s and ski n . I t is an e x c e l l en t
t hi ng for, pai n i n the b owe l s and c oli c .
I ts pec to ral properti es h ave prov ed h ighl y b e nefi c i al in c ou g hs,
c on su mpti ons o f the l u n g s and asth ma, for w h i c h we h ave use d
i t for mo re t h an fo rty y e ars. T he root sh ould b e d ri ed , pu l ver
ized, and u se d as di re c te d u nd er the h ead o f c ough po wd ers, or
i t may b e gi v en in h one y, in the sy rup of pre se rv es, or in any
o th e r sac c h ari ne m atter, o r i t m ay b e m ad e i nto a paste w i th

hone y or sy ru p, an d u se d in form of c andy , b y l etti ng the su b

stanc e di ssol ve g rad u al l y o n t he to ng ue , so as to di ff use i ts

w armth th rou gh the m outh , and t hus used is g ood for apth ous
sore mouth and th roat.
674 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

p l oy ed i n r
p p
e a ri n g t he c om pos i ti on
p ow d e rs Th e y may b e .

u se d to ad vantag e i n fe v e r and ag ue Th ey wil l usually re .

l i e ve the tooth ac h e b y appl yi ng a l i ttl e of the oil on c otton or

, ,
b y c h e wi ng a c l ove and k ee pi ng it b y the afle c ted tooth
, .

M Y RIS TICA M O S CHA TA .

N u tm eg Tr ee.
T hi s is the tre e w hi c h prod u ces the nu tme g and the mac e .

T he tree g rows in t he East I ndi es .

T he n u tme g m y r ist ic ce n u cl eu s is aromati c anod vne sto

, , , ,
m ac h i o and astri ng e nt
,
.

M ed ic a l u ses N u tme g s may b e u se d i n d i arr h oea and d y

.
-

se n ter
y w h e re t h e i r astri ng e nt property o fte n re nd e rs th e m se r
,
‘

v ic e ab le .T h e y may al so b e e mpl oye d in al l c ass wh ere an y of

the aro m ati c s are u se fu l an d are m ost b e ne fi c i al i n sy ru ps for
,

at i n t wh r e we akly
p e s o a .

M A C E,

Is the m iddl e b ark o f the n u tmeg . Wh e n d ri e d , i t is of a

’

l i ve l y ye l l ow reddi sh c ol or ; its q ual i ti es are n e arly the same as

t h ose o f the n u tme g , b u t it is l ess astri n g e n t. I t may b e b oil ed
in m ilk , and is v e ry useful for pati e n ts w ho are weak and d eb i
l itate d .
M ed ic a l u ses .— M ac e may b e used i nstead of nu tme g , and
is to most peopl e m ore ag reeab l e .

M Y RT U S P IM EN TA .

A llsp i ce Tr ee.
’

T he frui t of the sp c e i tree is mod eratel y w arm , of an ag reea

b le fl av or
muc h rese mb l i ng
,
th at o f a m ix ture of c l oves, c i nn a
m on and n u tme g s.

M ed i c a l u s es . — A ll spi c e may b e c ompou nd e d wi th b i tters

and po wd e rs, to gi v e t h e m an ag reeab l e taste . I t is al so sligh t
ly a sto mac hi c .

B oil ed i n m ilk , it is good for c h ild re n w i th the b owe l c om

l ai n t w hil e te e t hi ng , also fo r re l ax and dyse nter y, and for we ak
p '
l y fe males, if it is mad e i n to sy rup.
 M A TERI A M ED I C A .

L AU RU S t HN N A M OM U M ;
C i nn a m on .
Thi s is the n ame of the tree w hi c h afford s the c i n namon
b ar k. C i n namon b ark is on e of the most g rate fu l of the aro ~

m atic s I t has a mod e rate l y pu ng e n t taste , acc ompani e d wi th

‘
.

a c o nsid erab l e d eg re e o f s wee tness .

M e d ic a l u ses —C i nnamon is a g ood c ord i al c armi nati ve and ,

re sto rat i v e u se fu l to b e m ix e d w i t h t he d i e t o f the si c k

,
I t is .

al so g ood to c o m po und i n S pi c e b i tte rs & c and w i l l c h ec k v o ,

.
,

m i ti ng and si c kness at the sto m ac h

,
I t m ay b e u se d in su b .

s tan c e ,pu l ve riz ed i n d e c oc ti on o r in form o f e sse nc e

, L ik e
, .

t he pre c e di ng a rti c l e s the c i n na mon is g ood fo r di arrh oea and

,

dyse n tery e i the r c o m pou nd ed i n sy rup b oil e d in milk mad e

, , ,
i n to a tea, or c h e we d i n sub stan c e .

A V A L U AB L E A N D P O W ERFU L
A RO M A T H D C O M P O U N D,
F or Weak , c ilita ted P a ti e n ts, e i the r M a l e or F em ale .

T ak e o f c o ves, n u t
l me gs, u n c orn root, and
i
g old en se al eac h ,

t wo ou n c e s ; of mac e a ll spi c e c i n namo n g u m arab i c and re d

, , , ,

oak ac orn s di vested o f t h e i r sh e l l s e ac h fou r ou n c es c ay e n ne

, , ,
h l f l e riz e t h e m al l v ery fi ne tog e th er
p pp
e e r a an ou n c e ;
p u v ,

t h e n pu t th e m i nto t wo q u arts o f b o ili ng wate r si m me r and sti r ,

t h e m we l l tog e th e r ; the n ad d h al f a g al lon o f g ood J a mai c a

ru m on e g all on of g ood port w i ne fou r pou nd s of l oaf su g ar
, , , ,

and two pou nd s of b uc k h orn b rak e a nd one pou n d o f g re e n

-

c o m fre y b ot h w e l l c le anse d an d pu l ve riz ed ; put th e se art i c l es

“

al l i nto a j u tog e th e r sto i t t i h t and l e t i t b e sh ak e n t wo o r

g p g
, ,
t h re e t i me s a d ay for a w e e k .

T ak e from a tab l e spoonf ul to h al f a gl ass F e mal es c annot .

fi nd an e q u al to t h i s powe rful aro mati c ton i c for we ak ness o f ,

th e b ac k sid e or stom ac h
,
.

B e c arefu l of the stre n g t h of thi s rem ed y I t m ay b e too .

o w e rf u l f or man y w ho are v e ry we akl i h c ase s c om

p y n su c
m e nc e w i th h al f a tab l espoonfu l arid i nc re ase the q uanti ty as ,

t he pati e nt c an b e ar it F or fl uor al b us, or any oth er fe mal e

.

weakne ss t h i s re medy is u nri v al l ed

,
.

N ote — I f t hi s c ompou n d is fou nd to b e too strong; ad d one

q u art more o f J am ai c a r u m , and h al f a g all on o f port wi ne
T he stre ng th m ay th u s b e i nc reased o r di mi ni sh ed , to su i t the
c i rc u mstanc e s of the c ase .
 '

6376 r u n r n o M s 0 1m m

B a lsa m s .

P IN US BA LS A M EA .

F ir Tr ee— B Tree .
’
al sa m

B A L S A M I C A N D H EA L I N G .

F or co u g hs , aff e c tions o f the l u ng s, and b oth i n ternal and e xternal sore ness.

P IN U S BA L S AM EA .— L ‘
ea v es flat, e m ar
gi nate or i
e n t re ,
g la

c ou s b e n eat h , su b e re c t -

,
ab ove re c urve spread i ng
. C on es c y -

lind ric , erec t. B r acts m uc ronate ,

ab b rev ia ted , ob ovate, l ong -

s u b se r1 n late .
-

T he fi r tree g rows wild in t he A me ri c an fo rests, pre fe rri ng

d am p c old swam ps.
M edi c a l u ses — T he b al sam fi r is a transpare nt l iq u id , w hi c h
c ol l ec ts i n b li ste rs o n the t ru n k a nd b ra nc h e s. I t has a pl e a
s an t od or, and I S sligh tl y b i tte r. I t m ay b e profi tab ly e mpl oye d
as a pl aster o n wo u n d s o r c uts, as i t i s v ery he al i ng . A de c c o
t i on o f t he b ark o r t he b al sam m ay b e u se d i n al l c ase s of 1 n
t e rnal sore ness, su c h as dyse nte ry and affe c ti ons of the l u ng tD
s.

I t is pec ul i arl y serv i c e ab l e i n c h ole ra i n fantu m, and is on e of

t he pri nc i pal i ng red i e n ts of the y e l lo w sal ve .

C O P A IF ERJE O F F I C I N A L I S .

B a lsam C op a i v a .
Th i s is the n ame of a tree g ro wi ng in B razil , from w h i c h the
b al sam o f c opai v a is o b tai n ed . Whe n f resh , th i s b al sam is a
c ol orl e ss fl u id , b u t i n t i me it ac q u i re s a y e l l owi s h ti ng e . I t is
o f an ag ree ab l e sm e l l , a nd b i tte ri sh b i ti ng taste , w h i c h is v e r y

p e r m ane nt on the tong u e .

M ed i c a l u ses —Th i s msy b e u se d for the same purpose s as

.

t he fi r b al sam, b u t 13 not as g ood . I t has b ee n m u c h e mpl oy ed

i n the v e nere al , and in d i se ase s of the u ri nary org an s.
F or a d ose , t ak e from six d rops to a teaspoo n ful .

A n t a ci ds.
F OR S OU R S T OM A C H O R H EA RT B U RN .

-
T he a r tic l es u n d e r thi s h ea d shoul d c om m e n d t he m sel v e s to al l p er sons
t ha t ar e tr ou b l e d w ith a d er a ng e d sta te of the st om a c h a n d d ig sstiv e or g an s

a n d e sp e c iall y t o hig h l iv e r s a nd e p ic u r e swh o g ratify the ir taste ra the r t han

t he c on veni en c e o f th e st om a c h and or g an s o f dig e stio n. T he c o nse q ue n c e s

ar e a sour s t om ac h , flatul e nc y , d y sp e ptic aff e c tion s, g ou t, c or p ul e nc y, a r te rial

a nd n erv o u s i rrit ab il ity ; all o f w hic h ar e p rod u c e d for the w ant of or der and

re g ul ar ity w ith r eg ar d to d ie t , r e st and e xer ci se .

6 78 r u e TH O M S O N IA N

M e d i c a l uses — M g
a n es a i m ay b e
l y e d as an antac id emp o

and l ax ati ve, i n d yspe psy si c k h ead ac h e g ou t and all c om

, , ,

pl ai nts ac c om pan i ed w i th so urn e ss of th e stomac h or c osti ve

n e ss of t h e b owe l s .

I t is gi ve n i n f orm of powd e rs Dose from ten gra i n s to a

.
,

t e aspoon fu l Th i s re medy is v e ry u se fu l for fe ma l e s in u tero

.

e stat i on to c orre c t t he ac idi ty o f t he sto m ac h atte nd an t u pon

g
s u c h a state and has a te n d e n c y to k e e p the b o we l s re g u l ar
,

from its g e ntl y l ax ati v e prope rti es .

P O T A S S JE C A RB O N A S IM P U RU S .

P e a r l ash, or i mp u r e C a r b on a te
f o P ota s sa .
'

P e arl ash is of a w h i te c ol or u sual l y t i ng e d w i th b l u e . It

has a b urn i ng al kali ne taste b u t n o sme ll I t is sol u b l e . in
wate r.
P e arl and potash e s are proc u re d from wood b y l ixi v i ati on
and su b se q ue n t e v aporati o n .

M edic a l u ses — A so l u ti on o f pe arl ash may b e u se d i nste ad

,

o f any o f the o ther al kal i e s, b ut is mo re c orrosi v e . I t m ay b e

re are d for u se si m il ar to l i me , a nd t ak e n i n ab o u t hal f the
p p
q u an ti ty , o r le t the stre ng th b e red uc e d to the ab il ity of the sto
m ac h to b ear it.

'‘
P O I A S S JE B I C A RB O N A S .

1 S al mra tu s, or B i c a r b on ate f
o P ot a ss a .

T h i s arti c l e is the sam e as the prec edi ng one on l y re d u ced ,

t o a g re ater d eg re e o f pu r i ty .

It is u su all y in t he for m o f w h i te c h rystal s h av i ng the form ,

o f flat i rre g u l ar pri s ms I t is pe rfe c tl y i nod orou s

. It is so l u ..

b le i n wate r b u t not i n al c o h ol .

M ed i ca l u ses — I r m ay b e gi v e n in sol u ti on formed b y add ,

ing to it fou r t i mes its b u l k of c ol d wate r fo r ac idi ti es o f the ,

S to mac h and in all c ases w h e re any o f the al k ali e s are re c om

m e nd e d Dos e, fro m a te a to a tab l e spoonfu l
. .

CA LX .

L im e.
L i me is a c o or e ss su b stanc e ,
l l i nod orous and o f a d isag reea ,

b le al k al i ne taste I t m ay b e pre pared in the fol l o w i ng m an

.

n er : T ak e of li mestone (C arara marb l e ) or oyste r sh e ll s

, ,

we ll c l eansed in hot water, any d esi red quanti t y ; pul ve ri ze

 M A TERI A M ED I C A . 679

and h eat in a c ruc i b l e over a hot fi re for o ne h ou r or til l the

c arb o n i c ac id is e n ti re l y d ri ve n off w h i c h m ay b e k nown b y
,

t he add i ti o n of a l i ttl e ac e ti c ac id ; if no b u b b l es of g as pass off

it is s uffi c i e n tl y h e ate d .

T o form li me i n to a sol u ti on for u se : add one ou nc e of l i me

to one q u art o f pu re soft w ate r sti r th e m we l l tog e th e r c over
, ,

t he v e sse l an d le t i t stan d for three h o u rs K ee p the so l uti on

.

t og e th e r w i th the u ndi ssol ve d li me , in a b ottl e c l ose l y c ork e d

fro m the air.
L i m e wate r is an tac id , toni c , and astri n ge n t .

M ed i ca l u ses . I t is u se fu l i n ac idi ty o f t he stom ac h , di ar

-

r hoea, and in so me c ase s of the g rave l . B y gi v i n g it in m il k its

d i sag re eab l e t aste is e n ti re ly c ov e re d . I t is an e x c e l l ent wash
in c ase of sc ald h e ad o r an y o t h e r pu trid or u l c erous sores.
Dose, from on e to th ree tab lespoonsfu l .

I mp or ta n t to b e rem em b e r ed .

N . B . —l f at an
y t i me h an y
ese of t
al k al i e s sh ou l d b e tak e n

b y ac c id e n t or d e sig n i n suc h stre ng th as to c re ate g re at dis

,

t re ss in the stom ac h t h e y c an b e n e u tral iz e d in a m o me nt b y

,

t aki n g a s mal l d rau gh t o f v i ne g ar o r c id e r T h ose in the h ab i t

.

o f u s i n g t h e m sh o u ld al way s k ee p in m i nd t hi s c orrec t i v e pr i n

c ipl e .

CA US TICS .

A N D T H EI R I N F L U EN C E U P ON F EV ER S O RES A N D IN F L A M
M A T O RY S WEL L IN G S G EN ERA L L Y .

I n the treatme n t of b oi l s, fe l ons, whi tl ows, or an y inflamma

t ory g at h e ri ng , w h e re , o n ac c ou nt of its b e i ng d e e ply seated
o r t he fi rm te x tu re of t he ski n , t he matte r is wi th di ffi c u l t y

b ro ugh t to the surfac e , c austi c s are ofte n serv ic ab le ; b ut ih

ste ad o f u si ng c orrosi v e or poi so nous su b stanc e s, a li ttl e pu n k

o r sl o w m atc h , the siz e of a pe a, i f b urnt u pon t he c e ntre of

the d i se ase d pl ac e , answe rs e v e ry purpose ; afte r whi c h apply

a so fte n i ng po u l ti c e to e ase the pai n and prom ote su ppurati on .

T he m et h od of pe rform i n g thi s o perati o n is as fol l ows T ak e

se v e ral pi e c e s of c l oth , we t w i th c ol d water, b i ts o f an o ld hat,

o r so me thi n g o f the l i k e , l e t a h ol e b e c u t t h ro ugh t h e m the

s iz e o f the pu n c tu re y o u w i sh to m ake , and appl y th e m to the

affe c te d part t h e n fi l l t he h ol e w i t h a pie c e of pun k an d se t fi re

t o i t. I f onc e b u rni ng d oes not mak e t he pu nc ture d ee p e nough ,
re pe at it ti l l it d oe s. T h e n apply a pou l ti c e and the re li ef is
c ertai n an d al most i m me di ate . Thi s is the safest and mild est
c au sti c t h at is in u se. War ts may al so be c ured in the same
w ay.
680 TH E T H O M S O N I A N

T he i ndi c ati ons th at sh ow the n e c essi ty of th i s treatment are

an e x c e ssi ve di st re ss e x te nsi on and hig h i nfla m mati on and a
,
wan t o f pe rspi rati on in the d i se ase d parts I n all g ath eri n gs .

of an i nfl a mm ato ry n at u re w h e re the m atte r e sc a e s wi th d iffi

p
c u l ty to the su rfac e w e c an te sti fy to the b e ne fi c i al resu l ts ari s
,

i ng fro m the u se of t hi s c austi c foll o wed b y the appli c ati on of ,

a softe n i n g ou l ti c e fro m o u r o w n e x pe r i e n c e , h av i ng e m
p ,

pl oy e d the same treatment on on rse lf in c ase o f a fev e r sore .

N B B e fore appl yi ng th i s c austi c le t a c ord o r h an dk erc hi e f

. .

b e ti e d v e ry tigh t l y arou n d t he l i mb o n b o t h sid es of the sore ,

to pre ve n t as m uc h as possi b l e the pai n from b e i ng c omm un i

c ate d b e y on d w h e re the a l i ti on i m ad e B s o d o i n g i t
pp c a s y .

c a u ses b u t l i ttl e i n
p a .

S imp le S u bsta n ces.

H a v ing t hus fa r g iv e n th e m ost im p or t an t ar ti cl e s in our p r ac tice , w e sub

jo in som e si m p l e r e m e d ie s, w hi c h m ay b e p r ofi ta b l y u se d in m a ny c a se s,

a nd w hic h m ay b e su b sti t ut e d f or t he m or e im p or ta nt on e s wh e n th ey cannot

b e ob ta i ne d .

S imp le Em et ics '

V ERB EN A H A S T A T A .

B l u e a n d Whi te V er v a i n .

SL IG H T EM ET I C , B I T T ER T O N I C , A N D C O U N T ER P O I S O N .

F o r an e m e t ic , in d ec oc t ion . F or po is on, b oil e d in mil k .

V ERB EN A HA S TA TA . H er b a — the h erb .

Ere c t tal l . L ea v es l anc eolate, ac u min ate ,

g ash se rrate
-

; low
e r o ne s so me t i mes g ash h astate S p ik es l i ne ar, i l d,
an c e su b
.
p
-

i mb ri c ated .

Thi s h erb g rows v e ry c omm on in ne gl ec te d fi eld s ,

t
p ures,
as
65 0 .

n—
'

M ed i c a l V e rm i n is g ood as an e meti c , and in t h at re

m ea

s e c t ran k s n e x t to l ob e l i a
p T h e t w o ma
y b e m ix
. e d , or the

v er v ai n may b e u se d al one wh e n l ob e l i a c ann ot b e had . M a

n y b ad c ase s o f c o nsu m pti o n h av e b e en c ure d b t h i s arti c l e .
y
I t is al so a g ood c ounte r poi son .
6 82 TH E T H O M S O N P AN

S i mp le S tim u la n ts .

T he foll owing ar tic l e s m ay b e u se d wh e n N O . 2 c ann ot b e ha d, i n. g iving.

cour se s of m edici ne .

M EN T H A V I RI DI S
S p ea r m i n t .
S T IM U L A N T, A ROM A T I C , A N T I S P A S M OD IC , T ON I C, A N D A S
T RI N G EN T.

In d ec oc tie n , to prom ote perspiration and ease pain.

“

M EN V I RI D I S . H er b a — the h e rb . S p ik es O b l ong , in
THA

terru pte d . L e a v es l an c eo l ate , n ak e d , se rr ate , sessi l e . S ta m e n s :

l ong e r th an the c orol.

’

damp pl ac es,
“

S pea rm in t grows in l ow, and b y t he s id e of

b rook s.
M ed i ca l — T he wh ol e h erb m a b e c u t w h en in fu l l
u ses
“

y .

b l oom , an d d ri ed , to b e u sed free l y as a pl e asan t d ri n k in any

c ase of s i c k ness. T ak e it i n a warm d ee oc tion . I t e xpe ls w i nd
’
i v

from the stomac h , and pro motes perspir ati o n. I t is an e x c e l

'

l ent arti c l e to se ttl e the sto mac h , and stop v o mi ti ng . I f after; ‘

t a ki ng an e me ti c v i ol e n t v o mi ti n g c on ti nu es or if it is c aused}
b y an y oth e r means, a str on g te a of t hi s h e rb wil l usu all y stop its .

M EN T H A ‘
P IP ERI T A —
. S tim u l an ts c on t inu e d .

P epp er m i n t.

S TIM U L A N T, A
‘
ROM A T IC, W A RM , A N D S L IGH TL Y B I T T ER;

T o: b e "

e m pl oy e d m uc h the same as spearmi nt .

M EN THA H er b a — the h erb . S pik es ob tuse, ih

P IP ERI T A . “

te rrupte d b e l o w. L eav es su b o v ate , some wh at gl ab ro u s, pe ti - - s

O l ed . S tem g lab rous at the b ase .

-

P e ppermi nt is u su al l y fou nd al ong ru nn i ng s treams o f wate r.

.
:
.
-
.

It is v e ry od orous, and of a warmi ng natu re .

‘

M ed ica l u ses .
- —l t m ay b e
d to promote perspi rati on b ut u se
’

itS fore e is soon e x h austed I n ligh t c ol ds, and ? slig ht attac k s

'
r »
. -

of di sease , a free u se O f t hi s h e rb at the same ti m e b e i ng war m

’

f
,

in b ed ; will o fte n effec t a c ure A n oil is distilled f ro m it t h at

'
' i
. ,

may b e take n in warm water, or on l oaf sug ar; for pai n in the
'
‘
e

s tomac h and bowe l s

‘
.
 M A TERIA M ED I C A . 6 83

H EDEO M A P U L EG I O I DES .
—S timu l a nts c o n ti

nu e d .

P e nn y r oy a l .

S TIM U L A N T, A RO M A T I C , WIT H AP U N G EN T, M IN T L I -
KET A S T E .

F or fl at ul e nc e , c ol ic , s ic k sto m ac h , an d t o r eg u l ate the ac tion o f oth er m edi c ines .

H ED EO M A P U L EG I O I D ES . II er b a — the h e rb . P u b esc ent.

L e a ves O b l o ng , se rrate . P e d u n c l es ax ill ary , w h orl e d . L o wer
l ip o f t he c al y x wi th t wo c il i ate b ri stl es. F i v e or si x i nc h es
h igh . I t g rows b y the w ay sid e and in neg l ec te d fi e ld s in all
p a rts o f t he c o u n t ry . I t is w arm in
g an d c l e ansi n g to t he sto
. _

m ac h , and pro mote s pe rspi rati o n.

M e d ic a l u s es . is a val u ab l e arti c l e, to b e u se d
—P e n n y royal
i n d e c oc ti o n free ly in al l c ase s of si c k ne ss, and espec i all y w h il e
t he pati e n t is u nd e r t he O pe rati on of a c o u rse of med i c i n e . It
i s g ood to warm t he sto mac h , to e x pe l w i nd , pro mote pe rS pira
t i on, a nd if take n in t he b e gi nn i ng o f a c old it w i ll b re a k i t u p.
A n o il is di stil l e d from the h erb , w hi c h m ay b e used for t he
sa me u r oses as the d e c oc ti o n .
p p

C O CHL ERI A A RM O RA C I A .
— S tim u l an ts c on ti
n ue d .

H ors e Ra d ish .

S T I M U L A N T, A RO M A T I C , S T OM A C H IC A N D P U N G
, EN T.
T o prom ote appe ti te , and assist dig es ti on.

C O C H L ERI A A RM Ra dix — the root Radi c al l eave s

O RA C I A . .

l anc e ol ate c re nate c aul i ne o ne s g ashe d

, .

I t g ro ws w ild i n so me pl ac e s b u t is pri nc i pall y c u l tivate d in,

g ard e ns I t fl o u ri sh e s b est in a d amp so i l

. .

M ed i c a l u s es —T he roo ts m ay b e gi v e n to pro mo te dig es

.

t i o n pi c k l e d in v i ne g a r o r g rate d i n wa te r to re m o ve i
, , p n in
a

t he sto m ac h an d b o we l s T he l e av e s are so me ti mes appl i e d

.

e x te rn a ll y to e ase pai n b u t t h e y are apt to rai se a b l i ste r

, .

S A TU REJA H O RT EN S I S .
-
S timu l a nts c onti nue d .

S u m m er S a v ory .

S T IM U L A N T, G EN TL Y CA RM IN ATIV E, A N D A RO M A T IC.

T o p romo te pe rspira tio n , an d assist t he o pe ra ti on of e m e t ic s.

S ATU H O RT EN
REJ A S IS . H er b a — the h erb . P ed u n cl es
a xil l a ry , so m e wh at i n a c y me. L eaves l anc e ol ate, e nti re .

S te m b rac hi tate .
6 84 TH E TH O M S O N IA N

T hi s h erb is ofte n c ul ti v ate d in g ard ens , for l i nary pu r

cu

p es. It is of a warmi n g nature, and se an ag reeab l e

os pos sses
fl avor .

M e di c a l u ses . —I n
d e c oc ti on it is good for c old s and to c l ear
,

the stomac h and m ay b e use d at di sc re ti on in any c ase of si c k

,

n ess as a su b sti tu te for c om posi ti on .

A n oil is di sti l l e d f rom t h i s h e rb w hi c h is an e x c ell en t arti

,

c l e to e ase the tooth ac h e -

A ppl y it to t he affe c te d tooth on c ot

.

ton .

S IN A P S I S N I G RA . S timu l a n ts c o n t inu e d .

M u s t a rd .

S TIM U L A N T , A RO M A T IC ,A N D P U N G EN T.

To c reate an appe ti te, an d assist d ig e sti on.

S I N A P S I S N I G RA . F oli a , S em i n a— the l eav e s and see d .

S il i qu e gl ab rous, th ree sid e d , some wh at smooth , c l ose presse d
-

to the ste m . L ea v es at the top, l ance l i ne ar, e nti re, smooth . -

N atu ralized
M u s ta r d is cu lti v ated in
g ard e ns and pri nc i pal l y u se d for ,

c u l i n ary pu rposes T he y oun g l eav es m ay b e t ak e n in v i ne

.

ar and the seed s m ay b e pu l v eriz e d and tak e n i nstead of pe

g , p
pe r.

M ed i c a l u s es — G
i ven in d ec oc ti on, it e ases pai n in the sto
mac h and b owe l s e x pel s wi n d dc c
,
it m ay b e u se d b oth in
,
.

ternal ly and e x te rna ll y for r h eu mati sm , b u t its force is v ery

soon spe nt.

N EP ETA CA TA RI A ; — S tim u l an ts c on tinu e d .

C a tm i n t C a tn ip .
S TIM U L A N T, A RO M A T I C . A N D S OM EW H A T P U N G EN T.

F or c ol d s, a nd pai n in the stom ac h and b ow els of c hildr en .

N EP ET A C A T A RI A . H er b a — the h e rb . F l owers in w h orl e d

spik es. L ea v es pe ti ole d , c ord ate , toot h se rrate . -

C a tm in t is a ve ry c om mon h erb , g rowi ng b y the road sid e

and al ong h e dg e s. I t h as a strong and not a di sag ree ab l e od or.
M C atm i nt m ay b e g i ve n in d ecoc ti on as a su b
ed i c a l u ses . -

stitute for any of the oth e r m i n ts . I t may b e use d i n pou l ti c es,

and is g ood for worms in c hild ren, and is al so servi ceab l e in

hysteric s and female ob structi ons.

 686 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

l ate, su b v -
ill ose . S tem b ranc hi ng at the b ase . G i ves ou t a fra

g rant o or. d
C a m om ile is c u l ti v ate d in gard ens, as we l l for i ts ag reeab l e
O d or as for its medi c a l prope rti e s.

M ed ic a l u ses . —C amo mi l e is good

x te rnal appli c ati on as an e

for sprai ns b ru i ses c al l ou ses c o rns sh ru n k si ne ws 65 0

, , , I t is , ,
.

a pl e asant b i tte r g ood fo r t he sto mac h

, and for b owe l c om ,

p l ai nts F or
. e x te rn al a ppli c at i o n le t t he h e rb b e b ru i sed and ,

applied war m o r u se d in te a as a wash ; fo r i nte rnal u se , tak e

,

it in fo rm of d e c oc ti on — b oth h e rb and fl o we rs .

C HRY S A N TH EM UM P A RTH EN IUM

‘

.
— S tim a
lan ts c on t in u e d ,

F ev er e w.
f
A M I L D T O N I C , A N D C O RREC T O R O F D I G ES T I O N .

To b e u sed th e sam e as c am omil e .

CH RY S AN TH EM U M P A RT H EN IU M . H er b a — the h e rb . T he
l eaves pe t i o l e d , c om pou nd , flat. L e aflets o v ate, gash ed . P e
d u n c l es b ranc h i ng , c ory mb e d . S tem e rec t .

M ed i c a l u ses .— F e v e rfe wis

i mu l ati ng and re mo v es O b st ,

struc tions from the u r i nary passag e s I t is al so se rv i c e ab l e in .

h y ste ri c s and all fe mal e O b struc ti ons It sh ou ld b e tak e n in de

'

c oc ti on, e i th er a lone or wi t h c amo mil e T he w h ol e h e rb is .

u sed .

S imp le Ton i c s.

B ET U L A L EN T A .

B l ack B ir ch— S p i cy B ir ch Cher ry B ir ch.

T ON I C, M I L DL Y A S T RI N G EN T , A N D S T OM A C H I C .

To str eng th en d ig e stion , and fo r all c om pl ai n ts of th e b owe ls.

B ET U L A L ENCortex — the b ark . L ea v es h eart ov ate ,

TA .
-

sh arp se rrate , ac u m i n ate ; nerve s and pe ti o l e s, pil ose b e ne at h .

-

S ca les of the strob il e gl ab rous, w i th o b tuse e q ual l ob es, h av i ng

el e vate d v e i ns.

T h i s is a l arg e t ree c om mon in the A meri c an forests I ts

, .

b ark is v e ry swee t sc e nted .

M ed ic al uses — B l ac k b i rc h b ark , in d ecoc ti on, is use ful in

 M A TERI A M EDI C A . 6 8 7.

al l c om p a nts O f l i the b o we ls
,
and in all c ases of Ob struc ti on.
M ad e i n to a sy rup, wi t h pe ac h me ats o r c h erry stone m e ats, i t

is an e x c el l e n t arti c l e to prom ote dig esti on, and t o -

u se as a g e

n e ral resto rati v e .

'

P AN AX Q U IN Q UEF O L IA .
— Ton ic s c ont inu e d.

G in seng .
T ON IC, N ERV IN E, M I L DL Y S T IM U L A N T, AN D A S I A L O G OG U E.
U sed in n erv ou s d ib ili ty, ei the r al one or c om b in ed wi th other ar tic les of li k e q u ality.

P A N A X Q U I N Q U EF O L I A . Ra d ix — the r oot Root fuc iform . .

L ea ves te rn ate , q ui nate . L e afl ets ov al , ac u m i nate pe tiol ed , ,

se rrate .

G in se ng g rows c omm on in m ost parts of t he U n i te d S tate s,

e spe c a i l ly in V e rmo nt . I t is fo un d in d ee p sh ady forests. T h i s
i s the C hinese pan ac e a.
M ed ic a l u ses — T his m ay b e e mpl oy e d as a to ni c nerv i ne,
i n al l c ase s o f d eb ili ty . T he b est for m of ad mi ni stering it, is
t he pu l ve rized root in d e c oc ti on . I t m ay b e g i ve n i n c o mb i na
t i on w i th ot h e r n e rv i nes, w h er e su c h arti c l es are n ee d e d . I t
a l so has so me ac t i on on the sal i v ar y gl and s.
D ose, from a h al f to a te aspoonful , at discr eti on.

AN G EL IC A A RC H A N G EL IC A .
-
Tonic s c on t i

n u e d.

A r cha ng el.
T O N I C, B I T T ER, A N D B A L S A M I C .

To c orre c t and str eng then dige sti on, and re m ov e c an k er.

AN G EL ICAA RC H A N G EL I C A . H er b a — J t he h erb . T hi s is a
b i e nn i al l t w i t h th o d d ter m i n al l e af l ob ed .
’

p an ,
e

A rch a ng el g rows among g rass in we t l an d s, and b y the si d e

O f fi eld s. I t i s from fo ur to t we l v e i nc he s hig h, wi th s mall
l e a ves, and has a b ur w h i c h c on tai ns a see d at e ac h j oi nt of t he
s tal k . T h e re are t wo ki nd s, t h at l ook m uc h al i ke b ut are d if
fe ront in taste . T he one is of a b i tter, the oth e r of a rough and
b al sam i c taste .
M e d ica l u s es .— ki nd s o f the arc h ange l may b e u se d to
B oth
g e t h e r i n d e c oc ti on or sy ru p
,
T he b i tter c o rre c ts the b il e and
.
,

t he ro ugh re moves the c ank er Ei th er or b oth ki nds m ay be

.

p ro fi ta b ly u se d ,
w h e re art i c l e s o f l ik e
p pe rti es are need ed
ro .
688 TH ETH O M S O N IA N
IN U LA H EL EN IU M .
— To n ic s c on t in u e d.

Elecamp a n e .

T ON I C , A N D EX P EC T O RA N T.

To b e use d i n w ea k
ness at t he l un gs, .c ou g hs, and c on sum ption.
-

IN U L A H EL ENRa d ix— the root L e a ves c lasping r

IU M . .
,

ov ate ru g ose toum e n tose b e n eat h

, , S c a les of the c al yx ov ate . .

T h i s is a c o mmon pl ant g rowi ng wild al ong the road sid e , ,

and i n n e gl e c te d l c s
p a e .

M ed ic a l u ses — A sy ru p m ad e of the root is an e x c e l l ent ar

. «

tic le for a c o u g h o r any d e b il i ty o f the l un gs

, I ts ton i c and .

e x pec toran t q u al i ti es un i te d re nd e r it a u sefu l art i c l e i n su c h

“

c ases.

V ERBA S C UM T H A P S U S L— T on ic s c on ti n u e d .

M u ll e i n .

C I N T ERN A L L Y
T O N I’ ,
A N D :
E X T ERN A L L Y
'
RED U C ES S WEL L IN G,
RES T O RES T RA C T ED S I N EW S .
'

AN D
i
C ON

U sed m ostl y a s an e xte rn al appli c ation.

’

V ERB A S C U M S em i n a F ol i o — the seed s and

‘

T H A P S U S Z.
’

l eav es. L e a ves d ec urre n t, d own y b ot h sid es. S tem ge ne rall y

s i mpl e , t h ou gh som e ti m es b ranc h e d ab ov e . F lower s in a c y
l ind ric spi ke .
Wu llein
.
'
is a v e ry c omm on pl an t, g ro wi n g on poor, sand y
so il , a onl g the road sid e , & c . I t is from two to four fee t h igh .

M T he l e aves b ru i sed and appl i e d warm are a

ed i c a l u s es . -

g ood appl i c ati on to swe l li ngs and c ontrac te d si n e ws. A n o il is

al so ob tai n e d from the seed s, w h i c h is g ood for the same pu r
’

I t m b e u se full y e m l oy e d c om ou n d ed, as a g e ni al
pose s. ay p p
st re n g th en i ng pl aster .

O ROB A N C H E U N IF L O RA
'

f
— T on ic s c on tinu e d .

B ir th -
Root S qu aw -
Root .

T O N I C , A l S T RI N G EN T, A N D S T Y P T IC .

F or sl ig h t c ases o f d eb il ity , b l eedi ng at th e l un g s, an d fe mal e c om pl ain t s.

O ROB A N C H E U N IF L O RA . Ra d i x — the root. S c op e n ak ed ,

one flowe re d .
-
C a ly x w i th ou t: b rac ts. C or al rec u rv ed . I t is :

ab o u t t h re e i nc h es h igh , of a y e l l owi sh w h i te c ol or.

M edi c al u ses — I ts astri nge nt and sty pti c q u al i ti es re nd er it:

usefu l in c ases of b l eedi ng at the l u ng s or nose ; for t he fi rst o f
6 90 TH E T H O M S O N I A N

l ax , glab rous, c il i ate at the ape x , spotted . S p ikes fi liform,

w e ak , som e wh at noddi ng . B r a c ts re mote l y a l ternate .

T hi s is a ve ry c om mon pl ant g ro wi ng on poor, u ncu l ti vated ,

l an d s. It i s from o ne to t wo fee t h i gh .

M e dic a l u ses — S martwee d gi ve n in d ec oc ti on is a g entl e to

.

n ic, b u t is c hi e fl y use ful t o pre ve nt u te ri ne h e morrh age — for

w hi c h pu rpose le t it b e g i v en in a st rong tea mad e pal atab l e ,

w i th m il k and sug ar T he same ma y al so b e gi ve n in inj ec

.

t i ons pe r the vagi na

,
.

S imp le B i tter s.

A RTEM IS IS AB S Y N T H IU M .

Wor m wood .

B I TTER, T O N I C .

To c reate an appe tite, and assist dig est ion.

A RT EM IS I S ABS Y N T H IU M . H er b a — the h erb . T he s te m

b ran c h i n g , pan i c l ed L ea ves hoary ; radi c al ones tri pl y pi n na
.

t ifi d , div ision s lan c eol ate , toot h ed , ob tu se ; c au l i ne o ne s t wo

,

p i nn atifi d or pinn atifi d , d i v i si ons l an c eol ate , ac u t i s h ; fl oral

o nes u n di v ide d , l anc e ol ate .

Worm wood is ab u nd ant in the eastern states, growi ng b y the

road sid e and in ne gl ec te d pl ac es .

M ed ic a l u ses — Wormwood is a g ood b i tte r to c re ate an ap ,

peti te and assi st t he d ig e sti v e org ans I t may b e gi ven in d e .

c oc ti on o r in t he fo rm o f ti nc ture I t is al so an e x c e ll e nt arti c l e .

to appl y to a b ru i se or sprai n .

T AN A C ET UM V U L G A RE— B itte rs c on tinu e d.

.

Ta ns ey .
A S TI M U L A T I N G B I TTER.
'

F or stran u ary , g fem al e c om ptain ts, &c .

T A N A C ET U M V U L G A RE H er b a — the h e rb L ea ves d ou b l y
. .

p i n n ate g,
ash se rrate-

I t h as a v e ry stro ng od or and a b i tte r

.
,

an d so me wh at aro mati c taste It g rows w i ld in high ways, and

.
'

is c u l ti v ated in gard e ns .

M ed ica l u ses — I t is u se d in dec oc ti on, wh i c h is g ood for

we ak ne ss in the b ac k strang u ary h y steri c s and fe mal e we ak
, , ,

n e sse s . T he g ree n l e aves b ru i se d are a g ood appl i c ati on to

spra i ns and swe l l i ng s .
 M A TERIA M ED l C A . 69 1

IN T RO DU C T IO N
TO THETH EO RY OF D IS EA S E, A N D TH E P REP A RA T I O N A N D

U S E OF M ED I C I N E.

P rac t it io n er s o f m e dic i ne sho u l d hav e som e fi xe d p r i nc ipl e s b y w hic h t he ir

c on d uc t sho u ld b e g u id e d in t im e of si c k ne ss, a nd w e h av e t ho u g h t i t a dv i sa

b le w
t o l ay d own a fe w sim e r ul e s, to b e ob ser v e d b y t ho se who hav e no b et
t er g u ide .

To ou r se n ior s in e xp e r i e nc e and p rac tic e , of c our se , w e b o w with d u e d e

f er e n c e y i e l d t he p al m t o t he ir su p er ior m e dic a l k nowl e d g e i n all m a t te r s
an d

p e rtai ning to p ra c ti c e , so f ar a s the he a l t h a nd w e lfar e of c omm u nity a r e c on

c er ne d . I n t ha t r esp ec t , b e in g se nsib l e o f ou r i nab ility to c om pe t e w ith t he m
su c c essf ully , we m u st t he re fore stan d su b e c t j t o th e ir c or r e c tio n . B ut as to
our e xpe r i e nc e , su c h a s i t is g iv e we u n to y ou .
”
J . T.

RU L ES TO B E O B S ERV ED B Y TH E P RA CTITION ER ,

IN TH E T REA TM EN T OF DIS E A S E.

1 A t the c omm e nc e me nt of an attac k of d ise ase , the fi rst thin g to b e

.

b roug ht to m ind should b e , what has c au se d the attac k , and ho w shoul d

i t b e tre ate d , and how re m o ve d .

The way s and m e an s c au se m uc h troub l e and spe c ul ation with

”

the pati e nt, who should e ve r b e al ive to the b e st m e an s for hi s futu re we l

fare .

2 . One of the fu n d am e n tal pri n c ipl e s in the Thom soni an prac tic e i s,
that al l d i se a se s orig inate from the sam e c au se , d ire c tly or i nd ire c tly
that i s, from the d e ran e d state o f the fl u id s of the b od y , b y the ab se n c e
g
o f he at, or l o ss o f vi tal i ty w hic h produ c e s an ov e r pre ssu re or e x c e ss of
c irc u l ation to the he ad , an d a pro po rti onate d e fi c ie nc y in the fe e t.
Thi s c re ate s d e ran g e m e nt in the org an s of se n se , and a proportionate
want of ac tion w ith the di g e stive apparatu s, b y w hi c h the b owe l s b e c om e
c on sti pate d , an d the e vac u ation s of the b ody ar e mu c h ob struc te d , for
q q
want of the re ui si te ac tion and e uil ib riu m i n the fl uid s, and the c onse
q u e nt ord e r atte nd an t u pon su c h a state of thi ng s.

3 . Thi s d e ra n g e m e nt hav in g b e e n produ c e d b y the l o ss of v ital ity , or

q
taking c old , and the c on se u e nt ab se n c e of he at at the l owe r e x tre m e tie s,
an d an e x c e ss at the he ad in the sam e d e g re e , to b r in g ab out an e qu ili
b rium prope rl y throu g h the syste m , or to e stab li sh ord e r whe re the re i s
n au ht b u t di sor d e r , i s what w e wi sh . T o re store warm th to the fe e t
g
an d re d u c e the pre ssu re upo n the b rain , b y c orre c tin g dig e stion, p rom ot
i ng pe rspi ration , an d re m o v in g ob struc ti ons from the stom ac h, b owe l s,
and the ir d e pe n d e n c i e s, i s the prope r m od e to e ff e c t thi s ob e c t. j
The b e st m e thod ye t d i sc ov e re d i s a thorou g h Thom sonian c ou rse
of m e di c i ne , w he n p rope rl y ad mi ni ste re d , whic h c re ate s a he al th
y c i ron
q
g m e diu m in the l owe r e x tre mitie s, e ual with that of the he ad , and
thu s prod u c e s orde r and re g u larity b oth i n b ody an d m ind .
5 The fi rst k nowle d g e wi th a prac titione r should b e to un d erstand the
.

princ ipl e s o r c ause of the d erang e me nt, dise ase , or l oss of he at and se
6 92 T H E T H O M S O N IA N

c on dl
y the prope r c ou rse o f tre atm e n t to b ri ng the deran g e d parts to or
d er b y re storing the v i tal ity , or he a t, b y the l oss of whi c h the whole m an
has b e c om e disease d .

6 . The re i s no im m e diate d an g e r i n any c ase whe re the ve in s on the

p a tie n t s hand s and fe e t are full . Thi s i s the su re st te st b y whi c h a prac
’

ti tione r m ay d e te rm ine whe the r or n ot his pati ent i s d oing we ll . Or a l ong

an d re ul ar r e s irati on will ind ic ate the sam e state of the b od , as wel l
g p y
as a re ul ar
g pul se .

DI REC TION S F OR EQ U A L IZ IN G TH E C IRC U L A TION

T hr ou g h the syst em, whi ch mu st be d on e i n a ll cases of d i sease, to r estor e
the pati en t to health .
In the fi rst pl ac e , put the fe e t of the patie n t into w ate r as hot as c an b e
b or ne , in c re ase the he at b y addin g wate r of a hig he r te m pe rature u ntil a c o
piou s perspiration i s starte d on the fore head and i n the pal m s of the hand s ;
the patie nt m ay b e in the b ath i f thou ght n e c e ssary ; thi s will afford som e
re l i e f . The n tak e b rown e m e ti c , c ay e nn e , c om positi on , an d n e rve pow
d e r , of e ac h one te aspoonf u l , pu t the m into on e pint of b oili ng wate r an d
l e t the m ste ep for te n m inute s ; swe e te n with m ol asse s an d l e t hal f the
,

q u an tity b e j
g iv e n as an in e c tion , as hot as i t c an b e b o rne , and l e t the
patie n t re tain i t as l on g as p ossib l e . Thi s will turn the e x c ite m e n t from
the he ad d ownw ard s an d sic k ne ss at the stom ac h wil l b e p rod uc e d The n
.

g iv e a tab l e sp oonful of the ti n c ture o f l ob e l ia and a sm al l u an ti ty ofq

c ay e nne , i n som e sim l e te a, an d if thi s d oe s n ot
p produc e sufli c i e nt v o
m iting re pe at the d ose .
The v om itin g will b e e asy , the v e in s i n the han d s and fe e t will b e fi ll
q q z
e d , the he ad , in c on se u e n c e of the e ual i ation of the c irc ul ation , wil l
q
b e re li ev e d , an d the whol e sy ste m will b e c om e uie t and e asy .

L e t the se d ire c tion s b e stric tl y fol l owe d , an d b y so d oin g I he sitate n ot

to say , that thre e fourths of the attac k s of di se ase — suc h a s c ol ic , d y se n
te ry , q u in sy , c roup, pl e uri sy , head ac he , live r c ompl aint, S t e — m i ght
-

i mm e d iatel y fi nd r e li e f . L e t e v e ry prac tition er l ay u p the se re m ark s

as v al uab l e tru ths, to b e ob se rv e d i n al l c ase s w here the re i s d i se ase or
d erang em e nt i n the sy ste m , i n atte m pti ng to afford re l ie f or pe rform a
c u re .
Ord e r m u st b e b rou g ht ab ou t in the b ody b y an e uali zation of the flu
id s, and i t m atte rs b u t l ittl e how that i s e ffe c te d— w e the r b y a c ourse of
m e dic i ne , ste am in g , b athin g the fe e t in hot wate r , an e m e tic , or stim u
q
l ati ng with hot li u or, hot m e dic i ne s, or any othe r c ourse whi c h will e f
fe e t thi s re l ie f on the sy ste m . To ac c om pl i sh thi s suc c e ssful l y i n the
g re ate st num b e r of c ase s i s what c on stitute s the e m ine n t phy si c ia n.

S TEA M OR V A P OR B A T H .
S te am in i s an im portant part of the Thom sonian prac ti c e . M any
g
c ase s whio 1 prov e too stu b b orn for the m e di c in e u nassiste d b y the v apor
b ath, are throu g h its ag e n c y re l iev e d . In al l d ise ase s whe re the v ital heat
has b e c om e so far e x hau ste d as n ot to b e re k in dl e d b y the ad m in i stration
of m e dic in e , ste ami n i s i n d i s e n sab l n e c e ssary In all c ase s of su s
g p y .

e n d e d an imation , a
g e n tl e b ath an d b athi ng the fee t in hot wate r, should
p e i mm e di ate l y re sorte d to .In c ase s of fal l s and b ru ise s, or ac c id e n ts of
the l ik e , thi s tre atm e nt ra re l y i f e v e r fail s of afford ing rel ie f . It i s al so
u se ful in prev e nting sic k n e ss a s we l l as in c u rin
g it
.

When a person has take n a severe c old , and d ise ase i s rapidly g e tting
 694 .
TH E TH O M S O N IA N

’
‘
In su c h c ase s, the artic l e s that aflo rd e d n ouri shm e nt
in he al th produc e
e x c ite me n t an d i rrita ti on i n the sto m a c h, d i s t re ss i n the he ad , and a
ge
n e ral d e ran e m e n t throu hout the i nte rn al v i c e ra , the arte rial and n e r
g g
v ou s sy ste m , and a fe ve ri h e x c i te m e n t on the surfac e
s To re m o ve this,
.

we point out the foll owin g pl ain an d sim pl e m od e b y whic h al l c u ra b le

f orm s of d i se ase m ay b e t re ate d su c c e ssfu l ly , and the patie nt re store d to
he al th . The re i s n o d an c e r atte nding the ope ration of the m e dic ine s, as
i n the re g ul ar prac ti c e t he re fo re i f on e c ou rse of m e d ic ine i s g iv e n m ore
than was ac tu al ly n e c e s a1y , no i nj u ry wil l re sul t to the patie nt, and the
~

ti m e and m e d ic in e i s al l that i s l o t . H o w i m po rt a nt , the n , that thorou gh

!

t re atm e nt shoul d b e ob se rve d , w he n so m om e ntou s a n o b j e c t as the life

and he al th of the patie n t i s c on c e rn e d .

T O B E R E M EDI B E RED .
In al l c ase s whe re the re i s i nfl am m ati on or a c o nc e ntration of fe b ril e
e x c ite m e nt to an
y partic ul ar po int , for in s tan c e a spraine d oint, d istre ss j
i n the he ad , i nflam m ation of t he stom ac h a nd b owe l s, &c , the c ourse of
z
.

q
m e d ic ine will re m ove the ob stru c tion b y e ual i in the fl uid s throu g hout
g
the sy ste m , b y whic h m e an s the patie n t will fi nd i mm e d i ate re l ie f , thu s
c on fi rm i ng the prin c ipl e of the U N I T of di sease If suc h c onc e ntra
.

tion of e x c ite m e nt b e c a u se d b y m orb i d m atte r b e ing re c e iv e d into the

sy ste m b y m e an s of a foetid atm osphe re , b ad fo od or
putrid wa te r, one
c ou rse m ay n ot b e suffi c ie n t to e x c lu d e al l t he m o rb id poi ron from the
se c re tory v e sse l s, the e vid e n c e of whic h wil l b e the w ant of an a
ppe tite ,
sic k n e ss at the sto m ac h , w e ak ne ss i n the lim b s, a nd a fe b ri le e x c ite m e nt .

If so , c ourse s should b e re peate d at suitab le i nte rval s of tim e , until the se

sy m tom s
p pa ss away , and b y t he c irc ul ation throu g h the b od y b e ing
q z
e u al i e d a he al th
y ac tion i s re store d ; the appe tite b e c om e s g ood , t he
d ig e stive org an s pe rform the ir natural func ti on s , and the s le e p i s u ie t . q
C ou rse s of m e d ic ine m ay b e su c c e ssfu ll y e m pl oy e d to re m ove d istre ss
and e ase pain , an d to m ak e the patie nt c om fortab l e i n al l c a se s of whi t
l ows , f elon s , biles , br u i s es , o r an y othe r e x c e ssiv e infl am matory c on
c e ntrati on of the fl uid s of the b od y whe re re li e f c an n ot b e fou nd from
an y othe r c our se of tre atm e n t .

F i rst, soak the affec te d part in l ye m ad e of hard w ood ashe s , the n ap

pl y a poul tic e m ad e of flax se e d , or ye ll ow l il y , o r m ad e o f b re ad and
m ilk , w hic h shoul d b e k e pt m o i st w hile u nde r the ope ration o f the c ou rse .
Thi s w il l re l ie v e the d i stre ss and b ri n g the sore to a c ri is , an d i s pe rhaps
the su re st w ay to re l i e v e the patie nt It i s e x pe c te d that al l sim pl e m e an s
.

will b e t rie d b e fore the c ou rse is re sor te d to It shoul d b e re m e m b e re d

.

that all d i se ase s are b ro u ght on b y d e ran g e m e n t of the fl u id s of the b ody ,

an d that al l d ise ase s c an b e c ure d b y re storin g o rd e r and re g ul arity to

said fl uid s. C ou rse s of m e dic ine w il l e ffe c t thi s, if prope rl y ad m i ni ste r

e d an d atte nd e d to in se ason Whe re the re i s d istre ss the re is di sord e r
.

q
’

and a d e ran g e m e nt o f the fl u id s, and c on se u e n tl y a re storati on o f o rd e r

q z
an d an e ual i ation i n the sy ste m , will afford rel ie f .
In re ad in g thi s w ork , d o n ot forg e t thi s important pr inc ipl e ; that all
di se ase s he re in m e n tione d are b rou g ht ab ou t b y a d e c re a se or d e ra n g e
m e nt of the v ital fl uid s b y tak ing c old or the l oss of an im al warm th .

A n d that the nam e of the c om plai n t d e pe nd s u pon what part of the b ody
has b e c om e so we ak as to b e affe c te d I f the l u ng s, it i s c onsmm ptic n ,
.

o r the pl eu ra , pl e u ri sy ; if the l im b s, i t i s rhe u m ati sm , or the b owe l s , c ho

lic o r c hol e ra m orb u s .

B ut afte r al l , the se d iffe re n t d ise ase s are c au se d b y the partial l o ss o f

vi tal ity or warm th, an d al l m ay b e re m ov e d b y a re tora tion o f the v ital s

e ne rg y , and re m oving the ob struc tion s w hic h the d ise a e has g e n e rate d .
s

It i s thou ght b y som e that unl e ss the phy sic i an k n ow the nam e whi c h
 M A TERIA M ED I C A . 6 95

has b e en g ive n to the di sease b y othe rs, he c ann ot tre at i t suc c e ssfull
If he c ann ot re adily c al l to m ind the v arie ty of n am es so pr ofu se l y l av is
.

e d b y the re ul ar ph sic ian s u pon the d iffe re nt form s of d i se ase i t will

y
n ot pre ve n t is m e d ic i ne from hav ing a b e ne fi c ial e ffe c t , n or prove that
the phy si c ian ha s n ot v alu a bl e pr ac ti c al k nowl edg e, which is afte r al l the
true phi l o so phe r s ston e o f w hi c h the patie nt is i n pur su it
’
.

I s i t rig ht to i nfe r that b e c au se a m an c ann ot c ommand all the n ame s

that hav e b e en writte n b y o the r pe opl e , a s l iab l e to e rr and a s frail a s him
.

se l f , that he c an n ot b r ac tic e , k n ow the u se o f m e dic in e o r the n atu re

y p
of d i sea se : o r b e c au se he c an not i v e the r espe c ti v e b on e s, m u sc l e s, l iz
g
am e n ts and ve sse l s o f the b o dy the ir appr opri ate n am e s, he c ann ot c ure
t e c oli c or dy se nte ry .
Whe n our pil grim fathe rs lan ded at P l ym outh the ab origi ne s b rought
the m lon g g olde n e ars, of a v e g e tab l e su b stan c e , whic h the y had n eve r
se e n or he ard o f b e fore , ne ithe r had the g re at or l e arne d m e n o f the ir
‘

fathe r l and , and we are told that t he y we re k e pt from starvation , we re

n ouri she d an d re nd e re d c om fo rtab l e throu h a l on g d re ar
g y winte r b y the
support thi s v e e tab l e su b stan c e afford e d , fur n i she d b y i ll ite rate sav a e s .
g g
N ow shal l w e d e ny that the se pe opl e we re n ou ri she d and supporte d b y
thi s v al uab le pl ant , b e c au se the y d id not k n ow that i t was Ind ian c orn ,
an d b e c au se i t w as furni she d b y tho se il l ite rate sa va e s, who k n e w n ot
.
g
the m e an ing of a d ipl om a an d had n o k n owl e dg e of the G re ek or L atin l an
g uag e s ? Im possib l e The v i rtu e s and n utrim e n t w e re in the c orn , and
the tru e sc ie n c e i n the m atte r wa s in hav ing the k n owl ed g e o f it . In thi s
re spe c t the sav a e s we re sc ie ntifi c an d the pil g rim s w e re the uac k s, q
n otwithsta nd i n t e i r b oa ste d k nowl e dg e in othe r re spe c ts . G ive u s m ore
g
prac tic al k n owl e d g e and l e ss the or iz i ng ; more of tru e sc i e nc e and l e ss
spe c u lation . T o re mov e the infi rm itie s of our fe l low m e n , g ive u s m ore
in n oc e nt v e g e tab le sub stan c e s and l e ss poi son s. The n shal l we b e l e d to
j
re o ic e o ve r the b ou ntie s of P rov ide nc e , i n fi l li ng the soil w ith i nno c e n t
re m e die s that the poor su ffe ri ng so n s of hu m anity m ay the re fi nd an an ti
d ote fo r e v e ry b odily il l .

C OU RS ES OF M EDICIN E . N o. I.

F ir st— To prepare for the c our se , l e t the pati e nt tak e a do se of c orn s

positi on , o r N o 6 , in he rb te a, hot, the n g o int o the b ath and pu t hi s

.

fe e t i nto hot w ate r ; rai se the he at o f the b ath t o ab ou t 1 00 or 1 1 0 d e g .

F ahre n he it A fte r a l iv el y pe rspi rati on starts, and the ve i ns hav e b e c om e
.

fu ll u pon the fe e t, hand s an d te m pl e s, and the pul se m uc h u i c k e ne d , q

say to 95 or 1 0 0 pe r m i nu te , tak e a q
uart c u p of c old wate r an d ad d hot
wate r to it u n til i ts te m pe ratu re i s ab out that of the su rroundi ng atm o
’

sphe re ; the n ope n the d oor of the b ath , an d hav e the fe e t tak e n out of the

pail , and pou r y ou r wate r ov e r the he ad an d shou l d e rs, c om pl e te l y

d re nc hing the whol e surfac e of the b od y and l im b s The n l e t the patie nt
.

ste p ou t o f the b ath an d b e rub b e d w ith a c oarse na pk in or towe l The .

in d ic ations of a he al thy act ion n ow are full v e in s on: the e xt re m itie s an d

a li ve l y re d appe a ranc e i n the fl e sh throu g hout the sy ste m . N o w l e t the
pat ie nt g o into a warm b e d , with a hot stone , b ric k or j u g of hot wate r
at his fe e t .

S econ dl y — Tak e two ounc e s of N o ; 3 , or c anke r te a, and pu t i t in a

.

q
u art b owl , and p ou r u pon it one pint o f b oil in
g wate r ; l et i t ste e p ab out
te n m inute s, strain off thre e g ill s, an d whe n hot add two te aspo on sfu l of
b rown e m e tic , one te as poonful of c ay e nne , one te aspoonful of ne rve
"

p owde r, and if it i s a pu tri d c a e , one {tab le spoonful of N o 6 ; swe e te n

s
.

it with m olasse s or su g ar. P our off a wine g lass fall of this c omp
69 6 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

ound , an d
g i ve it to the patie nt as soon as he i s in b e d , an d the n
l e t half a pint of the sam e c om poun d b e ive n a s an inj e c tion .
g
L e t two or thre e wine g l asse s m ore b e g iv e n with ab ou t hal f a te a
spo on ful o f e m e tic i n e ac h at in te rva l s o f fi fte e n m inute s if that
g iv e n
fi rst d oe s n ot ope rate suffi c ie n tl y . Whil e u nd e r the Ope ration of the
, ,

c ou rse , l e t the
patie nt d ri nk fre e ly of a te a m ad e of spe arm i nt, p eppe r
m in t, pe nn yroy al , or su mm e rsav ory , and al so of m il k porridg e or c rust
c offe e , whi c h wil l n ou ri sh an d i nv i g orate the b od .
y
T hir dl y — I n from thre e to si x hours the pati e nt wi ll
. e n e ral l y b e
'

throu g h with vom itin g and the stom ac h se ttl e d : the n l e t im tak e a -

se c on d b athi n
g p re c ise l
y sim il ar to the fi rst l e t hi m stay in te n or fi ft e e n
m inu te s, re m e mb e rin g to show er wit h the te m pe re d wate r on c om in g ou t .

L e t the surfac e of th e b ody b e rub b e d thoroug hl y an d the n appl y to it

som e c ol d whi sk e
y and w ate r, to c om pl etel y c l ose the p ore s, an d the pa
tie nt m ay the n d re ss an d wash his han d s and fac e i n c ol d wate r, and if
the stom ac h an d b ow el s have b e e n thorou g hl y c l e an se d , he wil l fee l c om
pl e te l y w e l l .
F ow thly —L e t the patie nt tak e of the b itte rs N o . 4 , o r syrup N o . 5 ,
'
.

to re store the d ig e stiv e org an s, an d his he al th i s soon re sto re d .

Thi s c ou rse m ay b e re peate d i f thou g ht adv i sab l e , b ut it is the most
p owe rful on e that i s u sually ad m iniste re d .
C O U RS E N o. 2.
In c ase of q
in flam m ato ry sore throat, ui n sy , rattl e s or c roup , tak e a
d ose of c om position, c aye nn e , or N o . the n tak e a b ath as in c our se
N o 1
. . B athing the fe e t alone will an swe r , if the b ath c annot b e hand il
appl ie d : the n g ive on e fou rth of a g l ass o f tin c tur e of l ob e l ia , after whio

g iv e j
an in e c tion as
pre pare d in c ou rse N o . 1 or the b rown e m e tic m ay
.

z
b e put into a b oil in g hot te a o f c om po siti on , w itc h ha l e , or re d raspb e rry
l e av e s
. This will c han g e the fi el d of e x c ite m e nt from the u ppe r to the
l owe r e x tre m iti e s, an d will al so tu rn the p re ssure of b l ood i n lik e m anne r
from the he ad , l un g s an d n e c k to the b owe l s and fe e t.
In al l c ase s of d iffi c ul tie s or in fl am m ati on ab ou t the re gi on of the l un
j
or he ad , the in e c ti on shoul d b e m ad e sw e e t with m ol asse s to l oose n t e
b ow e l s, and v e ry stim ul atin g w i th N o 2 , an d suffi c ie ntl y powe rful with
.

b rown e me ti c to c au se the patie nt to vom it, an d shoul d c ontai n al so a

te aspoonful of n e rve powd e r, or in stead the reof two te aspoon sful of the
tinc ture of asafe tid a , to q ui e t the ne rvou s sy ste m whi l e u nd er the ope
rati on . j
Re pe at the tin c ture b y the stom ac h, if the in ec ti on doe s not
c au se su ffi c ie nt v om iti ng , an d im me di ate relie f w il l b e the re sul t, unl e ss
the patie n t i s v e ry l ow , or b e y on d the reac h of m e d ic ine .
A fte r the m e di c in e i s d one ope rati ng , the ste am m ay b e applie d as in
c ou rse N o 1 ; . the b ody b athe d with whi sk ey and water , an d the fe e t
an d l e s with sti mul ati n g l inim e nt . P ut a stimul ati ng pl aste r ab ou t the
g
n e c k , w ith the si d e s n otc he d , so that it m ay e x te n d to the e d g e o f the

c hi n , an d ove r thi s put one or two thi c k ne sse s of flann e l to k e e p the ne c k

warm . The sam e plaste rs m ay al so b e appl ie d to the fe e t to ood ad
v anta g e . g
T his tre atm e nt tum s the c irc ul ation so c ompl e te l y to t e l owe r
e x tre m itie s that re l ie f i s al m ost in stantan e ou s . In the re c e nt sta te of the
‘
d ise ase thi s tre atm e nt soon b rin g s the difli c ul ty to a c ri si s, and the atie nt
re c over s with v e ry li ttl e troub l e. In c ase s of c roup or rattl e s, c l ot 3 we t
with hot whi sk e y and wa ter wrung out and appl ie d to the b owe l s as hot
as c an b e hom e , an d o fte n c hang e d , are a e at assi stant to the othe r

tre atme nt i n re storin g the l ost he at or v ital ity y ab sorpti on .

With su c h pra c tic e we hav e re l ie v e d m any c ase s of vi ol ent dise ase of
the c he st an d head , and the se d irec tion s should b e re memb ered and fol
l owe d b y al l i n similar c ases.
69 8 r m: r n o ms o mm n

three fou r tii ne s during the fi rst six or e ight hours. Then re move the
or
sc ale from the surfac e and b attl e what w il l ru n O ff c l e ar for use . Tak e
from half to a glass two or thre e tim e s a d a If it i s too stron g , re duc e
it wi th wate r . P ear l ash or sal er atu s m ay e u se d in the sam e way . If
at an
y tim e too mu c h alk ali i s tak e n an d d istre sse s the stom ac h, it m ay
z
b e neutral i e d im m e diate l y b y d rin ki n g a little c id e r or v in e g ar, and the
stomac h pre se rv e d fr om inj u ry . The se c ou nte r su b stan c e s, or irritan ts,
shoul d ev e r b e k e pt i n mind b y the phy si c i an for the b e ne fi t o f the patie nt
whe n u sin g e ithe r .

EN EM AS , O R IN JECTIO N S .

In order to rem ov e a d i se ase , the m e dic in e mu st b e appli e d to the part

where the c ause o rigi n ate d . The re fore , when the b owe ls are c onc e rn e d ,
e ithe r di re c tl r ind ire c tl , in ro d u c in th d i d e r , whate v e r i t m a
y o y p g e sor
y
b e , inj e c tion s are v e ry important .
Where an e vac uati on Of the b owel s is all that is ne c e ssary , a te a of c ay
e nne , m ade ve ry swe e t with m ol asse s, wi ll an swe r e v e ry pu rpo se . B ut
in c ase s whe re a c ourse of m e di c in e i s re qu i site , the m ost usu al m anne r
of pre parin g on e to b e u se d at that tim e , i s to m ak e a str on g te a O f c om

po si tion N o . 3 , re d raspb e rr z
y or witc h ha le l e ave s ; strai n it, and
whil e hot add half a te aspoon ful O f c ay e nn e , tw e tab l e spoo n sful O f mol as »

ses , and whe n c ool e nough to b e ad m iniste re d , ad d a te aspoonf ul of ne rve

q
powde r an d the sam e uan tity of the ti n c ture O f l ob el ia ; an d if the re is
dang e r O f m ortifi c ation , add a tab l e spoon ful of N O . 6 . In c ase s of e x
c e e di ng pre ssure , or g re at d istre ss in the he ad or b re ast, ad d to the inj e c
tion as u su all y pre pare d , from on e to thre e te aspoo nful s of b rown e me ti c ,
z
(pul veri e d i ob eli a see d ) and b athe the fe e t i n hot wate r an d lin im e nt .

In c ase O f dy se nte ry , o r any l oc al d i sord er O f the b owe ls, su c h artic l e s

ou ght alway s to b e put i nto the inj e c ti on s as are u se ful in suc h d isorde rs ,
if giv e n b y the stom ac h .

Whe n the ut e rus or u rin ary p assag e s are afi e c te d , inj e c tions m ay b e

’

g ive n to the se part s b y m e an s O f the appropri ate syri ng e s . The q u an tity

to b e use d as an inj e c ti on O f the b owe l s shoul d b e from a g il l to a pint .

S yri n g e s O f al l si zes , an d? for all the d iff e re nt pu rpose s, should b e k e pt

on hand b y e ve ry prac titi one r .
F or tho se who are c o stiv e , a l ittl e m ol asse s and wate r , with the addi
q
tion of a sm all u anti ty O f c ay e nn e , w ill b e ve ry se rv ic e ab l e . Or in ste ad
o f that , a te a m ad e o f in g e r, pe rrn y royal , spe armint or pe ppe rmi nt , m ay
'

b e swe e te n e d with m o asse s and u se d , and b y add ing c ay e nne an d l ob e

lia a c ourse O f m e dic ine m ay b e g ive n . A l ittl e warm soap su d s will fre
-

q uen tly an swe r a g ood pu rp o se i n re m ov ing c o stive ne ss, an d c re ate uite q

a natural ac tion of the b owe l s .

m —I n all ca se s O f pre ssure in the eyes, head ; breast or han g s , i n

’

N or
i shoul d b e u se d , an d th e fe e t b athe d if n e c e ssary , a s i t sho ws a
j e c t ons
d e range d or d isord e re d state of the b owe ls, and c on se que nt want! of c ir
c ulati on in the feet
 M A TERI A M ED IC A . 699

M ED I CA L C O M P O UN DS .

P re
p a r a tion s o
f Em etic .

N o. l .— L O B EL IA I N F L A T A .
1 . Tak e of the l e av e s O f l ob e lia infl ate ,fi n e l y pul v e ri ze d , one teaspoon
f ul , i n warm wate r swe e te ne d , o r in a tea of re d ra spb e rry l e ave s, or any
prope r f or re m ov in g c ank e r, with pre pare d c omposi tion , caye nn e , or:
hot d rops, as a stim ul ant. The d ose i s to b e repeate d till the de si red e f‘
fe c t is prod uc e d .
Thi s pre paration i s for the l e ss vi ol ent atta c k s O f d ise ase .

TO P REP A RE L O B EL I A S EE D WITH S U G A R.
2 . Take O f the se e d s of l ob e l ia , fi ne l y pul v e rize d , one pound , and one
nd o f whi te su a r é pul ve ri ze the m well to g e the r (the su ar b ei n
p ou g g g de
-

q
si g ne d to ab sorb the O il ) the n ad d a uart e r O f a pou nd of n e rv e p owd e r ,
hal f a pou nd O f c aye nne , an d one o a ll on O f im prov e d rhe um ati c d rops .
Dose , two te aspo on sful for an adul t, in a g il l of b ayb e rry or c ompo si *

tion te a .

TO P REP A RE TH E L EA V ES A N D P ODS .

2 . S e para te the l eav e s an d pod s from the stalk s, pul ve ri ze and sift them ;
to b e pre se rve d from the ai r .
’

F or a d ose , tak e a te aspo onful , in a wine g lassful of warm te a m ade of

c ay e nn e , or N O . 6 , or spe arm in t , pe ppe rm i nt o r pe nny —roy al te a , swee t
e n e d , or in ste ad , the sam e q
u an tity O f any O f the sirn pl e or c ank e r te as .

Repe at the d ose at inte rval s of fi fte e n or twe nty m inute s till suffi c ie nt vo
m itin g f has b e e n prod uc e d . If the patie nt i s ve ry we ak , or in c ase of a
q
c hild , the li u o r shou ld b e strain e d , an d th e d ose m ode rate d ac c ordin
g to
the c irc um stanc e s and ag e .

TO P REP A RE T H E TIN CT U RE .

4 . Tak e the g re e n he rb , in any sta g e of its g rowth , (if the plan ts are
sm al l tak e the roots al so ) po un d th e m fi ne , an d pu t the m i n to an e ual q
q uanti ty O f fou rth proo f spirits ; l e t i t sa turate thoro u g hl y , the n strai n and

p re ss o u t th e l i qu o r , to b e pre se rv e d c l o se l y b ottl e d fo r u se .

G ood vin e g ar or pe ppe r sa uc e m ay b e sub sti tu te d for the spirits. This

i s an e ff e c tual c ou nte r poi son , e ithe r in te rn all y or e x te rnally applie d . It
is g o o d i n asthm a , c onsum ptio n , an d all c om pl aints O f the lun g s .
F or a d ose , ta k e a te aspoon ful on c e in twe nty minute s, if the fi r st d oe s
n ot have the d e si re d e fi e c t . B y ad di ng a l ittl e c aye nne , and in n ervous
c ase s a sm all q
uantity O f ne rve po wde r, its ope rati on s wil l b e m ore e f

TO C OM P OU N D T H E THIRD P REP A RA TION .

5 . Take Of thel obe lia se e ds and y

c a e nne , e ac h two oun c e s, fi ne ly
v e ri ze d , and o ne ou nc e of n erve powd e r, and put the m into a pint of
6, shak e the m well tog ethe r , and pre se rve it c l ose l
y c ork e d for use .
700 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

Thi s i s for the m ost viol e nt attac k s of d ise ase , suc h as te tanus or l ook
j aw, hydrophob ia, drowni ng , fi ts, spasm s, and all c ase s of suspende d ani
j
m ati on . In al l c ases whe r e the aw s are se t, pour thi s i nto the m onth,
b e twe e n the c he ek and te e th, and the m u sc l e s will re lax and the m outh
will soon c ome Ope n . It g oe s throug h the sy ste m l ik e e l e c tri c ity , givi ng
heat and l ife to ev e ry part .

EM ETIC P IL L S .

6 . Tak e an ou nc e of the e x trac t O f pe ac h l e ave s, popl ar or b utte rnut

b ark , on e te aspoonful of c aye nn e , hal f an ou nc e O f pul v eri e d l ob el ia z
se e d s, tw o te aspoon sful O f n e rv e powd er , an d a fe w d rops O f the O il of

p e n n ro
y y al , spe arm in t, or pe ppe rm in t ; m ix the sol id arti c l e s we l l tog e
the r, an d form into a m ass with the e x tr ac t. If too soft, add m ore of the
l ob el ia and n erve p owd e r ; if too hard , add m ore O f the e x trac t . The n
m ak e i into pill s. They m ay b e tak en , f rom two to six at ni g ht, on g o
h
in to e d .
ey are g ood to c l e an se the stom ac h O f m orb id m atte r, to c ure sic k
he adac he , c olic , flatul e nc y , S zc .
Tak e from six to twel ve , and d rink som e warm he rb or g in g e r te a, and
‘

the y wil l operate sm artl y as an e m etic . Thi s i s ab out as e asy a way a s a

l ob elia eme tic c an b e tak e n .

P REP A RA TION S F OR C H IL DREN .

Whe n e metic s are g i ve n to c hil dre n , the d ose s mu st b e re gul ate d ao

c ordin g to the ir ag e . The b e st g e ne ral d ire c ti on s are , to ste e p a te a
spoonful Of the pu l v erize d he rb in a te ac u pful O f hot wate r, wi th a l

gi ng er, strain an d swe e ten , an d gi ve O f it a te aspoonful on c e in te n m i

n ute s ti ll i t O pe rate s. If the ti nc ture i s u se d , a te aspoonful O f it m ay b e
put i nto a wine g l ass of hot water , and the n tak e n as ab ov e In g i ving
.

m e di c in e of any kind to chil d re n , m uc h de pe nd s on the disc ri minating

j udg me nt of the prac titi one r .
N OT E. —The tinc ture O f l ob el ia i s one O f the b e st re me die s in ,
u se for
the b ite s ofpoison ou s in se c ts or re ptile s ; al so for i nflamm ati on s, c uts,
b rui se s, ol d ul c e rs, &c . P ut thre e or fou r thic k n e sse s of c l oth upon the
wound , and k e ep it c on stan tl y we t with the tinc tu re , an d oc c asionally l e t
a teaspoonful b e tak e n inwardl y , if si c k at the stom ac h .

S tim u la n ts.

N o. 2 .— C A Y EN N E P EP P ER,
C ap si cu m B acc a tu m , a nd F r u tesc ens.

The se are ac tive stimul ants, and the b e st thing s k nown to rai se and re
tai n the natural he at of the sy ste m The y are powe rful ] sti mul ating
.

sub stanc e s, b u t ac t onl y in ac c ord anc e with the l aws 0 life . They
c l e anse the sal ivary g l and s, prom ote pe rspi rati on , and re m ove ob struo
ti ons. A de c oc ti on O f c aye nne will c ure the c olic or c hole ra m orb u s, re
m ove c ram or pain in the stom ac h an d b owel s, in the l ast of whi c h it i s
e x c e ll e nt or c hil dre n , b oil e d in m il k ; and shoul d al wa s b e u se d in
y
c ourse s Of medic ine . [S ee pag e
702 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

K
HEM L OC — P in u s Can aden sis .
_
T he b ou hs in de c oc ti on are ex c e ll e nt for stren the nin
g g g the b ac k and
k dne ys. Thi infu si on has b e e n u se d as a c on stant d ri nk in b ili ous c ou n
i
tri e s, and in thi s wa tho se who hav e e m lo od i t hav e avoid e d the d is~
y p y
ease s inc ide nt to suc h l ac e s ;
p
B y b oiling the b oug hs, the y yi eld an e x trac t whic h m ay b e profi tab ly
e mpl o e d in the form of l aste rs .
y p
The b ark i s a g ood astri ng e nt, whic h may b e u se d for c ank e r, e ither
alone o r c o m oun de d wi th an
p y of the art ic l e s unde r thi s he ad .
The m may b e u se d i nste ad O f rosin in stre ngthe nin g pl aste rs, and
'
made n b
y the additi on of l ard an d a l ittl e c ay e nne , is V e ry use ful for
rhe um ati sm or we ak n e ss o f the b ac k .

M A RS H ROS EM A R i S tati c e I / imon i um .

Y -

Is ve ry g ood for sore m outh, throat, and all c ase s of c ank e r It i s mu c h

.

u se d al ong the se a b oard for thru sh, an d d iffi c ul tie s O f the stom ac h an d
b owe l s. C are shoul d b e tak e n that it i s not too d rying to the g l an d s of
the mouth and throat . [S e e pag e
Thi s m ay b e use d c om ounde d with b ayb e rry or witc h ha l e l e ave s in z
j
c ou rse s O f m e dic ine , or o r in e c ti on s and as a d rink for c ank er .

S U M A C — Rhu s G l ab rmn .

Thi s i s an astrin e nt v al uab l e in d yse n te ry , an d m ay b e u se d the same

'
as b ayb e rry , for w oh i t may b e sub stitute d i n c ourse s o f m e d ic ine and
all c ase s O f c ank er . z
It m ay b e c om poun de d with witc h ha e l , and u se d
g e nerall y whe re c ank e r m e dic in e shoul d b e e m pl oye d , e spe c ially for
c hil dre n . The b e rries may b e c ompoun de d wi th re d raspb e rry l e ave s,
to b e u se d in the c ourse s of m e dic in e , and for c ank e r . [S ee pag e

WITCH HA Z EL — H amameli s V i r in i ca.

g
In d ec oc ti on , it i s u se ful fo r b l e e ding at the l un g s, stom ac h or b owel s,
and i n m u d , for b l e e din t th T hi l b l rtic l e m a b e u se d
g a e n o se . s v a u a e a y
i n g iving c ourse s O f m e d ic ine al one , or c om po un d e d with sum ac or re d
raspb e r I t is v e ry se rvi c eab l e i n dyse nte ry , re lax , or an y othe r c om
pl ai n t O the b o we l s o r stom ac h . C he wing the l e av e s al one i s g ood for
sore mouth . A wash m ad e from the m is e x c e l l e n t to c l ean se O ld sore s
'

and d ry up ul c e rs in various parts O f the b od . [S e e pag e

y

RED RA S P B ERRY— Ru bu s S tr i g osu s .

Re d raspb erry l e ave s are an e x c e ll ent sub stitute for importe d tea . The
de c oc ti on i s a valuab l e re m ed y for c ank e r in c ourse s O f m e dic in e , for whic h
r o se it m b e e d i te ad of othe r arti c l e s u n d e r this he ad I t i s
p p
u ay u s n s .

g ood for sore m ou th ; and m ade i nto a poul tic e i t i s a fi rst rate arti c l e for
z
sc al d s, fre e e s, old so re s, &c . A te a m ade O f the l e ave s m ay b e u se d to
re t d v anta e d u ri n h t w th It b e s up the b ody , and k e e ps
g '
a a g g o e a er . rac
Ofi faint and l an gui d fe e ling s .
Women , for som e tim e pre vi ous and during the tim e O f de live ry , should
k e e p on hand an d m ak e fre e u se O f thi s te a. The frui t i s whol e some and
nutri ti ou s. [S ee pag e
L IB ERTY TEA Cean othu s fl meri can a .
This pl ant is m u c il ag inous, and one O f the b e st artic l e s i n u se for sum
m e r c om pl ai nts , and i s al so g ood for sore m outh an d throat . It is an e x c el
l ent tonic , and has b e e n u se ful l y sub stitute d for importe d te a . It shoul d
b e g athered and preserv e d , to b e u se d in the c ompl aints in c id e nt to c hi l d
 M A T ERI A M ED I CA s 70 3

mu . It i s a g reat re g ul ator of the b owel s, and u se d i n te a as a c onstant

d rink i s v al uab l e for d y se ntery or re l ax . [S e e pag e

COCA S H — fi ster H yssoptfi liu s.
C o c ash i s g ood for vertig o , ne rv ou s affe c tion s, an d c ol d ne ss o f the e x
tre mitie s . It m ay b e profi tab l y e m pl oye d as a rem e dy for c ank e r If .

b ruise d and put into gi n , i t mak e s an e x c e lle nt b itte r , usef ul in rheu ma

ti sm and ne rvous affe c ti on s P eopl e in v ic ini tie s where it g rows shoul d
.

athe r i t f or u se .
s
In b il iou s c ou ntrie s it is an e x c ell e nt arti c le to pre ve nt
e ve rs a n d b iliou s c o m plai n ts [S e e page .

AV EN S ROOT G eu m V i r g i ni an mn.
Thi s artic l e is g ood in cank e r or ge ne ral deb il ity , and may b e use full y
sub stitu te d for c hoc ol ate . I t m ay b e u se d as a c onstant d ri nk i n putrid
c om pl aints to ad v antag e . In ag ue c ountrie s, i f c on stantl y e m pl oye d , it
wil l pre v e nt b il iou s c om pl ai nts, as Wel l as a di so rd e re d state of the b ow
els . It is a g ood sub sti tu te fo r P e ruvian b ark Its tonic powe rs are wel l .

k n own to the pe opl e in the ne i ghb orho ods Whe re it g row s. It shoul d b e
p re se rve d .
[ S e e pa e
g

C RA N ES B IL L G er an ium M acu l atu m .

It i s g ood in c hol e ra i nfantum , hem orrhag e of the lung s or b owe l s, and

i n ail re lax e d d eb il itate d c on dition s of the b od y . Thi s a rti c l e is muc h
z
lik e ave n s roo t, witc h ha el , re d raspb e rry an d sum ac , an d m ay b e use d
in l ik e m anne r It i s v e ry u seful , si m m e re d in hone y , for so re m outh or
.

' om l aints of the b owe l s

c p A y
’

. q
u antit o f this root shoul d b e
g athe re d
a nd k e pt on han d b th o se who c an n ot ob tain b a b e rry b ark , t o b e u se d
y y
for s im il ar purpo se s [S e e pag e
.

BL A C K OAK — Q wer cu s mm .

U se ful in fe v e r, d iarrhoea , sc ro fula, and all c ase s o f c ank e r . The ac orns

si mm e re d in hon e y are g ood for sore m outh and throat C are should b e .

t ak e n that this a rti c le is n ot g i ve n too strong , as it m ay c re ate too g re at

a n astrin e n c
g y upon t he g l an ds o f the mouth and throat It m ay b e re .

d uc e d in its astri n g e nt prope rtie s b y the u se o f sag e , av e n s root or c rane s

b i ll , whic h po sse ss ne arl y the sam e qual iti e s, b ut are not so str ong astri n
g e nts .
[S e e page 6 10 ]
S A G Em -
S alv a Oflicin al i s.
q
S a g e i s an e x c elle nt artic l e to ui e t n e rvou s a n d me ntal e x c ite m e nt,
and re v e nt putri fac tion It i s g oo d fo r w orm s o r b owe l c ompl ai nts in
.

c hil re n It i s al so a v al uab l e artic l e to c l e ar the he ad , whe n use d in

'

c on n e c ti on with se nn a— half an oun c e of e ac h i n hal f a pi nt of hot wate r,

'
with a te aspoon ful of g i ng e r This will zafi ord g re at rel ief to the he ad as
.

soon :as i t o pe ra te s S i mm e re d wi th b orax and hon e y , i t i s an e x c e ll e nt

.

w ash fo r sore m outh i n c hil dre n , and for wom e n in u te r og e station Its .

t ri al wil l prov e it s vi rtue s . S ag e shoul d b e preserv e d f or famil y use.

{S e e pag e

C OM P OU N DS OF N O 3.— F OR C A N K ER
”

. .

1 . Tak e e qu al b ayb e rry and whi te pond lil y root, pul ve ri e

parts of z
fi ne , and m ix well tog ethe r . S te e p one ounc e in a pint of b o iling wate r,
O f thi s, g ive for
"

a n d l e t it b e we ll sw e e te n e d , an d ad d a l i ttl e c a e nn e
y .

a de se a wi n e g la ssful , an d re pe at i t a t d isc re tion . I f a ne rv ou s c ase , add

 704? TH E TH O M S O N I A N

hal f a teaspoonful of ne rve powd e r, an d from one to two teaspoonful s of

a safe tid a .

2 . Take sumac ,
wi tc h ha e l l e av e s, with marsh
re d raspb e rry and z
rose m ar , o f e ac h an e ual fi uan tit ; l e t the m al l b e fi ne ly pul ve rized
y q q y
and we ll mix e d In r c ase of an attac k o f c old add a l ittl e of N o 2
'

. . .

To b e tak e n the sam e as the pre c e d ing The se artic l e s m ay b e u se d

.

m c ourse , and separate ly if ne c e ssary ;

:

3 . Tak e re d raspb e rry , av e n s root, and marsh rose m ary , of e ac h e ual q

z
-

q uanti ti e s, fi ne l
y pul v e ri e d ; m ix the arti c l e s w e ll tog e ther , an d they
m ake an e x c e ll e nt c ank er re m e dy , an d one that i s hi ghl y u se ful in d i ar
'

rhoe a, an d all re l ax e d sta te s of the b owe l s .

1
.

F or a d ose tak e a te aspoonful , i n a wine g l assful of hot wate r , swe e t

'

e ne d .

z q q
4 . Tak er c rane sb ill and witc h ha el , e ual u antitie s of e ac h, an d hal f
q
the u antity of b lac k oak b ark , We l l ro sse d , d ri e d , pu lve ri ze d a n d m ix e d
'
'

Thi s m ay b e m e d ia the sam e way and fo r the sam e purpo se s as the one ‘

n ex t
pre c e ding . A d d a li ttl e g ol de n seal , an d i t m ak e s an ex c ell e nt b it
te r .
5 . Tak e of sag e , c oc ash and l ib e rty te a, e ac h one pound , pul v e ri e and z
m ix . Thi s i s an e x c ell e nt arti c l e for al l deran g e m e nt of the b owe l s,
e spe c ia lly whe re i t i s atte n d e d with n e rv ou s or m e n tal e x c ite m e n t .

Tak e for a.d o se , a te a spoonful , i n hal f a te ac upful of hot wate r, re pe at o

e d as ofte n a s the c irc um stanc e s re u ire . q

6 . Tak e he ml oc k , b l ac k oak an d b ayb e rry b ark s, of e ac h an e qualt
q uantity ; z
l et the m all b e fi ne l y pu lv e ri e d and we l l m ix e d . Thi s i s a
powe rful astrin g e nt, to sc ou r the c ank e r fr om the gl and s and m uc ous
m e mb rane of the whol e alim e ntary c an al .
Dose , a te aspoonful , in a hal f pint of hot water , swe e te n e d . Thi s must
n ot b e u se d too fre e l y , an d m ay b e te m pe re d wi th e ithe r of the pre c e d ing
arti c l e s that posse ss l e ss a strin g e n t powe r .
The se diffe re nt e em pounds m ay b e u se d in c our se s.

N . B . In al l c omp ound s for c ank e r or c old , a l ittl e c ay e nne should b e

<

'

add e d , as it r e nd e rs the m e d i c ine m u c h m ore e fle c tual ; an d the pati e nt

’

shou ld b e , whe n the m e di c i n e i s u se d , k ept warm i n b e d , or shie lded fro m

the air b y an ove r c oat or b la nk e t

-
.

ral ly v ery rapid .

L the pati e nts al way s d ri nk fre e ly of m i l k porrid e or othe r
et

m ent whil e u sing the se m ed ic ine s, if the y hav e an i nc in ation to e at ; b ut

‘

ne v e r forc e the appe tite , as n ature wil l re g ulate her own work . B y fore
'

ing the appetite , y ou g ene rate d i se ase .

B itter s.

N o. i — T H E DI F F
l . EREN T A RT I C L ES "
.

B A ‘L M ON Y Chelon e G l ab r a .

This i s a b itte r of the fi rst orde r . It c orre c ts the se c re ti on s of b ile ,

“

c re ate s an appe tite , and g ive s heal th an d ac ti vity to the dig e stiv e

E S e e pag e
 320 6 T H E TH O M S O N l A N

3 . Ta k e o f b al mony and popl ar eac h two ounc es, b ayb e rry hal f an
r

o u n c e , b l ac k b irc h four ou nc e s ; pul ve rize and m ix we l l to e the r then

g ,
w ork i n a four th o f an oun c e o f c ay e nn e and two pound s of su gar .
T ak e a tea spoonful of thi s c om pou nd nig ht an d m orni n g , in a littl e hot
w ate r; or an ounc e of it m ay b e u t i nto a g ill of b oil ing wate r, to which
p
a dd one pint a n d a half o f g o od gi n , or We st Ind ia rum .

Dose, h alf a wine g l ass, two or thr e e tim e s a d ay .

S P IC E B ITTERS .

Ta k e o f ti n e popl ar b ark one pound , b al mon y seve n ou nc e s, b ay»

I .

b e rry fou r oun c e s, g in ge r fou r ou nc e s, c ay enne one b ri n c e , c love s thre e

'

o unc e s, old ea l thre e o unc e s, su ar two o und s, and l e t the m b e well

g e n s g p
mix e d .
2 . Tak e of popl ar b ark te n poun d s, b ayb e rry an d b al mony e ac h two
p ound s, g ol d e n seal and c l ove s e ac h one pound , c aye nne hal f a pou nd ,
a nd six te e n pou nd s o f su ar .
g L et the se artic l e s al l b e m ade fi n e and
we ll mi xe d .
P ut a tab l e spoonful of thi s c om pound with four ounc e s of su g ar i nto a
q
uart of b oil in
g wate r . T ak e a wine gl assful of this thre e ti m e s a d ay
b e fore e atin g . Thi s i s a g ood b itte r . Or a te aspoonful of the se powd e rs
w ith one of su gar , m ay b e tak e n in a c u p of hot wate r ; or on e ou nc e
q
m ay b e sc al de d in half a pint of hot wate r , an d pu t i nto a u art b ottl e ,
.

whic h m ay b e fi ll e d with g ood M al ag a wi ne . P re pa re d in thi s way , it

i s an e x c e l le n t b i tte r for we ak pati e nts.

WIN E B ITTERS .

Tak e one part of b al mony and fi ve of popl ar b ark , b oil i n wate r suf
fi c ie n t to strain from one pou nd two an d a hal f g al l on s o f wate r , to whi c h
ad d thre e and a hal f poun d s of white su g ar , and two an d a hal f ou n c e s
(

o f ne rve
powder while hot, strai n and add thr e e and a hal f g all on s b e st
‘

q
M al ag a wine and one uart eac h of the tinc ture of me adow fern and
_

pri c k ly ash se e d s.
2 . Tak e fi v e pou nd s of popl ar b ark an d on e of b al m ony , b o il the m in 1 5
g all on s of w ate r, the n ad d whil e hot, twe nty pound s of sug ar and one
p ou n d of ne rve powd e r . S train off an d add four g all on s of fou rth proo f
J am aic a rum or b rand , twe n ty
y g all o ns of b e st M al ag a wi n e , and o ne

g all on e ac h o f tin c ture of m e ad ow fe rn an d pric kly ash b ark . W he n

c ool put i t i n to a b arrel an d it i s fi t for u se .

Do se , fro m hal f to a wine g l assful three time s a d ay .

‘

RES TORA TIV E A N D REL A X IN G B ITTERS .

Tak e one qu art of b e e f s g all , on e g all on b e st H oll and g in ,

’
and one

gall on m ol asse s ; m ix and shak e the m we ll tog e the r

Do se , a wine gla ssful at n i g ht or at disc re ti on .

A S TRI N G EN T B IT TERS .

Tak e of b ayb e rry two pound s, of g ol de n se al an d g inge r eac h one

pound , c aye nne and c l ov e s e ac h two oun c e s ; al l fi ne l y ul v e ri ze d ,

a nd well m i x e d F or dy spe ptic s with re l ax e d state of t e b owe l s.
.

Dose , a teaspoonful in hot wate r swee te ne d .

DY S P EP TIC P OWDERS .
Tak e of c aye nne fou r ou nc e s, g ol de n se al half a pound , popl ar b ark
four pou nd s and b r own su g ar e ight poun d s : l e t them al l b e m ade fi n e and
we l l m ix e d , and the n add one ou nc e of e sse nc e of p e nny royal , to b e we ll
inc orporated with the othe r artic les. Thi s is g ood for d istre ss oc c asione d
 M AT E
RI A M ED I C A . 70 7
b y food , for fi atul e nc y and to re m ove faint ness at the stom ac h . A
c ol ic ,
te aspoonful m ay b e tak e n i n a c up of hot w ate r, i n b oil e d m ilk , wine , or
whe n m ore c onve nie nt in a g lass of c old wate r, or it m ay b e e ate n
d ry . It wi ll re m ov e c hil l s, ag ue and c ram ps from the sy stem , and i s a
v al u ab l e arti c l e to b e k e pt on han d for u se .

WOM AN S F
’
RIEN D .

Tak e of popl ar b ark fi v e pou nd s ; u ni c orn , c inn amon , g ol d e n seal ,

and c l ove s, e ac h hal f a pou nd ; four ou nc e s o f c ay e nne an d e i g ht pou nd s
o f sug ar . L e t the m all b e m ad e fi ne and w e ll m ix e d Thi s i s an e x c e l
.

l e nt artic l e in fe m al e we ak ne sse s, to pre ve nt ab ortion and to b e u se d at

the c e ssati on of the m e n se s .

A te aspoonful m ay b e tak e n in a g ill of hot wate r.

To Restor e D ig estion .

N o. 5 . T H E DI F F EREN T A RT I C L ES .

P TRE
EA C H E—n i myg dalu s P er si ca.
This i s an e x c el l e nt arti c l e in a g re at v ariety of c ase s, am ong whi c h
are we ak n e ss of the d i g e sti ve org an s, di sor de re d b owe l s, sic k ne ss at the
stomac h, for c hil d re n whe n te e thi ng , and for w orm s . [S e e pag e
BL A C K C H ERRY— P ru n u s V i rg in i an a .
Thi s i s one of the m ost v al uab l e artic l e s am ong our tonic rem e die s, and
it al so has the powe r of c al m ing irri tation and di minishi ng ne rvou s irrita
b il ity . [S ee pag e

B ITTER A L M ON D— H mydalu s fl mam .

G ood i n al l c ase s of d e b ility of the stom ac h and b owe l s It m ay b e .

u se d al on e , or in c omb in ati on wi th othe r arti c l e s [S e e page .

COM P O UN DS o r N o 5 . .

YRU P F OR WEA K L Y P A TIEN TS

O

S .

Tak e one oun d e ac h of the roots of e l e c ampane , spic k nard and c o m~

fre y , and ha a pou nd of b ox w ood fl owe rs ; b ruise the m we ll tog e the r in
-

a m orta r , b oil in tw o g al l on s of wate r one hour , str ai n and add w hi l e hot

hal f an oun c e of g old en se al , two ounc e s o f dy spe psy powde rs, four oun
c e s of pric k l y ash se e d , f our ou n c e s of g um arab ic , the sam e quantity of
z
all spic e , two ou n c e s of sl ippe ry e l m b ark , all fi n e l y pu l v e ri e d , an d e i g ht
nd s of l oaf su g ar ; to thi s add on e g all on g ood H oll and
p ou gi n and hal f
the q uantity of M ad e i ra wine
S to p it ti ht in b ottl e s for u se . Dose , from a fourth to a win e gl ass -

full tw o or t re e time s a d ay .
This is ood for all fe mal e we ak ne sse s, and i s ve ry stre ngthe ning to the
b
l oin s and ac k .

S Y RU P F OR WEA K L Y F EM AL ES .
Tak e a l arg e handful of g re e n c om frey roots well c l e an se d and b ruise d ;
q
b oil the m i n two uarts of wate r , strain otf and pre ss out the l i u or , then q
rate i n thre e nutm e g s, add one ou n c e of d y spe pti c p owd e rs, on e pound
g
of rai sin s pul veri ze d , six pound s of l oaf sug ar, one pin t of b randy and two
70 8 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

quarts of M ad e ira
win e Whe n c ool add si x e gg s that have b e en b eate n
.

fine , and l e t it b e wel l sti rre d tog e the r .

Thi s i s a v al uab le art ic le for fe m ale we ak ne sse s. Dose , a wine gl ass -

f ull t ree or four tim e s a d ay .

h
S Y RU P F OR DY S EN TERY .
Tak e of b ayb e rry b ark and sum ac h l eav e s e ac h on e oun c e , an d b oil i n
q
two uart s of wate r , on e hour, strain off and ad d hal f an ou n c e e ac h o f
g ol de n se al and c l ov e s, and whe n c ool on e pi nt of rhe um atic d rops .

This i s an e x c e ll e nt arti c l e for l oose n e ss of the b owel s and i ndig e stion .

Dose , from one to four tab l e spoon sful thre e ti me s a day .

S Y RU P TO S TREN G TH EN TH E S TOM A CH A N D B OWEL S .

Tak e one poun d e ac h of p opl ar b ark and b ayb erry , b oil the m in two
gall on s of wate r , strain off and add seve n poun d s of g ood su g ar ; the n
sc ald an d skim i t, an d a d d half a
poun d of pe ac hm e ats o r the sam e uan q
tity of c he rry stone m e ats , pul ve ri e d
-
z Whe n c ool add a g all on of
.

g ood b ran dy , an d k e e p it i n b ottl e s f or u se Dose , half a win e g l ass ful l

.
-

two or thr ee tim e s a d ay .

Thi s i s an e x c e ll e nt arti c l e to stre ngth e n the stom ac h and b owel s an d
re sto re we ak ati e n ts, and i s ti l l f l i n d se n te ry It rs a
p p ar c u a r y u s e u y .

ood p e ve nti ve a s we l l as re m e d f l d e nte ry , c hol era m or

g z y or r e ax , y s
u s, s

M U CIL A G IN OU S S Y RU P .

Tak e the pith of the r oo ts of b uc khom b rake , b rui se d ; put the m into a
sto ne p ot, an d ad d w ate r e ithe r c old or hot
, ; b e at the m w i th a spoo n un
til i t i s of the c on si ste nc e of the whi te of an e P ou r 0 6 , an d to one
g g .

q
g all on ad d two pound s whi te sug ar , on e u art b e st b rand y , two ou nc e s
z
c araw ay se e d pul ve ri e d , and on e
g l ass of the v ol atil e tinc tu re .
U se , for we ak n e rv ou s patie nts and c hil d b e d w om en . -

S Y RU P F OR DY S EN TER Y , OR REL A X .
M ak e a strond e c oc tion of b ayb e rry , or in wan t the re of sum ac h, o r
g
m arsh ro sem ary ; strain , and whil e hot ad d to a gall on of the d e c oc tion
two pou nd s of b row n su g ar . Whe n c ol d ad d thre e pin ts o f hot d rops,
(or e noug h to preve nt i ts souring .) If n e c e ssary , add m ore of the hot
d rops whe n tak e n .

DY S EN TERY S Y RU P .

M ak e a stro n
g de c oc ti on of e qual part s of fi n e b ayb e rry an d sum ac h
l e ave s .To on e g al lon of the d e c oc tion add two pou n d s of sug ar , whi c h
has b e e n di ssol v e d , b oil e d and skim m e d ; one ou n c e of g ol d e n se al , and
hal f an oun c e of c l ove s. Whe n c old add thre e quarts and a half rhe u
m atic d rops .
Do se , from a tab l e spoonful to a win e g l ass two or thre e tim e s a d ay .

S Y RU P F OR REL A X , OR S U M M ER C OM P L A IN T .
Tak e of
popl ar b ark , b l ac k c he rry b ark , of the gr e e n root, and b al m o
ny , e ac h on e pound ; of o l d e n se al and ho s, e ac h hal f a ou nd ; b oil
g p p
the se ing re die nts i n e ig ht g all on s of w ater , and strain off ; the n sc al d and
add twe nty — fi ve p oun d s o f white su ar ; tak e off the sc u m , an d add while
I
hot, a pound of c l ove s. Whe n c oo , add two al l on s of rhe um atic d rops .
Dose , for an adul t, fr om hal f to a wi ne gl ass ul , at disc re ti on .

A N TIDY S P EP TIC RES TORA TIV E .

Tak e of popl ar b ark fi ve pound s ; of g ol de n seal and g ing er , e ac h two

 7 10 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

o n and tak e n inte r nal ly . It i s al so a v al uab l e r e m e dy for rel ax , dy sen

te ry , &c .

3 . Take one g allon o f any k ind of hi g h wine s, o ne pound of gum

myrrh m ade fi n e , and one o un c e of c ay e nne ; put the m into a stone j u g
and b oil i t for a fe w m in u te s in a k e ttl e of wate r , l e avin g the j u g u n
c ork e d . It m ay b e pre pare d without b oiling b y l e ttin g it stan d and Shak
i ng it two or thre e ti m e s a d ay f or a w ee k , whe n it will b e fi t for u se .
The se d rop s are to re m ov e pain an d pre v e nt m orti fi c ati on , e i the r inte r
nal l y or e x te rnall y appl ie d .
Dose , from a tea to a tab l e spoonful i n a l ittl e hot wate r, or gi ve n in
othe r m e di c in e .
The y m ay b e u se d to b athe wi th in all c ase s of e x te rnal swe lli ng s or
pain . It it an e x c e l l e nt re m e dy fo'r the rhe u m atism , in whic h c ase tak e
a te aspoon ful an d b athe the parts afi e c te d . It w il l re li e v e he ad ac he b y tak
i ng a d ose , b athin g i t on the he ad and snuffi n g it up the n ose . It i s g ood for
j
b ruise s, spra in s, swoll en oin ts, and old sore s ; i t wil l al lay in fl am m ation ,
re d u c e swe ll in g s, e ase pain an d produ c e a te nd e n c y to he al . The re i s
sc arc e l y a c ompl ain t in whic h this m ay n ot b e u se d to adv anta e . It i s
g
the b e st pre se rv ativ e ag ain st m ortifi c ati on I hav e e ve r fou nd .
F or b athi ng , in rheu m atism , itc h, or for any othe r e x te rnal appl ic ation ,
add one q
uarte r part of spi rits of tu rpe n tin e ; an d for sprain s or b rui se s ,
a sm al l q
uan ti ty of c am phor and n e rve ointm e nt m ay b e ad d e d .

C OM P OS ITION P OWDERS — F i r st P r epar ati on .

Tak e of b ayb e rry tw o pou nd s, g in g e r one pound , c aye nne and c l ov e s

z
e ac h two oun c e s ; all fi ne ly pul ve ri e d an d we l l mix e d .

S econ d P r epar ati on .

Tak e b ayb erry , g ing e r, popl ar an d he ml oc k b ark

of e ac h on e p ound ,
o f re d or whi te oak b ark hal f a pound , thre e oun c es of c aye nn e an d two
z
of c l ove s, all fi n el y pulve ri e d an d we l l m ix e d .

T hir d P r epar ation .

Tak e two pound s e ac h of b ay b erry an d g ing e r , one pound e ac h of pop

l ar and oak b ark , thre e ou nc e s of c aye nne an d two of c lov e s, al l fi ne ly
z
pul v e ri e d and we ll mi x e d .
DIREC TION S F OR U S IN G .
L e t e ithe r of the se c ompou n ds b e tak e n for c ank e r and to promote pe r
spi ration , the patie nt b e in g shie l d e d from the air . Dose , a te a S po onful -

i n a c up o f hot wate r , swe e te ne d .

This i s for the fi rst sta ge s an d l e ss vi ol ent attac k s o f d ise ase . It i s a

v al uab l e m e dic in e , an d m ay b e safe l y e m pl oy e d i n al l c ase s It i s g ood .

for rel ax , pai n in the stomac h and b owe l s , an d to re m ove al l ob stru c ti on s

c au se d b y c ol d . A fe w d ose s of thi s, the patie nt b e in g in b e d , with a
ste am in stone at the fee t , wil l c ure a b ad c ol d , and u sual ly throw of?
g
d ise ase i n its fi rst stag e s.

N er vin es.

L A DI SE ’
S L IP P ER— Cypripediu m .

Thi s i s an ex c e ll e nt artic l e in all spasm odi c ne rv ous or hy ste ric al af «

fac tions. It is e ntire ly de stitu te of narc oti c prope rtie s and may b e use d
 M A TERI A Bre m e n. 7 11

with fre e dom and safe ty in all c ase s of dise ase . A fte r i ts Ope ration the
ati e nt fe e l s c he e rfu l an d happy in b oth b od y and m i nd . [S e e pag e
p
A S A F ETIDA — F erul a fl f
sa azti d a .

Thi s artic l e i s p owe rful l y an tispasm odic e xpe c torant and feeb ly l ax a
tive . It i s ve ry u se ful in the tre atm e nt of hypoc hon dria , hyste ria , c on
F rom the u ni on o f
"

v ul si on s, spasm s an d al l c a se s of n e rv ou s d e b il ity .
q
its d iff e re nt ualitie s i t i s an e x c e l l e n t artic l e i n al l diffi c ul tie s o f 'the
l ung s . It m ay b e sub stitute d for the fer e g oi ng , an d is al so a val uab l e ar
ti c le in c on sti pati on an d flatnl e n c y . [S e e pag e

CA M P HO R— L a w u s U m ho
Thi s e x e rts a c on side rab l e infl uen c e ov e r the b rain and nervou s sy ste m .

It inc re ase s the heat of the su rfac e , promote s pe rspiration , stre ng the n s
the pu l se an d all ay s n e r v ous i rrita tion It e x pe l s win d from the stom ac h
.

and m ay b e u se d a s a n e rv in e whe n the asafe tid a an d

had . [S e e page
N o wn — H ol l an d in i s an e x c ell e n t n e rv ine and m a b e u se d i n alt
g y
c ase s of n erv ou s irri tab il ity with g ood e ffe c t . L e t it b e prepare d in foam
of sling , and tak e n hot o n g oing to b ed .

S KU N K C A B B A G E— I d od es F wti du s .
This i s an anti spasm od ic stim ul ant and n arc otic , and i s ood for all
‘
o

affe c ti on s of the l ung s, hy steria and rhe u m ati sm It is . a: val uab l e re m e dy

for c ou g hs an d d ropsy . [S e e pag e

B ITTERS WEET— S olan um D u lc amar a .

It has the powe r of inc re asing the se c re tion s of the k id ne ys and skin ,
and in larg e d ose s prod u c e s nar c oti c e fi e c ts It i s u se ful in m ania an d
’
.

al so in c utan e ou s a ffe c tion s A n ointm ent i s m ade from it ve ry u se ful to

.

re mov e stiff ne ss of the j oin ts an d c e l l om e s, and al so for sprai n s an d re

lax ed or c ontrac te d m usc l e s. [S e e pag e

A n tiscor bu tics.

BU RDOC K— A r ctwm L a
ppa .

This is sudorifi c , d iaphore tic and ape rie nt , w ithout ir ri ta ting pro
root
e rtie s, an d i s a v al uab l e re m e d y for all sco rb u ti c adiec tio n s The se e d s
p .

are d iure tic an d m ay b e profi tab l y e m pl oy ed whe re su c h artic l e s are me

c e ssary , and al so to c l e an se all im pu riti e s from the b l oo d . The l e av e s
are u se ful in d rafts an d m ay b e appli e d to the fe e t or any part of the b od
y
su ffe rin g with pai n . [S ee pag e
BL A C K SN A K E ROOT— M a cr ot s
y S ei
p m t ari a .
'

This i s a v er u se ful in rhe um atism , d rop sy , affe c ti on s o f the

arti c l e

u te ru s and pu o nary c on sum pti on It e x e rts a g re at in flue n c e ov e r

.

the ne rv ous and arte rial s ste m s, and inc re ase s the se c re tion s of th e kid
y
ne ys and skin . [S e e pag e
P IP S IS EWA OR P RIN C ES S P IN E C himaphi ta U mbellat a .

Its ac ti ve pmpertie s are anti sc orb utic , to nic and astrin ge nt, an d is g ood
7 312
"
T H E TH O M S O N I A N

i n rheumati sm , sc roful a , i
affe c t on s of the kidne y an d al l sc orb uti c d ifli
'

c ul tie s. [S e e pa g e
GR EE N OS IER Cam u s Ci r cin at i .
G ood for al l k in d s of i n fl am m ation , e spe c iall y of the e y e s. It stre ngth
e n s the stom ac h and re m ov e s sc orb uti c d iffi c ul ti e s . [S ee pag e
K
DOC S — Rumex .

V e ry u se ful i n sc orb u tic d isorde rs and c utane ou s e ruptions. The y are

anti sc o rb uti c , ape rie nt an d toni c ; g oo d i n al l c ase s whe re any art ic l e s

u nd er thi s he ad m ay b e u se d . [S e e pag e
P RIC K L Y A S H— X an thox yl u m F r axi n eu m .

This i s an anti sc orb u tic , antispasm odic , stim ul ant and diaphore tic ; g ood
f or c ol dne ss in the e x tre m e ti e s, c hil l s, infl am m ation i n the f ac e , tooth
a c he , &c . [S e e pag e
Y A RROW— fl chill ea M ilq oli u m .

Inte rnall y , y arrow i s u se ful in n e rvou s affe c tion s, c ol ic , an d i nte rm it

t e nt fe v e r s ; e xt e rnal l y , for all k ind s of in flamm ato ry sore s, sal t rhe um , -

c rac k e d ha nd s an d pil e s . [S e e pag e

L OV A G E— L i g u sti c u m L ev i sti cu m.
G ood for sc roful a, v e n e re al , rhe um ati sm , and fe m al e ob stru c tion s.

{S e e pag e 65 2 ]
CU B EB S C ubeba .
'

T his i s a g rateful toni c , stom ac hic and re g ul ator of the dig e sti v e or
ans. I t i s al so a u se ful re m e dy i n g onorrhoea an d fi rst sta e s of s phil
g g y
l is. [S e e pag e

M EA DOW F ERN w
M yr i ca G al e .
U se ful in sal t rhe um , tetter, itc h,
-
and all poi son ous e rupti ons of the
sk in . [S e e pag e
F E RN O IN TM EN T .

Tak e of the l e av e s of m e adow fe rn , the b ud s of b al m of G il e ad , and

g u m m y q
rrh, of e ac h e ual par ts; simm e r in fre sh b utte r , and stra in . L e t
it b e harden ed w ith b ayb e rry tall ow and rosin .

DRIN K S F OR B A D H U M ORS .
Take four oun c e s e ac h of the foll owing artic l e s : b urd ock se e ds, prin
c e ss pine , sarsapari ll a and sassafras ; l e t the m all b e dry , fi ne l y pul ve r
i ze d and well m ix e d S te e p on e tab l e spo onful in a pint of hot wate r,
.

and le t i t b e u se d as a c on stant d rink .

DEQ OC TION S OF S A RS A P A RIL L A . F OR TH E B L OOD.

Tak e o f sarsaparill a root six oun c e s, soft wate r on e g all on . A fte r m a
c e ratin g in b oil in g water f or two hours, the n tak e out the root and b rui se
it ; add it a g ai n to the l i qu or, and m ac e rate it onc e m ore for two hours ;
then b oil down the l iqu or to four pints, an d strain i t Tak e from a g il l
.

to half a pi nt d aily , or more if thoug ht ad v i sab l e .

C OM P OU N D DECOCTION OF S A RS A P A RIL L A .

Tak e of sarsaparil l a root , out an d b ruise d , six oun c e s; the b ark of sas
safras root, l ig num vitae dust (g u ai acwm wood) or shaving s, l i quoric e
7 14 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

A se c ond c ase of the sam e c om pl aint I had ab out one y e ar afte r the one
b e fore m e nti one d , whi c h was the m o st v i ol e nt of any I e v e r saw, as the re
was n ot a partic l e of the natural c u tic l e or sk in to b e se e n ab ove the c hin
in fac t the whol e surfac e of the he ad was one solid m ass of c orruption ;
al so the j oints o f the shou l d e rs, e lb ows, w ri sts, hi s, k n e e s , an d ank l e s.
p
The onl y sound sk in was to b e fou n d on the b od y and b e twe e n the j oints ,

The c hi ld had b e e n affli c te d with thi s c om pl aint ne ar thre e y e ars The .

mother had e mpl oye d the b e st phy si c i an s in the pl ac e , and the y had
on the ir u nre mi ttin g atte ntion to the c ase for ab out two ear s without any
y
pe rc e ptib le b e n e fi t .

The m othe r having heard of the c ase of the b oy whose he ad l had pre
v i ou sl y c u re d , as b e for e m enti on e d , afte r b e in afll ic te d six y e ars, she
'

g
we nt to se e the c hil d , an d e x am in e d the head , f or he r own sati sfac tion .
On he r re turn hom e I was se nt for I we nt i m m e d iatel y to the house ,
.

an d afte r the u su al sal u tation on e n te ri n , the l ad , who was a q u ak e re ss ,

g y
said— Is thee Doc tor Thom son ? . That i s m y nam e , I re pl ie d . We ll , I
h v b e n t o s e C ofli n s c hil d , whom thee c ure d of the sal t rheu m , and
a e e e
’ - “

am so wel l satisfi e d wi th th ra c tic e i n that c ase , that I hav e se n t for

y p
the e to se e if the e c an re nd e r m e a l ik e se rvi c e i n the c ase o f m y c hil d .
There is the poor di stre sse d ob j e c t, (pointin g to the c radle ) n ot sic k at
.

he art, b ut se e the d readful state o f his fac e . I hav e had Dr . G . to atte nd

to the c hil d for ab ou t two y e ars past, and I wi ll g iv e the e six m onths to
e ffe c t a c ure , an d no l on e r
g .

I re m ark e d , that I thoug ht she ought to g iv e m e as g reat a l en g th of

tim e as d oc tor G , i f I e ffe c te d the c ure b u t n ot so— six m onths was m y
.

limit . S he said that Dr . G was an ol d frie nd , or he woul d n ot have b e en

.

fav ore d so l ong .

I m ade the c omm e nc e m e nt , and in thre e m onths the sore s we re e ntire
]:y he al e d , and the fac e , b o dy and limb s, we re withou t a sc ar ; an d it ap
‘

p e are d to m e t o b e the fai re st c om l e x i tan e d c hil d I e v e r saw .

p Th e ope

ration of the m e di c ine se e m e d to improve the c hild b oth in stre n g th and

c ol or of the ski n .

I have c ure d a num b e r of othe r c ase s of sal t rhe u m and sc orb u tic ul c ers
-

with thi s ointm e nt .

P REP A RA TION OF TH E OIN T M EN T B EF O RE U S E.

z
Tak e a hi m p ab ou t the si e of a wal nu t, an d m i x it w el l wi th a tab l e «

spoonful of hog s l ard , or ab out thre e parts of l ard to on e o f ointm e n t

’
.

The n giv e the patie nt some pre pare d c om po sition , hot d rops, or some
thing to warm the stom ac h . The n wash the p art s affe c te d b y the dise ase
with warm soapsu ds , to c l e an se the sam e ; d ry them off with a c l oth , and
z
tak e a portion of the o intm e nt ab ou t the si e of a pe a and ru b it ov e r
the m , and so c ontinu e u ntil the whol e su rfac e of the sore s i s saturate d .

Inc re ase the stre ng th of the ointm en t dail y un til you are en ab l e d t o appl y
it i n»full forc e .

In a fe w minute s after the appl ic ati on , the patie nt wil l b e g in to l ook

pal e , g row si c k at the stom ac h , an d wil l v om it profu se l y , if the ointm e nt
is of suffi c ie nt stre ngth , b y whic h m e an s the whol e sy ste m , b oth inte m al
l y and e xte rnall y , w il l b e c om e c l e an se d b y i ts u se I think thi s oint
.

m e nt the m ost powe rful antisc orb u ti c that c an b e appl ie d to the surfac e
of the b ody , as it pu rifi e s the sk in and b l ood at the sam e ti m e , o f the
sharp ac ri d hu m or s .

Those who hav e c utane ous e ruptions whic h the y w ish to b e rid of, Wil li
never re g re t the appli c ation of this re m e dy ; b u t the y m u st n ot m ind the
te mporary sic k ne ss whic h it will c e rtain l y c re ate , a s the re is no d ang e r ,
h
t tI
a h ave e ve r k now n , to a ri se from i ts e ffe c ts, whi c h are the sam e pre ~
 M A TERI A M ED I C A . 15

c ise l y as are expe rie n c e d from the seed of the l ob elia or the b rown e meti c
whe n u nd e r a c ourse of m e dic ine .
This ointme nt m ay b e applie d to the ne c k and b re ast of c hi ld re n to
g ood advan tag e i n c ase s of the c roup . It i s al so g ood for ol d ul c e rs, fe
j
v e r sore s, an d for te ta nu s, or l oc k aw , b y b athin g the parts affe c te d , and
d ry in g it in b y the fi re It i s e x c e l le nt to b athe oints, or c ontrac te d
. j
mu sc l e s .

The re i s n o sore u pon the surfac e whe re thi s ointme nt m ay n ot b e use ‘

f ully appli e d , e spe c iall y i f it c annot b e heal e d with other re me die s usual
in suc h c ases.
Tak e a b ath three or four tim e s a we ek and c l e an se the surfac e , a s di
re c te d u nd e r the he ad of Tr e tm en t f th S f ce
”
a o e u r a .

N B . N e ve r b e frighte ne d at the e ff e c t of thi s ointm e nt, as the re is no

.

dan g e r if the stomac h i s k e pt warm and we ll n ouri she d with g ru e l .

The antisc orb u tic te a m ay b e u se d d ai l y while the ointme nt i s b e ing
appl ie d .

T REA TM EN T OF TH E S U RF A CE A F TER TA K IN G A B A TH .
F or the ben efi t of scor bu ti c pati en ts .

'

A fte r havin g tak e n a b ath and fi lle d the ex tr e m itie s wi th an ac tiv e c ir ~

c ul ati on of b l ood , whic h m ay b e k n own b y the ful n e ss of the ve ins, pour

q
o v e r the whol e b ody a uart of water , wi th the c hi ll re m ov e d su ffi c ie ntl y
to l e ave i t g e ntl y te pi d , or ab ou t the te m pe ratu re of the ai r . The n rub
the b od y with a n apki n se ve re ly , so m uc h so as to c re ate a c utane ou s e x
c ite m e nt and a warm g l ow throu g hou t the whol e e x te ri or sy ste m . The n
tak e fou r ounc e s of the tin c tur e o f l ob e l ia , an d d i ssol ve as m u c h sal e ratu s
in it as i t w ill b e ar q
P ou r ov e r the b ody a uantity of this pre paration,
.

and rub it i n with the han d s, an d u pon the l im b s al so , a nd it l e ave s an agre e

ab l e g e nial g l ow , that i s v e ry pl e a sant to the pe rson who e x pe ri e n c e s the
ope rati on . It c l e ars the c apil l ary ve ssel s, and is an e x c e lle nt thing to
c orre c t m orb id ob struc ti on s of the pe rspi ra tion .

Whe re the e x ternal surfac e i s d ry and i ne rt afte r b athing, and applying

the c ol d or te pid w ate r a s ab ov e d ire c te d , the rheu m atic l ini m e n t m ay al so
b e u se d thorou g hl y ove r the b ody , the sam e as the tin c ture was applie d ,
c au sin g a live ly an d pl e a sant low , that is ve ry u se ful to prom ote pe rspi
g
rati on , for dy spe ptic , rhe um ati c and d ropsic al hab its

A N TI S C ORB U TIC P OU L TIC E,

F or F ev er S or es , Whi tlows , B i l es , Old U l cerou s S ores, K in g ’s Evil
a
re .

To hal f a pint of hot wate r, add two he aping tab l e spoon sful of fi ne salt
and one tab l e spoonful e ac h of c aye nn e an d b rown e m e ti c , we ll pul v e ri z
e d ; stir the m we l l tog e the r , an d add on e g il l of soft so a , one tab l e s oon
p p
ful of ing e r , the sam e quanti ty o f sl ippe ry e l m an d spong e c rac k e rs, and
whe at read or Indi an m e al suffi c ie nt to m ak e it of a proper c on si ste nc e .
.

When this poul tic e is applie d , k e e p it m oi st b y oc c asionally we tting it

wi th a te aspoo nful of wate r , or d ippi n it into wate r H o t m e d i c rne
g .

sho ul d b e fre e l y tak e n , to pre ve n t the di ffi c ul ty from strik in

g to the sto
mac h, and to pre ve nt fai nt sin king se n sations, and l oss of a pe tite
g
.

F or fe ve r sore s, old ul c e rs, rhe um atism , &c , thi s re me y has n ot its .

e q ual , to our k n owl e d g e .

When the re is m uc h distre ss and a high state of inflamm ati on, and the
sore i s n ot ye t ope ne d , m uc h re lie f will b e ob taine d b urn ng a pie c e
y b i
7 16 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

of punk upon the part (se e c austic s, pag e an d the n ap l in

p y g thi s
pou ltic e A l m ost i mm e d iate re l ie f from d istre ss w ill b e the re sul t .
z
.

q
A c our se of m e dic in e at this tim e , to e uali e the fl uid s of the b od y ,
will b e atte nde d with th e m o st b e n e fi c ial re sul ts . We hav e c ure d with
thi s poul tic e , i n c onne c tion w i th c ou rse s of m e d ic i ne , a c ase of hip dis
e a se of tw e nt e v e n y e ars stan din g , se ve ral fe v e r sore s and b ad ul c e rs , b e
y s -

sid e s di s e rsin or sc atte ri n g m any that had c om m e n c e d , on v arious

p g
parts of the b od y .

A ve ry b ad sc orb utic diffic ul ty was c ure d upon a y oun g m an s ne c k ,

’

e x te ndin f rom th e should e r ac r oss the b r east a nd up the sid e of the n e c k ,

g
to the uppe r j aw an d ri g ht c he e k This c ase had b e e n gi v e n ove r b y the
.

re gul ar fac ul ty as in c urab l e , b ut w e re stor e d him to g ood he al th b y the

us e of thi s poul ti c e , ac c om panie d b y c ourse s an d the antis c orb utic sy rup

(se e pag e

OU TWA RD A P P L ICA TION ,

WH IL E U S ING TH E A N TI S CO RB U T I C D RI N KS .

M tin c ture of l ob e li a inflata a s y ou c an , b y b oil in g it i n

ak e as st ron g a

wate r and the n pu tting i t into spiri ts. A d d a te aspoonful of sale ratu s to e ve
ry four oun c e s, and w ith thi s w ash the parts aff e c te d . A t the sam e ti m e
m ak e a d ail y u se of the d ri nk s, and the c od e ffe c ts wil l soon b e vi sib l e .
A fte r tak ing a vapor b ath, l e t the whol e ody b e b athe d with thi s artic l e .

TO C U RE TETT ER IN T H E F A C E, OR B A RB ER’S ITC H .

Wash the fac e with pure l im e w ate r o r a l ye m ade of hard w ood ashe s ;
z
l e t it d ry , the n n eutrali e the al k ali b y w ashing with c od v i ne g ar . The
lye kil ls the inse c t, and b y ti m e l y applic atio n the v e g ar pre ve n ts the
c orro siv e e ff e c ts of the alk al i . If the sy ste m i s m u c h im pre g nate d w ith
the sc roful ou s affe c ti on , use fre e ly of the an ti sc orb uti c sy rups, or d rinks
to c le an se the b l ood .

C a tha r tics .

We wish our remark s in re l ation to c athartic s ,

pag e 65 4 , to b e re on

me mb ere d , as we d o not wish Dr S am ue l Thom son to b e he l d ac c ou nta

. »

b l e for what we m ay say i n re l ation to this m atte r . We m ay hone st]

j
diffe r o n this sub e c t , b ut pe rfe c tly ag re e that i f pe o ple will tak e suc h
me d ic ine s, l e t the m b e o f the m ost g en tl e k ind , suc h as pe ac h le af te a ,
e ppe r p od s, b ee f s g all , c astor oil , or se nna , i n ste ad of c al omel , cr oton
- ’
p
oi l , g am bog e, and othe r pow e rful and poi so nou s d ru g s.

N on a —Drastic c athartic s shoul d b e use d i n n o c ase whe re the re i s

dan g e r o f m ortifi c ation The g al l c athartic or o il m ay b e u se d to ad van
.

tag e , c om pou nd e d with rhe u m atic d rops or g in sl ing , i n c ase o f re lax or

dy se nte ry Thus c o mpound e d , the y soothe the b owe l s, an d g i v e qui e t to
.

the arte rial and ne rvou s sy ste m s, produc in g sl e e p and re st to the patient .

TH E N A T U RA L P H Y S IC F OR T H E B OD Y .

A fter the natural phy si c of the b od y whi c h i s the g all , ha s ex erte d its
718 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

P EA C H— THE F RU IT , L EA V ES , F L OWERS A N D B A R K .

Tak e one ounc e of pe ac h fl owers or l eav e s and pu t the m into thre e

gill s of wate r ; l e t it simm e r at a m o de rate he at for half an hour ; strain
off and swe e te n i t with su g ar and ad d a l ittl e m il k . Tak e hal f at night
and i f ne c e ssary tak e the b alanc e i n the m orni n g This i nfu si on i s an
.

ex c e ll e n t c orre c tor of the d i g e sti on , e spe c ial ly for c hil d re n whe n te e th

ing , an d for all k ind s of de ran g e m e nt of the b owe l s for e ithe r old or
T h i e s of the pe ac h l e ave s a re m uc h the sam e a s the
y o u
g
n . e p p
r o e rt pit
or k e rn e l A fre e u se of ri pe and m e ll ow pe ac he s wil l prod uc e the same
.

e ff e c t u on the b owel s
p Chil dre n who are troub l e d with a b ad state of
.

the stom ac h and b owel s, and of fe e b l e c on stituti on , shou l d m ak e fre e u se

of ripe pe a c he s, and a
g re at b e n e fi t will b e d eri ve d to the c on sti tu tion .

The pe ac h b ark m ay b e u se d for the sam e pu rpose , whe n n eithe r the

flow er s, l e av e s nor pe ac he s c an b e had . S e e pag e 624 .

CA THA RTIC C OM P OU N D.
Tak e four ounc e s b itte r root, e ig ht ou n c e s pe ac h l e ave s and e ight
"

oun c e s b utte rnu t b ark . B ruize the artic l e s fi ne in a m ort ar . P ut the m

into a b rass ke ttl e , an d add on e g all on of soft spring or rain wate r, b oil
it d own to ab out hal f a g al l on , the n strai n off an d pre ss the g rain s .

C l e an out the k e ttl e , and the n b oil i t ag ain d own to ab ou t o ne pint L et .

q
i t stan d for 1 2 hours and se ttl e ; pou r off the c le ar l i u or, an d to this d e c oc
q
tion add a lik e u an tity of fou rt h proof b ran dy , an d the sam e uanti ty q
of m ol a sse s P ut it into a g l ass b ottle or stone j ug , sto p i t tig ht and
.

shake it we l l , and i t i s fi t for use .

A P P L I CA T I ON .

Tak e a tea spoonful ab out three tim e s a d ay , twic e a we e k , and it wil l

-

re m ove fi atul e n c
y an d re store orde r where d i sorde r w as prom i ne nt b e fore
in the b owe l s . The stimul atin g e ffe c ts of the b u tte rnut will re m ove al
m ost all k i nd s of c hol ic pain s . J
ud gm e nt shoul d b e u se d i n its appli c a
ti on , or it m ay produc e a re ac ti on i n the b owe l s, an d a c osti ve hab i t m ore
vi ol e n t than b e fore Inc re ase or d imini sh the uan tity ac c ord ing to
. q
j ud gm ent .
B ITTER ROOT— fl pocyn u m Can abi n u m.
The A poc ynum or b itter root m ay b e u se d to g ood ad vantag e i n dy s
pe ptic hab its To re m ove c osti ve n e ss, i t has n ot its e ual in the ve g e ta .
. q
b l e mat er i a medi c a . It m ay b e tak e n hal f a te a spoonful i n a littl e hot
-

wate r, in c omposition or in the dy spe p sia p owd ers pre pare d , and in fac t
in any m an ne r that it c an b e most c onve ni e ntl y swal lowe d wi thout si c k
e ni ng the stom ac h .

F or c onfi rm e d d y spe pti c s, where arti fi c ial m e an s mu st b e u se d to pro

duc e ac tion in the b owe l s, thi s artic l e m ay b e u se d with g re at satisfac
q
tion to the pati e nt ; for whe n tak e n in sm all u antiti e s, say u arte r of a q
q
te a spoonful thre e or four tim e s a d ay , it will re u i re som e d ay s for the
-

powe rful c orre c tion pr ope rt ie s to b e m ad e m anife st, and the n the y are sat
isfac tory .

B U TT ERN U T— Ju g l an s Cyn er i a .
The e xtrac t of the b u tte rnut b ark I have u se d in a g re at varie ty of
ways It is a powe rful aux il iary i n the thi rd pre paration , i n c ramps, c on
.

vul sion s, and i n all c ase s of su spe nd e d ani m ation . I fi rst use d thi s c om
d i M o ntre al , in c ase s o f c hol e ra i n 1 8 32 , an d w as w e l l pl e ase d
po u n n
wi th its l i vel y , se arc hi ng an d sti mul ati ng e ffe c ts , as it would start a m ors
tu re in the pal m s of the hand s i n a ve ry fe w minu te s, re l ie vi ng al l pai ns
 M A TERI A M EDI C A . 7 19

a nd c ram ps in the e x tre miti e s in m uc h l e ss tim e than the preparation

wi thou t i t .

It m ay b e u se d for c om poun di ng e me ti c pill s, tog e ther wi th b r own

e m e ti c , c a e nn e , n e rv e
y pow d e r,
or c om posi ti on Re u latin
g g the stre n g th
.

o f the
p i ll s b y ud g m je nt .

The pill s may b e m ad e w ith a l ittl e N o 2 , and u se d for c holic pains,

.

b ut b y b e ing ofte n re pe ate d , the c atharti c prope rti e s a re l ost, an d a se

v e re c o stive state o f the b o we l s suc c e e d s the o peration The re fore , as a .

c atharti c , i t shoul d b e u se d wi th c au ti on
f
A te a m ad e of the g re e n b ark
.

s we e te ne d , will
g e ne ral ly relie ve the c hol ic at onc e .

C A S S IA M A RIL A N DIC A — fl mer i c an S enn a.

This arti c l e I have al way s u se d in c onne c tion with sage and ging er.
'
F rom i ts o pe ration s I have witn e sse d the m o st sal u ta ry e fi e c ts i n c ase s of
vi ol e n t attac k s of ty phu s fe ve r In on e fam il y on the isl and of N antu c k
.

e t , w he re thre e m e m b e rs had di e d (tw o son s ane on e d aug hte r , ) o n e in

se ve n , on e i n e l e ve n , an d the last i n f ou r d ay s, al l of whom we re lab or
i ng un de r a hi g h state of d e ran g e m e nt from the tim e of the attac k , u ntil
d e ath, w as the c au se why the fathe r c om m enc e d with m e at the time th e
fourth c hi ld was tak e n sic k Th e typ hu s fe v e r was e pide mi c an d ve ry
.

fatal that season , and the re g ul ar prac ti c e was atte nde d wi th b ad suc c e ss .
The patie nts w e re attac k e d i n th e b ac k of the head , n e c k , and small of
the b ac k , and i m m e diatel y lo st the i r se n se s, fr om whi c h tim e the sc e ne
w as a sol e m n o ne i nde e d . I had fi v e pati e nts in the sam e famil y , thre e
o f whic h w e re o f th e typhu s fe ve r M y c om me nc e m e nt wa s to put half
.

a n ounc e of sag e , hal f a n oun c e of se nna and o n e te a spoonful of g in g er -

tog ethe r , an d ste e p the m i n h alf a pint of hot wate r te n min ute s, and l e t
the patie nt d rink hal f of the te a Thi s rel ie ve d the pain in the he ad an d
‘
.

b ac k as soo n as i t ope rate d the y had n o mo re pain , and the m e dic in e s

thu s re stored the m to he al th in a short ti m e , without the lo ss o f reaso n fo r
a m om e n t [S e e pag e 65 6 ]
.

OL EU M RIC IN I Castor Oil.

I hav e found c asto r oil y g ood for c hild re n , whe n the b owel s
to b e ve r

hav e b e e n out of ord e r . A l so for g rown pe rsons, b ut in all c ase s l e t a li t

tl e c ompo si tion pow ders b e use d to warm th e stomac h and b o we l s, if ne
c e ssary to pai n s.
re mov e
q
I hav e fre u en tl y gi v en m y c hil dre n c asto r oil in warm g in sl ing swe et
e ne d , whi c h b y the w ay i s as g o od a me thod as c an b e ad opted . The
q
in , from its uieti n g efl e c ts upon the ne rve s, sub due s all pai n an d lul s
’

g he pa ti e n t to sl e e p .
A fte r su c h an ope ra ti on , or at the tim e the oil i s do ing its offi c e , the
c om position , c ay e nn e or any othe r hot m e d ic in e m ay b e u se d to d o away
t he pa in , if any , that m ay atte nd the O pe rati on . Oil ma y b e udi c iou sl y j
u se d in b oil e d mi lk , wi th part o f a g l a ss o f g in , whe n a pe rson is troub l e d
'

with the pil e s. The ope ration o f whic h i s adm ira b le , as the pe rson c an
re ti re to b e d and g o q
uie tl y to sl e e p . F o r a g rown pe rson , put hal f a
l as s of o il in to on e g l ass of sl in g ; stir it we l l whe n tak e n . A c hild m ay
g
t ak e a tab l e spoonf ul i n hal f a g l ass of hot sl in g , to b e re gu l ate d ac c ord
i n g to the ag e I have fou nd thi s c our se m uc h m ore c onv e ni e nt than u s
.

i n g th e the sy ri ng e , an d c e rtai nl y mu ch m ore to the sati sfac ti on of the

a t i e nts , if I wa s awa y from hom e . [ S ee
pag e
p
S U ITA B L E P H Y S IC
F or those tr oubl ed wi th G r av el , S tr an g u ar y, or U r in ar y D iflic u lti es .
T ak e o f ca stor oil two tab l e spoo n sful , and b oile d hone y tw o te aspoon s
f ul , put the m i nto a teac up that has b ee n warm ed b y b e ing i n hot wate r or
 77201 m s TH O M S O N I A N

ne ar a fi re
the warmth of the c up w ill m ak e the oil an d hone y ve ry thin ?
whic h m u st b e stirre d we ll tog e the r and tak e n . Thi s i s a d ose for a.
g rown pe rson , whic h m ay he g rad uate d i n all c ase s to sui t the ag e . A
d ose of c om position m ay b e g i ve n ab out the sam e time ; thi s w il l c arr y
life and v i throug h the b owe l s and uri nary passag e s, and i s n ot sur
'

g or
p s 3 i b y any othe r c athart ic w e have e v e r u se d . A side from i ts c athar
'
a s
ti c prope rtie s, i t i s ve ry u se ful i n g rave l an d al l di sorde rs of the kid ne ys

P H Y S IC . Rhamn u s Cat har ti cu s .

B u c kthorm B er r i es for a c athart ic , m ay b e u sed to g ood ad vanta g e
whe n no other re m e dy i s at hand , and phy sic i s re ui re d The y posse ss q .

the mo st p owe rfu l b itte r that I am ac uai nte d w ith, e x c e pt the b itte r q
r oot, b ut have som e c orrec tive
'
q
ual itie s that m ak e them som e tim e s U se
-

ful .

A P P L I CA TI ON .

Tak e from fi ve to ten , . and from that to fi ftee n or twe nty , or e v e n as ,

hi g h a s forty or fi fty for rug g e d m e n , have b e e n use d b e fore a n ope ra tion

has b e en p rod uc e d B ut g e ne ral l y from te n to twe n ty are a su ffi c i en t
.
~
.

dose . They m ay b e tak e n at ni g ht, on g oing to b e d , or at any o the r .

time that the c i rc um sta nc e s of the c a se m ay re u ire The y produ c e l it q . -v

tl e or n o paint, he n c e the y are m ore v al ue d than d rastic purg e s, and are

q
atte n d e d with n on e o f the b ad c on se u e nc e s pe c uliar to som e o the r
whi c h prod uc e n early as m uc h pain as the y are tak e n to rem ov e .

P OWERF U L S TIM U L A TI N G P H Y S IC .
Tak e m and rak e root and b utte rnut b ark , e ac h half a pound ; b rui se
of
the se arti c l e s w e l l i n a m ortar tog e the r , a nd b oil i t in hal f a g all on of
soft sprin g or rain wate r, to on e pin t S train off and pre ss the g rain s
.

J
.

q q
A dd e ual uan titi e s of m ol asse s an d fou rt h proof am aic a rum . P ut i t
i nto a gl ass b ottl e an d shak e i t we ll toge the r; stop i t tig ht, and it i s fi t
for use .

A P P L ICA TION .

Tak e one tab l e spoonful for a g rown pe rson , an d a te aspoonful for a

c hil d ; i t c au se s n o pain T hi s ha s prove d of g re at v al ue i n m any c os
.

ti ve hab its, f or c olic s a nd di stre ss in the he ad , whe n i t is c au se d b y c on ‘

stipati on o f the b ow e l s.

WH EN S H OU L D C A T H A RTICS B E T A K EN .

P hysic b e g iv e n if thou ht ad v i sab l e until twe l ve hour s af

shoul d n ot
g
te r a c ou rse of m e d ic in e , an d the n the ot m e dic ine should b e fre el y u se d ,
‘

to k e e p up inte rn al ac tion sufi i c ie n t to overc ome the b ad e ffe c ts, if any ,

'

ari sin g fro m i ts u se .

L A X A TI V E P IL L S .

Tak e one oun c e p opl ar or pe ac h e x trac t, half an ou nc e o f rhub arb ,

half an oun c e C astil e soap , hal f an o un c e o f b itte r r oot and hal f an ou nc e
of d rie d b e e f s g al l ; w ork thi s c o m poun d we ll t og e the r an d add a l i ttl e
’

If i t i s n ot stifi e n oug h to pill , work in rhub arb an d

’

N o 2 , or c ay e n ne
. .

q q
b itte r ro ot , of e ac h e ual u antitie s, till i t b e of suffi c ie n t c on si ste n c y fo r
il l i M ak e it i nto p il l s T ak e from o n e t o thre e at n i ht ; the y w ill
p ng . .
g
re g ul ate the b owe ls and e ase the he ad o f unn e c e ssary pre ssure and c on »

fu si on .

The se pill s are g e n tly l ax ativ e , and i nnoc e nt , whe re pe ople wi sh c a

tharti c m e d ic ine s ; and will ob vi ate the n e c e ssi ty of any c alom e l , o r any
othe r powe rful poi sons .
72 2 T H E T H O M S O N IA N

strai n , an d add one

pint of b e st Hol land g in an d two ounc e s o f fi n e mus
!ta rd se e d .

Do se , a
g ill , three tim e s a d ay .

Whi le u sin this, b athe the fe e t at ni ght i n hot wate r, as di re c ted on

p ag e 692 , wit the u se of sti m ul atin g linime n t .

H ON EY A REM EDY F OR TH E G RA V EL .

B y u sing hal f hon e y a nd half su g ar to swe e te n the te a and c offe e tak e n

a t m e al s, c a se s of g rave l m ay o fte n b e c ure d , withou t any othe r tre at
m e nt .

A b e tter re m e dy , howe v e r , i s to m ake a strong d e c oc tion of pip si ssawa,

q
t o whi c h add for e ve ry uart a int of c o d H oll and g in , an d swe e te n it
we l l with hon e y Thi s i s v al ua l e i n a l c om pl aints of the kidn e y s.
.

Dose , a wine g la ssful thre e tim e s a day .

F OR OB S TRU CTION S OF TH E K IDN EY S OR B L A DDER .

Tak e hal f a pound e ac h , of p um pki n se ed s, parsl e y roots, hem l oc k

b oughs, popl ar b ark and c liv e s, 4oz g ing e r; b oil thi s c o m pound in tw o gal
.

l on s of wate r d own to one ; swe e te n with hone y , and add half a g all on of
b e st H ollan d g in .

T ak e a win e g l assful o nc e a n ho ur til l r el ie f i s ob ta in e d hil e usi ng . W

thi s, a ste ami ng stone ma y b e pl ac e d at the sm al l of th e b ac k .

DI U RETIC B EV ERA G E .

C ranb e rry vine s in d e c oc tion are g ood to prom ote th e di sc harg e of

urine . Whortl eb e rry b u she s an d fruit u se d in the sam e way are g o odafor
g ra ve l an d sto a
pp g e o f the u ri ne P arsl e
y roots, le av e s and see d , are al
.

so g ood for the sam e purpose s, to b e u se d a s ab ove . A te a may b e made

o f the artic l e s, and u se d as a c on stant d rink .

DIU RETIC C OM P OU N D .

P ure n e w c ide r is an e x c e ll e nt m ay b e profi ta b ly c om

diu re tic , an d

o un d ed/ wi th othe r artic l e s for that pu rp ose , a s fol l ows P ut into a two
p
all on j u , on e an d a half al l on s of c i d e r ; the n tak e hal f a poun d e ac h
g g g
o f m u sta rd se e d and horse rad ish roots, m ad e fi ne , and four oun c e s o f

g oo d p ure g ro un d
g i n g e r ; put the se artic l e s i nto a uart of
pure ne w c i q
d e r and ste e p the m for te n minute s; whe n c ool , add i t to the c onte nts of
the j ug , and shak e i t w e ll tog e the r .
Do se , a wine gl assful se ve ral time s a d ay . It i s a g reat di ure ti c , and is
e x c e l le nt for the d ropsy .

A S T RON G DIU RETIC DRIN K , F OR U RIN A RY DIF F IC U L TIES

O R DRO P S Y .

Tak e a wate r m e l on , b ru ise i t fi ne an d pre ss out the ui c e ; swe e te n it

-
j
wi th b oil e d honey , an d the n add the sub sta nc e of on e l e m on , and e nough
H oll and g in to k e e p it from sou ring L e t thi s b e u se d as a c omm on b e
.

v e rag e .
q j
A l arg e uantity o f this u ic e m ay b e prepare d i n the sam e w ay in the
se a son of me l on s, and pre se rv e d fo r u se . The sub sta nc e may b e re du c e d
j
b y b oiling d own the ui c e to the c on siste nc ey of mol asse s, an d pre se rved
wi th hone y and g in .
Of this, u se one te aspo on ful o r m ore , i n a tumb l e r of soft wate r, se v e
ral ti m e s a da y . In d i se ase s of the k id ne y s, c osti ve n e ss, live r c omplai nt
and a sthma, thi s artic l e will prod uc e a b e n e fi c ial e ff e c t.
 M A TERIA M ED I C A . 723

SW EET E L DER TREE —S é ambu cu s Can ad e

n si s .

It has b e e n re m ark e d , that thi s tree i s a whole mag a ine of phy sic f or z
ru stic p rac titi on e r s.
A sy m p m ay b e m ad e of the ripe b e rrie s, with the addi tion o f pe ac h
me ats or c he rry ston e m e ats, with b rand y su ffi c ie nt to pre se rv e it, whi c h
-

i s an e x c el l e n t stre n g the n ing and re storin g m e dic ine .

The b e rrie s m ay al so b e m ad e into wi ne , whi c h taste s muc h l ik e that

made fr om g rape s.
The b ark an d y ou ng shoo t s gi ve n to she ep , will c ure the rot . The
b ud s an d you ng te nd ri l s m ak e g ood pi c kl e s.
B y whipping fruit tre e s with the g re e n l eav e s, i t wil l pre ve nt i nse c ts
from troub l in g the m .

A n i nfu sion of the l e ave s in wate r, spri nkl e d ov e r rose b ud s and fl owe r
b e d s, will pre se rv e the m from c ate rpil l ars .
T he white or swe e t e l d er i s the kin d u se d .

F OR A S U P P R
ES S ION OF U RIN E ,

Take a littl e spirits of turpe n tine — a fe w drops upon sug ar , or c om

pound e d with hone y or i n any other way .

TO C U RE DIA B ETES ,

O R A C ON T IN U A L V OIDIN G OF U RI N E.
Tak e r o sin and l oaf su g ar q q
in e ual uantitie s, well pul veri zed . Dose ,
a te asp oon ful , thr e e or four tim e s a d ay .

This wil l soon put a stop to the c om pl ai n t, unl e ss the sy ste m i s mu c h

re du c e d ; the n re m e di e s shoul d b e u se d to re store and re g ul ate the ac ti on
o f the stom ac h an d b owe l s e e pin
. K
g up a g e ntl e pe rspi rati on will u su
ally re l ie ve the patie nt ; i f n ot , the tin c ture of k in o m ay b e g iv e n , i n te a
spoonful d ose s, in c om posi tion te a o r hot wate r, from two to six tim e s a
day .

M u ci a l g in ou s S ub sta n ces.
F O R P O U L T I C ES A N D I N T ERN A L U S E.

Y EA S T Cher evi sice f er men twm .

Y e ast i s an e x c e ll e n t artic l e to b e u se d in c atapla sms or p oul ti c e s on

all infl am m atory sore s, b ru i se s, b rok e n l i m b s, pritri d ul c e r s an d s rai ne d
p
jo ints. It m ay al so b e inte rn ally u se d in d y se ntery and all c ase s of pu
trid ity of the b owe l s. Its e ffe c t i s ve ry c ooling , soothing , an d ag re eab l e .
[S e e pag e
S L IP P ERY EL M U l mu s f u lv a.
Thi s i s a val uab l e artic l e i n dy se nte ry , diarrhoea, an d d i se ase s of the
uri n ary passag e s In poul ti c e s i t i s ve ry ser vi c ab l e to apply to inflam
.

m atory sore s, b urn s, fre e ze s, an d all kind s of ul c e ration . [S e e pag e

724, T H E TH O M S O N IA N

BU C K -
H ORN B RA KE O smu/n da r eg a li s .

This i s g ood in dy se n te ry , or a sore , te nd e r state o f the stom ac h and

b owe l s, an d i s al so v e ry se rv i c ab l e in fe m al e we ak n e sse s and ge ne ral
de b i lity . [S e e pag e

B EN N EPL A N T— S asi mu m or i ent al e .

-

This art ic l e i s g ood i n d i se ase s of the b owe l s an d urinary passag e s, and

m ay b e al so profi tab l y e m pl oy e d i n poul tic e s for b u rns and i nfl amm atory
sore s .
[S e e pag e
H O L L Y H OC K — d lth aza r osea .

H ollyhoc k i s g ood for sore n e ss in any part o f the al im e n tary c anal ,

and m ay b e sub stitute d for slippe ry e l m i n pou l ti c e s .
[S e e pag e

RED C L OV ER— Tr ifoli u m pr aten se .

G o od for c anc er s, O l d sor e s, sore lips, and sc orb u ti c diffi c ul ti e s .

[S e e
pag e
WIL D TU RN IP — A ru m Tr ifi lu m.

Thi s arti c l e stimul ate s the se c re tion s of thel un g s an d sk i n , an d i s g ood

for pain i n the stom ac h and b ow e l s It i s ve ry se rvi c ab l e in c onne c ti on
“

with othe r arti c l e s m ade into c ou g h d rops. [S e e pag e

DIREC TION S F OR TREA TIN G WH ITL OWS , F EL ON S , &c .

When a pe rso n i s affli c te dwi th fe l on s, whitl ow s, or any ul c e rati on of

q
the li k e , b e partic u l ar to k e e p u p the str e n g th and ui e t of the ne rv ou s
sy ste m b y soothin g the stom ac h w ith sti m u l e n ts a nd toni c s A t the .

sam e ti m e apply a poul ti c e m ad e of b rown e m e ti c , c ay e n n e , y e ll ow li l

y
root, with ye ast , sl i ppe ry e l m o r fl ax se e d for m uc il ag e to e ac h hal f
pi n t of the pou l tic e add two spoon sful o f fi ne sal t, an d thi c k e n with wheat
b re ad or spon g e c rac k e rs, and with a littl e g ing e r A ppl y thi s poultic e
.

w arm , an d l e t the patie n t tak e a d ose O f c o m po sitio n and n e rve powd er ,

and the n g o to b e d and g e t i nto a pe rspiration If thi s d oe s not reliev e
.

ad m ini ste r a c ou r se o f m e d i c i n e , appl y to the so re the an ti sc orb utic

poul
tic e , an d k e ep up the per spiration . Thi s i s al m o st c e rtain to pr od uc e
re l ie f
.

When the sore c omm e nc e s, appl y to it the sk in of the in side of a fre sh

raw e g g shell , an d i f that d oe s no t sc att e r i t sl ac k a pi e c e of lim e u on
p
the par t affe c te d . This w il l k il l the sk i n and prom ote su ppu rati on .
S m artwe e d b ru i se d an d m ac e rate d i n v ine g ar, i f appli e d to felon s o r
whi tl ow s i n se a son , will pre ve nt the m from c om in g to a he ad .

TO C U RE WH ITE S WEL L IN G S .

Tak e a g re e n c om fre y r oot an d sc rape a m a ss the si e of an e g g z

to thi s
ad d the white o f an e g we ll b e ate n , an d a
g g l a ss O f fou rt h proof b randy ;
m ix the m till the y are o f the c on si ste n c e o f a poul tic e . L e t a pl aste r of
thi s b e tightly b ou nd on the sore , and re n ew it a s O fte n as i t b e c om e s d ry .

This pl aste r m ay b e pr e se rve d i n a tig ht j ar , or b e m ade with d ry

z
c om fre y , pul v e ri e d in ste ad o f g c m .
j
Thi s is to b e appl ie d al so in c ase of l e ak ag e of a oi nt, we ak b ac k , or
we epin g sinew .
 726 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

Do se , from hal f to a g l ass three tim e s a day If the b owe l s are i n a

.

c ol d state , whi le usi n g thi s art ic l e , g i ve oc c asi onall y an i nj e c tion of som e

nouri shi ng soup , we l l se ason ed .

DIA RRH CEA ~ H c api tal r emedy .

I have se en the happie st re sul ts from the u se o f the b e st of H ol land g in
an d l oaf su ar , o r g in an d m ol a sse s, if su g ar c ann ot b e had . Tak e half
g
a pint of the b e st H ol l an d g in , an d hal f a p ound o f fi n e l o af su g ar L et
.

the sug ar dissol v e in the g in .S hak e i t we ll tog e the r an d tak e a wine ‘

g l ass, o r for a c hil d hal f a g l ass. L et a

g row n pe rson ta k e a
gl ass and
t b d d ut a w arm b ri c k to the fe e t ; the anti — s asm o dic prope r
g o o e an p
tie s of the g in wil l q ui e t the ne rvou s i rri tab ility of the ow el s, and e ase
the pain . If the b owe l s b e in a b ad state , or m u c h c l og ge d , a d ose of
c astor oil m ay b e tak e n i n b oil e d m ilk Thi s wil l re m ove the m o rb id
.

m atte r, an d the g in will quie t the pai n of the b owe l s to a c harm T he

.

p ati e n t c an tak e a re fre shing sl e e p afte r whic h tak e a b owl O f c hic k e n ,

,

v e al , b e e f , or o ste r soup We l l se ason e d wi th pe

y ppe r an d sal t. A fte r the
b owel s have b e c om e quie t, a te a m ad e of raspb erry or witc h ha e l l e ave s
-
z
m ay b e tak e n with a littl e sug ar m ilk an d c ay e nne . B ut if thi s d oe s n ot
,
e ff e c t the c ure , whic h i t w il l d o I n thre e o ut of four c ase s, it shows that a

c our se of m e dic in e i s re quir e d to assi st it .

REL A X OR DY S EN TER Y .

F RO S T G RA P ES V i ti s Cor difoli a .
‘

M ak e a stronte a of fro st g rape s, and l e t i t b e swe e te ne d and tak e n

g
b y the pe rson affl ic te d . The ta ste i s v e ry astring e nt, rou gh and ac id , and
wil l O pe rate in a v e ry sal utary m anne r upon the b owe l s, in the fi rst stag e s
of the re l ax .

If the g rape s c annot b e had , the te n dril s that fi ng ers in g rasping

ac t as

an d re ta ini n g hol d on o the r sub stan c e s, an d b y that m e an s su sta in the

vi ne s m ay b e u se d a s fol l ows Tak e a han dful of those te nd ril s and b rui se

.

the m fi ne the n pour on one pint of hot wate r ; l e t it ste e p f or fi fte e n or

twe nty mi nute s, an d se t it away t o c ool . Thi s te a i s an astring e nt, and
may b e use d for c on stant d rink . Or the te nd ril s m ay b e b rui se d and
b oil e d in m ilk , in w hi c h state it will afford n our i shm e nt with its m e d ic al
vi rtue s . T he g rape s and te n dril s m ay b e m ade i nto a sy rup with flax
se e d , b ayb e r ry an d poppl e b a rk , swe e te ne d with l oaf su g ar an d w ith the
additi on of H ol l an d g in , to pre se rve i t from souring Tak e a g l ass thre e
.

or four tim e s a d ay .

F OR REL A X .

z
P ul ve ri e one te a spoonful o f b urnt al um , and m i x i t we ll with a tab le
-

spoon fu l of fi ne l oaf su 0 ar L e t thi s b e tak e n from hal f to a te a spoonful

'
-
.

o nc e an hou r, an d the di se ase soon ab ate s .

F OR REL A X OR DY S EN TERY .
Tak e the g rains from the b ottom of a ug , whe re a g allon of rhe um atic
L
d rops, or N o 6 has b e e n m ade . P ut t e se g rains i n to a k e ttl e and ad d
.

o n e quart of swee t wine , pu t it ov e r the fi re an d l e t i t b oil fo r twe nty m i

n ute s, whe n i t wil l b e se e n that the a c id has d issol ve d the um , an d the
g
wine has b e c om e stron g l y impre g nate d wi th it S trai n rt off an d l e t
.

it stand unti l c ol d ; the n add one quart m ore of swe e t wine , swe e te n i t
wel l wi th l oaf su ar the n add two ou nc e s of c ompo sition powders and
,

o n e qu art of g oo Holl an d gi n . P u t into a j ug , shak e i t we ll tog e the r

an d stop i t d own for u se T hi s re m e dy i s g oo d for c hroni c d e b ility of
.

the b ow l s,
e o r r el ax ,
or l oose n e ss of l on
g stand in
g i n c o nse qu e nc e o f in ~

di g e stion . It i s al so g ood for we ak ne ss of the stomac h, oc c asione d b y

 M A TERIA M ED I C A . 727

l ong deb il ity , andm ay b e tak e n b y all c l asse s for su c lr c ompl aints F or .

a rown pe rson tak e from hal f to a

g l as s two or thre e tim e s a d ay , or
‘

g
w e n e v e r a we ak ne ss i s fe l t at the stom ac h F or c hild re n g iv e a tab l e
.

spo o nful j u st b e fo re e atin , as i t wi l l the n shar e n the a

g p ppe tite It i s .

g ood for what i s c all e d w orm c om pl aints in c hild re n , and is a g re at anti

se ti c to
p pre ve nt m ortifi c ati on i n the b owe l s .

A G OOD REM EDY F OR DY S EN TER Y ,

A N D A G RE A T A N TIS EP TIC .

z
Tak e one te aspoonful of pul v e ri e d m apl e c harc oal , and mix with it
on e tab l e spoon fu l of m olasse s, thre e of We st Ind ia ram , an d hal f a
g l ass
of swe e t oil . L e t hal f of thi s b e ta k e n as a d ose for an ad ul t, to b e re ~
e ate d , i f n e c e ssar , i n tw o hour s. F hil d th d m b d
p
~
y or c re n e o se a
y e g ra u
ate d ac c ordin
g to the ir ag e .

F or P u lm on a r y Comp la in ts.

F OR A C O U G H .
Tak e of 4 th roof J maic a
a pint, g ood sug ar hou se molasses
ru m on e

on e pint , add c m to e the r and l e t the m b e w e ll shak e n Thi s arti c l e is

g .
.

an e x c e ll e nt thin k a c ou h l oo se , and i s a
t g re at toni c for the
g
o e e
g p
stom ac h, a s the write r o f thi s we k now s from e x pe ri e nc e . H e took a
phi al of this c om pou nd and k e pt i t in his p oc k et , an d whe n an i rritation
wa s fe l t u pon the l ung s, o r i n the throat , whic h indic ate d an in c li nation
to c ou g h , a sm al l sip from the phial woul d at onc e all ay i t un til su c h tim e s
as he had tim e an d c on v e nie n c e to atte n d to it, on c e or twi c e in twe nty fou r -

hour s, an d the n i n a w arm room . Taki ng c are of the pen c e i s what

m ak e s pe opl e ri c h S o it i s in thi s c ase b y atte nd in g to the se slig ht sym p
.

tom s of ir ri tation i n the throat an d l u ng s i s what prod uc e s he al th. This

i s what c ause s the c on sum ption . The fe e t shoul d in su c h c ase s b e k e pt
warm without fail , with c ork t or hat sol e s in the b ottom of the shoe s or
b oots, and a pie c e of g in g er shoul d b e c on stan tl y k e pt in the m outh to
ke e p the sal iv a thin , and the m u c us m e mb rane of the throat and l un g s

A V A L U A BL E M IXTU RE F OR (TOU GH .

Tak e of hoarhound and re d c e d ar b ark of e ac h one han dful , b oil it i n

q
two u arts o f wate r d own to on e pint then a d d o ne pint of mol asse s,
and hal f a pint of We st I nd ia rum . P u t it into a b ottl e and shak e it wel l
tog e the r , an d stop it tig ht for u se .

Tak e on e tab l e spoon ful thre e tim e s a d ay Thi s i s a powe rf ul pe c to~

.

ral m ix ture , and has affe c te d som e astoni shin g c ure s o f l un g c om l aints
an d hoar se n e ss . It i s we ll c al culate d to k e e p the c on h l oose , t at the'
ati e nt m a ra i e e asy I f an y stim ul atin g m e di c in e 9 oul d b e wante d
p y s .

to assist i n e xp e c torati on afte r i t ha s b ee n tri e d , add to e ve ry half pint o f

z
thi s m e d i c ine , one fourt h of an ounc e of pul ve ri e d wak e rob in , or wil d
-

tu rni p . Ti n c tu re of l ob e l ia m ay b e adde d ; al so c ay enne , if a g reater

stim ul atin g q ual it
y i s wan te d to a ssist in e x pe c torati on in the m o rnin g , or

afte r b e in g e xp ose d to the c ol d at any othe r ti m e .

'
This re m e dy i s we ll
ad apte d for hoarse , d ry c oug h s, whic h hard l ab orin pe opl e are sub e c t j
to at time s, from too g reat ex po sure in prosec utin g e ir b u sine ss.
 7 28 TH E T H O M S O N I A N

C OU G H DROP S .

N o. I.
Tak e 6 ounc e s o f wak e rob in w e ll pu l ve ri e d , whe n d ry z sti r the fi ne

powd e r in to on e pin t of c o ld w ate r, rub it u ntil the k nob s are b rok e n, and
i t b e c om e s a pa ste m u c h l ik e starc h . The n po ur i nto the same c om
p o un d h al f a g al l o n o f w ate r , b oilin
g h o t ad d o n e te a s o on fu l of fi ne
p
c apsi c um , hal f a g all on of m ol a sse s, a nd half a g al l on of 4 th pr oof am ai J
c a ru m the n add hal f a pint o f tin c ture of the g re e n he rb of the l ob e lia
in flata ; pu t i t i n to a j ug o r g lass b ottl e ; shak e i t we l l tog e the r an d stop it
ti g ht fo r u se . Thi s i s an e x c e lle nt e x pe c torant m ix ture for c oug hs, c old s
an d c on su mpti on s F or those who are t roub l e d with a c oug h a sm al l phial
. .

o f thi s m e di c ine shou l d b e k e pt i n the po c k e t an d tak e n fro m on e fo ur th

.
-

‘ j
t o hal f a te a spoonfull a t a tim e an d o fte n , u st suii i c ie nt to k e e p the
g l and s of the m o u th, throat, an d m uc us m e m b ra ne suffi c ie n tly stim ul ate d
t o rai se e a sy w hate v e r m atte r m ay have ac c um ul ate d .

N o. 2.
Tak e two ounc e s of l e ttuc e se e d , b ru ise i t in a m ortar , put it i nto one
q uart o f hot w ate r ; l e t it b oil for te n o r fi fte e n m inute s, the n str ain i t off ;
a d d one pint o f stron
g tin c ture of b al m o f G il e ad , one pi nt o f g ood m o
:l asse s a n d tw o oun c e s of w ak e rob in w e l l z
p ul ve ri e d , fou r ounc e s of
z
,

q
li uo ric e stic k we ll pul v e ri e d , on e g il l o f tin c tu re of e m e tic , o ne o unc e
‘

c ay e nn e , an d sc e nt i t w ith pe n ny roy al , or any othe r e sse nc e

y ou m ay
f anc y ; p ut i t i nto a j u g , shak e it we ll , an d stop i t tight for u se .
Tak e a phial that wi ll hold t wo ou n c e s and k e e p it ful l in the poc k e t for
u se , or at the b e d si d e , to b e u se d whe n an ir ri tab l e se n sation or an i n c li
n ati on to c ou h i s fe l t i n the thro at o r u o n the l un s . T ak e a sm all sip
g p g
q
f rom the phial , say f rom a uar te r to a half of a teasp oon ful this w il l al
l ay the irritati on o f the m u c u s m e mb rane , an d w ill l oo se n the phl e g m so
j
t hat i t m ay b e e e c te d from the l un g s with l ittl e e ffort L on g and c on .

t inn e d spe ll s o f c oug hin g w e ar o ut the l ung s. This i s w hat shoul d b e

g uard e d ag ain st b y e v e ry c on sumpti ve pe rso n .

N o. 3 .

z
Tak e four ou nc e s o f flax se e d we l l pul v e ri e d , two oun c e s of l i uori c e q
r oo t m ad e al so fi n e
p o u r u p on th e i n re d ie nt on e
g q
uart o f b o il in w
g ate r ,
a nd
p l ac e i t ov e r a q
u ic k fi re l e t it b o il for tw e n ty m inu te s ; st rain 0 5 ;

pre ss‘the g ra in s ; the n add hal f a pou nd o f g o o d hone y , an d hal f a pin t o f

p ure l e m o n sy ru p ; si m m e r it ove r a sl o w fi re for te n m inu te s ; sk im i t ;

se t aw ay an d l e t it c oo l The n ad d 1 1 6 oz g o od c ay e nn e , o n e g il l o f
-
.

J
.

g oo d t in c ture o f l ob e l ia , and hal f a p in t o f 4 th proo f am aic a ru m . P u t

i t in to a gl ass b ottl e and shak e i t we l l tog e the r F it for u se .

A P P L ICA TION

The b e st way to u se thi s m e d ic i n e i s to have a phial o f ab out 2 ounc e s

of it i n the
poc k e t .When an y irritati on is fe l t upon the l ung s or in the
m u c u s m e m b rane , tak e a sm all sip from the v ial , say one te as poon
ful , and so c o n tinue to re pe at i t as ofte n as the irritati on i s fe l t, i f i t b e
fi fty tim e s a d ay . The se d rops are v e ry v al uab le i n re c e nt a ttac k s o f
c ol d w ith ol d or you ng The y are al so g o od for asthm a , c roup, o r any d i f
.

fi c u l ty o f the c he st or l un g s .
N .B . A tab l e spoonful m ay b e tak e n on g o ing to b e d , an d i t m ay al so
b e tak e n d uri ng the n ig ht i f ne c e ssary . L e t a tab l e spoonful b e u se d in
the m orn in g on l e av ing the b e d It shoul d b e al so tak e n b e fore e x
.

posure to c ol d, and a fte r suc h e xp o su re to k ee p the te mpe rature of the

l un g s e v e n .
73 0 TH E TH O M S O N IA N

te n orfi fteen minutes the patie nt will b e in a profuse pe rspir ati on, e very
part of the b od y b e ing ful l of he at, and an ac tive c irc ul ation .

Continue thi s ope rati on until the e rspiration stan d s u on the te mpl e s,
On the U ppe r l ip , and the al m s of ‘ p p
e han d s, and the v e i n s are full u on
p
the fe e t and the b ac k of t e hand s The se are sym ptom s that the b ody i s
.

suffi c ie ntl
y warm . The n tak e out one foot and wipe it d ry with a towel
o r n apk in , and b athe the fo ot thorou g hl y wi th the stim ul atin l inime nt ;
“

'
g
then put on the stoc k in g . Ih e at the othe r foot in the sam e m ann e r
'
.

In all c ase s , thi s i s the m ost rapid c ourse I e ve r ad opte d to fi ll the sy s

te m u ni ve rsal ly with w armth, an d to produ c e an ac tiv e per spiration . In
al l vi ol e nt attac k s of d i se ase , su c h as c oli c ;
pl e uri sy , i n flam m atory
rhe um ati sm , c ram ps, l oc k — j aw, c roup , quinsy , &c , whe re the patie nt re.

quire s imme diate relie f from a dan gerous di se ase , this i s pre ferab l e to
ste am i n . B ut ste amin g i s the b e st c ourse that c an b e adopte d to c l e ar
g
the ski n or c utan e ous syste m uni ve rsal ly of the m orb i d matte r it c on tain s.
Where the pati ent i s sub j e c t to c ol d feet and pains in the he ad , he c an
mak e a g re at im pro ve m e nt to hi s ste am b ath, b y putting hi s fe e t into a
pail half full of wate r as hot as he c an b e ar . A ll e x c e ssive c irc ul ation to
the he ad will b e spee dil y re move d b thi s ope ration , prov ide d the b owe l s
are in
g ood o rde r, and the whol e e dy and limb s b el ow the n e c k are
b athe d with the stim ul atin g li nim e nt .

S TIM U L A TIN G L IN IM EN T— A N D B A T H IN G TH E F EET .

M pound of whi te soap and add it to a g al l on of hig h proof whi s
el t on e

k e y ; afte r whi c h, tak e two ounc e s of c ay e nn e pe ppe r and b oil i t i n hal f

a pint of wate r for fi v e or te n mi n ute s, the n add i t to the whi sk e y , to e
g
the r wi th a l ittl e e sse n c e of he m l oc k , and it i s fi t for u se . S hak e i t we l l
tog ethe r and pou r it 0 11 into phial s .
“

It i s g ood to b athe on to the fe e t when c old , al so over the b ody afte r

ste am i ng .

A P P L I CA TI ON .

It is an e x c ell e nt arti c l e i n a gr e at v ari e t of c ompl aints , suc h as c ol d

fe et and han d s, pal sy , num b n e ss, tooth ao e , c ram ps, pain in the he ad ,
-

b ac k an d si d e , and rheum ati sm .

When a person is troub le d with he ad ac he , or any une asi ne ss ab out the
-

he ad or stom ac h, b y b athing the fe e t th orou ghl y b y the fi re b e fore g oing

to b e d , and sit wi th the l e g s ac ross a se c ond c hair, with the b ottom of the
.

fe e t as ne ar a hot fi re or stove as c an b e b orn e , with a sc re e n b e fo re the

f ac e and he ad t o shi el d it, mu c h re lie f wi l l b e ob tai ne d ; for the he ad wil l
b e relieved at onc e if the b owel s are right .

V OL A TIL E L IN IM EN T .

Tak e of swe e t oil six oun c e s, spi rits of hartshom one oun c e , oil of ori

g anu m on e fou rth of an oun c e , shak e the m we ll tog ethe r in a b ottl e , and
stop it tight for u se .

A P P L I CA T I ON .

Good for sprain s, b rui se s, swell ing s, and l oc al pai ns.

V OL A TIL E L IN IM EN T ,

F or V iol en t S pr ai n s Rheum ati c P ain s S

, ,
'
e.

Take four oun c e s of swe e t oil , and one ounc e of spiri ts of hartshom
shak e the m tog e the r in a phial for u se .

A P P L I CA TI ON .

To b e u sed for spraine d j oints, or viol e nt attac ks of pai n of any kind .

 M A T ERIA n am e s . 73 1

OCM P OU N D L IN IM EN T OF S OA P .

soap thre e
'
T ak e of c amphor one o un c e , ou n c e s, spiri ts of ro se m ar
y one
m i nt , hal f an ou nc e of c ay e nn e ; d ig e st the so ap and c ay e nn e in the spiri ts

o f rose m ary until th e soap i s di ssol ve d , and ad d to i t the c am phor

o

¢: .

A P P L ICA TION .

This is u seful to e x c ite ac tion on the su rfac e , is u se d to d i spe rse sc ro

f ul ou s e nl arg e m e nts, and i s g ood te m oi ste n fl annel to appl y to the thre at
q ‘
i n c ase s of ui nsy , pl euri sy , c roup, &c .

L IN I M EN T O F L IM E WA TER .

Tak e of lim e wate r thre e oun c e s, afte r it has sto od l ong e n ou gh to b e

c om e pe rfe c tl y pure , a nd of olive or l inse e d oi l thre e ou n c e s ; mi x b y
shaki n
g or sti rrin g it we l l tog e the r, and it form s a ki nd of soap of a whi
t ish c ol or and d e void of ac rim ony .

A P P L I C A TI ON

Thi s artic l e i s e xc ell e nt for b urns, sc al d s, c happe d han ds and c hafe s.

I t is b e st to m ak e i t fre sh when it m ay b e wanted .

RH EU M A TI C L IN IM EN T .

Tak e h al f a pint of i nfl ate d b ud s or c apsul e s g rowi ng upon

th e sm all
the se a k el p , o r sea we e d , a pl e nty of w hi c h i s to b e foun d on the se a
shore o f the n orthern states ; pu t the se b u d s into half a pint of four th
proof
b ran dy a nd heat it ov er the fi r e , a nd b y c ontinual sti rrin g it will b e c ome
(

j
a thic k el l y .
This i s for b athin g the stiff b ac k s, j oints, &c , of those .

rheum ati sm , and i s said to b e an e x c e ll e nt re m e dy .

F O R TH E C H RON IC RH EU M A TIS M .

Tak e half a pound of bl ac k c ohosh an d b ruis e it well in a mo rtar, pour

u pon i t one pin t ~of b oiling wate r, l e t it ste e p for te n m inu te s, the n put it
i nto a j ug , and add one quart of g ood H ollan d g in . L e t it stand twe l ve
h ours to impart t he stre ng th of the roo ts to the li quor , and shak e it ofte n
‘
t 01 ;
}
e t er .
?Tak e a
g l ass thre e tim e s a day , or ofte n e r if thought advrsab l e , a
wi ll ve ry soon re li eve t he pain .
Thi s re medy shoul d n ot b e tak e n b y p re g nant wome n , as i t will pro
q
il u c e ab orti on , and c on se u e ntl y we ake n the c on sti tuti on .
N o n a — Tak e one tab l e spo onf ul of b la c k c ohosh, fi nel y pul ve ri ze d,
ut i t i nto a te a c u p, an d fi ll the c up hal f ful l of b oili n g wate r ; l e t thi s
e tak en th ree tim e s a day , a nd i t will ge ne rall y re li ev e i n thre e or four
'

d ay s.

V OL A TIL E TIN C TU RE .

q
To (me uart of ch e rry spirits, add two oun c e s of e
c ay nne , a nd when
se ttl e d pour O E,
an d ad d a fe w d rops o f the

V OL A TIL E S A L TS , on H ARTS —
HO RN .

Tak e of c rude sal al moni ac e ne ounc e , of pearl ash two ounc e s ; pound
ac h b y i tse lf, mix them well tog ethe r, and k e ep it c l ose stopp ed in b et

t l e s fo r use .
 T H E TH O M S O N I A N
-

B y m oiste ni n it wi th e ssen c e , the stre ng th will b e in cre ase d

'

'
A ppli .

e d to the nose , s i s g ood f or fai n tne ss, an d to re m ove pain in the he ad .

O in tm en ts an d S a lv es

WA X OIN TM EN T.
Tak e of whi te wax four ounc e s, sperm ac e ti three ou nce s, oli ve oil one

pin t ; m ix the m toge ther ov e r a sl ow fi re , and sti r th e m v e ry b riskly r

wi thout c e asin g unti l the y are c old .

A P P L I CA T I O N .

This ointm e nt, when rub b e d ove r the fac e an d hand s b u t l ightly , pro
duc e s a soft sm ooth surfac e , v e ry agre e ab l e to the t ouc h , sirn rl ar to the
softe st sil k . It al so re m ove s al l c haps and roug hne ss o f the.s kin .
.

It m ak e s a g ood l ip sal ve , an d i s al so g ood for sore nippl e s, for whi c h

u se it should b e k e pt b y those who m ay want suc h a re m e dy .

S IM P L E OIN TM EN TS ..

Tak e fi ve ounc e s, whi te wax two oun c e s. M e l t the wax

o f ol i ve oil .

i n the oil ove r a slo w fi re , and se t it away to c ool a nd c ontinue to stir the
a

c om pou nd un til c ol d .

A P P L I CA TI ON .

Thi s ointm en t is u se ful for c happe d Bands an d fac e , an d i s an e x c ell ent

f ten in g the skin .
arti c l e for so

OIN TM EN T OF L A RD.
T ak e of hog s l ard two pound s, r ose wate r four ounc e s. B eat the l ard
’

with the rose wate r til l they are m ix e d ; then add fou r ounc e s of white
w ax , an d m e l t the m ix tu re ov e r a sl ow fi re , and se t it apart, that the wa
‘
te r may sub side , afte r whic h po ur c d the oin tm e n t from the wate r, c on
'

sta ntl y sti rrin g i t until i t b e c old .

A P P L I CA TI ON .

G o od’ fo r softe ning the sk in , sore ni ppl e s , an d c happed han ds and fac e , -

and i s g ood for c hafe s i n the g roins, or an y othe r part of the b od , for
y
b oth y oung and ol d .

B U RN OIN TM EN T..

Tak e of b e e swax and B urgundy pi tc h and m el t them tog e the r ; then

mi x swe e t oil u ntil the c om pound has the c on siste n c y of oin tm ent .

A P P L I CA T I ON .

Thi s will e ase the pain of a b u m al m ost im me diate ly on its a pli

sal ve
for whic h pu rpo se i t i s ve ry val uab l e . It i s al so g ood for re sts
c uts, or woun d s and b rui se s of the fl esh .

OIN TM EN T F OR TH E P IL ES .

Tak e yarrow b l ows, and simm e r the m in fre sh b utter, andt annoint the .

parts atl e c te d . [S e e pag es and

734; TH E T H O M S O N I A N
-

for three hours, or u ntil the moi stu re i s d ri e d away , or the oil has ab sorh -v

e d the vi rtue s of the he rb s ; strain off , an d p re ss the

g rain s.
Thi s i s an e x e lle nt soft e ni ng and f rag rant ointm e n t f or any e ruption of
fi re skin , suc h as sal t rhe um , c haps, or c rac k e d hand s, or for
-

dise ase s g e neral ly .

SAL T -
RH EU M WA S H .

Tak e one ou nc e of the c ow, toad , or y e l l ow lily r oot, b ruise i t fi n e , pu t

‘

i t into hal f a pint of b oiling w ater , l e t it ste e p for te n m inute s ; strain of

half a te ac up full of the te a , add thre e tab l e spoonsful of m il k ; it i s the n:
‘

fi t for u se .
N e x t, wash the part di se ased with soap sud s ; d ry e d the sore s the n -

wash thoroug t with this te a, whic h wil l re m ov e the pe c uliar itc hin g or
irritation , an d will purif the sore b y it s ro O hne ss. N ex t put ove r the
sore thre e thi c k ne sse s o li ne n or c otton c l ot we t wi th the te a ; c onti
nu e the u se of the te a, an d k e e p the c l oth and} sore or sore s thorou hl
g y
we t d ay an d night until the y are he al e d .

The sore s should b e c l e an se d twic e e very twenty — four hours, or ofte ner .

The y ell ow o r c ow 1h i s a g re at c ounte r poison to all i rritating ul c e rs,

-

or sore s of any kin d u pon the surfac e ; an d is one of the b e st r e m e die s

whe n mad e into a poul tic e for b ile s, whitlows or fe l on s, and to c l e an se
old sore s in u se .

A DH ES IV E , OR S TICK IN G P L AS TER.
Tak e of c om m on or li tharg e pl aster, fi v e oun c e s,
. an d one oun c e of
white rosin ; m elt them tog e the r, and spre ad the l i quid c om pound thin on
strips of l inen wi th a tab fe k nif e .

A P P L ICA TI ON .

This pl aster is g ood to k e e p the l i ps of wound s tog e ther, that they may
he al , and i s al so use d to k e e p on d re ssin g s .

S TREN G TH EN IN G P L A S TER.
M el t two ounc e s of rosin an d add to i t a te a spoonful of c aye nn e to mak e
it stimul ating , and l ard sufli c ie nt to m ak e i t of the right c on siste n c y ,
whi c h m ay b e k n ow n b y d ippin g a k n ife or sp oon into rt, and the n put
tin g it in to c old w ate r ; If y ou g e t it too soft, ad d m ore rosin .
Thi s is an e x c el l e nt pl aste r for rheum ati c pain s in the b ac k , side , or
‘
li mb s. De c aye d tee th that are tr oub l e som e m ay b e fi l l e d with it, and
the pain re l ie ve d im m e di ate l y . Thi s pl a ste r appl ie d to the fac e or b re ast
is e x c e l le nt for the c old or a ue affe c ting those parts, an d if applie d to
the fac e , i s a g ood re me d y or t i c dolor eau x . A ll those troub l e d with
a ny d iffi c ult y i n whi c h we have re c om m e nde d this pl aste r, shoul d n ot fai l
to mak e u se of it, as we c an assure the m it i s an e x c el l ent appl ic ati on in
all suc h c ase s.
P l aste rs sho ul d b e raise d ab out on c e in two d ay s, to c l e ar the m orb id
erspirati on from the su rfac e und erne ath, and g ive e ase to the parts .
p

BL A C K SAL V E , F OR OL D U L C EROU S S ORES .

'

Tak e hal f a pint e ac h of l insee d and ol ive oil , an d half a; pound of red:
l e ad , and simm e r the m down to a sal ve . If b urnt it is spoile d .
This i s one of the m ost e ffi c ie n t pl aste rs we have e ve r appl ie d to old
'

t id ulc ers that have re siste d the e fi ee ts of e ve ry othe r re m e dy .

p u r
 M A TERIA M ED I C A . 73 5

H EA L IN G S A L V E .

Tak e one pound e ac h of b ee swax and sal t b utte r , half a pound of tur
e ntine , and twe l v e oun c e s o f b al sam fi r ; sim m er the m tog e the r, strain
p
o f , an d i t i s fi t for u se .
It i s g ood to he al fre sh wound s, b urns, sc ald s, and all b ad sores.

S TREN G TH EN IN G P L A S TER.
Tak e e qual q uantitie s o f b urdoc k and m ull ein l eav e s, b ruise and put
them into a k e ttl e with a suffi c ie nt quantity of wate r , b oil the m we ll ; the n
strain and pre ss o ut the li qu or and b o il i t d own ab out hal f as thic k as mo
l asse s ; the n add thre e part s of rosi n an d one of turpe ntin e , and sim m er
t ill the w ate r i s all e vaporate d . P ut it into c ol d wate r, and work i t wi th
h
the an d s. If to h d d d m tur e nti n e — if too soft, m ore rosin .
o a r , a ore p
Thi s i s g ood for we ak ne ss i n the b ac k , or any part of the b ody .

'
'

F or C a tar rh.
'
P ul ve rize d pipsissewa m ay b e u se d al one , as snufi , or c ompounde d
wi th e qual parts of b ayb e rry b ark , b l ood root, and witc h ha e l l eave s, z
fi ne ly powde re d . T hus c om pound e d , it i s g ood for pol ypus in the n ose .

S or e Eyes .

EY E WA TER .

Tak e of unic orn , q

g olde nse al , and b e throot, of e ual uantitie s, or 5 q
o f an ou n c e e ac h, we l l pul ve rize d put this c om pound i nto a phial c on
tain in g four ou n c e s of hot d rop s shak e it we ll to e the r for se ve ral d ay s
‘

i n ord er that the drops shall e xt rac t the virt ue of e roots.

A P P L ICA TI ON .

P ut thre e d rops of thi s c ompound tin c tu re into a mixture of milk and wa

ter of e qual qu anti tie s, and dip a l ine n rag i nto the m ix ture and the n
c l ose the e y e s and wash the l ashe s thorou g hl y , b y whi c h me an s the m e di
c in e wil l work i tsel f into the e ye s and prod u c e a sal uta ry e ff e c t. If the
i nte rnal surfac e o f the e y el ash i s sore , l e t on e d rop or m ore fall into the
e ye . The n we t two or thre e thi c k ne sse s of line n with the m ix ture , an d
p u t i t u pon the e ye s on g o in g to b e d , and pu t a fe w e x tra fol d s we t with

c old wate r ov er the othe r to k e e p i t m oi st an d to re du c e the i nflamm a

ti on ; put a fol d e d handk e rc hie f ab out the he ad to k e e p the se c l oths to
the e ye s, and u nl e ss the d iffi c ul ty orig in ate from the b od y thi s re me dy
wil l g e ne ral ly e ffe c t a c ure .
Thi s i s al so a g ood appli c ati on for sore b re asts .

F OR S ORE EY ES .

Whe n the e yes are we ak infl ame d b reak and pour out an e g fre sh
or
g
from the she ll , and the l ast dr ops of the white m ay b e d ro pe d i nto the
e s. In two or thre e d a 3 they wil l b e c om e strong and t e inflam ma
e y
ti on wil l b e re move d . T re m e d
y i s e x c e ll ent for we ak e y e s e ithe r for
y oung or old . [S e e pag e
 73 6 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

CU RE F OR F IL M IN T H E EY E OF A H ORS E OR OX.

Ed ward S J arv is Esq

. . S urry , M e . in a l e tter to M
of r. J ose ph R
.

B oston A g ri c u l tural Warehou se ,

,

N e well , propri e tor to the state s as fol

l ows
H ave y ou e v er he ard o f a c u re for a fi lm on the e y e o f an ox or a
horse ? I was tol d of one e ig hte e n or twe nty y e ars ag o , an d have b e e n
in the prac ti c e of i t e ve r si nc e with p e rfe c t su c c e ss. It was b rou g ht to
j
m y m in d b y ust havin g had proof o f its su c c e ssful appl ic ation in a c al f
that had i ts e ye hurt b y a b l ow from anothe r c re atu re A fi l m form e d
.

ov e r it an d i t was thou g ht its e y e wa s l ost . B ut b y turni n i nto the 0 p

po site e ar , a g re at spoonful of m e l te d hog s fat , it w as c u re i n 2 4 hours .
’

I d o n ot pre te n d to ac c ou nt for thi s, b ut I have se e n it tr ie d wi th suc c e ss

so ofte n , that I thi nk it ou g ht to b e m ade pub l ic , if i t has n ot b e e n b e
fore . I l e arne d it fro m an In di an .

N .B The ab ov e re m e d y we g ive as w e fi n d it, and if it b e c orre c t

.

that a fi lm c an b e re m ov e d b y su c h m e an s from the e y e o f a d um b b e ast

we c an se e no re ason why the hum an spe c ie s m ay not b e b e n e fi tte d b y
the sam e m e an s. It i s c ertai nly worthy of c on sid e rati on . . T. J

S TRA M IN G
A g re at improve m e nt for per son s who have a l ow c ir c ul ati on , and a he avy
ssu re of b l ood to the he ad , c old fe e t , and a b ad di e sti on .
pre g
When the fe e t are c old and the he ad distre sse d , or the v e in s l ow i n
the fe e t and full u pon the te m pl e s, l e t the pe r son whe n he g oe s i nto the
b ath, pu t his fe e t in to a pail hal f ful l of water , as hot a s he c an b e ar it .
L e t the te m pe rature of thi s wa te r he raise d or in c re ase d b y the ad di tion
of m ore hot w ate r , a s fast as the pati en t c an b e ar i t, at the sam e ti m e
k e e ping u p a liv e ly ste am u pon the b ody . This i s d e c id e dly the b e st
c ou rse that he at c an b e appli e d to pro du c e a u n iform c irc ul ation throug h
the sy ste m . Whe n the b ath has b e e n appl ie d a suffi c ie n t l e ng th of tim e ,
‘
q
tak e a u art of c ol d w ater and add su fi i c ie nt hot w ate r to re nd e r it b ut
on e or two d e g re ss c ol d e r than the ai r P our thi s ov e r the top o f the
.

he ad an d al l ov e r the b od y and limb s Wipe off with a c l oth, and b athe

.

th e f eet , l eg s an d bod y thorou g hl y wi th linim e n t .

T his ope ration will g iv e n e w l ife an d vig or to the b ody , an d the he ad

w ill b e mu c h improve d if the b owe l s are i n g ood ord e r at the tim e .

C OU N TER P OIS ON S .

To cu r e the bi tes f sn akes of v ar iou s kin ds the bi tes of

o , spi der s , stin g s
of bees an d other poi son ou s i n s ects
, .

L e t the foll owing d ire c ti on s b e atte nde d to, as soon after the ac c ide nt
as po ssib l e :
Tak e as wid e a m ou th b ottl e as p ossib le , that will hol d from on e g ill
to hal f a pint , or if that i s n ot to b e had , a g il l c u p or wi ne g l ass, that i s
fe c tl y ti g ht e x c e pt at the top p u t i n to i t from hal f to a l ass of the
p e r g
stron g spiri ts of c am phor . The n pu t the m ou th of the b ottle , or the to p
of the c up u pon the w ound or b ite , an d in v ert i t b o ttom sid e u p , an d
k e e p the m ou th o f the b ottl e so ti ght ag ain st the fl e sh that the spirits wil l
re st u pon the wou n d , and not l e ak ou t or waste away . B y watc hi ng the
spi ri ts c l osel y you wil l pe rc e i v e a m o ve m e n t o f the c am phor b e twe e n the
fl e sh an d u pper su rfac e of the li qu id , as if the rari fi c ati on of the ai r in the
b ottl e and the c ounte r poi sonous q ualitie s of the c am phor, w as not only
neu tral izin g the viru s in the b ody b u t d rawin g it out of the fl e sh into the
73 8 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

and ab out te n ye ars took this

sin c e she re m e d and
I b el ie ve she has
y,
b een re ward e d lib erall b the ad diti on of six n e w m e mb e rs to he r fa
y y
m il y sinc e . Thu s y ou l adie s, you c an c hoose or re fu se the
se e , g ood
thing s of this li fe .

F OR F A L L IN G OF TH E WOM B , OR P ROL A P S U S U TERI .

B urn
'
an d z
pul ve ri e white b e an s, .an d m ak e a b e v e rag e of i t the sam e as
c od e e . L e t the patie nt u se this as a c on stan t d rink for a we e k o r two, or
fi ll the c ure i s e ffe c te d . Thi s i s sai d to b e a c e rtain re m e dy .

A U S EF U L S Y RU P F O R WEA KL Y F EM A L ES .

Tak e one handful of S pik en ard roots,

do . d o, C om fre y , do .
do do. . S arsapari ll a, d o .
do . do . S m o oth l e af pl antain , d o .
d o. do . B l ac k al de r b ark ,
b rui se the roots and put them into one g all on of wate r an d b oil them for
o n e hour strain off an d ad d two
pound s of loaf sug ar, four oun c e s o f
i
g g n e r an d on e of rhe ub arb , and whe n c o ol on e u art o f b rand ; stop i t
y q
c l ose i n a j ug for use . Tak e a win e g l ass ab out thr e e tim e s a day b e fore
ea ti ng .

F OR B REEDIN G OR N U RS IN G S ORE M OU TH ,
on F .0 R S O RE M OU TH OF A N Y K IN D.

Tak e of sag e on e ounc e and b oil i t i n half a pint of wate r to o ne gill

strain off and add on e gi l l of g ood hon e y , afte r it has b e e n b oil e d an d
ski m m e d . The n ad d hal f an oun c e of b orax we l l pulve ri e d . L e t the z
b orax b e dissol ve d a n d well sti rre d or m ix e d i n the c ompound , whe n it i s
fi t for u se . K
e ep i t in a b ottl e stoppe d ti ht.
g
Thi s i sg ood for m others who have what rs c all ed th e nur sin sore mouth,
g
or for w om e n who are in the fam il y way whe n the m ou th i s sore . It i s
rou g h an d will c ol l e c t the thic k phl e m or m uc u s from the g l and s, or the
.

fau c e s or throat and will c l e an se e sore s an d purify the b re ath. It

tou g he n s the m ou th and re m ov e s al l sore ne ss.
T ak e a te aspoonf ul and ga rg l e the m outh an d throat fi ve or six time s a
d ay .

P OWDER F OR S ORE M OU TH .

Tak e m arshro se m ary , b ayb e rry , c hal k , rosin an d sum ac h b e rri e s o f

e ac h e ual q q
uantiti e s, fi ne l y pul ve ri se d . To thi s add as m u c h white su
ar a s al l the re st ; l e t the m b e we l l m i x e d To b e tak e n into the mouth
.

ry , or for c hil dr e n i t m ay b e we t or m ad e into te a .

A P P L ICA TION .

The se powde rs may b e u se d d ry in the m outh , or in a m oi st state for

c hil d re n Re pe at the appl ic ation u nti l a c u re i s pe rform e d . If too (I
.

q
ing , doub l e the uan tity of sug ar . If it still c ontinue s to o d ry ing , d oub e
q
the uantity o f sum ac h b e rrie s .

F OR S ORE N IP P L ES —d
. .
f
u se u l P l aster .
Tak e a l ine n c l oth, and g ather the c orne rs and se w the m in su c h a
form as for it to re se mb l e one hal f of a b al l c ove r, or so that it will fi t the
-

b re ast o ver the ni ppl e . The n m e l t wax and rub it o ve r the in si de of the
c ase ; apply sev e ral thi c k n e sses of the wax , until the c ase b e c om e s wel l
 M A TERIA M ED IC A . 73 9

saturate d . This whe n appl ie d will c au se a fre e pe rspira

ti on of the b reast ,
and wil l rem ov e a ue s and hard b u nc he s, and he al al l sore s of the ni l
g p p es
b y c on stant use .

A N OT H ER REM ED Y .

Tak e a b all of b e e swax and warm i t so that it b ec ome s pliab l e , the n

work out a plaste r i n form and shape so that it m ay fi t snug ly upon the
b re ast , ab ou t thre e i nc he s f rom the nippl e e ac h way ; l e t this b e u se d
c on stantl y u p on the b re ast b e fo re an d afte r nursi n and a m oi st pe rspira
tion will im m e diate ly start un d e r it, and the re wil b e no sore ni ppl e , nor
i n flam e d , c ak e d , or b rok e n b re asts. The b osom of the dre ss should b e
so snu g as to k e e p the pl aste r so c l ose to the b re ast a s for it to adhe re as
ti g ht as possib l e . Thi s should b e re me m b e re d b y nursing mothe rs .

TO P REV EN T S ORE N IP P L ES OR B REA S TS .

B athe the b rea st s d ail y b efore c onfi ne me nt wi th b e e f b ri ne . We know

thi s to b e a val u ab l e pre ve ntiv e , and tho se who woul d re g ard their c om
f ort afte r c onfi ne m e nt shoul d n ot ne g l e c t thi s pre c aution .

F OR S ORE N IP P L ES .

Take a handful of the he rb pe ll itory of S pain , (P ar i et ar i a ofi icin alis)

and sim m e r i t i n b u tter un til the e n tire stre n th is
g e xha u ste d from the
he rb ; strain off , and the ointm e nt i s fi t f or u se .

F OR IN DIG ES TION A N D F EM A L E OB S TRU CTION S

B ROO K L IM E V er on i ca B ecca bun g a .

Thi s arti c l e i s said to b e a val uab l e rem e dy for indig e stion and c on
sumpti on . It i s stimul atin g and i s g ood in form of b itte rs to re g ul ate the
m onthly turns with fe m al e s, b y rem oving ob struc ti on s .

F OR N ERV O U S IRRITA B IL IT Y OF WEA K L Y P A TI EN TS .

M OTH ERWORT— L eon urus Cardi aca .

,

Tak e of M otherwort a han d ful , and m ak e a strong te a, and l e t i t b e

d ra nk
h ot b y the pati e n t on
g oin g to b e d , or whe n th e s asm s c ome on ;
p
thi s Wi ll prod u c e al m ost m e d iate re lie f with e ither m al e or fem al e .
F e av erfe w , M ugwort, or d oub l e or sing le Tan se y , wil l produc e nearly
the sa m e e ffe c t.

M isc ellan eou s.

F OR CH A P P ED H A N DS A N D F EET.
To c u re c rac k e d j
hand s, whe n in ure d b y ly e in washi ng , an d the y are
v e ry painful
— or c happe d fe e t i n the sprin g and fall , c omm on to c hil d
re n
Wash the hand s or fe e t c lean dry them well b y the fi re , the n ru b the m
Whe n the surfac e i s d ry
,

well over with v ine g ar .

,
w ash the ac id off
ag ai n with c lean warm water , and whe n d r ann oint the art s with c ream ;
y
b ut i f that c an not b e had , milk m ay b e sub stitute d . ub two or three
74 0 TH E T H O M S O N I A N

c oats ove r the parts affe c te d d ry it in b y the fi re ; the pai n will b e

,
a nd
rel ie ve d at on c e , :an d the sore s wi l l i m m e diate l y he al u p .
Tho se who are i n the hab itual u se of l ye , pota sh, o r any othe r c orrosive
sub stanc e , wil l d o we l l to re m e m b e r thi s re m ed y .

TO P REV EN T TOOTH—A C H E.
B athe the t op part of the he ad an d b ac k o f the ne c k in c ol d wate r at
“

e v er
y tim e y ou w ash. T h o se w ho d o thi s, wi ll
g e ne ral ly avoid n ot onl y
t he tooth a c he , b ut al so the he ad ac he .
“
-
-

TO REL IEV E TH E TOOTH -

A C H E.
If the tooth b e holl ow , rol l u p a pie c e of cotto n the si e of the orifi c e , z
an d we t it with su mm e r sav ory o il , hot d rops, S pe armint o r pe ppe rm int
o i l , o r the ti nc tu re o f pe ppe r , and pre ss it snu l y i nt o the tooth ; o r
g pl u g
it with the stim ul atin g stre n g the ning pl aste r, afte r hav ing c l e an sed an d
d ri e d the c avity with c otton . This wil l g e ne rally re l ie ve . [S e e p ag e
“ “

If the tooth i s n ot holl ow , b ut i s affe c te d with the agu e and di stre ss i n

j
the aws, m ak e a sm all b ag of c ay e nne , o f the si e of a whi te b e an , andz
pl ac e i s b e twe e n the te eth an d c he e k . Tak e som e w arm ing m e d ic ine s,
su c h a s c om po si tion or c ay e nn e te a , or hot d ro s ; thi s wil l Warm the sto
p
m ac h a nd m uc h assi st in aff ordi ng re l i ef .

F OR TH E TEETH .
z
H one y , m ix e d with pure pul v e ri e d c harc oal , i s said to b e e x c ell e nt
to c l e an se the te e th an d m ak e the m whi te . L im e wate r, with a li ttl e P e
ruvian b ark , i s V e ry g ood to b e oc c asi onal ly u se d b y those who hav e d e

fe c ti ve te e th, or an offe n si ve b reath.

S N U F F F OR P OL Y P U S IN T H E N OS E.
z
Tak e pul veri e d b l ood root an d saturate it wi th the sap of the b l ac k ash
tre e , trie d ou t b y l ay ing a gre e n stic k n e ar a b ot fi re . M ak e a thic k paste
o f the se a rtic l e s, the n d ry an d pu l ve ri e i t. z
‘
This sn ufi m ay b e tak e n se ve ral tim e s a day A sm all u antity of b ay
. q
b e rry m ay b e add e d to the b l ood r oot, whic h wil l b e som e improve m e n t .
The sap of b l ac k a sh m ay al so b e u se d to ad vantag e al on e , or with hot
d ro ps, b y snufii in g i t .

Whe n a poly pu s has b e e n e x trac ted from the no se , a fre e u se of this

snuff will u su al ly pre ve n t it from g r owing ag ain .

H OW TO M A K E ES S EN CE .

To m ak e any kind of e sse n c e — A dd a te aspoonful of oil to a pint of

fourth proof spirits, and shak e the m well toge the r .

TO REM OV EA T IG H T RIN G F ROM TH E F IN G ER.

Thread a n e e dl e , flat i n the e y e , with a stron g thre ad ; pass the ne e dl e
with c are u n de r the ring and pul l the threa d through a fe w i n c he s toward s
the han d ; wrap the l ong e nd ti htly rou nd the fi ng er , re g ul arl y , d own to
the n ail s, to re d uc e its si e z
T e n l ay hol d of the short e n d of the thre ad
.

to u nwin d i t . The thre ad pre ssing ag ai n st the ri ng will g rad uall y re m ov e

it f ro m the fi ng er . Thi s u nfail ing m e thod wil l re mov e the tig hte st ring
w ithout d ifii c ul ty , howe ve r sw oll e n the fi ng e r m ay b e .

F lower s del eter ious in sl e e ping apartm e nts.

[S e e pag e
74 2 TH E r n on so n rm

F OR B L EEDIN G A T TH E N O S E.
G re at re l ief if not a rad ic al c ure m ay b e aff e c te d b y b athing the feet
i n sti m ulati ng l inim e nt, and u sin g snufi fre e l y , m ad e of pul ve ri e d Witc h
’

z
z
ha el l eav e s, to c ontrac t the b l ood v e sse l s i n the he ad .

IM P ORTA N T A DV IC E TO YOU TH .

K ee p the head c ool , the fe e t warm , tak e no m in eral or poisonous me

d ic i ne , a nd bi d d e fi an c e to d oc to rs.

S TEEL BU S KS .

It i s e x trem e ly prob ab l e that whate ve r c ond uc ts the e l ec tri c i ty of the

b ody fro m it, will oc c asi on direc t d eb ility . With this v ie w I have long
b e e n in the hab it of c ausing fe mal e s who use ste el supports in the ir s tay s
to l ay the m al tog e the r a si d e .

A S THM A .
We l earn from an inte ll ig e nt fri e nd who has l ong b e en affl ic te d with
thi s m o st d i stre ssi ng c om pl aint , that the fu m e s of b urni ng pape r satura t
e d with a sol utio n of sal tpe tre iv e s him pe rfe c t relie f . H e k e e ps a quan
g
tity o f pape r whic h he b e e n S i m ly soak e d i n stron g sal tpe tre wate r and
afterward s d rie d , c on stan tl y o n pand , an d o n the re c urre nc e of a par ox

i sm ob tain s al m o st in stant re l ie f from b u rning hal f a shee t or a she et in

hi s room . O the rs who have b e e n sim ilarl y affe c te d have trie d i t, with
c orre spon din g b e n e fi t In n o c ase has it b ee n k nown to fail , as fa r as his
.

inform ation e x te n d s .

We de em the te stim ony suffi c ie nt to warrant the pub lic ation of the pre
sc ription , whic h c e rta inl y has th e m e rit of simpl ic ity . If it shall prove
en e ral l y e ffi c ac iou s, its v al ue i s b e y ond pric e . I t c an b e re ad il y te ste d .
g
We think the l e av e s or l ob e l ia inflata would b e far b ette r, and le ss dan
g e rons to the heal th o f the patie nt.

M scella n eou s O bser va tion s,

U P ON van ou s S U B J EC T S C O N N EC T ED W I T H D I S E AS E A N D rT s
T REA T M E N T , RE M A RK S , &c .

F OR TH E Q U IN S Y , P U TRID S ORE THROA T, G ROU P ,

‘
Or an y difi icu lty or i nflamm ation about the t hr oat, n eck , or org an s o f
r espir ati on , occ asi on ed b y t aki n g cold , or pr esswr e o
f blood to the head .
In al l the m e ntione d , the difli c ul ty is b roug ht on from the
c ase s ab ov e
l oss of an imal or vital warmth, c on se que ntly c ol d fe e t, c osti ve or re l ax e d
sta te of the b owe l s, atte nd e d with m ore or l e ss torpidity of the stom ac h,
and di g e stive apparatu s ; an d a c on se que nt ex c e ss or
pre ssure of b l ood to
the he ad .
T REA TM EN T .

Tak e dose of c om posi tion , and g e t the b ody into a c omfortab l e state
a
a s re g ard s warmth ; the n b athe the fe e t in a s hot wate r and c ontinu e to in
c re ase the te mpe ratu re un til the he at i s as g reat as the pati e nt c an b ear.
C on tinu e this ope ration for twe nty or thi rty m inute s, k e e ping the b ody
well shielded from the air, the n ta k e out one foot and wipe it d ry wi th a
 M A TERIA M ED IC A . 74 3

c loth, an d the n b athe it thorou ghl y wi th stimul atin lin ime nt, whic h d ry
g
‘
in b y the fi re ; put on the stoc kin g , the n tak e out e othe r foot and tre at
i t in lik e m ann e r . L e t the patie nt g o i nto a warm b e d , with a hot sto ne
at the fe e t to k e e p up the pe r spiration , whic h this c ou rse wil l pr od u c e ;
j
the n m ak e an in e c tion of c ompositi on or N o . 3 , m od e rate i n point of
astrin e nt pe rtie s, swe e te n wi th m ol asse s, an d add on e ou n c e o f the
g p ro
str on e st k i n d of th ird re ara ti on . B e fore u si ng thi s, the b owe l s m a
g p p y
b e c l e an se d b y ad m ini ste ring a g e ntl e e n e m a of warm m ilk and wate r .
j
A fte r whic h, u se the fi r st or stron g in e c tion , thor ou ghly applie d , and
whe n i t ope rate s the sc e ne of e x c ite m e n t i s c han g ed from the he ad an d
ne c k for the b owe l s an d l owe r e x t re m itie s. N ow adm ini ste r a g e n tl e
e m e tic of the g re e n he rb , whic h wil l operate m il d ly and c re ate b ut littl e
e x c ite m e n t in the stom ac h . This c ourse will throw the b lood to the l ow
e r e x tre m itie s; and re l ie ve the pre ssu re at the he ad and the diffi c ul t re
spi rati on . N ow tak e two oun c e s of the stre n gthe ning pl aste r an d m e l t
i t ; add on e teaspoon ful of the fi n e st and b e st c ay e nne pe ppe r , sti r it into
the pl aste r ; an d shoul d it b e too stiff , ad d a li ttl e hog s lard , whic h wil l
-

softe n it to a sui tab l e c on si ste n c y . N e x t c ut a pie c e o f l eathe r or thic k

m u slin , so that i t will fi t in u pon th e throat and out to the oute r e dg e s of
the l ow e r j aw and c hin , an d e x te nding d own the throat and n e c k ab ou t
six inc he s, ar oun d j
u st b ac k of the e ars on e ac h sid e of the fac e ; s re ad
p
the l aste r upon th i s c l oth, or l e athe r, of suffi c ie nt thi c k ne ss, and pu t up
on t e ne c k ; and i f it d oe s n ot se t sn u g , sl it it u n d e r the c hi n i n se ve ral

pl ac e s un til it will l ay c l o se to the n e c k an d c hi n wi thout wri nkl e s: This

pl aste r wil l d raw out the i nflam m ati on and re l ie ve the pati e nt al m ost im
me diate ly .
In all c ase s of c roup , c l oths wru ng out of hot wate r m ay b e appli e d to
the b owe l s of c hi l d re n with g ood su c c e ss, to assi st vitali ty b y ab sorption ,
whil e y ou use the o ther re m e die s.
In thi s tre atme nt, it wil l b e pe rc e ive d that the g re at b e n e fi t d e ri v e d ,
was i n tran sfe rri ng the se at of e x c ite m e nt from the uppe r to the l owe r
e x tre m iti e s u n til the ob str uc tion s ab ove w e re re m ove d , whi c h re ui re s
q
b ut a short tim e . B y thi s c our se of tre atm e nt I hav e c ure d m any se riou s
d iffi c ul ti e s of the l un g s an d throat ; and in fac t , the tre atm e nt i s e x c e ll e nt
q q
i n any c ase of d i se ase , as all re ui re an e uil ib rium in the c irc ul ati on ,
an d this i s on e of the m ost e ffe c tu al way s to produ c e so d e si rab l e a re sul t.
In al l c ase s n ouri shm e nt shoul d b e fre el y u se d , suc h as milk porridg e ,
c hic k e n sou p , wate r grue l , b e e f te a , or any othe r sub stan c e of whic h the

patie nt i s fon d , as it stre n g the n s the b od y and allows the m e dic in e to pro
d uc e a m ore thoroug h O pe rati on .

TO S TOP T H E L EA K A G E OF J OIN T WA TER .

In c ase a j ointb e c u t so that the water ex ude s from the wound , the
most proper tre atm e nt i s to wash it thorou g hly wi th c ol d wate r, the n wipe
d ry and b athe the inte rn al surfac e of the wound with hot d rops ; the n
c l o se it to e the r with a n e e d l e and thre ad ; b ind upon the sore a soft
g
spon g e , whi c h w il l d ry u p the l e ak ag e at the sam e tim e and c l o se the l i s
p
o f the woun d . In eig htee n or twe nty four hour s the par ts will b e b adly
-

swol l e n i n c on se qu e n c e of the i nte rnal di sc harg e of the j oin t water i nto

the fle sh , whi c h wi ll c au se it to e x te n d and b e e xtre m ely painf ul ; the n a
powe rful stim ul ant or draft m ust b e ap lie d , to re m ov e throug h the p ore s
p
’

the m atte r that ac c um ul ate s in the ti e s unti l the sore he al s at the b ottom .
The l imb shoul d b e k e pt ve ry sti ll . If it b e the k ne e or ankl e , i t should
b e pl ac e d u pon a pill ow in a c hair and l e t the hot m e di c in e s b e tak e n
fre el y to ke ep up a perspiration, whic h will rem ove all infl ammati on in a
 74 4 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

fe w d ay s. A poul ti c e of c om fre y an d white turpe ntin e m ay al so b e use

ful ly appl ie d to the wou nd In a fe w d ay s the sore w ill b e he al e d at the
.

b otto m , prov t d you re m ov e the m atte r f rom the fl e sh b y pe rspi ration as

fast as it ac c ‘ ig
l
lj ul ate s fro m the w ou n d i nte rn al l y . L e t the limb b e k e pt
e l e vate d and strll , an d stra ig ht i f p ossib l e , on a b oard .

S c rape d sol e l eathe r applie d to suc h wo und s wil l al so stop the l e ak ag e

j
of the o int, an d m ay b e u se d in ste ad o f the sp on e , if the p rope r m e ans
g
are e m pl o e d t o k ee p up the p e rspi rati on .
y

RH EU M A TIC P A IN S , A N D DEB IL IT Y IN TH E K N EES .

A g e ntl e m an c all e d on u s, who was troub l e d w ith g re at we ak ne ss i n

hi s k n e e s, from rhe u m atic pain s. H i s lim b s we re so we ak that he was
u n d e r the n e c e ssity of u sin g a c an e i n e ac h han d . H e said that hi s k ne e s
j
fe l t as if the oint s woul d part an d l e t hi s b od y d own , whe n e ve r he at
t e m pte d to ri se from hi s c hai r, whi c h he c ou l d d o only wi th the assist
an c e of b oth hi s hand s, an d the n with
g re at d iffi c ul ty , so we ak we re the
j oin ts .

T REA TM EN T .

I made a l ong b andag e of c l oth, the sam e as I woul d do to b rac e up a

b rok e n l imb , an d spre ad the whol e l e n g th with stim ul ati n pl a ste r The n
g .

I c om m e nc e d b e l ow the k ne e , and passe d the pl aste r e nti re ly aroun d the

limb , the n u nd e r the holl ow of the k ne e and aroun d the l imb ab ov e i t, ap
ply in g it c l ose l y , an d the n b roug ht i t arou nd ag ain d ire c tl y ove r the k ne e
pan , an d attac he d it b y the adhe si ve rope rtie s of the pl aste r to the b and
a e on the si d e Thu s the limb was rac e d ab ov e , b e l ow, and ac ross the
g .

joi nt , whic h se rve d as artifi c ial su pport .

The othe r l im b was tre ate d in the sam e way ; the person at on c e arose
from his c hair, and without the assistan c e of his c an e s w al ke d ac ross the
room , d e c l arin g that he had not b e e n ab l e to w alk with so m uc h stre ng th
and e ase for a l on g ti m e .

S ETTIN G A B ON E IN TH E F OOT .

A l ady b y ac c id e nt st e ppe d in to a hole and spra in e d or tu rn e d he r fo ot

i n suc h a m anner a s to i nj u re i t, so that she wa s n ot ab l e to w alk upon i t
for se v e ral we e k s . S he e m pl oye d on e o f the b e st surg e on s i n the pl ac e ,
who appl ie d wormwood and v i ne g ar , and a g re at varie ty of re m e die s, b ut
all to no purpo se It w as b ad l y swol l e n , an d she was ob l ig e d whi l e sit
.

ti n g to k e e p i t e l ev ate d on a c hai r, b e ing u n ab l e to b e ar i t on the fl oo r .

S he wi she d u s to re l ie ve he r i f po ssib l e . We e x amin e d the foot, and i t
a ppeare d to u s that the m e titar sal b on e w he re it i s j oi ne d to th e fi rst
pha
l anx o f the l ittl e toe w as ou t of plac e , for whe n she put i t d own she said
"

i t se e m e d as if that part touc he d the fl oor b e fore any othe r part of the
f oot .
T REA TM EN T .

We put he
'
fo ot into hot wate r and b athe d it thorou ghly , at the sam e
r

vi n uitab l e m e di c ine s at the stom ac h, thu s sta r ti n

time , g s g an ac tive
c i re n ation throu cr hout the whol e sy ste m , and rel ax ing the m u sc l e s and
m ak inzg them pl ia le , an d the n appl ie d the stimul ati ng linim e nt to the
foot . h ’’e the n c u t o ut a
i pie c e of thin b oard ab out the si e and j u st i n z
the shape of the b ottom o f the foot , holl owing o u t a spac e ab ou t a quarte r
of an i nc h dee p d i re c tl y unde r where the me titarsal b one wou ld c ome
74 6 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

the o i ni ons of other s. Thi s f ear of what M r A M r B or M rs C . or . . . . .

'

D w. say , i s what ha s kil l e d i ts te n s of thou sand s The re fore , a pe r .

te c tly i nde pe n de nt fe el i ng of w hat othe r s m ay say or think a s to ou r

dr e ss an d appearan c e , if i t b e d e c e n t an d c om fortab l e , i s o ne of the fi r st
q
import ant re ui site s to pre se r v e and se c ure he al th In c ol d w e athe r se
.

c ure the lim b s with fl ann e l u nd e r g ar m e n ts, d raw e rs, an d w ooll e n sto c k
i ng s . P ut i nto the b otto m o f the b oots o r shoe s, in side n e x t to the fe e t,
c ork sol e s or b ottom s, w hi c h ar e fu rn i she d i n sm al l she e ts fo r the pu r

p o se an d m ay b e t rim m e d d o w n t o fi t the b otto m o f the b oot o r shoe .

The se c ork s w il l k e e p the fe e t d ry an d warm and i f the w ate r soak s

throu g h the b ottom so a s to m oi ste n the c o rk s, the fe e t w il l re m ain warm ,
q
as the c ork w il l n o t ab sorb the w e t, c o n se u e n tl y w il l re m ai n d r .
y Ol d
hat m ay b e u se d i n ste ad o f c ork , a s a sub sti tute , whe re the form e r c an
n ot b e had . Thi s part of k e e ping the b otto m s of the fe e t w arm , i s of the
u tm o st im portan c e to pre se r ve the b ody from d i se a se , a nd m o re e spe c ial
l y the l ung s, l ive r , an d dig e sti v e powe rs Those pe r son s who tak e vi o
.

le nt e x e r c i se in the ir pu mps shou l d al way s hav e thi c k shoe s or b oo ts w ith

c ork or hat sol e s, to prote c t the b o ttom of the fe e t ag ai n st the c ol d whe n
ab ou t to b e e x po se d The b e n e fi t of c o rk sol e s m ay b e m ore hig hly ap
.

j
pre c iate d b y tho se who have b e e n sub e c t to l ung c om pl a ints, he ad ac he ,
c holi c , rhe u m ati c pai n s, pl e uri sy , S t e , than those who e n oy
g ood he al th , j
and m ak e u se o f the m e an s as a p re v e nti ve a ain st the attac k of tho se
g
c ompl aints . The fe e t b e in g g u ard e d as ab ov e an d k e pt w arm , the b ody
q
-

re ui re s l e ss c l othin g to k e e p it c o m fo rtab l e ; the re fore e c o n om y a s we l l

.

q
a s he al th re ui re s that the fe e t shou l d b e we l l pr o te c te d a ai n st the c old .
g

TO P REV EN T F A T IG U E A F TER EXC ES S IV E L A B OR,

Or f ter hav in g
a ex hau st ed the v ital or mu scu l ar en er g y by ex c essi v e
per
an d a ter t he c ommen c em en t o
spi r ati on , befor e f f chills
Whe n the e x erc ise is o ve r, dodown until y ou g e t to a stove or
n ot si t

fi re , and the n pl ac e y ou r b ac k to the he at In that w ay the g re ate st forc e

.

of the he at wil l b e fe l t b e tw e e n the shou l de r b l ad e s and d own the b ac k ,

so that the m ed ull a spin ali s , o r spi n al m arrow , w i l l re c e i ve the g re ate st

p o ssib l e infl ue n c e from i ts d i re c t ap pl ic ation T h e u an ti t

y o f warm th
. q
re c e i ve d b y ab so rption b y the spi n al i s i s di str ib ute d throu g h the b ody b y
the ne rv e s, an d the c om fort an d re st e x pe ri e nc e d b y the person throu g h
the whol e sy ste m while the radi ation of he at i s i n proc e ss, i s pl e asant b e
y on d c on c e ption .

When the sy stem has thus repl e ni she d i ts vi tality , and e v ery part of the
b ody has b e c om e warm , a sc al d ing se n sation i s e x pe ri e nc e d on the b ac k ,
to show that the sy ste m i s a s ful l of warm th a s the wan ts of the b od y re
qurre .
The ab sorb e nts tak e u p heat so rapidl y whe n a pe rson i s v e ry c old , and
q
the sy ste m i s fi ll e d so u ic k w ith the warm th, that it re ac ts u pon the sur
fac e , me e ts the d i re c t ray s of he at, an d c re ate s of a su dd e n , a se n sati on
or im pre ssi on that the b ac k i s b u rnin g or sc aldin g Whe n the l a st d e .

sc rib e d se n sati on i s e x pe rie n c e d , those who w il l b e at the tr oub l e wil l

fi nd the v e in s ful l of b l ood , b oth in the hand s an d fe e t , and i f the y atte m pt
to ex erc ise , the i nc on v e ni e nc e of e x c e ssi ve l ab or will hardly b e fel t, and
the y w il l fe e l m u c h re fre she d and i nvig orate d .

Those person s who are troub l e d with l un g d iffi c ul tie s will e xpe rie n c e
l asting b e ne fi t b y the f re u e nt appl ic ati on of this warm th, as the write r of
q
thi s artic l e k n ows b y e x pe rie n c e .
'

The most di re c t way to afi e c t: the l un g s b y e x te rnal he at i s b y the

 M A TERI A
'

M ED i C A . 74 7
.

b ac k ; a n d those who hav e tak e n se riou s c ol d m ay b e b e ne fi tte d b y re

m e mb e ri ng the se ad moniti on s, if the y d o n ot c on sid e r the m too sim pl e .

IN J U RIOU S EF F ECT S O F T H E Y OU N G S L EEP IN G WITH

A G ED P EO P L E.
Whe n y oun g pe opl e sl e e p w ith the ag e d , it will b e pe rc ei v e d that the
se n io r w ill g row v ig oro u s, w hil e the y oun g e r w ill b e c o m e pal e an d w an
j
i n appe aran c e , d e e c te d i n spi ri ts, and e nfe e b l e d in c on stitution . T he
old pe rso n l ite ral l y b e c o m e s y ou n g , an d the y ou n g o ne ol d .
w The re a son
q
i s pe rfe c tl y pl ai n . The two b e c om ing b e d fe ll ow s, an e u il ib rium soo n
-

tak e s pl ac e i n the w arm th an d v ig or o f the i r b od ie s Thu s the old pe r

.

re s u o n the v i or ou s an d a c ti ve sy ste m o f the y ou n g , b y ab sorp

s on
p y p g
ti on , or b y g ivi ng n e w l ife t o the old , while the y ou n g pe rson in the sam e
d e g re e partak e s of the i n e rt pri nc ipl e of the ag e d In thi s e x c hang e ,
.

th e y oun g pe rson parts w ith that prin c iple w hic h su stain s vi tality and
prol on g s l ife , and ob tai n s the in fi r miti e s an d i m pote n c e of ag e l In a d e
ree it m a b e trul said , i t i s life to the ag e d , an d d e ath to the you n g .
g y y

H EA L T H Y A B L U TION S .

B athe th e Whole su rfac e of the b o dy w ith c old wate r e ve ry m orning on

e tti ng ou t o f b e d , the n ru b sm artl y w ith a c o ar se n apk i n to rai se a c u ta
g
n e ou s e x c ite m e nt
. T his produ c e s a he al thy a c ti on u po n the sk i n , g i vi n g
the y oun g a rob u st c on stitu ti on , an d m ak e s the ag e d m ore rug g e d , and
l e ss l iab l e to suffe r fr om fatig ue or c ha n g e s i n the atm o sphe re .
B y m ak i n g i t a c on stant prac tic e , the m u sc u l ar sy ste m will b e c om e
m ore fir m an d sol id , the pe r son will b e m u c h l e ss l iab l e to tak e c ol d ,
q
w ill re u ire l e ss c l othi n g , an d fe e l m ore stre n g th and ani m ation Thi s
.

sh oul d b e re m e mb e re d e sp e c i all y b y we ak l y fe m al e s an d al l d e b il ita te d

,

pe r son s ; b u t le t the m pre viou s to the b athi ng tak e warm i ng m e dic ine s, to
p re v e nt tak ing c old .

SP R
A IN ED L IM B.
It m ay b e thou ght strang e b y som e that an emeti c should re lax the m u s
j
c l e s o f a sp rain e d oi nt , an d r e d uc e i ts sw e l l i ng ; b ut that suc h i s the fac t,
w e c an te stify from ou r own pe rsonal e x pe rie n c e .

We spra ined one o f our ankl e s whe n y ou n g , whic h b e c am e so m uc h

s w oll e n an d so pai n fu l that w e we re u n ab l e to wal k . B ut b y tak ing an
e m e tic o f the tin c tu re o f l ob e l ia , an d appl y in g a c l oth we t w ith whi sk e y
and w ate r to the affe c te d part, i n six hours the sw e l li ng wa s e n tire l
y re
d uc e d , an d w e w e re ab l e to u se the l i mb c om forta b ly .

Du ri n g the c on tinu an c e of the pe rspi ra tion , the c l oths we re we t se v e ral

t im e s, the fe v e r d ry ing the m rapidly .

A H EA L TH Y B EV ERA G E F OR L A B ORIN G P ERS O N S .

P ut two tab l e spoon sful of b ro wn su g ar i nto a pint of c old so ft wate r, o r

the b e st d rink in g w ate r y ou have , and k e e p i t f or a c on stant b e ve rag e in
hot we athe r . This i s on e of the m ost he al thy d ri nk s that c an b e u se d to
k e e p u p the tone of the sy ste m . A te aspoonful of g ing e r should b e add
e d , whi c h w il l re nd er the d rink m ore d e si rab l e e i the r i n hot o r c old w e a
t he r. In the warme st we athe r thi s will k e e p the b ody c ool and c omfort
ab l e , and g i ve vi g or to the sy stem a nd an amb iti on fo r b u si n e ss .
74 8 TH E T H O M S O N I A N

TH E V I RTU ES OF H EM L OC K .

TO B E RE M EM B E RED IN B IL IOU S C OU N T RI E S
In y c o untri e s w he re the w ate r i s stag n ant, l e t it b e m ad e Inte
u nhe al th r

te a , b y havi ng he m loc k b o ug hs b o il e d i n i t, to pre ve nt the i n u ri ou s e f j

fe e ts o f the wate r , an d if u se d as a c on stant d rin k it will k e e p off all pu
trid d i sord e rs inc id e nt to su c h pl ac e s .

P eopl e who w ork i n swam p s, or l ow, u nhe al thy pl ac e s, b y using this

c on stan tl y will avoid d ise ase . T ry the e x pe rim e nt .

RED RA S P B ERRY L EA V ES — Ru bi es S tr i g asa s

-

A S U B S T I TU T E F O R IM P O RT ED
TEA — T hea Chin en si s
We have b e e n in the hab i t for som e tim e past of usrn g tlie re d rasp ' ' '

b e rry l e av e s as a sub stitute f or im po rt e d te a, an d m o st of our pe opl e pre

fe r i t . We thi nk the fl avo r supe rio r, and c e rtainly the artic l e i s far m ore
_

heal thy . The two k in d s o f tea are pre pare d for e ac h m e al , an d the rasp
b e rry i s pre fe rre d b y m o st of the m e m b e rs o f ou r fam ily
L e t our re ad e rs try this e x pe ri m e nt for two or three we e k s, an d ou r
.

word for it, the y will arr iv e at the sam e c on c l u si on that we hav e .
Chil dre n an d othe rs who m ak e u se of this te a will n ot b e troub l e d with
di arrhoea, dy se nte ry , or se re thro at or m outh .

7b P r a c titioner s.

I N TEM P ERA N G E
-
.

A c ourse of m e d ic i ne shoul d n otb e adm ini ste re d to an y pe rson whi le

in a state o f intox i c ation— as the v ol atil e prope rtie s of the l i u or wi ll re q
c e i ve a fre sh i mpe tu s, a nd pre ss v i ole ntl y i n to the he ad , an d the su b e c t j
e x hib it the wi ld e st parox y sm s o f m ad ne ss, from the u se of the ste am b ath
and the othe r stim ul atin g appl ic ati on s that woul d n atur ally b e applie d b y
a sk il l ful prac titi on e r , to prod u c e a sal utary ope rati on o r c our se .

We b eli e ve that th e re i s d an g e r o f apopl e x y i n a c ase of this k ind , b y

too g re at a pre ssure of stim ul u s u po n the b rain The stom ac h shoul d b e
.

c l e ar of al c ohol for ou r sti m ul ating tre atm e n t to pr od u c e happy re sul ts

u pon the c on sti tution . The w orst e ffe c ts prod uc e d upon the sy ste m , to
appe aranc e , are b y the appl ic ati on of the v apor b ath . In som e c ase s in
whic h i t has b e e n u se d , the al c ohol has b e c om e so v ola til e , an d forc e d
i ts way to the b rain w ith suc h rapid ity , that the patie nt w oul d forc e him
q
se l f f rom the b ath , an d it w ould r e u ire th e stren g th of se ve ral person s to
j
ke e p him un de r sub e c tion .

TO C U RE IN TEM P ERA N C E .

P e opl e who hav e b e e n sub j e c t to hard d rink in g shoul d not b e b rok e n

off too sudd e nl y , a s it will pro ve d e l e te ri ous to he al th , an d i n m an y i a
~

stan c e s fatal to l ife . L e t the foll owing c ourse b e ad opte d .

T ak e a quart b ottl e ful l o f the fav orite liq uor that o ne has b ee n ac c u s
.

tom e d to d rink , with the u sual stre ng th . L e t the i neb ri ate tak e his g lass
a s usual , the n l e t hi s frie nd add to the b ottl e a g l ass of wate r for e ac h one
tak e n ou t, ; and so c on ti nu e to add a g l ass o f water as ofte n as he tak e s a
g l ass of l i q uor, b y whic h m e an s the spi rit i s g r ad ual ly re d u c e d , an d i ts
c on se que nt sti mul atin g e ff e c ts upon the b ody are g on e , l e avi ng n ature to
make p u t h e de fi c i e n c y i n v i tal e ne r b
gy , y an appe ti te an d sui tab l e n ou~ ~
75 0 TH E TH O M S O N I A N
‘

B la ck an d t i te P o u la t ion ,
p
A N D TH EI R L IA B I L I T Y TO DIS EA S E IN B I L IOU S C OU N T RI ES ;
A N D H OT C L IM A T ES .

Why are the white popul ation i n tropic al c ou ntrie s m ore sub e c t to j '

tr id d i n d d e ath tha n the b l ac k s i n the sam e c l im ate ! It i s we l l

p u se ase s a
k n own that the white p e opl e of hig h nort he rn l ati tud e s c annot live u nd er '

q
the e uator, l ik e the b l ac k s or n ati ve i nha b itants, wi thout b e in g sub e c t j
to vi ol e nt atta c k s o f b il i ou s c om pl ain ts, su c h a s y e ll ow an d b i l iou s fe ve r ,
or b l ac k v om it, u n til afte r the y ha v e b e c om e ac c u sto m e d to the c limate .
L e t u s l o ok for a m om e nt at the ir d iff e re nt c om pl e x ion s, and the part that
c ol or ac ts upon the sy ste m , i n prom otin g he al th and g e nerati ng d i se ase .
In phil o so phy , it i s w e ll u nd e rstood; that b l ac k will ab sorb the ray s of
he at an d light, an d that whi te will r e fl e c t the m .
P ut a pie c e e ac h of b lac k and white c l oth u pon the sn ow , and the b l ac k
wil l m ak e its w ay to the g rou nd , while the sn ow u nd e r the w hite wil l
hardl y b e c om e atf e c te d in the sam e te m pe ratu re . The fac t i s, the b l ac k
c l oth ab sorb s the he at , a nd e x hau sts its in fl ue nc e as fa st as i t i s r e c e i v e d
upon the sn ow b e n e ath , whil e the white re fl e c ts n e arl y al l the he at ; c on
q
se u e n tly the snow i s n o t m e l te d i n the sam e d e re e b e n e ath .
g’ The sam e
i s the c a se wi th pe opl e . The b l ac k s ab s orb sufi i c ie nt he at f rom the sur
rou ndin e l e m e n t s to k e e p u p v i ta l e n e r w i th the assi stan c e o f c a
g gy , y
e nn e pe ppe r , w hic h the
y e at in ab u nd an c e , b oth i n the c rud e state , i n
soop s, an d i n m any othe r form s, whi c h e n ab l e s the m to c arry on r e sp i ra
ti on and per spiration w ith a g re at de g re e of c om fort an d e a se ; b y whic h
m e an s they throw off b y the surfac e a l arg e q uan ti ty of m orb i d m atte r,
whic h w oul d (whe re the re wa s n ot su ffi c i e nt vi tal he at ab so rb e d to k e e p
u p the pro e r d e re e o f c i rc u l ati on ac c um ul ate w ithin , u n til e v e ry ave
p g )
nue of the b od w ou ld b e c o m e ful l , whe n n atur e w ou ld m ak e a po we rful
y
.

e ff ort b
y e v ac u ation s to throw it off, b y what i s u sual ly te rm e d the b l ac k
v om i t, b il i ou s fl u x e s o r y e l l ow fe v e r, or til l d e ath ter m in ate d the su ffe r
"

in g s of the pati e nt b y m o rt ifi c at ion . In asm u c h as n ature is n o t ab l e to

t ak e u p b y ab sorption w arm th su lfi c ie nt to c ar ry on perspi ration , i n the
sa m e propor tion shou l d the pe rson m ak e u p the d e fi c i e n c y an d prom ote

pe rsp iration b y the u se o f pe ppe r or som e othe r stim ul u s, to p rom ote the
se c re ti on s or e vac u ati on s o f the b ody to su c h a d e re e as to throw off the
g
e x c e ss o f m atte r that the e r s irati on has fail e d i n d i sp o sin f
p p g o .

q
The whi te m an re fl e c ts the he at, c on se ue ntly vi tal ity c an not b e k e pt
up b u t b
y the a ssi stan c e of forc e d e ff o rt s ; he b e c o m e s fai nt an d l an guid ,
with a l o ss of appe tite . The stre am i s n e arl y l e v el with the fou nta i n , or
the te m pe rature u pon the sur fac e ri se s n e arly as hig h a s that within . Thi s
w ill soon te rm in ate hi s e x iste nc e , unl e ss b y tak i n g pe ppe r or o the r arti
fi c ial m e an s he k e ep s u p the v ital he at, or k e e p s d own to a pr ope r m e di
um that u pon the surfac e ; thu s m ai nta in i n
g a g e n tl e m oisture and a re
q ui si to sur l u s of vi talit
p y to su stain re spiration w ith e ase until the pe rs on
b e c om e s ac c u sto m e d t o the c lim ate , b y c han g in g the c harac te r and c om
pl e x ion m easu rab ly of the surfac e from a l ig ht to a d ark c ol or .
J
M r . e ffe rson onc e re m ark e d , that in t im e the b la c k s w oul d hav e ful l
posse ssion of the b il iou s po rtion s of the l ow l an d s i n the sou the rn state s ;
an d the re ason i s pe rfe c tl
y pl ain . W he re the sun pou r s d own the g re at
e st pow e r of its ray s the re v e g e tation i s the m ost ab u n dant an d l ux u rian t .

The b l ac k s ar e e nl iv e ne d an d inv ig orate d b y this he at , c on se q ue ntly i t is

a m e an s of inc re asin g an d pe rpe tuati ng the ir rac e whil e b y the sam e air
 M A T ERIA M ED I C A . 75 1

and c l im ate the whi te s are e nfe eb l e d b oth in b od y an d m i nd , and there

-

fore will d e c l ine in populati on in the sam e p ropor tion a s the b l ac k s in

c r e a se .
Why i s it n ot a s n e c e ssaryfor the b l ac k s to e m ig rate north d ur in g the
su m m e r , f or the ir health , as for the w hite s ? A re they n ot b y the i r hab its
q
e u all
y an d e ve n m o re e x po se d to d i sea e ?
s

T he a m ou nt of v e g e tatio n that i s c o n stan tly g oin g to d e c ay , i s m uc h

m ore whe re the so il i s ric h an d the atm osphe re hot , than whe re the soil i s
l e ss ric h and the atm osphere ut ore te m pe rate a nd he al thy ; c on se ue ntly , q
the am ou nt o f m orb id p oi son i s prop ortionatel y l arg e r in t he f orm e r than
i n the l atte r c ase , an d o f c ou rse m ore u nhe al thy . S uc h a pl ac e i s b e st
a d a te d to those
p pe opl e w hose c om pl e xi on s are suc h a s w il l w ith th e
g re ate st fac ili ty e x hau st b y pe rspi ration the m orb id poi son re c e ive d b y
re spi rati on . Thi s i s the e a se w ith the b lac k s; the y c an l ive and pr ospe r in
the e v e rg l ad e s of F l ori d a , whe re the atm osphe re i s al m ost pre se n t d e ath
to the white m an , who c ann ot k e e p u p suffi c ie n t v ital i ty to e e c t throu g h j
the sk in , the m o rb i d poison r e c e i v e d b y the l ung s i nto the b od y b y re spi
q
ration ; c on se ue ntl
y he i j
s a sub e c t for b il iou s or
y e llow fever , b l ac k vo
m it, &c .
A re sort to hi gh l and s i n hot we ather i s a re m e dy for di se as e s in c id e nt
to l ow g roun d s ; b ut i n all c ase s m ak e a fre e u se of the pe ppe r .

L e t the se our vie w s of the ope rations of the differe n t c om pl exi on s, and
the i r in flu e n c e u pon the b od y , b e thou ght of b y those who would study
the c au se a nd e ffe c t of di se a se s u pon the hum an syste m , an d al so the c l i
m ate s b e st adapte d to b orh he al th an d d ise ase , an d our e rrors upon the
j
sub e c t c orre c te d , i f tho se vi e w s ar e e rron e ou s.

IN F L U EN C E OF C L I M A TE U P ON M A N .

The e ff e c ts of m al aria on the ran g e of hum an life , m ay b e ill ustrate d

b y a fe w fac ts M d e Warv il l e say s that he has se e n in the d ry , he al thy
. .

part s of A m e ri c a , w om e n o f six ty o r se ve nty y e ars of ag e , with an air of

f re shne ss, an d spark li ng wi th he al th ; and that i n m an y pl ac e s on e pe rson
in ni n e attai n s the ag e o f e ig hty y e ars ; Whil e on the l ow isl and of Oe rl on
M . M ohe au state s that the re are not m ore than fi ve or six oc tog e narians
in fourte e n thousand i nhab itan ts The l im i t of life in S wit e rl an d i s
.

— whi l e i n G e or ia it is stat
z
l ac e d b M d e M o i vi e at e i ht ix e ars
p y .
g y s y g ,
-

e d , that w hite fe m al e s b orn the re v e ry se l d om attain the a e of fort , and

g y
m e n rare l y that o f fi fty y e ars O ut of a thousand pe rson s b orn at V ie n
.

n a hal f of the m d o n o t li ve to b e t w o y e ars of a e — whil st in the

g provi nc e
z
o f V au d , i n S w it e rl an d , fi v e hund re d out o f a thousan d pe rson s b orn
the re l iv e to b e fo rty— o ne y e ars ol d A t P e te rsb urg , i n V i rg ini a, it i s said
.

th at n o white pe rson b orn the re has e v e r attain e d the u sual m iddle ag e ,

and the n the b od y appe ars q
uite d e c re i t and wo rn d own , al thou h n o
p g
se v e re si c k n e ss had b e e n e n d u re d ; an d on the we st c oast o f A fri c a whi te
c hil d re n b orn the re s el d om attai n te n y e ars o f ag e . This i s stron g ly c on
t ra ste d with the he al th of the pe opl e of the c a pital of N orway , whe re the re
i s b u t o ne phy sic ian am ong thi rty thousan d inhab itants.
The pre c e d i ng re m ark s suffi c ie n tly d e m onstrate the e ffe c ts of c li m ate
an d soil e v e n o n m an , who , of all an imal s, is b e st c a ab l e o f d e fe ndi n
p g
q
hi m sel f ag ain st the c o nse u e n c e s of the d el e te rious e l em e n ts ; for it c annot
b e d e n ie d , that i n som e c ountr ie s hi s mind as we ll as hi s b ody arri ve s,
with g re at rapi dity and b u t l ittle v ig or , at m aturity , whe n , w ithout an y
pe rc e ptib l e inte rv e ni ng pe ri od of m anhood , the c orporeal struc ture hast
q
e n s in an e ual rati o of c e l e ri ty to the
g rave . Thi s fac t i s, howeve r, b ut
75 2 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

a part of the l aw of n ature — that whate v e r is rapid i n i ts growth

uni ve rsal
q
i s e uall y spe e dy in i ts d issol uti on The horse an d th e po plar ui c k ly
. q
re ac h the i r he i ht, rac e ful n e ss an d b e auty , and are sho rt l iv e d ; whil e
g g
q
the e l e phant and the oak re ui re ne arl y a c e n tury to ob tain the ir v astne ss,
stre n th an d
g g rand e ur , a nd fl ouri sh i n all the prid e of m a e st for a e s .
y g j

DIRECTION S F OR N ORTH ERN P EOP L E

WH O V IS IT L O W L A TITU D E S D U RI N G TH E S U M M E R, H OW T O
A V OID B I L I O U S DIS EA S ES .

We ar b l ac k or red fl ann el u n d er wrappe rs an d d rawe rs, fi tt e d as snu gl y

to the b od y as po ssib l e , an d l e t y ou r ou tsi d e g arm e nts b e m ad e o f b row n
z
li ne n or b l ac k b om b a ine . B y thi s c our se the b ody wil l ab sorb sufh
c ie nt he at from the atm osphere , b y the ai d of the b l ac k , to k e e p u p v ital
e n e rgy ; thu s y ou wil l i n a
g re at m e asure ob viate the in c onve ni e n c e ari s
ing from a l ig ht c om pl e x i on .
L e t the food b e of soups, well season e d with pe ppe r and sal t, and tak e
dail y a fe w pe ppe r pod s, an d y ou will b e l ike ly to a void i n a g re at m e a
sure the horror s of the di se ase s in c id e nt to a b ili ou s c oun tr .
y
L e t the c l othe s b e ofte n c hang e d , and a g re at re g ard pai d to c l e anl i
ne ss.
L et al so a stron
g pe ppe r b e free ly u se d , m ad e of a win e gl assful
sau c e
of g ood vi ne g ar, a te aspoonfu l of the b e st c ay e nn e , and tw o te a spoon sful
of fi ne sal t . S ti r thi s w e l l tog e the r, and l e t it b e k e pt i n a phi al o r te a
c up for u se It m ay b e shak e n or stirre d we ll tog e the r, and a te aspoon
.

z
f ul tak e n hal f a d o e n tim e s a d ay This i s an e x c e ll e nt re m e dy ag ainst
.

all pu tri d diffi c ul tie s in c id e n t to l ow b il iou s c ountri e s .

U S EF U L B EV ERA G E .

A g ai n — If the pe opl e at the sou th would im port from the n orth a g ood
.

suppl y of hem l oc k b ou ghs (P in u s Can a d en si s ) to b e u se d in ste ad of te a

d uring the summ e r se ason a s a c om m on b e v e rag e , the y w oul d n ot b e as
l iab l e to the attac k s of putrid c om plain ts The te a m ay b e m ad e of the
.

he m l oc k i n the m ost stag n an t wate r , i f it b e w e l l b oil e d . L e t i t stand

for a c onstan t d rin k or b ev e rag e d uring the d ay .
L e t our sou the rn fri e nd s try thi s re m e dy as a prev e n tive of y el l ow , b il i
ous and o the r pu tr id c om pl aints, an d they w ill n ot r e g re t the e xp e rim e n t .
The person who m ak e s u se of this te a, wil l n ot tak e c ol d i n no rt he rn
l atitud e s b y ord in ary e xp osu re to w e t or c old It ac ts powe rfull y u pon
.

the k idney s , and is a val uab l e d iu re tic .

The A si a tic Choler a .

A P H IL OS OP H IC A L TH EORY .

In c om in g b e fore the c omm uni ty with a the ory so e n tire l y novel , re l a

'

ti ve to the c ause and e fi e c ts of a d ise ase , whic h the m o st l e ar ne d o f the

k n own w orld have thu s far pronounc e d as b e ing b e yon d hum an re se arc h ,
j
we d o it wi th a c on sc iousne ss o f ou r in ab il ity to d o usti c e to the sub e c t . j
W e are the re fore in hope s that our m ore e nlig hte n e d frie nd s w ill have the

ood ne ss to oi t out the fal l ac y of our re asoni n , if we ar e in e rror, a s

g p n g
75 4 TH E T H O M S O N I A N

j
The re fore , the ob e c t of the wr iter now i s, to d we ll u pon the im me di «

a te and re m ote c au se s o f the A siatic c hol e ra , in a

phil osophic al poi nt of
vi e w , an d e n d e avor to show a s far as w e are c apa bl e , in ou r o wn wa
y, b y
w hat par tic ul ar ag e n c y m an should b e m ore rapidly c u t off in the tim e of
c hol e ra— d uri n that fa tal se ason — than at an
g y o the r ti me .
“

W e b e l i ev e
the re m ote c au se of c hol e ra w as an u nu su al d e struc tion o f a nim al an d ve ~

g e ta b l e m atte r , (l u ri ng v i ol e nt a nd su dd en c han g e s of the w e athe r ; and

the di re c t c a use , the e x c e ss o f n itrou s o r m orb i d g as, that wa s e x trac te d
b y the po we r o f he at from the d ec aying m ass, during the sum m e r we a
the r .

B y k e e pin g the fore g oin g vie w s in m i nd whil st p e ru sing what follows,

the r e ad e r wi ll b e b e tte r ab l e t o u dg e of the phil o sophy o f our arg ume nt
j
as we pro re ss
g .

It will b e re m e mb e re d , that i n S e pte m b e r , Oc tob e r , and N ov e mb er ,

1 8 3 1 , pre c e di ng the c hol e ra , we had o ur fi n e st an d b e st we a the r . During
that se ason , al l nature appe are d b e au tiful and g ay , an d v e g e tation was
c l othe d as it w e re w ith summ e r v e rd ure . In se c ts we re liv e ly , an d the
whol e fac e o f n ature w as c l ad in i ts sum m e r g arb d uri n g the fall , as
l ate as ab ou t the 20 th o f N ov e m b e r , whe n winte r se t i n . T o—d ay , as i t
we re , the sap of the pl ants w as i n the ir top , an d the r e w as no vi sib l e pre
parati on fo r winte r , as w oul d n aturally b e e x pe c te d at so l ate a pe ri od
d uri ng c o mm on se ason s i n the sam e m onth ; an d al l spe c ie s of i n se c ts
we re li ve ly , an d there appe are d to b e n o pre paration for wi nte r ; w he n in
an hour, as i t w e re , c ol d w e athe r se t i n . The c hang e w as so
g re at that t he
s ap in pl an ts w as fro e n , b z y w h i c h t h e y w e re d e st ro e d in
y g re at ab un
d anc e , and the sap in y ou ng f rui t tre e s , i n m any insta n c e s, w as fro e n z
b e tw e e n the c am an d the w ood , b y w hi c h the b ark was rai se d , and the
tre e partl y or e ntire l y d e stroy e d In that way you ng tre e s suffe re d m ore
J
.

from the 2 oth of N ov e m b e r to the 2 0 th of un e following , than for fi fte en

pre c e di ng y e ars .
T o v eri fy thi s state m e nt, we hav e onl y to say to the hortic ul tu ri st, the
g ar d e ne r or the farm e r , tak e a re trospe c ti ve v i e w of the fall of 1 8 3 1 and
the winte r f ol l owin g , and se e i f c ol d w e athe r w as n ot m ore d e str uc tive to
the v e g e tab l e m atte r tha n the y e v e r k n e w i t to b e fo r the sam e spa c e of
ti m e . M y ri ad s of i n sec ts w ere ov e rt ak e n a n d d e stroy e d , i n c on se ue n c eq
o f b e c om i n iff ene d b h e c old b e f or e the y had tim e to
g st y t g e t to the ir
w in te r r e tr e at
. We pre su m e the re is n o ac c ount o n re c ord sinc e the se t
t l e m e n t of N orth A m e ri c a , o f so g re at a phe n om e n on i n the we athe r as
took pl ac e i n the l atte r part o f the m onth o f N ove m b e r an d the fore part
o f De c e m b e r , 1 8 3 1. The se v e rity o f the winte r of 1 8 3 1 —32 p re c e d in g the
c hol e ra , far e x c e e d e d an
y wi nte r that has b e e n e x pe ri e nc e d b y the ol d
e st i nhab i tan ts of the c ou n tr . F rom the ti m e whe n wi n te r se t i n w e had
y ,

n o we athe r su ffi c ie ntl w m b w hi c h the ni trou s as c ould b e e x trac t

y a r , y g
e d from the su b stan c e in w hi c h i t w as
g e n e ra te d , as has b e e n the c ase i n
re g ul ar se ason s . F or i n c om m on se asons the re i s w arm w e ather e n oug h
i n e ac h m onth to e x hal e the poi son that has ac c um ul ate d d uri ng the sam e
q j
t im e , w hic h i s d on e g rad ual l y ; c on se ue ntly the i n ury to the i nhab it
ants w il l b e li ht i a
g p roport ion to its g radual e sc ape . The l arg e u anti q
tie s of g as whic h are e x hal e d in the spri ng , i s what c ause s the pe c ul iar
fain tn e ss fe l t at that tim e , a nd i s w hat c uts o ff the inhab itan ts, and e spe
c i al ly the a e d , m ore than at an
g y othe r se ason o f the y e ar . In the fall ,
the frosty n ig hts an d hot d ay s have the sam e e ff e c t u pon the in hab itants ,
q
i n p roportio n to the u an tity of te n de r he rb ag e and ani m al m atte r that had
su ffe r ed b
y the frost, the poi son of w hic h i s e x hal e d du rin g the hot d ay s,
q
from w hic h i t i s fre u e ntl y said i n re l atio n to c onsu mptiv e pe opl e , i f the y
d o n ot d ie i n the sprin g , they wil l l ive til l ab out the fallin g of the l e ave s
i n autum n .
 M A T ERI A M ED I C A . 75 5

q
The l arg e uantity of m atte r that had ac c u m ul ate d in c onse u e n c e of q
the su d d e n c han g e i n the fall o f 1 8 3 1 , and the l on g an d se v e re w in ter ,
throu g hout the c ount ry , had n o t e x hal e d its m al aria o r poison into the air ,
q
as is c omm on , i n c o n se u e nc e of the se v e re c ol d w e athe r ; an d the ac c u
m ul ation s o f six m o nths w e re to b e d ispose d of whe n hot we athe r se t i n ,
ab ou t the m idd l e o f J
u ne , 1 8 3 2 The e x hal ation s of nitre f rom thi s m ass
.

of m orb id m atte r , i s what w e b e li e ve d e stro e d so m any inhab i tan ts d ur

y
i ng the c holera .

N i tr e i s g e n erate d in the g re ate st ab u nd anc e in v all e y s and l ow

g ro u n d s, whe re d e ad ani m al s are l e ft to d e c a , o r whe re l arg e
y uan titi e s q
o f v e g e ta b l e m anu re have b e e n d e posite d , or on the b ank s o f r iv e rs, in
swam ps an d l ow m arshy g rou n d s ; an d all ri c h soil s hav e an ab u n d an c e of
it F og s in l ow l an d s are c on sid e re d un he al thy , and they are so , i n c on se
.

q ue n c e o f the ni tre the y c on tain N i tr e is the m ost powerf ul re fri g ere nt

.

e v e r u se d i n m e di c in e . q
In c onse u e n c e of i ts c o oli ng prope rtie s, it i s
ad m i n i ste re d i n fe v e r ow d e r s to k ill the fe v e r , so c al l e d , as vi tal warm th
p
c an n ot e x i st b ut a short tim e if that i s u se d in any c on side rab l e u anti q
ti e s. The e ffe c ts of n itre , or sal t pe tre , are w e l l k n ow n to suc h as have
-

b y m i stak e tak e n it for sal ts, if the y hav e b e e n fortu n ate e n ou gh to g e t

ri d o f it wi thou t the l oss of li fe , as m an
y have b e e n thu s k il l e d The .

Edi nb u rgh Di spe n satory say s this powe rful sal t, whe n tak e n in ad ve rt e nt
l y , i s one o f the m ost fatal poison s .

We the re fore se e that ni tre is a d eadl y poison , in sub stan c e , and why
n ot i n as, i n ro orti o n to i ts d e n sity I t i s al way s foun d in c av e s,
g p p
c e ll ars , v all e s , u n d e r b arn s , a nd i n
y pl ac e s the m o st re tire d from the ray s
of the su n H e at i s the o nly thin that w ill a c t u pon i t ; an d whe n the
.
g
g as i s e x trac te d , i t fo rm s the he avi e st part of the air , and , lik e the sub
sta n c e from whi c h i t is tak e n , se e k s the l ow
g r ound s, an d v all e y s, and
the stre am s of w ate r, the l atte r of whi c h i t fol l ow s , and i s e m pti e d i nto
the v all e y s of l arg e r stre am s , e ac h of whi c h c ontrib u te s its part of the
p oison ous fl u id , an d the am ount is i n proport ion to the e x te nt of te rri to
ry , the q
u anti ty of l ow m arsh
y g r ound , al l uvi al soil , and of
v e g e tab l e d e c om ositi on from whi c h the w ater ha s fl own
p .

The g re ate r the n um b e r o f stre am s that u ni te , the l arg e r and m ore

d e nse the uanti ty of nitrou s g as w hi c h se ttl e s d own an d f oll ows the
q
stre am s . It is inv isib l e to the e ye , b ut i n shape and m ove m e n t the sam e
as fog to the se n se of si ht
g .

It will b e re m e m b e re d that the c hol era d id n ot m ak e its appe aran c e the

fi rst w arm d ay s— n ot un til w e had se v e ral of the m — and the c ou ntr y ad a j
c e n t had suffi c i e n t ti m e to iv e o ut ra d uall h e r p oi son , an d it had fl oat
g g y
e d d ow n the vall e s u on t he b o som s of the stre am s, an d b e c om e un i te d
y p
in on e d e n se b o d y of g as, in the v all e y s o f the H u d son , S t L aw re n c e , .

Ohio , M issou ri and M i ssissippi ri ve rs ; an d the n i t was rep orte d that the
c hol e ra had m ad e its appe a ranc e i n su c h a pl ac e , on suc h a d ay .
A n d in o u r opini on the d i se a se rag e d u n til the c ountry had e x hal e d its
e x c e ss of m al ari a ; an d as the n itre d im in i she d i n u antit q
y throu g h the
c ou n try , the su ppl y o f the st re am s w as l e ss , the
g as b e c am e l e ss d e n se ,
q
the pe opl e i nh al e d a l e ss uantity o f poison in the sam e uantity o f ai r ; q
q
c on se u e ntl y t he d ise as e b e g an to sub side , g rad u al l y , u n til t he foun tai n
w a s d ri e d u p in the c ou ntr y , whe n the e ffe c ts e nti re l y di sappe are d in the
c i ti e s
.

The e ffe c t o f sal tpe tre whe n tak e n in to o l arg e uan titie s, in a sol uti on q
I t has b ee n as c erta i n ed by a s y s te m o f e x pe ri m e nts in En gl a nd
t h at t h e w e ig ht o f a t m os
,

phe n c air w as c o n s id e rab ly g r eate r d u ri n g t he pre v al e nc e o f the c hol er a in t‘hat c o u n t ry t han

u s ual , b y w hic h i t w o u ld a ppea r t ha t so m e he av y fo re i n b o d y h ad b ee n d i fl usc d t hr o u g h t he
g
o w e r r e ions o f t h e a tm o s phe re ab o ut t hat per iod
L g ,
an d w as in som e w ay c o nne c te d w i t h th a t
rseas e .
75 6 T H E T H O M S O N IA N

f rom a c rude state , i s a distre ssing c hil l throug h the whol e syste m, at
te nde d with viol e nt c ramps at the stom ac h and l i mb s, a c ol d sweat u on
‘

p
q
the b ody an d e x tre m itie s, w hic h i s o n ac c ount of the re frig e re nt ual iti e s
o f the arti c l e , whic h is ra id l d e stro in
p y y g the fi re of l ife or the vi tal heat .
T he te m pe rature o f the surfac e of the b od y b e in g re d u c e d b e l ow that of
t he air, the atm osphe re i mm e d iate ly c on d e n se s u pon the b ody , whic h is
the c au se o f the e x c e ssive m oistu re upon the sk i n , a pu rpl e ne ss of li s
p
a nd fi n e r n ail s, a c ontrac tio n of the sk in u on the hand s an d fe et and
g '
p ,

d e ath te rm ina te s the l i fe of the poor sufle re r in a ve ry short tim e , unle ss

s om e ve r ac tiv e sti m ula n ts, antise ti c s, and e m e tic s are use d to k e e
y p p up
j
the he at , an d e e c t the mo r b id m atte r from the stom ach .
The c hol e ra i s g e ne rate d un de r the sam e princ iple , ac c ording to our
'

the ory , i n r e c ei v ing the nitre i n form of g as in to the b l ood , throu g h the
q
l un g s g rad ually , b y whic h m e an s the sy ste m i s poison e d e ual ly throu g h
out , and the
patie nt d o e s n ot su ffe r the d istre ss that he w ould , to tak e a
d ose o f sal tpe tre in to the stom ac h, w he n hal o and v ig or ou s, an d whil e the
j
p e rso n was y e t in a p u re atmosphe re . The sub ug ation of the princ ipl e
o f life , that has su
ppo rt e d a l arg e m usc ul ar sy ste m , c ann ot b e d one w ith
o ut a powe rful stru
gg l e .T h e sam e b od
y c ou l d b e ove rc om e with c om

parati ve l i ttle d istre ss, e x c e pt the c ontrac tion or C ram p of the m u sc l e s,

w he n the atm osphe re is i n fe c te d , and e v e ry b re ath is re d u c ing the princ i
pl e of l ife throug h the who le b ody , an d , of c ourse , e ve ry one of the se as
e s b e c om e b l u nte d or d e ad ene d , in
proportion as the fou ntain o r vital
pri nc ipl e g iv e s away , to what it woul d b e to attac k it in full v ig or of
stre n t h with sal t e tre The ox y g e n of the b l ood is d e stroye d b y the intru
g p .

si on o f thi s
g as upon the l ung s, the b l ood b e c ome s purp l e an d thic k , the
e ye s are sunk b ac k into the soc k e ts , an d n ature raise s a fe e b le e ff o rt to
re m ove the
poiso n from the sy stem b y v om itin g and re l ax , b y whic h
m e an s the vital warm th i s ag ain re d uc e d , in rarifying or raisin g the he at
of the fl uid s to the te m e ratu re of the V ital s, b e fore i t l e av e s the s ste m
p y .

B y this m ean s the vital he at i s rapidl y c arrie d off, an d to m ak e u p the

de fi c ie n c y , the warm th in the e x tre mitie s is c al le d i n to support vi tal ac
ti on , whic h l eave s the fl e sh to c ontrac t , the m u sc le s to c ram p , an d the
q uant ity of w ate r whic h ha s b e e n thr own i n to the e x tre m itie s b
y the he at,
to c arry on pe rspirati on , i s d raw n b ac k i nto the b ody , b y the c on trac tion
of the fl e sh fro m the su rfa c e , whe n the he at l e av e s it an d g o e s off i n w hat
i s c al le d the r ic e w ate r d isc harg e s, b y w hic h m e an s the l imb s b e c om e
z
mu c h re d u c e d in si e . The warm th o f the e x tre m itie s b e ing l e ft so m uc h
b e l ow , or c ol d e r than the te m perature upon the su rfac e , that the air c on
d e n se s upon the skin , i n what i s c al le d the c ol d sti c k y sweat. This pri n
c ipl e m a
y b e stri ki ngl y d e m onstrate d , b y puttin g upon the tab l e in a
w arm d ay i n the summ e r, tw o tu m b l e rs, one fi ll e d with hot and the o the r
with c ol d wate r ; the l atte r will swe at, the ai r hav ing c on de n se d upon it,
whil e the form e r wil l re m ain d ry . N itre i s u se d in c onne c tion w ith sal t,
to c ure m e at , and those who are in the hab it of p uttin g up ham s , k n ow
q
that the l arg er the uantity of n i tre u se d , the l e ss the salt will tak e hold ,
so that m an
y o f the ham s afte r b e in g sm ok e d w ill taste n e arl y as fre sh as
the m eat woul d whe n it w as fi rst k il le d . B y this w e see that n itre i s an
anti— se ptic , an d has a te n d e n c to k e e the fl e sh from d e c om p ositi on In
y p .

c ase of c hol e ra , whoe ver saw a

patie nt that had m ortifi e d o r b e c om e pu
“

tri d b e fore d e ath, o r that ha d any v isib l e si n s o f m ortifi e ation b e fore it

was b uried , if the i nte rm e nt took pl ac e w it in six or twe l ve hou rs after
d e ath ? The fl e sh of a p e rson who die d of c hol e ra , was se v e ral d e g re e s
c old e r , if we c o ul d jud e from the tou c h, than o n e who had d ie d from
g
a ny othe r c o m l ain t It fe l t n e arl y as c old as a ston e , the fi b re
p .

w as m ore c l osel y c onc e ntrate d than i n the c ase s of d eath from othe r d is .

e ase s all of whi c h we attrib ute to the re fri e re nt ro e rtie s of ni tre . The
, g p p
75 8 TH E T H O M S O N I A N

a d
n th e r m ai ns s o
e h w m ark s o f th e h or ror that d w e l t u p on the
patie nt s
’

m in d whil e i n l ife , from the powe rf ull y c ont rac te d state o f the m u sc ul ar
sy ste m , w hic h had d ra wn s o stro n g l y u pon the ni ost d e lic ate an d sen sib le

o rg an s o f the b ody .

It m ay b e ask e d , if ou r the o ry b e c orre c t, what shoul d b e the c au se of

t he se c ond appe a ran c e of the c holera in the U nite d S ta te s, al on <r the
M ississippi , O hio and M i ssou ri riv e rs , w he n the re appe a re d to hav e e en
n o u n c om m on c han g e the f all pre c e di n g , l ik e that o f 1 8 3 1 . To t his we
r e pl , that i n the spri ng o f 1 8 3 3 , w he n those r i ve rs b rok e u p , the b an k s
y
w e re ov e rfl own , e spe c ially those o f M issi ssi ppi an d M issou ri , to a g re ate r
e x te n t , a s w e hav e b e e n i nform e d , t han f or se v e ral y e ars b e f ore . In
s om e pl a c e s the c oun try w a s i n u n d ate d f or m an y m il e s e ac h w ay from
the b e d s of the ri ve rs, and the w ate r c arrie d b ac k and i m pl ante d a ri c h
v e e tab l e l oa m , or e arth str on l y i m pre n ate d w ith n i tre , and i n som e
g g g
in stan c e s se v e ral in c he s d e e p . W
he n the w ate r sub sid e d , this all uv ial
c oat w as l e ft, t og e the r wi th in nu m e rab l e sm all pond s of wate r , w hic h had
se ttl e d i n the c on c avi tie s of the c ou n try for hu nd re d s of m il e s al on g the

ri ve rs .
It i s we l l k n own , that a l e ve l c ou ntry wil l re tai n l arg e c oll e c tions
‘

o f w at er afte r the ri v e rs hav e fall e n W i thin the l im its o f the i r or ig i nal

b ank s . The w ate r i s d ri e d d own ; the p oison o r n itre that i s e m b od ie d i n

q
the l oam i n l arg e u antiti e s i s m o re c on d e n se d , an d i s c ontinu ally re d ue
i ng , un til from the ve ry d re g s the stron g ni trou s g as is e x hal e d i nt o the ai r ;
i t se ttl e s U p on the stre am i n a c ond e n se d form , and fl oats d ow n , i nun dat
i ng the c itie s ; an d as soo n as i t i s str ong e n ou gh , n e arl y e ve ry pe rson of
c e rtain hab i ts o r of c e rtai n t e m p e ram e n ts w ill b e attac k e d , and the worst
i n b ody will d ie fi rst .
In su c h c ase s, it has g e n e rall y b e e n said that the c hol e ra m ade its ap
pea ra nc e in su c h a pl ac e on su c h a d ay , an d it c o n tin ue d to rag e with
re at vi ol en c e fo r a se aso n , an d w he n the fi lth an d w ate r had b e c om e re
g
d u c e d d own , and the l oam b e c om e d ry , hav i ng e x hal e d all i ts m oi stu re ,
(the m e an s b y whi c h the poi son e sc ape s) the re port the n is, that the c ho
l e ra has disappe are d as su dde nly as i t m ade its appe aran c e .

In ord e r to m y the o ry to m atte r of c ertainty , as n e arly as possi

re d uc e

b l e , I had re c o ur se to e x pe ri m e nts with the the r m om e te r , b oth b e fore an d

afte r the u se of m e d ic in e , and the foll owin g i s a m e m oran d u m tak e n at

the ti m e .

The c ou rse was to ob se rve the p oi nt at whic h the m e rc ury stood in the
room ; the n I w ou ld d raw ou t the pl ate from the c ase , an d at the sam e
tim e have the pe rson re c li n e u pon a sofa , U pon the b ac k , an d tak e the
j
b ul b into the m outh, again st whic h he w oul d ste ad ily e e c t the b re ath
f rom the l un g s, an d in ab ou t fi ve m inu te s the m e rc u ry w oul d rise an d b e
c om e station ary at the p oint o f stan d ard warm th o f the b od y , whi c h would
b e from two to te n d e c r e e s ab ov e the su rround in g atm osphe re , i n propor
j
t ion as the pe r son s e n oy e d d iff ere nt d e g re e s of he al th .

M r. j -
. j
B e n am in C Tru e , d y e c u tte r , N o 7 B e ave r stre e t , ne ar i ts un c
J
.

t ion w ith S ou th M ark e t stre e t, c am e to m e i n ul y , i n m u c h d i stre ss ; his

c ou n te nan c e was pal e a n d ghastl y , his c he e k b on e s w e re prom in e n t ; his
e e s w e re su nk b ac k in the soc k e ts, an d he w as atte nd e d w ith g re at op
y
son at the l un g s an d d ifli c ul ty of b re athi n , a nd a c ol d sti c k y swe at
p re ss
g
u pon the su rfac e . H e had b ee n run d ow n to thi s state i n ab out te n hours ,
a n d h is sy mpt om s i n e ve ry re spe c t we re those o f an approac hin g c hol e ra

o f the worst kind . I i nform ed hi m, that b e fore I g ave hi m m edic in e I

 M A TERIA M EDI C A . 75 9

m
w ishe d to try b y e x perimen t w ith the the rm o e te r, the he ig ht of the ani
m al warm th of the b od y , to whic h he r e adil y asse nte d Th e m e rc u ry i n
z
.

t he ro om stood at 8 8 d e g re e s ab o ve e ro , and he on l y su c c e e d e d to raise

i t to 9 2 d e g re e s , showin g the sm al l diffe re n c e o f 4 d e g re e s surpl us ab ove
the surroundin g ai r. I the n g av e him a g lass o f the c hol e ra m e dic i ne ,
a n d i n ab o u t thi rt
y m in ute s it had w rou g ht so m u c h of a c han g e as to
r aise the v e in s i n his han d s ; his c he e k s an d l i s b e c am e fl orid , a nd he
p
q
fe l t u ite sm art . I the n trie d the the r mom e te r ag ain , and i t g rad ually
rose to 99 d e re e s , showin
g g a d iff e re n c e or g ain of 7 d e g re e s b y tak i n g
the m e d ic ine , o r 1 1 d e g re e s su rpl u s ab o v e the su rrou n di n g ai r , i n ste ad o f
4 d e g re e s , a s at fi rst . H e had n o troub l e afte r the fi rst d ay , as hi s c e rt i
fi c ate wil l show .

M y c ou rse w as to re store the he at of the b ody to its he al thy stan dard ,

a s i n the c ase o f True an d othe rs , i n ord e r that the
pe rspirati on m ig ht re
tu rn to the surfac e , and the he at t o the e x tre m iti e s, b y whic h m e an s the
sw e at woul d pass off from the b o d thr ou g h the pore s , i n ste ad of a re l ax ,
y
w hi c h wou ld stop, an d the c ram w oul d c e ase b y the re turn of w arm th to
p ,

the m u sc l e s ; afte r w hic h , any e ntl e c ou rse that w ou l d c l e ar the b od y o f

g
the m orb id m atte r that had ac c u m ul ate d d urin g the i n d i sposition , w oul d
l e av e the sy ste m i n a he al thy state , with the e x c e ption of the d eb il ity oc
c asion e d b y the di se ase , whic h would so on b e
g one . . T. J
fl l ban y , Jan . 1 4 , 1 8 33 .
The ab ove e x pe rim e n t w as trie d upon m e i n the pre se nc e of se v e ral
other pe rson s , an d what i s the re stat e d I d e c l are to b e c orrec t; and I w as
mu c h aston ishe d at the imm e d iate re l ie f I ob taine d , an d w as m ore so ,
whe n I saw the c hang e of se ve n d e gre e s i n the te m pe ratu re of m y sy ste m
b y the m e rc ury .I had n o m ore troub l e afte r the fi rst d ay .
B . C . T RU E.

fl l ban y, J an . 1 4 , 1 8 3 3 .
I was pre se nt and witne sse d t he e xpe rim e nt u pon M r. Tru e , and from
o c ul ar d e m on stration k n ow it to b e c or re c t . I al so had a simil ar e x pe ri
m e n t trie d upon m e , whe n I was n early i n the sam e state as M r . T ., and
with the sam e suc c e ss.
DA V ID B EN S EN .

fi l ban y , J an . 1 4 , 1 8 3 3 .
We saw simil ar e x pe rim e nts trie d at the offi c e of Dr . Thom son , B e ave r
st re e t, A lb an , an d with sim il ar re su l ts as ab ove .
y
R. E WA RD, .

Of the fi r m of M an y War d , 8 4 B eav er str eet .

J
A M ES H U N T ER,
L ate fi ssoci ate Edi tor of the fl l ban y D ail y fl dv er ti ser .

fl lban y , J an . 1 4 , 18 33 .
I have se e n the ab ov e m entione d e x perim ents satisfac torily tri e d re
ate dly , with the same su c c e ss as ab ove , an d the
y appe are d to me to b e
0 th phi l osophic al an d c onc l usi ve .

. J W
. DOL B E A R.
7 60 TH E TH O M S O N IA N

U sefu l O bser va ti on s,
TO P E OP L E or WA RM L A TITU DES on ,
L OW B IL IOU S
C O U N TRI ES ,

WH ICH S H OU L D B E RE DI E M B E RE D .

M EDICI N A L P ROP ERT IES OF S A L T .

Dr S te ve n s,
. an e m i ne nt h
p y sic i an of L on d on , has re c e n tl
y m ad e c e r~

tain d isc ove rie s rel a ting t o the d ise ase d and he al thy sta te of the b lood ,
a nd the a e n c
g y of sal t up on the c i r c ul ation , whic h se e m s lik e ly to pro
d u c e a g re at re vol u ti on i n the tre atm e nt of fe v e rs, and m al ig nan t d isease s
in g e ne ral .

It i s we l l k nown that th e b l ood of the arte rie s is of a b right c rim son

c ol or, whil e that of the v e i ns, whic h i s re turni n g to the he art a fte r havi ng
spe nt its v i vify in g i n fl ue n c e ; i s of a d ark pu rpl e .A c c ording to Dr S te
.

v e n s, the b ri g ht re d c ol o r , the v ital ity an d the stim ul ating po we r o f the

a rt e rial b l oo d , are al l d e pe n d e n t on the quantity of sal t w hic h e n te r s i nto

its c om position ; whil e al l ac id s, al k alie s, an d i n g e n e ral all poison s, te nd

to b l ac k e n the b l ood , to re d uc e its stitn ul atin g p ow ers, an d of c ourse to
d im in ish the forc e of i ts c irc ul atio n . The pu rpl e c olor o f the v e n ous
b l ood is owing to the c arb on ic ac id i t has im b ib e d In the l un g s, the
.

ox y g e n of the atm osphe re r em ove s this d e l e teriou s ac id , an d the c i re n

l ati ng fluid the n re sum e s a b ri g ht sc arl e t appe aran c e .

A c c ording to his the ory , poisons, an d those m al i gnan t d isorde rs, suc h
a s the m arsh fe v e r , y el l ow fe v e r , &c , whic h ori g i nate from the patie nt
.

hav in g imb ib e d a feb ril e poison , are , in the i r v e ry fi r st stag e s, ac c ompa

n ie d wi th a b l ac k ne ss an d stag n ati on of the b l oo d , oc c asion e d b y the d e
stru c tion o f i ts sal ine pri nc ipl e ; an d to c ure the pati e n t , this saline prin

c ipl e m u st b e re store d .
T ak e , for i nstan c e , the b ite of a rattl e —snak e . In thi s c ase , the poi son
of the serpe nt s fan g m in g l e s w ith the c irc ul ation , d e stroy s its re d c ol or
’

and i ts v ital ity , b rin g s on b l ac k n e ss o f the b l ood , stag nati on of its c u r

r e n t , c on v ul sion s , and d e ath
. The u nfailin g antid ote , whic h e x pe rie n c e
has taug ht the Ind ian to appl y , is to sc arify the w ound to the b ottom , an d
fi ll i t wi th sal t . T he sal t i s tak e n in to the c irc ul ation , re sto re s the re d
n e ss an d v ital ity of the b l o od , and the w ou nd so on he al s . M al ig nant fe
v e r s , an d othe r m al ig n an t d isord e rs operate in the sam e way . The y b e
g in b y d e stroy ing the c ol or an d v ital ity of the b l ood , an d re d uc ing i t to
a b l ac k and putri d m ass ; an d , say s Dr S te ve n s , I have se e n patie n ts in
.

the l ast sta g e s o f the se d isord e rs, re c ove r un d e r the inte rn al u se o f l arg e
d ose s of c omm on sal t, an d othe r sal in e ag e nts ; whe re the c ase s we re at
fi rst so hope l e ss, that the ir re c overy afte rward s appe are d to b e alm ost a
m i rac l e.

The c l im ate fe v e r of other re g ion s, an d som e othe r fe ve rs are produ c e d

i n a diffe re nt way . q
A c ol d c li mate re u ire s a diffe re n t c on stitution from
a warm on e . In c old c l im ate s, the d ig e stiv e organ s are m o re v ig orou s,
a nd the b l ood i s ri c h, stim ul atin g , an d ful l of sal ts. The b lood i n south
e rn c l im ate s i s of a l e ss b ri l lian t c ol o r, thinner , an d l e ss im pre g n ate d
wi th sal ine sub stanc e s . Whe n the c onstitution of a northe rn strang e r is
su dde nl y e x pose d to the i nfl ue nc e o f a southe rn c lim ate , n ature haste ns
to prod uc e the ne c e ssary c han g e in his c i rc ul ati on , and the c hang e i s g e
n e rall y ac c om pan i e d with an aw ful disease . While the skin per form s its
func ti on s o f pe rspiration the re is no d ang e r ; b ut the m om e nt pe rspiration
b e c ome s ob struc te d , from imprud ent e x posure to the c ol d nig ht air, or
7 62 TH E TH O M S O N I A N
'

We b el ie ve that pe stile n tial di se ase s of e v e ry g rade are b rought ab out

b y anim al an d v e g e tab l e d e c omposi tion , i n its variou s stag e s of d e c a ,
y
som e of whi c h are m o re fav o rab l e than othe rs . F or in stanc e , the re i s a.
c on stant rowth and a c on stant d e c ay , i n n ature , i n proc e ss at the sam e
g
tim e ; and i t is in the p owe r o f the e le m e nts to inc re ase or d e c re ase the
am ou nt of d i se ase , i n pr oportion as the se ason s are re g ul ar or i rre ul ar .
g
F or one e x tre m e ofte n f oll ows anothe r .
If we hav e an u nu sual S pac e of d ry we athe r, the d e c ayab l e sub stanc e s
d o no t d im i ni sh as fast as i f we had al te rnatel y d ry and wet we athe r . F o r
in a l ong se rie s of d ry w e athe r , the fl uid part of the sub stan c e s whic h are
d e c ayin g d rie s u p ; and shoul d a d rou g ht c ontin ue for a n u m b e r o f we e ks,
the sto c k of m ate rial s for d e c ay i s c o n stantl y an d rapidly ac c um ul ating ,
and the q u an tity that r e m ain e d w he n the d rou g ht fi rst se t i n still c on ti
nu e s n e arly i n the sam e state as whe n the dro ug ht o v e rtook i t, wi th the
e x c e pti on of the sm al l po rtion of m oi stur e whi c h i t had for me rl
y c on
taine d , and whi c h was soon annihil ate d , l e avi n g the sub stan c e b e hind to
j
b e c om e a fre sh sou rc e of d ise ase , in c on un c ti on wi th the i nc re ase d ac c u
m ul ation s .
In what we c all re g ul ar we athe r, the m orb id m atte r whi c h ac c um ul ate s
'

b y n ature , e x c e pt i n som e e x traordinary c ase s, e v ap orate s i nto the air

n e arl y as fast as i t c ol l e c ts. Thu s b y its g radu al e sc ape the atm osphe re
q
i s so sl ig htl y aff e c te d , that the uan tity i nhal e d b y an i nd ivid ual , i f i n
he al th, i s n ot so g re at b ut what n ature in he r d ail y ope ration s work s it off
q
wi thout any i nc onve nie nc e to the pe rson ; c o nse ue ntl y he d oe s n ot thin k
him se l f sic k , or that he has b e e n e x pose d to any th in g that is d e le te ri ou s .
B u t how i s it afte r a d roug ht of se ve ral w e e k s, d u ri ng whi c h he al th g e n e
ral ly pe rvad e d the l an d ? q
A s soon as it rain s any of c on se ue n c e , an d
the su n ag ain m ak e s his appe aranc e i n all his spl e nd or , the e arth e m its a
hot d isag re e ab l e e fll uv ia, whi c h at onc e pr od uc e s the he ad ac he an d a
-

fain t se nsation at the stom ac h . The m orb id m atte r that was on hand b e
fore , and what has ac c u m ul ate d d uring the d rou ght, has now b e c om e we t
and i s re ady to e x hal e i nto the ai r , say i n six d ay s, what o ug ht to have
b ee n e sc apin g f or six we e k s . Thu s the atm osphe re b e c om e s at onc e
o v e rc har g e d wi th that p e c ul iar g as o r poi son f rom d e c ay e d sub stan c e s,
a n d the s ste m , i f he al thy , i s m ore a c tive i n ab sorb in g i t an d haste n in
y g
di ssol ution than if it had b e e n i n a m orb id state ; an d it has a te nd e ne y to
c arry all l i vi ng m atte r w ith it, to d e c ay or d e ath, whic h would b e the
c ase , if i t we r e n ot that n ature has i m pl ante d in e v e ry m an a d e si re to
l ive , an d has p ointe d o u t re m e d ie s for him to u se whe n this e ne m y to his
.

e x iste nc e attac k s him . N otwithstandi ng hi s e x e rti on s, i n proportion as

he d e c ays, i n that ratio thi s pe rpe tual c urse to m an g e ts the u ppe r hand ,
un til he i s c ut off b y som e d ise ase , or ol d ag e c an withstan d i ts attac k s n o
l on g e r, and he sink s in d e ath .
'

The c lim ate fe ve rs of the sou the rn re g ion , say s Dr . S te ve n s, are pro
q
d uc e d in a d iffe re nt way ; a c old c lim ate re u ire s a d iffe re n t c onstitu ti on
from a warm on e . W e should l ik e for Dr . S te ve n s to inform u s if the

re ate st num b e r of attac k s b y fe ve r a t the sou th are n ot u pon the l ow

g
roun d s w he re v e g e tation i s the m ost ab un d an t , an d if said d i se ase i s no t
'

g
m ore l iab l e to attac k the in hab itan ts i n warm w e athe r , whe n the v e g
b l e m atte r is i n i ts m ost rapid state of d e c ay ? and i f the d ise ase wi ll not
b e a s m uc h m ore fatal than at the north as the ve g e tab l e sub stanc e s are
m ore pl e nty , and the ray s of the ve rtic al sun are m ore inte nse l y warm to
‘

haste n the de c ay A l so , we should l ik e to k n ow if the fe ve r m e nti o ne d

b y the Doc tor was not m e asurab ly b roug ht ab o ut b y the d e fi c ie n c y of
v i tal warmth, whic h a nor the rn m an posse sse s whe n c om pare d to a We st
Indian , whic h c oul d not inc re ase b y ab so tion as fast as he g aine d in
l ati tude traveling south? W e would al so as if the fac il itie s of the ski n
 rram n m rrnn re a. 7 63

ra re inc re ase d in ab so rb in g hea t a s the

not sk in b e com e s b rown or d ark
'

c ol ore d ; al so , if the S pan iard s, P ortug ue se and We st Indi an s are not i n

'

the hab it of re pl e nishing the v ital warmth, i nasmuc h as the y are ov e rc om e

b y t he e x te rn al he at, b y a fre e u se o f c aye nne pe ppers an d sal t in al
m ost e v e ry ki nd of food that i s use d a m on g the m ; suc h as sou ps i n par
t i c ul ar ? A l so , are n ot those p ep pe rs g re atly u se d in th e i r na tive state ,
a nd are c al l e d c hi nc oP i n s b y t he S pan iard s, who k e e p the m i n the i r poc k
e ts f or u se , m u c h the sam e as m any o f o ur n orthe rn pe opl e d o tob ac c o ?
Dr S wil l ad m it we p re su m e , that b l ac k will ab sorb he at whil e white
. .

r e fl e c ts i t, he n c e the pe c ul iar adapta ti on o f th e tr opic al c l im ate s to the

b l ac k popul ation an d highe r l atitude s to t he white popula tio n , fo r i f a
whi te m an c anno t ab sorb w arm th fast e n ou g h to k e e p up re spi ration , the
h e ad a nd fal l i s l ost as the m i ll e r woul d say , the outward a nd i nwa rd he at
q
b e c om e e ual , and as the su rpl us o f v ital i ty i s go n e , the m an m ust die .
'

Whe re v e r the y e ll ow fe ve r has prev ail e d at the south, th e b lac k pO pul a

'

t ion , wi th the sam e c are , hav e n e ve r b e e n c u t o fi i n the sam e pr oporti on

‘
‘

a s the w hite s The bla c k s m a k e free u se o f c ay e nn e pe ppe rs to k e e p

.

u p v ital e n e r n d re store the ir he al th, whil e the whi te s l i ve

gy a popul ar and
d ie so, b y the f re e u se o f c al o m e l an d othe r poison s .

The white m i ssio narie s, who a fe w y ears sin ce w e nt to the c ol ony of

L ib e ria , we r e v e ry soon c ut off b y no t u n d e rstand in g how to te m pe r them
q
se l v e s to the c l imate , o r in c on se u e n c e of n ot ad opti n g the re m e d i e s that
the b l ac k s have re c ou rse to .
'

A g ai ,
n
”
say s the Doc tor , whe n the c onsti tution of a n orthern
stran e r i s su d d e nl y e x po se d t o the i nfl ue n c e of a southe rn c l im ate , na
g
tu re haste n s to p ro du c e t he n e c e ssary c han g e i n hi s c irc ul ati on , and the
c hang e i s g e ne ral l y ac c om pani e d w ith an awful di se ase The doc tor
”
.

d oe s n ot i nfo rm u s what this c hang e i s, an d how it is b rou g ht a b out . B ut

w e pr e sum e the m an hav in g l e ft a hi g h for a l ow l ati tude , the he at i s ia
c re a se d u p on the su rfac e m u c h faste r tha n the V ital s have ab sorb e d i t,
q
c onse ue ntl y i n pro portion as the he at v itall y fail e d i n k e e pin g up b y
a b sorp tio n w ith the i nc re ase d warm th , so m u c h c e ssati on o f m otio n took

plac e , an d in ‘ that propo r tion the vital he at fail e d in rarify in g the wate r
a nd othe r m o rb id m atte r , an d thro win g th e m c l ear f ro m the sk in b y pe r
s piration ; an d a s soo n a s the heat w as so m uc h re d uc e d as to fail in
per
form in g the o fii c e of rari fi c ation , the ma tte r that shoul d hav e e sc ape d
f r om the su rfac e stops i n the fl e sh for the wan t o f a ssi stan c e , the sk in b e
c om e s c l o gg e d , d ry an d i n fl am e d , the b l ood thic k a nd m orb id , the sy s
t e m is now f ast fi l l i n g u p , a nd the patie nt wil l soon c e a se to e x i st , unl e ss
t he fi rst p rinc ipl e that was l ost, that is the he at , c a n b e arou se d to ac tion
t o assi st the b o dy i n e x pe ll in g the l oad wi th w hic h i t i s i nc um b ere d and
o n c e m ore to prod u c e a fre e pe rspira ti on , an d b y the u se o f othe r appro
riate re m e di e s re m ov e the m orb id m atte r that has b e e n se c re te d i n the
p
b ody .Th e d oc tor adm its that whil e the sk i n pe rform s i ts func tions o f
e r s i ratio n the re i s n o d ang e r B ut he d oe s n ot i v e a n am e n or a c l u e
p p .
g
to i t that w e m ay k n ow the c au se why the sk i n c e ase s to pe rspi re . A ny
o f u s k now whe n w e are sic k a nd w he n w e d o n ot per spi re w e al so
k n ow whe n ou r f ri e nd s are d e ad ; b ut that i s not the m ain thin g we wish
t o k now . We w ish to l e ar n what has b rou g ht ab ou t thi s c han g e so that
w e m ay av o id the a ttac k s or k now how to e ffe c t a c u re when o nc e we
a re attac k e d .

T he Doc t or says tha t a no rth rn pe rson s b l ood is too stimul ati ng and
e
’

t oo full of sal t , and the d an g er i s l e st this ope rati on of n ature for re d ue

i n g it sh oul d b e c arrie d to o far and the b l ood b e c om e so m uc h bl ac k en e d
a n d w e ak e n e d that the pati e nt d ie s from m e re e x hau stio n . N ow if he at
i s the stim ul ant or prin c ipl e that ac ts u pon the w ate r or fl uid s of the b od y
to pr od uc e pe rspira tion , how d oe s i t happe n that a northe rn m an whe n at
764
’

T H E TH O M S O N IA N

tac k e d at the south with the fe v e r c e a se s to pe rspi re , i f he has too m uc h

v ital stimul an t, an d ho w d oe s i t happ e n that the b l oo d b e c om e s b l ac ke n
e d i f i t i s n ot d e stitu te o f ox
yg e n or he at , or n e arly of the sam e te m pe
ra ture as the su rrou nd in g a ir ? W e thi nk if the Doc tor had
g i ve n his
sou the r n pati e nts all t he salt the b l oo d c ontain s i nste ad of taking i t awa ,
y
an d the n ad d e d to the n atu ral stim ul an t of the b o dy b y the u se o f hal f a
z
d o en W e st Indi a pe ppe r pod s d aily , whic h the G o d o f n ature has e x ~

re ssl n d so ab u nd antl y furn i she d the re fo r the m , the pe rspi ration

p y a
w ou l d n ot hav e c e ase d so soo n , n e i the r wou ld the b lood have b e c om e
b lac k for the w an t of n atural stimu l an t or warm th .
W e w i ll he re i n form the Doc tor tha t i n the W e st In d ie s whe re the c a
y
e nn e e e r i s u se d the m ost fre e l y , the re the d ise ase s pe c ul iar to the
p pp
c l im ate are far l e ss pre val e nt than whe re the y are n ot u se d , an d the na
tiv e inhab ita nts se l d om , i f e v er , hav e an attac k of the c o m pla ints so c om
m on to n orthe r n pe opl e the re . W e will n ow a sk the Doc tor i f it w o ul d

n ot b e b e tter for a n o rthe rn pe rson to ad e pt the hab its o f the n ati ve s, in

re l ati on to m e d ic i ne , who have te ste d the ir re m e d i e s an d have ful ly te ste d
the ir e ffi c ac y an d safe ty i n the c om pl aints of the c ou n try .
U n d e r all the se c on side rati ons we woul d l ik e t o k n ow if it i s n ot the
c on stan t i nhal ation of the m orb id poi son i n i ts gr e ate st stre n gt h in to the
sy ste m , the re ason why the c om m on ag e o f m an i n tr opi c al c oun trie s
rarel y e x c e e d s that o f from tw e nty to t hi rty y e ars , w hi l e i n N orway ,
S we d e n , Russia , En g l an d and the N orthe rn S tate s o f A m e ric a, the y at~
tain that of from fi fty to se ve n ty , and e ve n som e tim e s to an h un dre d
e ars an d u pw ard s
y .

If the o pe ration s of the ve rti c al sun u pon ani m al an d v e g etab l e de c e m

ositio n i s n ot the c au se b y w hi c h the g re at a ve ra g e o f the d uration o f
p
o f life am on g the p e opl e i n tro pic al c ou n trie s fal l s short o f those in
hi ghe r l ati tud e s . H ow i s it that the b l ac k s who hav e re m ov e d from
those c ou ntrie s t o hig he r o r m ore frig id l atitud e s, so far e x c e e d in ag e
those of the i r own c ou n try m e n w ho re m ain i n the l ow l atitu d e s and e v e n
that o f the white pe opl e i n c ol d c ou ntri e s .
I t i s w e l l k n ow n that the n urse of G e n . W ashin gton , a b l ac k wom an ,
—
re ac he d the asto nishin g ag e of one hu n dre d an d six ty fi ve y e ars, at w hic h
a e she was e x hib i te d a t the n orth , a n d it i s al so tru e that a m uc h l a r e r
g g
ti f b l c k t the n orth, arri v e at the ag e o f an hu n d re d , than o f
p p
r o o r on o a s a

the w hi te s . S uc h w e b e l ie ve ar e the q ual iti e s of a l ig ht an d d ark sk i n

i n hot an d c ol d c l im ate s , i n prol ong in g or shor te ni ng life .

Thu s i t w il l b e se e n that e m ig rating from l ow to hig h l atitud e s pro
l on g s , whil e that from hi g h to l ow , shorte n s e x iste n c e .
W he re the b l e ssin g s of P rov ide n c e are the m ost pro fuse , m an is pe r
j
mitte d to e n oy the m the l e ast l e n g th of tim e b ut w he re i t i s n e c e ssary
f or him to strug g l e an d l ab or the m ost u n re m i tting l y for an e x istenc e ,
there hi s l ife i s prol ong e d to the g re ate st age .

O n the u se ol f P hysi c an d I n ternp er a te I n du lg en ces ;

on A C OU N S EL OF TH E S EN S E S

U P ON TH E I N DIS C RETION S OF TH E A P P ETITE .

Cathar ti cs, the same as e ve ry o the r sub stanc e , hav e the ir g ood and
b ad qual itie s ; and al so re q uire a disc rim inating m ind to k now whe n to
use , an d w he n no t to use them L i k e e v e ry 0 th
. artic l e , phy sic m ay
b e use d with disc retion and wi th i ndi sc re tion We m ay a s we ll say that
.
 7 66 TH E Tn on so m m

b ee n a de g re ei n deci si on and f or g etf u ln ess that was. unac c ountab le ;

of
that the spac e se t apart for i ts e x e rc ise se e m s c ontrac te d , and the re a
,
p
pe ars so g re at an i ntru sion u pon its natural rig hts that it c oul d not b e
t ole rate d any l on g e r . This c ou n c il , the re fore has b e e n b rou ght to é
,
g
the r that we m ay le arn the c ause and c orre c t the e v il i f possib l e .
Y e s, say s the Taste , m y te rri tory has b e e n invad e d in the sam e w ay as
j
that of the m ind . I c an n o l ong e r e n oy my foo d as I c oul d onc e . That
pl e asure whic h I was ac c usto m e d to tak e ove r my roast b e e f, turk ie s ,
d uc k s, ham , and m y g am e dishe s, are n ot, al as ! what the y w e re on c e
to m e . M y c hampaig ne an d o the r win e s, d o n ot ope n with that d e lic ious
frag ran c e an d fl av or with whic h the y hav e he re tofore d on e .
Y e s, r e spon d s M ind , m y re st has also b e c om e d e fi c i e nt, an d what I
have i s m uc h. d istu rb e d b y fri g htful org ie s, so that sle e p i s r e n de re d ra
the r a c urse than a b l e ssing .
Wel l , says Re ason , I tho ught m y two b rethren would b e b rought up on
a l ee shore al l stan din g , b e fore l on g , an d wou l d b e w il l ing to c on sul t the
re st of the c ab in e t, afte r the y had ru n riot a s l on g as the y c ou ld stand i t .

I m ust c onfe ss that I hav e b e e n a g r eat su ffe re r i n this b usine ss. A t

tim e s I c ou ld hardl y perform m y d aily av oc a ti on s, so affe c te d has m y
j q
u d g m e n t b e e n i n c on se u e n c e o f the i m pru d e nt m an ag e m e n t o f ou r b re
thre n , M ind and Tas te . Dig e sti on ha s fre q ue ntl y c om pl ain e d to m e o f
j j
the in u stic e he had su ff ere d a nd w as still sub e c t to from y ou r i mp rude n ts
.

an d d i ssipate d hab i ts , as th e b u rd e n he l ab o rs u nd e r ser iou sly e ffe c ts u s all .

-

That i s a fac t, say s Dig e stion : N ow to satis fy y ou o n that poin t ust; j

walk i nto y our l ab oratory an d de posi tory , of whic h you have appointe d .
m e the k e e pe r an d c hie f e ng i nee r , and se e how y ou think I c an w ork and .

j
d o y ou al l u stic e . [Open s the door i nto the d eposi tor y fi r eh ] N ow
g e ntl e m e n , M i nd and Taste hav e c on tinue d to throw a g re at m ass of m a
t e rial i n to the d e pository f or m e to d ispose of, for a l on g tim e past, b oth
d ay and n ight . Whe n I was y oung an d vi g orous I d id n ot m ind i t so
m u c h , as I c ould c l e ar it aw ay b y w ork ing ove r hours or d oing two day s .

w ork i n on e , o r w ork in g b oth n ig ht and day withou t re st . T hi s I have

‘
d on e u n til I c an d o i t n o l on g e r for the wan t of m y prope r r e st ; and 1
e ve n fe ll asl e e p at m y w ork l as t ni g ht; an d se e how m y w ork has si nc e
ac c um ul ate d . It i s im po ssib l e for m e to di spo se o f the whol e of this e x
c e ss q q
uantity i n the l ab oratory in the tim e that is r e u ire d— the c on se
q ue n c o i s tha t it w il l sp e l l . I c an c on sum e m ore m ate ri ah i n twe l ve
hou rs, an d to g re ate r sati sfac ti on an d profi t to m y se lf and y ou , b re thre n , ,

q
w he n i t i s b rou ght in to m e at suitab l e tim e s an d i n u ality an d u antity , q
than I c an n ow in twe n ty fou r hou r s, to b e c r ow d e d in this w ay
-
. Do y ou
‘
n ot k n ow, Taste an d M in d , that if y ou c row d y ou r stov e so f ul l of w oocl
that the re is n o room for the w ork m e n to e x e rc i se or the ai r to c ir c ul ate
throu gh the i nte rstic e s or c hink s, that it will n ot b u rn , an d that the sm oke
i s c rowd e d b ac k i nto the room , to the g re at ann oy an c e of t he w hol e fa
m ily ? Y ou m u st k n ow this fac t . Do y ou n ot al so k now , that b y takin g;
out on e hal f o f the wood , an d g i vi ng room fo r the work m e n to O pe rate or
the air to c irc ul ate , that the fi re w ill b urn live ly , the room b e c om e W 1 11 1 1 ,
the sm ok e w il l b e e x pe l l e d , to the g re at satisfac tion of the inm ate s, the
l adie s i n part ic ul ar ? B y thi s proc e ss y ou se e that lhal f a s tove ful l of
.

f ue l m ak e the inm ate s c he e rful and happy , whil e a full stov e m ak e the m
a s m i se rab l e as sm d k e an d the wan t o f fire c ou ld p ossib l y c au se the m to
‘
b e . In the fi rst i nstan c e e ve ry b od y in the room suffe rs , b e c ause M ind
ac te d wi thout c on su l ti n g J
ud m e nt
g In the l atte r c ase all are m ad e hap
J
.

nd an d u d m e nt a c ting i n c on c e rt, an d all ow i n

py y b M i g g the w ork m e n
tim e to re st b e t we e n spe ll s in su ppl y ing the stove , w hi l e the he at g e ne
rate d from the fue l sub sid e s to that p oi nt whe re M in d an d J u d m e nt
g
think i t shoul d ag ai n b e re pl e n ishe d . Do y ou n ot k n ow, m y b rothe r
 M A T ERI A rrnn rc a. 767

T aste , that you fum islre d m e sufli c ie nt work l ast night , whe n I shoul d
h av e b e e n at re st, to e m ploy m e twe l ve if not tw e n ty —four hours, t o di s
p o s e of ? T he c on s e q
ue n c e i s the sto re house i s fu l l , he w o rk m e n are
t
fatig ue d ou t, and yo u m u st all sud e r u ntil w e c an ob tarn re st Du ri ng
.

whic h tim e w e m u st c all i n ou r f ri e nd Em etic u s or Cathartrc u s to g iv e u s

o

a lift an d c l e ar the c o ast onc e m o re In this c ase w e are ob l ig e d to e m

.

l
p y o a n e w se t o f h a n d s t o w o q
rk , who are u na c u ainte d in m an y re sp e c ts

wi th o ur l ab oratory We d o the re fo re e x pe c t whe n we g e t at our b usi

.

n e ss a ain , to fi n d that mu c h b ad work has b e e n d on e b y the se stran g e rs

g .

B ut e ve n in this ca se , i t i s b e tte r than for the w ork to c e ase e n tire ly , for

m y fri e n d s he re m u st b e furni she d with som e kind of support , e ithe r g ood
o r b ad . N ow T aste and M in d , I wil l b e y o ur faithful se rvan t so l ong as
y ou c o u n se l w i th j u d g m e n t ,
b u t w h e n y o u d o no t I shall c all i n m
y frie n ds
h e re who have assiste d m e in thi s c as e ; for I c an not d o as I c oul d
o n c e whe n y ou n
g an d v i goro u s , b e fore y ou b rok e m y c on stitu ti on b y re
q ui ri n g m e to l ab or b oth n ig ht an d day , an d without re st ; an d b y whic h
m e an s I hav e b ee n re n d e re d i n a g reat m e asure inc ompe te n t to pe rform
m y dutie s, witho u t art ifi c ial a ssistan c e .

F ee t an d Han d s said the y had suffere d , b ut did n o t k now the c ause .

The whol e b o d y p ol itic asse m b l e d in c ou nc il c on c urr e d in the opinion

that at tim e s they stood in n e e d of su pport , b ut c o ul d not ac c oun t for i ts
a b se n c e .

Tho se i nhab i ting the reg ion of the b owe l s c om pl aine d that the variou s
a v e n u e s of the b o dy we re c l o
g g e d , and for a lon g tim e the supe ri nte nd
e nt had n ot fur ni she d the n e c e ssar
y m e an s to k e e p the m c l ean se d and in
o rd er . q
T he c on se u e nc e wa s the b l ood v e ssel s we re so c rowd e d that the
b l ood was for c e d to the he ad o r uppe r part of th e b ody , whe re the re was
q
m ore spa c e for a fre e c irc ul atio n ; c o nse u e n tl y the e x tre m i tie s we re l eft
to suff er w ith the c ol d , an d for the wan t of su pport .
The re ason w hy M ind a nd Taste fou nd the m se l ve s so disc o m m od e d ,
w as the intr usion u pon the ir te rritory b y the b lo od of their n e ig hb ors o f
the l owe r e x tre m i tie s , whi c h c ea se d t o ful fi l its o rdina ry du tie s, in c on
q
s e u e nc e of th e c on fu sion b rou ht ab out b y the ir own b ad m an a e m e nt
g g
J
i n n ot c on sul ting ud g m e n t i n re l atio n to food , d ri nk , re st, and su c h oth
e r m atte rs as w e re c al c ul ate d to m ak e the b od y and m in d hap
py .

A N D U S EF U L ERA TION
'
A P HI L O S OP H I C A L OP .

T RA N S F U S I ON OF B L O OD TO S U S TA IN L IF E.

The operat ion o f tran sfusion , or b lo od tak e n from a m an and in e c te d j

i nto the ve ins of a wo m an , who was d yi n g of he m orrhag e , was pe rform e d
u nd er the d ire c ti on of Dr B l un d e ll , l e c tu re r on phy si ol o an d m id wi fe
.
gy
r , at G uy s Ho spital , L on d on
’
y .

A poo r woman , ab out 2 5 y e ars of a g e , wa s atte nde d , whi l st in l ab or,

b y M r Wal l e r of A ld e r sg ate stre e t
. N othin g p artic ular oc c ur red d urin
.
g
t he l ab or , b ut a fte r the b irth o f the c hi l d , fl ooding oc c urr e d to an al arm
i ng e x te nt .Whe n vi si t d b y
e M r W al l r, the patie n t s
e .
’
pul se , at the
w ri st, w as sc are l y pe rc e ptib l e ; ind e e d , at time s, it c ould n ot b e fe lt ; the
l ips and fac e we re of a pall id or d e ath l ik e hue , and in a word , the tape r
o f l i fe was b ut fai ntl y g l im m e ri ng .

U n der the se c i rc u m stan c e s, it oc c urre d to M r Wall e r tha t the ope ra

.

t ion o f tran sfu sion wo ul d b e a m easure to re sc ue the patie nt from he r pe

ril ou s situ ati on .

M r B l und el l was se nt for, and upon his arrival he foun d the patie nt
.

E q
ra d som e what ra l l ie d ; in c on se ue nc e o f whic h b e d e e m ed i t b e tte r t o
768 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

d el ay the pe rfor manc e of the o pe ratio n , fo r, as Dr . B l u nd ell ob se rve d to

j
his pupil s, this O pe ration i s u stifi ab l e i n e x tre m e and o the rwi se d e spe rate
c ase s. A fte r wai ti ng an ho ur the pati e nt b e c am e w orse she vo m ite d ,
and was e x c e e di n l r e stl e ss, w hi c h m a al way s b e r e ard e d as a v e r
g y y g y
b ad sy m ptom ; the pul se at the w rist w as fl utte rin g , an d o c c asi on al ly not
to b e fe l t, an d the re w as that pe c ul iar e x pre ssi o n o f c ou n te nanc e w hic h
c an hard ly b e d e sc rib e d i t m ay b e c all e d d e ath i n the fac e ’ It did
.

no t a
ppe ar p rope r to d e l ay the ope ration , w hic h w as the re fore c omm e nc
e d as fol l ow s :
The c e phal ic v e in of the rig ht arm was l aid b are to the e x tent of ab ou t
an i n c h, an d a b l unt p ointe d b e n t n e e d l e w as
pa sse d u nd e r the v e in at
,

the l ow e r part o f the ope n in g , so as to pre ve nt the e fil ux o f b l oo d . The

hu sb an d of the patie nt , a rob ust he al thy y oung m an , w a s n ow c all e d i n
an d two ou n c e s o f b l o od wa s tak e n i n f ull str e a m from hi s arm , an d re
,

c e iv e d i n to a c on i c al g l ass tu mb l e r . A n ope ni ng of ab ou t one e ig hth o f

-

an in c h w as m ad e in the v e i n o f the
patie n t , an d b y m e an s of a syr in g e
and tub e , the b l ood ab strac te d from t he hu sb an d w as som e w hat sl ow ly
’

thrown i n , toward s the he art . N o v e ry ob viou s e ffe c ts w e re prod uc e d

from thi s suppl y of v i tal fl uid , and afte r a pause of one or tw o m inute s,
two othe r ou nc e s of b l ood we re throw n in ; soon afte r thi s the pul se at
the w ri st i nte rm itte d , and the re was sl ig ht re stl e ssn e ss, or rathe r d e sire
to c han g e postu re , b u t the se sy m ptom s pa sse d aw ay i n the spac e o f tw o
or thre e m inu te s . q
In c onse u e n c e o f the re c urre n c e o f the se sym ptom s
i t was d e e me d prude nt to wait aw hile , and afte r a l apse of fi ve or te n
minu te s the patie n t was e v ide ntly rally ing .
F r om this pe ri od the patie n t we nt o n i m provi ng an d had n ot a singl e
b ad sy mpto m w hic h c oul d b e attrib utab le to the ope ration ; the fu nc tion s
of re spirati on , c i rc ul atio n , an d of the c hyl opc e tic v i sc e ra , we re d uly pe r

form e d ; the te m pe ratu re of the su rfac e of the b od y was of the n atu ral
q
s tan d ard , n e ithe r w a s t he re any sub se u e n t aff e c tion o f the se n soriu m ;

whi c h Dr . B l und e l l has k n ow n to oc c ur in som e c ase s, afte r the ope rati on

of transfusion .
The sy ri n g e e m pl oy e d w as of b rass, an d w el l tinne d on the i n side ; to
the m o u th of the sy rin g e a p ipe w as fi x e d , o f ab ou t tw o i nc he s i n l e ng th,
z
o f the si e of a c row s
’
q uill , shape d l ik e a p e n at the e n d , b u t wi th a

b lunt point .
B e fore the b l ood w as throw n in to the v e in o f the patie nt, al l air was
c are ful l y e x pe l l e d fr om the sy rin g e , b y pl ac in g the m ou th u pward s, an d

pushing up the piston u n til the b l oo d appe are d at the e n d o f the tub e at
tac he d to the sy ri ng e .
Dr. B l und ell ob se rve d , this c ase d e m on strate d , b e yon d all c av il , that
j
the b l ood of a m an m ay b e i n e c te d , b y m e an s o f a s yri n g e , i nto the
v e in s o f a w om an e x c e e d in g l y re d uc e d from haem orrhag e , w i thout c au s

i n g d e ath . Whe the r the sy n c ope w hic h oc c u rre d afte r the in e c t on of j i

the b l ood , w as the re su l t of the ope ration , or of the pre vi ou s h ae m orrhag e ,

m ay b e d ispu te d and ad m ittin th e sy n c o pe to b e the re sul t of tran s
g
j j
fusion , w e shoul d b e n o more ustifi e d in re e c ting the ope ration on this
ac c ou nt, than i n re fusi n g to e mpl oy the l anc e t i n othe r c ase s, b e c ause it
o c c asion all y p rod u c e s sy n c o pe .
j
A s o nl y four ou nc e s o f b l oo d we re in e c te d , Dr B lund e l l admi tte d , that
.

q
i t m ig ht b e fai rl y u e stione d b y som e , w he the r the supply of so sm all a
q u an t ity o f b l o od re all y sav e d the pat ie nt .The d o c tor , howe v er , (an d
he had se e n a g re at d e al o f h aem orrhag e , ) i s d e c id e dl y o f opinion , that
thi s tim e ly supply o f vi tal fl uid tu rne d the sc al e i n the pati e nt s favor , and
’
.

re sc u e d her fro m d e ath .

Thi s c a se was re l ate d b y Dr B l u n d e ll i n o ne of his l e c ture s
. .

N . B. W e think thi s tre atm e nt phi l osophic al , and i s we ll c al c ul ated

7 70 r m ; TH O M S O N I A N

po rc h do or , where she was b roug ht supporte d on pil l ows to e n oy the j

f re sh air, c all e d m e asid e , and tol d m e h e had n o d ou b t of b e in g ab l e to
c u re he r , o v i d e d I shou l d ag re e to hi s pl an ; b u t add e d that he woul d
p r
n ot
g ive any e x pl anation o f t he m e an s he i nten d e d to u se , f or fe ar we
m ig ht l aug h at him , u n l e ss w e c on sente d to adopt the m We ac c ording
.

l y he l d a c onsul tatio n , the re sul t o f whic h w as, that the In dian shoul d b e
a l l owe d to fol l o w hi s o wn m e tho d . It c ou l d n ot m ak e he r worse , and
the re wa s a possib ilily of su c c e ss .

q
T r eatm en t — H av ing ac ua inte d him with he r ac uie sc e nc e , he im q
z
m e d iate l y c om m e nc e d ope ratio ns b y se i in 2g an ill —l ook i n g , snarl ing , c ur
d o g whic h he half stran g l e d ; afte r whic h he d e lib e rate ly c u t its throat .

H e the n rippe d ope n the b e lly , and pl ac e d the l e g s and fe e t of the pa

ti e nt in sid e , su rr ou n d e d b y the warm i n te stin e s, i n w hic h position he
k ept the m u ntil the c arc ass b e c am e c ol d H e the n took th e m out and
.

b andag e d the m with warm fl ann e l whic h he said w as v e ry g ood The .

fol low ing d ay an other d og l ost its l ife , and a si mil ar ope rati on was pe r
f orm e d .This w a s c ontinu e d fo r som e tirn e , u nti l e v e ry il l d i spose d our
.
-

i n the villag e had di sappeare d b y the throat c u tti n g k ni fe of ou r d og d e

-
-

y g d oc tor, and we we re o b lig e d to purc hase som e o f a su pe rior

s tro in

b r e ed. Whil e she was und e rg oing thi s pro c e ss she took , i n addition a
sm al l q uan tit
y of b ark d aily i n a g l ass of p ort w ine In the m e an time
.

the swe llin g g rad uall y d e c re ase d , the fi n g e rs l ost the ir c orpse —l ik e n a
k e d ne ss, the he c tic fl u she s b e c am e rarer , an d “
that m ost pure spi rit of
s en se ,
”
the e ye , g ave e v i d e nt tok e n s of re turnin g ani m ation Whe n her .

s tre ng th p e rm itte d , she was pl ac e d on the c arri a e of a b ra ss fi e l d

g pie c e ,
su pporte d b
y b ol ste rs, and d rawn o c c asionally a m il e or tw o ove r the
p ra ir i e. T h e I n di an c on ti nue d at i n te rv al s to re e at the stran e a
p g pplic a
t ion , until the swe ll ing had e n tire l y d i sappe are d , an d e n ab l e d he r onc e
m ore to m ak e u se of he r l im b s .

Two an d thirty d og s l ost the ir l ive s i n b rin gin g ab ou t thi s e x traordina

- -

ry re c ove ry , an d am ong the m m ig ht tru l y b e nu mb e re d

M on g re l , puppy , whel p an d houn d ,

A nd c u rs of l ow d e g re e .

S he g radu ally re posse ssi on of he r appetite ; and whe n he r hus

g ain e d
b an d arrive d in the autu m n fr om F ort G e org e , for the pu rpose o f c ross
ing the m ou ntains , she w as strong e n ou g h to ac c om pany him . The fol
g — j
l owi n sum m e r, on m y ou rn e y ac ross the c o ntine nt , I m e t the m at L ac .

j
l a P lu re . S he was in the ful l e n oy me nt of he al th, and in the way that
l ad ie s l ik e to b e who l ov e the ir l ord s .’

REM A RK s — It will b e ob se rv e d that the phil osophic al the ory of

.

Thom son ism was c arrie d ou t in the ab ov e c ase in re pl e n ishing and s us

tai nin g v ital ity b y re c ei vi n g ani mal warm th an d su pport b y ab sorption
f rom the b od i e s of an i m al s throu g h the m e dium of the fe e t . This c ase
will fu rnish a u se ful stud y for al l prac titione rs . Whe re the Thom sonian
re m e d ie s c ou l d n ot b e ob tain e d an d i t shoul d b e thou g ht ad v isab l e to
‘

t ry a sim ilar e x pe rim e nt, she e p w ou ld b e a g ood sub stitu te for the d og s .

We think the ex pe ri m e nt w orthy of notic e and trial . It show s the tru th

an d phil o sophy of ou r the ory .
'
J .r .

REU N I ON OF F L ES H A F TER C OM P L ETE S EP A RA TION .

T he Osse v atore M e d ic o c ontains a c uriou s, and what it aflirm s to b e

a w e l l au the n t ic ate d c ase o f reu nio n o f the n ose , a fte r c om l e te se ara
p p
ti on . The patie nt , a wom an of the town , had the whol e of the soft part
 M A TERIA M ED I C A . 77 l

of the n ose b itte n in a quarre l , b y a m an

o ff S he was imm e d iate l y c ar
.

ri e d b e for e the c omm issary of pol ic e , whe n the n ose was d re sse d In .

thre e hours afte rward s, Dr C arlizze , who happe ne d to c om e in , saw the

.

pati e n t , and e ntre ate d that searc h m ig ht b e m ade for the l ost n ose This .

was d one , and two an d a hal f hou rs afte rward s, the mu tilate d portion was
fomrd , c ontrac te d , an d all c ove re d w ith fi l th The Do c tor , how e ve r ,
.

washe d the par ts c l e an , and appli e d the pie c e , putting i n a few poi nts of
su tu re . The d re ssing s w e re n ot re m ov e d b e fore the se v e n th d ay , w he n
the w itn e sse s ob se rve d , with g re at sati sfac tion , that c om pl e te re uni on had
tak e n pl ac e . In thirty se v e n d ay s, the c oc atri x was pe rfe c tl y c on sol idat
- ~

ed . The aspe c t of the n ose , how e ve r, w as m ost d i sag re e ab l e , from the

c ol or of i ts tip , whic h pre se n te d a l ivi d , u nhe al thy appe aran c e . A solu
tion of n itrate of sil ve r (m ode rate ly str ong ) w as appl ie d to this part , and
a fte r the fall o f the e sc har , in fi ve da s, t he n ose re sum e d its n atural c o
y
l or .

C RIM E IN F RA N CE .

A F ren c h periodic al , the “

Revue Enc y c l ope di que
, c ontai ns the fol
”

l owin g c uri ou s fac ts re l atin g to c rim e in F ran c e

Out of e ve ry 1 00 pe rson s ac c use d , 6 1 are re g ul arly c ond e m ne d Ou t .

of the whol e popul ati on , 1 in e v e ry i s ac c u se d . In e v e ry 1 0 0

c rim e s , 25 are a ain st the person , and se v e nt fi v e a ai n st prope rt
g y g y .
-

Ex pe rie nc e show s that the numb e r of m urde rs i s ann ual ly ne arly the
sam e an d what i s still m o re sing ul ar , that the in stru m e nts or m e ans
e m pl o e d , are al so i n the sam e pro ortion
y p The inc l in ati on to c rim e i s
.

at i ts m ax im u m i n m an at ab ou t the a e of 25 ; in wom an 5
g y e ars l ate r
The p roportion of m e n an d w om e n ac c use d is 4 to 1 .
The season s have an i nfl ue n c e on c ri m e In sum mer m ore c rime s
.

are c omm i tte d a ain st the p e rson , fe w e r a ain st prope rty the r e ve rse
g g
i s the c ase in wi nte r The d e ve l ope m e n t of the i nc l ination to c ri m e
.

a g re e s v e ry pe rfe c tly with that of the p assion s an d

phy sic al stre n gth ;
an d on the othe r hand the d e ve l opm e n t of re ason te n d s to re strain the i n
c l in ation . The g re ate st phy sic al stre n g th of m an i s d e velope d b e tw ee n
the ag e s of 3 0 an d 3 5 , and the g re ate st m e ntal pow e rs b e twe e n the a g e s
o f 4 5 and 5 0 .It i s a sing ul ar c ontrast, that ab out this ag e , we fi nd m e n
q
tal al ie nation the m ost fre u e nt, an d m ost d iffi c ul t to re m o ve ” .

TH OM S ON IA N P RA C TIC E— L O S S OF B L OOD.
A m ong the m an y c asual tie s to whic h m ank in d are sub e c t, and one j
m ore to b e d re ad e d than an y othe r , i s the e x c e ssiv e l oss of b l ood Whe n .

an arte r or v e i n is se v e re d u p on e i the r o f the l i mb s of the b od , so that

y y
the stre am of l ife i s rapid ly fl owi ng , an d the v ital spark fast e x tin g u ish ~

q
i n g , whi c h i s fre u e ntl y the c ase w ith the har dy y e omanry of our c oun
t ry , who are a c c u stom e d to the u se of im pl e m e nts of hu sb a ndry whi c h
we ar k e e n e d g e s, a spe e d y an d e ff e c tual re m e dy , that woul d c he c k the
c ri m son c u rre n t , m u st c e r tai nl y b e i nv al u ab l e to the m .

P e rhaps i t w ill b e re g ard e d al most fab ul ou s, if we say to those who are

l iab l e to c u ts or in c ise d w ou nd s, that the b l ood m ay b e stoppe d with the
g re ate st e ase b
y the f oll ow i n
g m e thod :

If the w oun d shoul d b e upon the foot, and the arte rie s are c ut e v e r so
b ad , or if y ou pl e ase if the foot i s se v e re d e ntire l y from the l e g , b y l y in
d own u pon the b ac k and pl ac in the woun d ab ov e the he ad , the b l o
will imm e diate ly c ease to flow fi
om the woun d S ome m ay d oub t this
.
7 72 rue TH O M S O N IA N

s tate m e nt , b u t it i s a fac t .The w rite r of this art ic l e has had the b lood
sto p e d i n se ve ral i n stan c e s U
p pon hi m se l f b y this m e ans .
If the wound is u po n the fo ot , the pe rso n shou l d l i e d own u pon his b ac k
'

a nd
pl ac e the f oot hig her than the he ad , u pon a stool o r c hai r ; and if i t
b e upon the hand or arm , pu t the w ound ab ov e the he ad , and the b l ood
c ann ot r un , an y m ore than wate r c an run f rom i ts f ou ntain whil e the
stre am i s rai se d ab o ve i t . In ord e r to satisfy the i nc re dulous upon thi s
j q
sub e c t, w e w ould re ue st the m to t r
y the fol l owing e x pe rim e n t
. Whe n
t he v e in s i n the hand s a re fu ll , an d appe ar to b e c row d e d , whi c h i s pe r
c e ptib l e to an j
y pe rso n who c an d i sc ov e r any ob e c t b y the po we r o f vi
s ion , pl ac e the han d i n a
pe rpe n d ic ul ar positio n ab ov e the he ad , k e e ping
a n e e u on the v e i n s , an d in l e ss than on e m in u te the b l o od w il l hav e d e
y p
sc e nd e d i n to the tru nk o f the b o d , an d the v e in s d isa e are d
y pp .

Whe n a person has re c e iv e d an in ury in a ny of the l imb s, and a re sort

j
t o this e x pe rim e n t i s n e c e ssa ry to stop b l e e d in g , l e t the w oun d b e we l l
, q
w a she d w ith c old w ate r and the n a sm al l u an tity of N o 6 , or third pre
.

paration , b e pou re d u pon it, d re ss it i n that situation b e fore it i s re m ov e d

from the e l e vate d positi on , an d the b l e e d in g w ill i nstantly stop B ut
.

should the w ound b e ve r

y b ad , the limb should b e k e pt i n that position
from thre e to six hours, or u ntil the w oun d has b e c om e a l ittl e c l o se d o r
d ri e d at the orifi c e . T J . .

EX ERC I S E
A c e rtain pre portion of e x e rc ise i s n ot m u c h l e ss e sse ntial to a he al thy
or v i orou s c onsti tu tion, than d ri nk , food an d sl e e ; for w e se e that
g p pe o
pl e whose in c l inati on , situati on , or e m pl oym e nt, d o e s not adm it of e x e r
c ise , soon b e c om e
pale , fe e b l e , an d d i sorde re d .
Ex e rc ise prom ote s the c i rc ul ation of the b l ood , assists dig e stion , and
e n c ou rag e s
perspiration ; al l of whic h are i n a d e g re e n e c e ssary to a hale
c on sti tu tion .

I t m ay b e divide d into two spe c ie s, ac tiv e an d passiv e . Of the form e r

k i nd a re wal k in g , runn ing , l e api ng , sw im m i ng , and ridi n g on horse b ac k :
o f the l atte r are sail i n , sw in in , f ric ti on , ri d i ng i n c arri ag e s, 8 0
1

g g g .

The re i s one spe c ie s of passiv e e x e rc ise whi c h d e se rv e s to b e parti e n

l arl y m e n ti on ed an d re c o mm e n d e d , m ore e spe c iall y as it ofte n b e c om e s
n e c e ssar , and i s u liarl y ad apte d to the a e d an d i nfi rm , and suc h as
y p e c g
c a nno t partak e of an f the ac tiv e kin d s : I m e an fric ti on ; w hic h,
y o pe r
form e d e ithe r with the n ak e d han ds, flann el s, o r fle sh—b ru she s, m ay n ot
o nl
y b e of e sse nti al se r vi c e to those of that d e sc ripti on , b ut, b y p rom ot
i n g pe rspi ration and the c i rc ul ation of the b l ood , i t ofte n b e c om e s u se ful
i n arthritic , rheu m ati c , a n d paral ytic disord e rs . Thi s appe ars to have
b e e n in m uc h m ore c omm on u se, b oth as a pre v e n tiv e and re m e dy ,
a mon
g the anc ie n ts and m od e m s the forme r of whom c al l e d i t c hafi n g .
Th e e ffe c ts of the want of e x e rc i se are m ore appare n t an d d e stru c tiv e ,
j
whe n c on oi ne d wi th hig h l iv ing a n d strong d rink : he nc e the g ou t and
m any othe r d ise ase s are g e n e rate d ; ind e e d so e v id e n tly so , that it i s now
b e c om e al m ost an e stab l ishe d fac t , that that d isorde r w il l ne v e r appe ar,
w he re su ffi c i e n t ex e rc i se , with ab stin e n c e fr om anim al food and wine , i s
prac tise d .

I t is a fac t whic h l on g e x p e rie n c e has tau g ht, that idl e n e ss an d l u x u ry

c re ate m ore d ise ase s than l ab or an d in d ustry ; w hi c h show s that an i nd o
l e nt an d inac ti ve , as w e l l as an ov e r d e l ic ate and re fi ne d m od e of li fe , is
-

i n im i c al to he al th and l on g e vi ty ; he n c e the g re ate r n u mb e r of disorde rs

i n c itie s, where the inhab itan ts l iv e hig h and u se b u t littl e e x e rc i se , than
in c ount ry pl ac e s, whe re they l ab or m ore and live m ore spari ng ly .
 7 744 TH E r n o n so x ra u

a sl ig ht paddlin g motion y ou m ay re g ul ate the po sition of the he ad , and

p re v e n t i t from g ravi tating d own ward s M ak e no e ff orts , b ut w ait tran
.

q uilly u ntil su c c or arrive s. Y ou c an n ot sin k .

3 Do no t l ay hol d o f y our c o mpa nion or assi stant, o r y ou will i nfal lib l y

.

s ink him , withou t b e n e fi tti n T he b e st swim m e r has n o m ore

g y ourse l f .

n atural b uo an c
y y than you rse lf, an d would b e sunk b y the e x e rt ion o f a
v e ry l ittl e forc e
z
.

4 B e pe rfe c tl y passive u ntil y our hel pe r se i e yo u b y the hind l oc k s

.

of ur hai r on this e n d eav or t o se c on d his e ff orts b

y o . U p y thro wi ng y our
se l f o n ou r b ac k H ol d o ur n e c k sti ff, an d l e t y our hin d he ad sin k i n
y y .

‘
t o the wate r ; the n try to prope l yo ur se l f, b y sl owly and re g ul arly ki c k
i ng aga i n st the wate r .
5 B e c are ful to k e e p e v e ry pa r t o f y ou r b ody un de r wate r , e x c e pt y our
.

ac e .
6 . If two orm ore pe rso n s are im m e r se d tog e the r , l e t the m k e e p n e ar
e ac h othe r . B y this arrang e m e n t, o ne b oat m ay save the whole pa rty at
o n c e ; b ut if the
y are di spe rse d , o ne at a ti me o nly c an b e pi c k e d u p .

Rul esto g auer n per son s who att empt to r escu e the d r own in g .
1 . In re m ov in g a b ody from the w ate r , w he the r i nto a b e at or d rawing
i t al ong b y y our o wn e ffo rt s, al way s k e e p the fac e upward s .

Re c olle c t that y ou hav e n o m ore n atural b uoy anc y than the pe rson
.

ou a e a tte m ti to e sc ue ; the r e fore d o no t atte m pt to rai se hi m ou t of

y r p n
g r
t he water , or y ou w i ll sin k y ou rse lf B y a g e ntl e trac tion y ou m ay d raw
.

him to ward s the b oat o r the l and ing pl ac e , w i thout fatig ui n g y ou rsel f .
z
3 . A l ways aim at se i ing th e hair of the hi nd he ad , an d k e e p the n ape
o f the n e c k an d our o w n hand u n d e r wate r ; thu s y ou i n sur e his fac e and
y
y ou r own ab ove th e surfac
4. K ee
p y our m ost powe rful arm dise ngag e d for swimm in g , and k e e p
j
t he othe r pro e c te d forw ard , hav in g hold , a s al re ady dire c te d , of the hair
o f hi s hi nd he ad . In this wa y y ou m ay ad van c e side b y sid e , he fl oati n g
supi ne o n his b ac k , an d y ou pron e on y our b re ast .
5 . A s y ou appr oac h the pe rsons i mm e rse d , l e t the m k now b y a shou t
the v oic e re v e rb e ra te s w ith d ou b l e d istin c tn e ss from the surfac e o f the
w ate r, an d the pr ospe c t of approac hin g aid add s to the c on fi de nc e and
q
c on se u e n tl y to t he stre ng th of the distre sse d .
6 L e t al l y our m ove m e nts b e d e l ib e ra te , fi rm , and g e ntl e .
.

With a vi ew to rem ov e appre hension s ab ou t the w e ig ht of wet c l othe s

upon a p er son im m e rse d i n wate r, M r Ed ward s say s :
.

To asc e rtain the i nc rease of w e i ght whi c h c l othin g add s to the b od y i n

w ate r, I m ade an e x pe ri m e nt I tie d u p i nto a b un dl e a c ompl e te suit o f
.

raim e nt , c o n sisti n g o f a c l oth su rtou t, a w aistc oat and trow se rs, a l in e n

shir t , a p ai r of c o tton d raw e rs, a pair o f c otton stoc k ing s, and a p air o f
We ll in g ton b oots The we ig ht of the b u ndl e w he n d ry was se v e n pound s .
.

It w as k e pt i m m erse d i n w ate r , an d u nd e r a he avy we ig ht, for an hour ,

until e ve ry parti c l e o f air was e x pell e d f rom the i nte rsti c e s I t w e i tr he d
.

j
i n the w ate r ust on e p ou n d Imm e diate ly afte r b e i ng ta k e n out of t he
.

wate r it w e ig he d twe nty on e pou n d s . .

The c al c ul atio n s are inte nd e d , and whe n te ste d b y pe rson al e xp e ri

m e n t o u ght to i m b u e the m ind o f e v e ry m an , with the c o n v ic tion— the
fi rm c o nfi de nt c on v ic tion — that he i s naturally b uoy an t in the w ate r F o r .

d e d uc ting the e ffe c ts of fe ar and the w e ig ht o f c l othi ng fro m the fi fte e n

d f ustai nin g l e v ity b el on gi n t the b od y p er se, the re m ai n d e r
p o u n s o s g o
q
w ould b e e l eve n po un d s e ig ht oun c e s, whic h i s u ite e n oug h to pre v e nt
the im me rsi on of the b reathing appe rture s, that i s, the m outh and nos
tri l s
.
 M A TERI A M ED I C A . 7 75

V A L U A BL E DIS C OV ERY — RES U . S C ITA TION OF TH E

DROWN ED ,

Rec en t Restorin g
'

ex tr aor di n ar
y fi
e ects o
f G alv an i sm i n L f
i e
, ppar entl y
a

ex ti n c t .

The followin g are a se ri e s o f v e ry i nte re sti ng e x pe rim e nts, m ad e b y a

e n tl e m an nam e d H al sc , o f B re n t , n e ar A shb u rton , E n l an d , to te st the
g
g
o w e f al v an i m i n c a se s of su spe nd e d anim ati on from d rown in g .
p r o g s

On Thu rsd ay l ast o ne o f m y span i e l s whel pe d , hav ing a litte r of thir

te e n , six of w hic h I t ook for m y e x pe ri me nts. I d rowne d thre e of the m
i n c ol d w ate r an d k ept the m i mme rse d for fi fte e n m in ute s, at whi c h ti me
I took the m from the b u c k e t and pl ac e d the m i n fro nt of a g ood fi re . N o
m o ti o n c oul d b e pe rc e iv e d i n e ithe r of the m I the n pu t the fro nt l e g s of
.

o n e of the m i n to a j ar c ont ai ni ng a warm sol uti on of sal t an d w ate r an d ,

its hind l e g s i n a sim il ar j ar , i n e ac h of whic h was i nse rte d on e pol e of

the g al vani c b atte ry ; the whol e we re the n pl ac e d n e ar the fi re .
The p osition of the d og b e in g now fav o rab l e to ope rate u pon , without
the n e c e ssity of m ak i ng any i n c i sion s i n the fl e sh , I pa sse d a v e ry strong
shoc k throu h i ts b ody ; i t m ov e d i ts hind l e g s. I g ave i t an othe r shoc k ,
g
whic h c au se d its tail al so to m o ve . I now passe d tw e nty shoc k s in u ic k q
suc c e ssion throu h its b ody ; i t m o v e d e v e ry l im b , i ts m outh o pe n e d , a nd
g
I w as i n c l i ne d to b el ie v e that the d og had ac tu al ly c om e to l ife ; b u t the
m om e nt I c e ase d passin g the shoc k s the d og was as m o ti onl e ss as i t was
pre v io u s to m y c om m e nc e m e nt . A g ai n I c on tin ue d the shoc k s, and n o
tic e d that the re wa s m ore m otion i n the l imb s . C on sid e ri n g that i n pro ,

po rtion to the re tu rn of se nsib il ity the se shoc k s woul d b e too powe rf ul f or

i t , I d e c re ase d the inte n sity of the m , an d passe d m any hund re d s in rapid
suc c e ssion . I c ontinue d this for ab out fi ve m i nu te s, the m otion of the
l imb s in c re asin g as the shoc k s in c re ase d i n nu mb e r . I n ow c e ase d ; the
d og stil l m o ve d ; i t was r estor ed to lif e . I pl ac e d i t on a w arm flann e l in
fro nt of the fi re , an d i n a sho rt tim e i t appe are d as w e ll as it w as pre v io us
to i ts b e ing d row n e d ; i t c rawl e d on the fl ann e l , and m ad e the noise pe
c uli ar to y ou n
g d og s .
I n ow e x am ine d the two othe r d og s, whic h we re drow ne d and tak e n
f rom the w ate r at the sa me ti m e this one was . They we re b oth d e ad—l a .

pl ain pr oof that i t was e nti re l y owin g to the g al vanic fl uid that life was
.

re store d .
T he othe r thr e e d og s I d rown e d in warm wate r an d k e pt them i mm ers
e d for fort
y m inu te s, at whi c h tim e all m otion had c e ase d . Two of the m
I l aid in front of the fi re , and the re m ainin g on e I pl ac e d in the ars as in j
the pre c e d in g e x pe rim e nt . I now passe d a fe w shoc k s of w e ak i nte n sity
t hrou g h the b od y , b u t n o m otion was pe rc e pti b l e . I the re f ore i nc re ase d
the i nte n sity of the m c on sid e rab l y , an d g av e the shoc k s i n ui c k suc c e s q
s io n . Every limb m ove d , the b e l l y protrac te d and ag ain c oll apse d, and
the he ad w as raise d . A t this pe rio d I stoppe d passi ng the shoc k s, in or
d e r to se e if the re was any m ot ion in the d og w he n n ot u n d e r the g al v anic
i n fl ue nc e : the re was n one . I ag ain proc e e d e d wi th the shoc k s, an d n o~
tic e d that the l im b s m ove d m ore rapidly than b e fore . I c onside re d i t n e
c e ssary to d e c rease the i n te n sity and i n c re ase the q
uantit o f e l e c tri c fl u
y
i d , whic h I d id , so m uc h as to b e e nab l e d to pe rc e i ve a slight tre m or in
the d og . I c on tin ue d i n thi s m an ne r for ab o ut fi v e min ute s, at whic h
j
t im e I re m ov e d it f rom the ars and pl ac e d i t on the tab le . I t was al iv e .
In a q uart e r of an hou r it appe are d to b e pe rfe c tl y re c o ve re d .

T h e othe r two d og s (whi c h we re n ot all owe d to g e t c ol d d uring the

whol e o f the e x pe ri m e nt) we re now e x am in e d ; n o m otion whate ve r
c oul d b e pe rc e i ve d . I trie d the e ffec t of g al vani sm on one of the se , and
was suc c e ssful . In on e hour afte r thi s I operated on the othe r d og al so,
7 76 r m: TH O M S O N I A N

b u t it w as i n v ain . The re was no v ig or re maining i n the vi tal

powe rs;
l i fe had fle d ”
.

RE D/I A RK S .

I t w il l b e pe rc e ive d that the tr e atm e n t o f the d og s ab ov e m e ntione d was

stri c tl T h o m i T he i m m e rsi on o f the fe e t in w arm w ate r , t o i rr
y so n an .

c re ase v italit y b ab sorptio n , i s ag re e ab l e to our the o ry ; and t he u se o f

y
g al van ism to e ff e c t an o sc ill ation o f the l u ng s , ap pe ars to b e an i mprove
m e nt . j
A warm sti m ulati ng i n e c ti on w ith a hum an b e i ng , w e thi n k ,

w ould al so b e an im pro v e m e nt , i n c onn e c ti on wi th the a ppl ic ati an o f hot

w ate r to the fee t, t o i nc re ase the v itality o r w a rm th m ore rapidl y to
that d e g re e or poi n t s o n e c e ssa ry for re spirati on , i n o rd e r to fac il itate
the p roc e ss o f b re athin g as soo n as the l un g s c oul d b e b roug ht i n to ac
t ion b y the appl ic ation o f g al v an ism .

In the c ase of a d row ne d pe rso n , the patie nt shoul d b e l aid u pon a b e d ,

his b ody shie ld e d wi th fl ann e l , his he ad and shoul de rs g e n tly e l e v ate d ,
a n d his fe e t ove r the foot o f the b e d , im m e rse d i n a
pail of w ate r , as hot
a s c a n b e b orn e b
y the atte nd ant T he n apply y our re m e die s as rapi dl y
.

j
as u d m e n t m a
g y d ic tate .

This is sim ilar to the e n g in e e r rai sing a he ad of ste am suffi c ie n t to ope

rate the m ac hin e a s soon as the v al ve s are r ai se d b
y artifi c ial powe r to l e t
the ste am i n u pon the m ac hin e ry .

We think this sub e c t should b e inv e stig ate d b y all Thom sonian prac
j
ti tione rs . T J . .

TO N ERV OU S P EOP L E .

U N REA S ON A B L E F EA R O F TH U N D ER.
A y oung m an w ho for so m e y e ars w as so te rri fi e d b y thu n d e r and l ig ht
n in g a s to b e u p on the p oint of fall i n
g in to fi ts a t the i r approac h, found
v e ry
g re at b e n e fi t from t he foll ow in
g re fl e c tion s, whi c h a frie nd se nt him
q
for hi s m o st se riou s an d f re u e nt c on sid e ration .
'

To d im i n ish the se u ng rou nd e d appre he nsio n s , the tim id shoul d b e i a

fo rm e d , that o f pe rson s who hav e d i e d i n L on d on wi thi n a spac e
'

o f thirty y e ars , tw o o n l
y fe ll v i c ti m s to l ig htni ng . They shou l d al so b e
i nfo rm e d , that the y u n re aso nab l y prol on g the i r fe ars at e ac h sh oc k He .

q
w ho has t im e to d re ad the c on se u e n c e s of a fl a sh of l ig htn ing , i s a l re ady
ou t o f i ts re ac h .
It is the li ghtn in g al one that c an hurt u s ; and i f w e have se e n i t it i s ,

fo lly to g row pale , and tre m b l e b y the c l ap of thun d e r, and to stop our
e a rs ag a in st the n oise w hic h a nn ou nc e s all d an e r to b e
g past .

T he g re ate r the i nte rv al b e tw e e n the thun d e r an d the lig htn ing , the
m o re re m ov e d i s the d an g e r .
If with o ur fi n g e r to t he pul se w e c an c ount in the ti me twe l ve or thi r
te e n pul sation s, w e c al c u l ate the sto rm m u st b e thre e m ile s d istan t . B u t
the v e ry b e st p re v e n tiv e ag ainst this or any othe r al arm , i s the te stim ony
o f a g ood c on sc i e n c e .

DIM IN U TION O F A N IM A L H EA T I N
. SL EEP .

Durin g d ur in g the hou rs i n w hi c h sl e e p u suall y tak e s plac e ,

sl e e p , or

the te m pe ratu re of the b ody fal l s o ne d e g re e , ac c ordin g to M ag e nd ie .

T he c au se of this d e c re ase o f he at i s to b e sou g ht i n the l ang uid state o f ‘

the b od y at the tim e , al l the v i tal ac tion s b e ing c arri e d on m ore fe e b ly ,
ow i ng to the ab strac ti on of e x c i ti n g ag e n ts an d tlre e x hausti on c on se u e n t q
on the e x erc ise o f the d ay .
778
‘

T H E TH O M S O N I A N

TO S TOP B L OOD IN A N Y OF TH E L IM B S '

.

If a pe rson has wo unde d him se l f e ve r so se v e re ly in any o f the l imb s,

l

e ithe r arm s o r l e s, an d he pu ts him se l f i n a positi on to pl ac e the

g parts
Woun de d ab ov e his he ad , the b l ood will c e ase fl owin g i n an i nstant ; the
sam e as a stre am b y b e i n g r aise d ab ov e the f ou ntai n w il l fl ow b ac k to i t
ag ain . In that positi on , the l i m b m ay b e b athe d w ith c ol d wate r and
c l e an se d , a s b e fore d e sc r ib e d , tak in g up the art e ri e s i f ne c e ssary ; afte r
whic h b athe wi th d ro s an d b an d ag e t he orifi c e to g e the r , and i n a fe w
hou rs the l ip s w il l b e ri e d o r attac he d to e ac h othe r T he re will b e b ut
.

l ittl e pain o r i nfl am m ation . The n w ash with soap suds, d ry with a c l oth,
and appl y the sal ve .

Whe re the wou nd is ve ry se rio us, i t m ay b e ne c e ssary to k e e p the in

j ure d l imb ab ov e the he ad m ost o f the tim e fo r se ve ral d ay s, onl y tak ing
it d own oc c asion ally for a fe w m inu te s, that a sm all uanti ty of the b l ood q
m ay c ir c ul ate throu g h it, thereb y k e e ping the ac tiv ity and w arm th i n it,
b ut n ot to su c h an e x te nt as to re ope n the b l ood v e sse l s that have b e e n
-

c l ose d b y ad he sio n b y the ab o ve tre atm e n t .

WOU N DIN G TH E P RIN C IP A L A

‘
RTERIES
Or b l ood v e ssel s of the arm , thi g h , i s atte nde d w ith fatal c on
or n e c k ,
q
se ue n c e s , u nl e ss a tou rne q u e t o r som e o the r i n stru m en t for stoppi ng the

c i rc ul ation of the b l ood c an b e appl i e d to the part In som e c ase s, b y

.

p y g to the w ound afte r c orn pre ssin the l ips tog e ther , se v e ral thi c k
a pl i n

n e sse s of c o tton o r tow b attin g , an d t e n tie a to we l o r ha nd k e rc hie f

ab out the l im b as c l ose to the b od y as possib l e , an d sl ip throu g h the l oop
a to
gg e l an d twi st i t up un til the b l ood ve ssel s are so c om pl etel y c om
re e d a s to stop the b l e e d in , an d m e asu rab l the e m issi on of b l ood i a
p ss g y
t o the l i mb . B y this m ean s the b l ood m ay b e stoppe d fo r the tim e ; b ut
it will e ve n tu al ly d e stroy the warm th and ac tivi ty of the l imb i f pe rsiste d
i n for any g re at l e n gth o f tim e .

TH E TO U RN EQ U ET ,

Is an i n strum e nt c al c ul ate d to apply to an d ti g hte n a l ig ature ab out a

l imb n e a r the b o dy , i n su c h a way as to c om pre ss all the b loo d v e sse l s
an d arre st b l e e d in c om pl e te ly
g .

The tourn e q u e t 1 s e m pl oy e d b y su rg e on s to p re v e n t he m orrhag e w hil e

am pu tatin
g a l im b ,
an d m ust in all c ase s b e
p u t b e tw e e n the w ound an d

the b ody . The in stru m e nts u se d b y sur g e on s are too e x pe nsive for fam i
l y u se b ut the fi e l d tourne que t , c on sistin g of a sing l e strap , w ith a pad
ad apte d to the purpose , an d a b uc k l e — su c h as a re k e pt f or fi e l d se rv ic e
i n the arm y , and are sold i n the shops— are of a c he ap c onstru c ti on , an d
may b e k ept for use i n familie s .

S TITC H IN G WO U N DS .

q
It i s ve ry seld om that wou nd s re uire to b e sti tc he d , e x c e pt on the
e y e l id s, n ose , l ips or e ars, whe re ad he sive pl aste rs w ill not k e e p the l ips
of the w ou n d tog e the r . It o c c asion al ly happe ns that a Wou nd is m ade
se ve ral i n c he s i n l e n th . Th e stitc he s shoul d b e i n the v ari ou s an l e s,
g g
j
an d i n su c h parts as the ud g m e nt m ay d ic tate as b e st c al c ul ate d to b ri n
g
the l i ps of the w oun d c l osel y tog e the r , t o g ood adv an tag e . S trips of the
stic k in g pl aste r appl ie d b e tw e e n the stitc he s to b ri n th ts m ore
g e p ar
c l ose l y tog e ther , m ay b e u se d with proprie ty .

TO P RE P A RE S TIT CH IN G TH REA D .

z
Tak e ac c ording to the si e of the woun d , one , two , or thre e threads of
sewi ng silk , (the Whi te i s b e st) ab out six i nc he s i n l en th, we ll wax e d ;
g
 M A TERI A M ED l C A . 7 79

g l ac e the th re ad through th e e ye of a d arning n ee dle , if the re b e no sur

p
g e o n s n ee dl e at b and ; pass the n e e d l e throug h from within the l ips of
’

t he w ound u nd e r the sk in , an d have it pass u p th rou gh the sk in a b out

h al f an i nc h b ac k o f the e d g e of the orifi c e , b e in g partic ul a r to inc l u de
t he full thi c k n e ss of the sk in , whic h i s from an e ig hth to a ua rte r of an q
i nc h, in the d iff e re nt parts . Draw thro ug h the l ig atu re , until the m id dle
o f the threa d re sts i n the m iddl e of the woun d ; the n d e ta c h th e ne e dle ,
a nd thre ad i t w ith the o the r e n d o f th e sil k ; the n c o mme n c e i n the wo un d
b e l o w the sk in and b ring it ou t in the sam e m anner on the opposite sid e .
The stitc h b e in g c om pl e te , the ty i ng of the e nd s o f the l ig ature in a sin
g l e or sl id in g k not c om pl e te s the wo rk . The se c o nd or third stitc h m ay .

b e tak e n i n li k e mann e r , if n e c e ssary .

‘

TH E S T I T C II ES
S ho ul d nev e r b e ti g hte r than b are ly sufli c ie nt to c ause the e d g e s of the
w ou nd to tou c h eac h o the r g e ntly . The strips o f sti c k ing plaste r and the
b an dag e sho ul d tak e off f ro m the re st o f the wound all pre ssure or e x c e s
’

s i ve c onfi ne m e nt o f the so re . If the parts b e c om e swe lle d or infl am e d ,

t he sti c he s shoul d b e c u t i m m e d iate l y ; or as the pa rts a d he re to e the r so
g
:a s n ot to n e e d the m the thre ad m ay b e c u t and d ra wn ou t .
,

O F CON T U S ION S , OR S P RA IN ED J OIN T S .

In e ver
y sprain that is se ve re , the re e x ists a n inte rnal wound , m ore o r
q j
fl e ss e x te n sive ; he nc e we fre ue ntl fi n d the oi nts we ak afte r the sw e l l
y
g i s
g o ne
. I n suc h c ase s , the li a m e nts o f the
g o int j
a re m ore or l e ss
F
l a c e rate d , o r v i ol e ntl y diste nd e d
. L i g am e nts that hav e had the i r e l asti
q
c i ty ove rd on e , r e c ov e r the ir ton e v e ry sl owl y ; c on se ue n tl y the oint re j
_
q q
m ain s w e ak f or a l on g time , and fre ue ntly re uire s artifi c ial support for
’

i ts prote c ti on.
E
T H E TR A TM EN T OF S P RA IN S .

The re l ie f of the vi ol e nt pain prod uce d b y the ove rstre tc hi ng or twist

‘

rn of the l i g am e n t, and the ab ate m e n t o f i n flam ma tion , i s the fi rst thi ng

t o e atte n d e d to .
T ak e som e h ot d rops or c om position , to pre ve nt fainting , the n put the
j
f oot or oin t injur e d i nto a s hot wate r as the patie nt c an b ear ; rub it tho
r oug hl y whil e i n the wate r , i n c re ase the hea t if n e c e ssary , and in te n o r
fi fte e n m in u te s tak e i t out , w ipe it d ry , an d b a the w ith stim ul ating lini
'

m e nt o r hot d rops ; the n b an d ag e i t w e ll with fl ann e l , in su c h f or m as t o

j
suppor t o r b rac e the o in t ; the n l e t the
patie nt g o to b e d , put a hot b ri c k
o r stone a t the fe e t , g e t the m i nto a p e rspiration , and i n a short tim e the

pai n wil l sub si d e , if the l im b i s k e pt still .

S houl d the in fl am m a tion re m ain hig h, a poul tic e o f b re w e r s ye ast,
’

p l j
ac e d c o m pl e tel y arou n d the oin t an d k e pt m o i st , w il l e ase the pai n al

m ost i mm e d ia tel y . Or a b re ad an d m ilk po ul ti c e i s go od . Worm wood

a n d v in e g ar m ay b e u se d , i f ne i the r o f the ab o ve re m e d ie s c an b e ha d .

O r a fre sh sk in f ro m the b ac k of a she e p o r o the r anim al , appl ie d to the

sprai n whe n it i s w arm from the ani m al , is a tte nd e d wi th the happie st re
su l ts, as i t w i ll c au se the part to pe rspi re free l y , a nd e ase the pa in .
If t he sprain i s v e ry b a d , and the i nfl ammation c ontinue s to pro g re ss
to w ard s the b ody , an e m e ti c or a c ourse o f m e di c ine should b e tak e n ,
whic h w il l m ost g e n e ral ly arr e st i ts prog re ss, an d fo rc e the swe ll ing b ac k
‘
t o the part afle c te d , whe re i t is ab ate d b y the poultic e s and fom e nta tions,
prov id e d the pati ent i s k ept i n a profuse pe rspiration throughout the b ody .
 7 80 r u e TH O M S O N I A N

TH OM S O N [A N T H EO RY ,

O R U N IT O F DIS EA S E.

Dr Thom son s pri nc iple s of d ise ase a re , that al l c ompl aints o rig inate ,
.
’

d ire c tl y or ind irec tl y , from the sam e c au se That c ause produ c e s d e

.

rang e m e nt of the fl uid s of th e b ody , and that form of d ise ase f or whic h
the b ody appe ars b e st adapte d . The tak ing of c old , or l oss o f vitality
f rom in d ig e stion , ove r e ating o r d rink i ng , or an y o the r d e rang e m e nt of
the fun c ti on s of the b od y , are the c au se s whic h c re ate an inab il ity to
thro w a n ac tive an d he althy c i rc ul ation to the l owe r e x tre mitie s, in su c h
q uanti ty and q uality as is ne c e ssary to c arry on pe rspira tion and a fre e
and e asy c i rc u l ation throu g ho ut the sy ste m .

V i tal ity b e in g thus re d uc e d , i s n ot c apab le of k e e ping the fe e t from b e

ing c old from ab se n c e of he at, whi c h i n turn c on trac ts the b l ood ve ssel s
i n th e l owe r e x tre m itie s, an d forc e s the q ua ntity of b l oo d that is n e c os
sary f or the ir support to the he ad , the sid e , u pon t he l ung s, o r t o that part
of the sy ste m b e st ada pte d for the pu rp os e ; thu s the he ad , o r the pa rt u p on
whic h the c ol d o r d ise ase se ttl e s , has n ot onl y the re q uisite quantity o f
c irc ul ati on , b u t that of the fee t al so , whi c h c re ate s d i stre ss , i n c ouse
quen c o of the ove r diste ntion of the v e ssel s a nd d ise ase is the re sul t
, .

The n am e o f the d ise ase i s d e rive d f rom the part whe re the re ate st
g
d istre ss, pre ssure , o r d iste ntion of the b l ood ve ssel s has b e e n e x pe ri e n c e d ,
fo r the w ant of a suitab le c irc ul ation i n the fe e t ; thus afford ing re l ie f to
those parts that hav e e x pe ri e nc e d the shoc k b y full b l oo d ve sse l s in the
fee t. If t he c old se ttl e s upon the l un g s , i t i s c onsum ption , o r i nflamm a
tion of the l u ng s; if i n the sid e , pl eu risy ; if in the head , he ad a c he if i n -

the b owe l s , c hol ic ; if in the l im b s, rhe u m atism ; or i f thrown to the sur

fac e g e n e rall y , fe ve r
.

A fte r all , the se diffe re nt form s and n am e s of d ise ase arose from the
sam e c au se — the d e ran g e me n t in c on se que n c e o f tak in g c ol d , or the l oss

of a portio n o f v i tality .

A n d the y m ay al l b e re m o v e d b y re storing an e qu il ib r ium o f the fl uid s

,

through the b ody , an d g ivi n g to e ve ry d e pa rtm e nt its d ue p rop ortion of

warm th and pe rspiration . Re m ov e the d eb ility c onse que n t u pon the de
ra ng e m e n t o r ab se n c e of he at, and the sy ste m assu m e s o n c e m o re a he al

thy ac t ion . Eac h m em b e r the n b e c om e s ob e d ie n t to the powe r that c o m

man ds i n that part ic ul ar d e part me nt; and o rd e r an d re gula ri ty assu me
the ir appr opri ate c ontro l throu g hou t the b ody . T J . .

DI S EA S E .

'
w
The d ifle re n t nam e s hic h the u nnatu ral c onc e ntrati o n o f the fluids of ,

the b ody have re c e ive d from the i r l oc atio n , wil l n ow b e tre ate d on , un de r
the ir apprp priate he ad s and d iffere nt nam e s .

Erup tive D isea ses .

SM AL L P OX . V ar i ola .

The d ise ase of v ariol a , o r sm al l p ox , whic h a c e nt ury was sc arc e ly

ago

l e ss d re ade d than the pl ag u e itse lf , aff ord s a m e m orab le e x ampl e of the

trium ph of the m edic al art ove r what appe are d to b e an ine v ita b le e v il
 7 82 m s T H O M S O N IA N

S m all pox is al way s pr odu c ed b y its own spe c ifi c c ontag ion an d whe n
on c e the ind ivi d ual has o ne throu gh the d ise ase , i n howe v e r sli ht a d e
g g
g re e , he is se c ur e d from any fu tu re attac k U pon thi s fac t i s found e d
.

the prac tic e o f in oc ul ation ; for w e l e arn , that whe n a port ion of the
m att e r i s i nse rte d u nd e r the c ut ic l e i t w ill c om m un ic ate a m u c h m il de r
d isease than on e whic h is re c e ive d i n the u sual way , whic h i s pr ob ab ly
"

b y the l u n g s.
We are , howe ve r, totally un ab l e to e x pl ain the c ause of this d iffer
e nc e . The re l ation whi c h the fe v er b e ars t o the e ruption , or the d e g re e
in whic h on e i s to b e re ga rd e d as the c au se of the othe r , is a point that
‘

has g i v e n ri se to m u c h spe c ul at ion . A c c ord in g to the hum oral pathol o

g y , the e ruption was thou ght t o aff ord a re m ark ab l e e x am pl e of the c ri
tic al d isc harg e of an offe nd in g m atte r from the sy ste m ; an d proc e e d ing
u pon this j
princ ipl e , the gr e at ob e c t of the prac tition e r w as suppose d to
b e to prom ote this d isc harg e ; a syste m whic h l e d to a prac tic e pre c i se l y
'

the re ve rse of the tru e one , and whic h m ust n o d oub t have prove d highl y
d e stru c ti ve .

In what w ay the fe v e r ope rate s, or what is the pro x im ate c aus e of the
dise ase we k now n ot ; b ut it appe ar s that the e ru pti on i s the c ons e u e n c e q
o f the fe v e r , a nd that w hate v e r dim in i she s the fe v e r d im i ni she s the c ru
p
ti on al so , an d at the sam e time l e sse ns the vi ol e n c e of the d ise ase .

T R EA TM EN T .

The T hom son ian pl an of tre atm en t is founde d upon the princ ipl e , that
to d im in i sh the fe b ril e ac tion i n the e arl y stag e s, b y k e e pi ng the b o dy
ver
y te m pe rate , b y the u se of suc h m e d ic in e s a s w ill b are ly k e ep the d is
e ase from strik in
g in upon the V ital s , i s all that i s ne c e ssary . A n d the
patie n ts should b e k e pt in a te m pe rature as l ow a s c an b e m ad e c on siste nt
w ith the ir c om fort . P e rspirat ion should onl y b e m o de rate ly fe l t in the
’

pal m s o f the hand s ; b u t b y swe atin g to e x c e ss it w ill b ring ou t the d i s

e ase i n its m ost v iol e nt form s , spre ad i n
g an d u n itin g in on e v ast m ass o f
pu stl e s an d m atter throughout the su rfac e o f the b o dy ; an d w he n the c r i
sis tak e s pl ac e , it
g e ne rall y d estroy s the pat ie nt Whe n if the patie nt
.

had b e e n k e pt in a m od e rate te mpe rature , the re w ould n ot have b e e rr

.

f ou nd u pon the surfac e so m u c h pe rspirab l e m atter to u nite w ith the v irus,

q
an d the re b y au g m e nti n g the uan tity o f po ison b ut it w ou l d hav e pass ~

e d o ff b y othe r m e a ns , an d re l ie v e d the su rfac e i n the sam e p roporti on .

The m ain thin g is to k ee p d ow n the fe b ril e e x c i te m e n t u pon the su rfac e ,

an d in the proportion that this i s d on e , in the sam e ratio y ou avo id the
u stl e s
p .

In the di stin ct v ariety , all d ire c t atte m pts to ac t u pon the e ruption , e x
c e pt so far as w e c an sub du e the fe v e r , are at l e ast u se l e ss , i f n ot posi
j
tive l y in uriou s ; an d w he n the d ise ase has r un through i ts c ourse , the
pow e rs of the c on stitution soon re tur n to the ir ac c u stom e d stand ard .
In the confl uen t sm al l p o x we hav e a m u c h m o re fo rm id ab l e d ise ase to
q
c omb at , and on e whic h fre u e n tl y b afll e s all e n de av ors F rom i ts v e ry
.

c omm e n c e m e n t , i t e x hib i ts sy m ptom s m uc h re se m b l in g those of ty phus

fe v e r ; the c ol d air pr oduc e s a d ang e rous shoc k to the op pre sse d an d l an
g u id pow e rs o f l ife . The c irc u m stan c e which re n d e rs this v arie ty of the
d isease so c r itic al is, that w he n from any c ause the e ruptio n sudde nl y dis
ap pe ars— an e ffe c t w hic h so m e tim e s e n su e s f rom the sud d e n a pl ic ati on
p
of c old to the sur fac e , j
or from an in u d ic iou s u se o f pur g ati v e s, the vi tal
’

powers b e c om e so su d de nl y oppre sse d b y the re d u c tion of an im al warm th

that the vi rus strike s in , an d thre at e n s the e x tinc tion o f life al m ost imm e e

d iatel '
i
Wh m this is the c ase , we m ak e a m ore fre e u se of stimul ants ; b u t
j
g reat e x perie nce and good ud gm e nt are so ne c e ssary i n a c ase o f thi s
 M A T ERI A M ED I C A . 83

k i nd , tha t i t is i mpossib l e to g ive d ire c ti ons , as we c oul d if the pati ent

we re b e fore u s, as the re are m any re m e die s that m ight b e ap pl ie d i n on e
sta e o f the dise ase t hat wou l d b e i m prope r i n an othe r H e n c e th e n e
g .

c e ssi ty of a j
udic i ou s pra c titi o ne r , who w ill k no w how to k e e p the sy s
t e m i n a c ool and te m pe rate state , to av oid the e x c e ssiv e e ruptive pu tre
f ac ti on u pon the sur fac e . F or i t i s m u c h b e tte r for the patie nt , to l e t t he
v iru s re m ai n i n the fl e sh , an d w ork it o ff m o d e rate l
y b y othe r m e ans,
tha n that i t should m ak e its appe ara n c e u pon the sk in , whe re it b e c om e s
j
sub e c t to the ac ti on of the atm o sphe re , b y whi c h the poison i s au g m en t
e d i n a te n fold d e re e , b
g y m ing li ng w ith the pe rspirab le m atte r, an d the
i e ase d i n the sa m e pro ort ion
j p y
e o ar d o f t he pa t ie n t s i n c r p .

The pu stul e s shou ld n ot b e ru pture d ; b u t l e t the m c om e t o m atu rity an d

s e parate from the fl e sh, w hic h i s the pro pe r way to av oid the d e l e te riou s

e ffe c ts that wou ld o the rwi se atte nd the we l fare of the pa ti e nt . The prac
t itione r m ust b e ar in m in d , tha t he ha s to c onte nd on the one han d with
the te nd e n c y to fe b ri le e x c ite m e nt, and o n the othe r t o the state of e x
hau sti on whic h g e n e ral l y suc c ee d s the form e r, whe n it has b e e n v iol e nt
a nd l on g protrac t e d .

T he re is often in c onfl u e n t sm all p ox a sta te of re stl e ssn e ss or e xt re m e

,

a i tation , whi c h m ay b e re l ie v e d wi th the n e rv e po wd e r in a littl e c om

g
po si tion te a o r asafe tida .

O ne of the m ost d istre ssing e ff e c ts o f the c on fl uen t sm all pox is the in

j ur y w hi c h i t l e av e s to t he c on sti tution g e n e rall y , or to part i c ul ar or g an s ,
o f whic h the e ye s are the m o st apt to su ffe r, so as n ot u nfre u e n tly to q
r d u c e the c om pl e te l o ss o f sig ht
p o .

I n con cl usi on — T he sm all pox i s the highe st state of c ank e r and pu

t re fac tion w hic h the hum an b o dy i s c apab l e of re c e i v i ng , a nd i s the m ost
c o ntag i ous, b e in g tak e n b y the b r e ath , or it m ay b e c om m u ni c ate d b v
i noc ul ation , i n w hic h c ase it i s n ot so v i ol e nt and dang e rou s as whe n tak
e n the natu ra l w ay .
‘

The distre ssin g an d o fte nf fatal c on se quenc e s that hav e happe n e d in

c ase s o f thi s d i sea se , are m ore ow in g t o the m anne r i n w hic h i t has b e e n
t re ate d in m an y i nstan c e s, than to the dise ase itse lf . The fashi onab l e
m ode of tre atm e nt has b e e n , to g iv e phy si c an d re duc e the sy ste m b y di
e ti n , an d k e e pi ng the pat e nt to o c o l d
g i . j
A u d ic io us m e d ium shoul d b e
o b se r v e d b e tw e e n the e x tre m e s of he at an d c old , for the hab itati on o f the

patien t j
Y ou d o n ot wi sh to k e e p hi m so hot a s to in ure him b y e nl arg
z
.

i n g the si e and in c re asing the n u m b e r o f the pu stul e s upon the sur fac e
b y pe rspi ration an d e n d an g e r the l ife of the pa tien t b y e x c e ssiv e pu tre
f ac tion outwardl y , whe n .e x po sed to the air ; n e ither d o y ou wi sh to k e e p
him so c old as to have the d ise ase strik e in vi tal l y , an d b y that m e an s to
d e str oy hi s l i fe . There fo re k e e p a m oi sture g e ntl y i n the p alm s of the
han d s , a m od e rate te m perature u pon the su rfac e ; k e e p the b owe l s re gu
l ar b y a proper d ie t an d w ithou t phy sic ; l e t hi s e x e r c i se b e l iv el y , for a
fe w m i nute s at a tim e , if ab l e to b e out , and whe n he stops to re st, to sit
or stan d l e t i t b e whe re the wi nd d o e s n ot b l ow on him , so a s to tak e
,

c ol d . I f he i s n ot ab l e to b e out, hav e the room we ll v e n til ate d as ofte n

a s n e c e ssary , an d k e e p him aw ay from the fi re , if y ou wo uld wish to

a v oi d his hav in g a g rea t n u m b e r of p oc k pi ts afte r re c ov e ry .

A t n o tim e si t w ith y ou r fac e to the fi re whi l e the poc k are fi ll ing , b y

whic h you w il l avoid the d i sa g re e ab l e appe aran c e of a pitte d fac e . L et
the stim ul atin g m e dic i ne s b e g ive n m od e ra te l y , an d , if ne c e ssary , a l ig ht
e m e ti c . B u t the se thin g s had b e tte r b e om itte d , if p ossib l e , u ntil afte r
the p u stul e s hav e fi ll e d an d the d i se ase has tu rn e d . The n a full c ourse of
m e di c ine c an b e ad min iste re d , and the su rfac e of the b od y c l ean se d .

Whe n the poc k ripe ns and pe e l s off , a l ittl e wax ointm e nt m ay b e rub b e d
u on the sore spo t , whic h will cause i t to heal , and c rea te a smo oth sk in
p .
7 84 TH E T H O M S O N I A N

[Reg u lar Tr eatmen t — This d ise ase woul d b e tre ate d und e r the re
gu
l ar prac tic e , b y the n se of m e rc u ry , O pium , antim onial s, b liste rs, ni tre ,
an d sal ts, wi th the a li c ati o n of ic e , and e x posu re t o the c old
pp

CH ICK EN P OX . V ar i c ell a .

This d ise ase i s som e tim e s pre c e de d b y a d istinc t pre c ursi v e fe ve r , of

the sam e g e n e ral c harac te r with that whic h annou nc e s the approac h of
sm al l p ox . T he e ru ption appe ars on the third d ay , i n sm al l in fl am e d
spots, on the b ac k and b reast In a fe w hours a sm all ve si c l e ri se s in
.

the i r c e n tre , w ith a whitish tran spare nt c o v e rin g . On the se c on d d ay of

the e ru ption , the spots assu m e the appe ara nc e of sm al l b l ad d e rs, fi ll e d
w ith fl uid . B e ing pre sse d wi th the fi n g e r , the y are fo und soft and e l as
ti c . O n the thi rd day the fl uid b e c om e s tu rb id , an d on the fou rth som e
of th e ve si c l e s b e g i n to b re ak and form c ru sts, whil e the c on te n ts of oth
e rs c on d e n se w ithin the m . The d ry in g proc e ss g oe s on rapid ly , and b y
the te nth d ay the sc ab s u su al l y fal l off. The sy m ptom s of fe ve r are not
ob se rve d afte r the se c ond d ay o f e ruption .

T REA TM EN T .

C om m en c e , if soon afte r the sy m ptom s appe ar , b y g iv ing a d ose of

c om posi tion or c aye nne , fol l ow e d b y c anke r te a and N o 2 I f the d i s
. .

e a se b e som e what ad v an c e d , i t m ay b e n e c e ssar y to ad m ini ste r the u sual

c ou rse of m e d ic i ne , an d k e e p up the pe rspi rati on b y the u se of ste am ing
sto ne s an d w ar m te as . If the b ow el s are di so rd e re d , ad m in iste r inj e c
ti on s .

U nd e r this tre atm e nt , the di sord e r will show itse l f on the su rfac e , and
b y k e e ping up the i nward heat, n ature w il l tak e its c ou rse , and the d i s
e ase will l e a ve the b od y withou t an y d iffi c ul ty .

[Reg u l ar Tr eatm en t — Cool in g purg ativ e s, anti m ony , n i tre , op i um , an d

l ee c he s ]
.

K IN E P OX . V ar i olce V a ccin e .

This d ise ase m ay b e c omm u n ic ate d from f re sh ve sic l e s , o r b y m e ans

of the d ry c rusts w hic h fal l off The third or fourth d ay afte r v ac c ina
.

tion , the g e rm of the v e si c l e m ay b e see n in a v e ry sm all pim pl e o n the

surfac e of the sk in a t the pl ac e of ope ration The ve si c l e is pe rfe c te d ,
.

w ith the u pper su rfac e d e pre sse d , an d a re d m arg in , on the se v e nth or

e ig hth d ay . On the n inth o r te nth d ay , the m arg in spre ad s, the parts b e
c om e swol l e n an d p ainful , and the ax il l ary g l an d s ar e e n l arg e d ; re stl e ss
ne ss, and othe r ev id e n c e s of g e ne ral i rritatio n are pre se n t A t thi s tim e
.

a rash is som e tim e s ob se rv ab l e on the c he st and n e c k The v e si c l e g ra

.

z
d ually b e c om e s flat o r c on v e x , e x te n d s in si e , and i ts fl ui d b e c om e s
q
opa u e and vi sc id A b ou t the twe l fth d ay the are ol a b e g ins to fall , the
.

swe llin d im inishe s, an d the v e sic l e g rad ually d rie s .

(jg : a c c ination ou ht n ot t o b e pe rform e d d uri n

g g the prog re ss of the
e rupti ons, or in a b ad state of he al th.

T RE A TM EN T .

The tre atme nt u suall y shoul d b e , to k ee p the pore s Ope n , and g uard
a ain st tak i ng c ol d . B u t if c ol d hav e b e e n tak e n , or any of the ab o v e
g
s m ptom s ag g rav ate d , the c ourse pre sc rib e d fo r c hic k e n pox shou ld b e
y
ad m ini ste re d , mo re or l ess vig orou sly , ac c ord in g to the c onditi on of the
atie nt.
p
786 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

n e arl
y sim ultane ou s with the fe v e r, appe ars i n ab out thre e or four d ay s
a fte r e x o sure
p This c onsi sts at fi rst O f m inu te re d spots, b u t soon .

s pre ad s i n to a e n e ral fl u sh , c hi e fl y m ani fe st o n the fac e an d b re ast The

g .

fl ush assu m e s a b ri g ht sc arl e t c olor, n ot se e n i n any o the r d ise ase . The

t hre at b e c om e s affe c te d , w hi c h m ay happe n as soo n o r e ve n b e fore
t he appe aran c e O f the rash , an d i s m ark e d b y di ffi c u l ty O f swall owing ,
a nd so re n e ss .The ton si l s and n e i g hb ori n g parts O f the passag e are
swol e n and i nte n se l
y re d, an d i n a short tim e patc he s O f an ashy c ol o r
a p e ar
p A s the swe ll in g and ul c e ratio n in c re ase , any atte m pt at sw al
.

l owing i s atte n d e d with di stre ss . Du ri n g this sta g e the fe ve r d oe s not

p e rm an e ntl y dim in ish, and su ffe rs b ut l ittl e re m ission thirst i s g re at,
t he ski n hot , head ac he i nte n se sl e e p b rok e n , startin g an d twitc hing O f
q
the l im b s, an d fre u e n tl y d el i ri um . The e rupti on , pe r haps afte r fad ing
a n d rea
ppe ari n g , fi n al l y sub sid e s . I n sl ig ht c ase s the d i se ase te rm in ate s
f rom the si x th to the ninth d ay , b y the u l c e rs he al in g an d re l ie f to all the
sy m pto m s . B ut d e ath m ay tak e pl ac e in v iol e n t c ase s at an e arl y pe riod
o r the fev e r m a
y pa ss into a ty phoid state , with sy m pto m s som e what r e
se m b lin g C ontinu e d fe ve r whic h som e tim e s c on tin ue fo r we e k s , f rom
whic h the pati e n t u su all y re c ov e rs . This dise ase i s not e x c l usi v e l y c on
q
fi n e d to c hild re n , b u t in ad ul ts m o re fre ue ntl y attac k s w om e n than m e n ,
a nd i ts se ve rity an d d an g e r are au g m e n te d b y ag e .

T RE A T M EN T .

In tre atin g sc arl et fe v e r , n e arl y the sam e m e an s should b e e mpl oy e d

a s r e c om m e n d e d in m e asl e s . B e ware o f e mpl oyi ng phy sic in e ithe r
c ase , b ut m ak e u se O f stim ul ati n j
g in e c tion s , k e e ping u p a g e ntl e m o is
t ure of the sk in and the stre n g th O f the patie n t, b y n our ishin g b roths and
g rue l .F or furthe r d ire c ti on s se e pag e 4 96 . A g arg l e m ay b e m ad e O f
c ay e nn e , sal t, an d v i ne ar , an d a te as oonf ul u se d o c c asi on al ly to c l e an se
g p
the m ou th and fauc e s O f the fi l thy m u c us, and to re m ov e the i nflamm a
'

tion i n the throat .

[Reg u l ar T r eatm en t .— B l e e d in g , b l iste ring , g iving tartari

,
z e d an tim o

ny , ae the r, an d m u riatic ac i d , wi th c ol d a pl i c ati on s ]

p

M IL IA RY F EV ER OR S WEA T ERU P TION — M ili ar i s .

The o ri gin O f this d ise ase is ind ic ate d b y its n am e I t attac k s pe rson s
.

of l oose fib re and in d ol e n t hab its , from l i ng i n w ar m apartm e n ts , u n d e r

y
me muc h c l othing It f re ue n tl y oc c urs to wome n in c hildb e d Its ap
. q .

pe aranc e i s u su al ly m ark e d b y m in ute re d sp ots , m u c h l ik e the e ruption s

O f m e asl e s . The sw e at whic h atte n d s it is fre ue ntly O f an O ffensi veq
O d or , i t i s troub l e som e from i tc hin g an d tin gl ing , an d i s atte n d e d wi th
thirst , he at o f the sk i n , an d O fte n a c oate d ton g ue . Its du rati on d e pe n d s
on the c o ntin uation o f the pro d u c in g c au se s The fev e r u sual l y pre c e d e s
.

the e ru pti on , c on ti nu e s an in d e fi nite tim e , an d g e n e ral ly te rm in ate s i n a

n atural swe at .

T REA TM EN T .

In e ffe c tin g a c ure O f this d ise ase i t is ne c e ssary to have a d u e c on

q
sid e ration to c l e anl in e ss, fre u e n tl y s pon g ing the su r fac e of the b o dy ,
wi th the add ition O f w arm ing sti m ul ants to raise the v ital a c tion If the .

stom ac h i s d isord e re d an e m e ti c should b e ad m in i ste re d , an d i f the state

O f the b ow e l s ar e im paire d , ‘m ak e a fre e u se o f i n e c t ion s . j

The tre at
m e n t to b e e m pl o y e d i n m il d c ase s o f an y othe r k ind O f e ru ption w il l b e
s e rv ic ab l e in this d ise ase .

R
[ g
e u l ar Tr eatmen t — . B l iste ri ng , O p ium , am m onia, musk , c am phor . ]
 M A T ERI A M ED I C A . 7 87

ETTL E RA S H
' '

N r ti c ar i a .

This d ise ase i s disti ng u ishe d b y the appe aran c e O f b road , fl at, fl o rid
e l e vation s o f t he sk in , w hic h i tc h an d ti ngl e , appe arin g suc c e ssiv e l y i n
q
d iff e re nt parts, w ithou t r e g ul arity . Its m ost fre ue nt c au se i s the pre
se nc e of poi son ou s sub stan c e s i n the stom ac h It som e ti me s oc c urs as
.

an e ru pt ion , fe ve r c omm e nc in g b y a re ul ar c hill— the e ru pti on show

g
ng i tse l f o n the sec ond

T REA T M EN T .

L et the patie nt food as are d iffi c ul t Of d ig e stion ,

av oid su c h art ic l e s o f

partak in g O f a sim pl e d ie t, c om pose d O f n ou ri shin g soups, g rue l s , 81 0 .

This tre atm e nt, wi th the u se O f m e di c in e s to r e store a he althy ac tion of

the stom ac h an d b owel s, whi c h hav e b e e n m e ntione d i n the tre atm e nt of
sim il ar c ase s, w ill u sually in a short tim e hav e the d e si re d e ff e c t .

[Re g ul ar T r eatm en t — The tre atm e n t O f the re g ul ar prac tic e i s, wi th

m e rc u ry , n itri c ac id an d b l e e d ing , with c old applic ation s ]

F RIC K L EY H EA T— L i chen .

This di se ase i s c aused b y i nte n se an d l ong c onti nu e d he at Its d istin .

g ui shin g sy mptom s are a diff use e ru pti o n , w ith re d pimpl e s and a se nse
o f ti n lin
g g or pri c k in g . It i s atte nd e d w ith m ore o r l e ss g e ne ral i rri ta
ti On , an d som e ti m e s at i ts c om m e n c em e nt w ith a sl ight fe ve r In the .

m il d e r form i t fi rst appe ars with d i stin c t re d b l otc he s on the c he e k s, c hin ,

g y infl am e d at the i r b ase . I n a fe w d ay s the e ru ption
o r arm s, sl i htl

spr e ad s o v er the n e c k , b od , an d l o we r e x tre m iti e s, rod uc i n a se n sa

y p g
ti on O f itc hin g ; O fte n agg rav ate d d u ring the nig ht In a w e e k or te n
.

d ay s the e ruption fad e s and the c utic l e se parate s i n sc urf This i s the .

c o mm on fo rm , b ut we som e tim e s se e a vi v id r ash thrown ou t, o c c asion

al ly d e e ne ratin
g i n to whe al s l ik e the n e ttl e rash , w hi c h re m ain for a
g
c on side rab l e ti me u nl e ss the
pro d uc in g c ause i s r e m o ve d .

T RE A TM EN T .

The b e st way to reliev e this c om pl aint i s to tak e fre e ly O f hot m ed i ~

c in e s an d e x c i te
pe rspirati on . Rub the su rfac e of the b od y , afte r the
pe rspiration has c e ase d , w ith an O intm e nt m ad e O f fre sh b u tte r or c ream ,
z
i n whic h has b e e n simm e re d a l ittl e c am phor , pul ve r i e d c ub e b s, or pe p
pe rm i nt . Thi s O intm e n t wil l c au se a c ool i ng se n sation u pon the sur fac e .

If this d oe s n ot re l iev e tak e a c ourse O f m e d i c ine , an d k e e p up the he at

~

u n ti l the al arm in g s m ptom s appe ar , an d l e t the p atie n t c o ol d owts

y
v e ry
g rad uall y . This g e ne ral l y an swe rs in the wo rst O f c ase s .
[Reg u l ar T r eatmen t — M erc u ry , tartari z e d an ti m on
y , with c ool ing l o
tions ] .

S H IN G L ES Cein g l e .

This d i se ase i s som e time s pre c e d e d b y som e c on stitut ional aff e c ti on .

The fi rst l oc al sym ptom s are i tc hin g and ti ngl ing O f som e parts O f the
b ody , whic h are studd e d w ith smal l , irre g ul ar , re d patc he s, a l ittl e d is
tan c e f rom e ac h othe r , c ov e re d with n um e rou s sm all e l e v ations In .

t we nty fou r hou rs the y hav e e nl arg e d c on sid e ra b l y , and c onta in a tran s
-

pare nt, limpid fl uid . It u suall y e x te nd s in strips f ro m the spine toward s

the b re ast b one , b ut ne v e r e n ti rely e nc ir c l e s any par t Of the b ody . In a
7 88 rm : TH O M S O N t A N

f e w d ay s som e O f the b urst , othe r s shrink up

ve sic l e s an d a re fo rm e d l n
t o sc ab s, the n fall off an d l e av e an i n fl am ed su rfac e .

T RE A TM EN T .

Whe n this e ruption m ak e s its appe aranc e k e e p up a m ode ra te warm th

throu g hout the s ste m b t he u se O f the w arm m e d i c in e s A noint the
y y .

su rfac e with a n o in tm e nt m ad e O f e ual q

parts of y e ll ow lily roo ts an d
s a e , sim m e re d in fre sh b utte r or l a rd , wi th the add i tion O f a l i ttl e b o rax
g
o r a lu m . K
e e p up the te m pe rature a s b e fore m e ntion e d , and d ri ve the
d iffi c ul ty ou t, and d ry i t up u pon the surfac e w ith the O in tm e nt ; it will
form a d ry sc al e and c om e O ff .

[Reg u lar Tr eatm en t .— B l e e d ing , a nti m o ny , &c ., w ith c ooli ng pu rg a

ti v e s, an d re fri e ran t a
g ppli c a tion s ]

RIN G WO RM — I m eti o.
p g
This dise ase c om e s o n wi th an i tc hin g and sl ig ht l oc al infl am m ation .
It appe ars i n patc he s m ore or l e ss c i rc u l ar, w ith v e sic l e s , sti n g prin
c ipall
y o n the m arg in O f the patc he s, the m id dl e portion b e in g re d , te n
de r, a nd dispose d to pe e l in sc ale s A si ng l e patc h som e tim e s run s
.

throu g h i ts c o u rse i n fr om one to six d ay s, b ut a n e w o ne sprin s u p in

g
its n e i g hb orhood , and so suc c e e d e ac h o the r fo r an i nde fi ni te pe ri od .

T R EA TM EN T .

q
This d i se ase m ay b e c u re d fre ue n tly b y the u se O f tob ac c o uic e . It j
m ay al so b e re l ie v e d b y washin with hard w ood ashe s , and w he n d ry
I
wash w ith vin e g ar . It m ay al so re washe d w ith li me wate r , afte r w hi c h
appl y the v in e ar , an d w he n the su rfa c e i s ro u h fr om the a
g g ppl ic ation of
t he l y e an d v ine g ar a so othing Oi ntm e nt m ay b e u se d m ad e O f the b urs O f
m e ad ow fe rn sim me re d in fre sh b utte r , c re am or hog s l ard ; or any
’
,

othe r softe ni n
g O intm e n t may b e appli ed , to softe n an d sooth the rou g h
a n d i rri tate d su rfa c e .

[Reg u l ar T r eatm en t — The re gu l ar pra c tic e i s, wi th m e rc u ri al O int

z
m e nt, and i nte rnal ly wi th c alo me l , in c , a n d le ad ]

ITC H — P sor a .

This i s a c utane ou s i nfl am m ation wi thout fe ve r, c ons isti n O f v e sic l e s

c onta ini n g a se rou s fl uid , whic h m ay appe ar on any part O f t 1 e b ody , b ttt g
j
m ost c omm o nly i n the fle xu re s O f the oi n ts , and b e twe e n the fi ng e rs and
te e s . In se ve re c ase s or in ad vanc e d stag e s the v e sic l e s d e g e ne rate into
pustu l e s c ontai n in g a y e l l ow m atte r , and the se some tim e s u n iting form
u n sig htl y b l otc he s . It is u sual l y re c e i ve d b y c on tag ion ; b u t m ay b e
e rat ed b fi l th h b i t O i t fi t e a ran c e it i s som e tim e s tak e n
g e n y y a s . n s rs a pp
fo r othe r e ru ptions, b u t on m inu te e x amina tion c an e asily b e d istin
g uishe d .
T REA TM EN T .

A n O intm e nt m ad e Of n arrow d oc k , simm e re d w ith fre sh b u tte r, w ith

the add ition of a littl e spiri ts of tu rpe ntin e and sul phur m ay b e appl ie d to
the e ruption upon the su rf ac e O f the b ody L e t the patie nt tak e som e
.

c om position powd e r o r g in sl ing to d ri ve O u t the d iso rd e r G unpowd e r .

and c re am i s a g oo d re me dy . S pirits of turpe nti ne add e d to the N O . 6,

 79 0 TH E T H O M S O N IA N

In the S weati n g S tag e the pul se b e c om e s soft and l e ss f re uen t re turn q

i ng g radual ly to i ts n atural state , and the a nx ie ty an d d iffi c ul ty of b re ath
gu g are re m o ve d .
The appe tite fail s from the c om m e n c e m e nt to the d isappe aranc e of the
paro x y sm , and i n n e ra l th e pati e nt has a g re at a ve rsi on to food , sic k
n e s s at the stom a c q
fre u e ntly v om iting a b ilio us m atte r i n b o th the
c ol d an d hot sta e s T h i r st a n d e x c e ssi ve d r ne ss i n the m ou th a nd
g .
y
t hroat, c onti nu e d uri ng the parox y sm o f fe ve r , b u t sub sid e a s pe rspi ration
e n sue s. L astl y hea d ac he , atte n d e d w ith a pe c ul iar throb b in g of the
t e m pl e s an d b a c k o f the he a d , a n d pa in i n the l i m b s . The i nte r v al b e
t w e e n t he pa rox y sm s o f an i nte rm itt e n t , is al pe ri od of c om parati ve heal th ,
a n d th e te rm of ti m e b e twe e n those parox i sm s, d e te rm i n e the type of the
di se a se . If the spa c e of time b e twe nty —four hou rs, the fe ve r is te rm e d
qu oti dia n , or d ai ly ; i f forty e ig ht hou rs , so that the se c o n d parox y sm
-

happe n s on the thi rd d ay , it is c al l e d te r ti an if se v e n ty two hours, a

-

q uart e rs . A fe v e r havi ng b ut one parox ism has b e e n te rm e d ephemer a l ,

a n d was onc e c all e d the swe atin
g sic kn e ss, whe n i t pre v ai le d i n Eng l and .
T REA TM EN T ,

A thorou g h c ou rse o f m e d ic ine and a c ontinue d pe r spiration w ill fre

q u e ntly b re ak u p the fe ve r i n tw e nty fou r hour s . S hou ld on e c ou r se n ot
-

suc c e e d , a ppl y the se c o nd , a n d so c on ti n ue u ntil the c o m l ain t i s t e

p
m o v e d , m ak i ng u se of the b ath da ily to throw o ff the m o rb id m atte r that
m ay have ac c um ulate d u pon the su rfac e ; al so tak e re sto rativ e m e d ic ine s
for the d ig e stiv e powe rs d uring the i nterval s. The se fe v e rs m ay all b e
re m o ve d b y s im pl e tre atm e n t .

R
[ g
e u l ar T r ea t m en t — B l e e din
g , m e rc ru y ,
'
j al ap , a ntim on
y, c oppe r ,
a mm oni a, arse ni c , an d q
uini n e ]

Y EL L OW F EV ER— T yphu s I cterod es .

The sym ptom s w hic h d isti ng ui sh this from othe r fe v e rs, are the fo ll ow
i ng S l ig ht c hill s a c c om pan ie d w ith fain ting s sic k n e ss at the sto ma c h
c o n stan tl y from the fi r st, an d the i nc l in ation to v om it i nc re ase s w i th the
d i se ase. A t fi rst the m atte r v om ite d i s yel l o w , a nd o n the se c ond o r
thi rd d a y i t is g re e n , a nd toward s the fatal term inati on b l ac k , or of a sl ate
c ol or, and r e se m b l in g c offe e g rou n d s in c o n siste n c y . The y e l low c ol or o f
t he sk i n , whic h i s b y n o m e an s p e c ul iar to this d isease , i s fi rst d e v e l op
e d on the thi rd or fourth d ay , i n the e y e s , n e c k , an d b re ast, an d the n c e

e x te n d s ov e r the re st of the b od y , whic h i n fatal c ase s b e c o m e s y e ll ow

throu g hout the u rine i s o f a d ark saff ron c ol or ; the tong u e i s c o v e re d

with a m oist y el l owi sh white c oat, then i t b e c om e s m ore d ry and d is
c ol ore d , an d fi n al l yq u ite b l ac k .

The tim e for the d isease to re ac h i ts fatal term inati on i s v ari ou s in

som e i n stanc e s in twe nt
y four hours, in whic h the sk in is l e ss stron g ly
-

m ark e d . Whe n it ru n s four or fi v e d ay s i t e x hib its de c id e d re m ission ,

su c h as w ou ld l e ad a pe r so n n o t e x pe ri e n c e d to antic ipate re c ov e ry b ut
a fte rwards the sp i ri ts a nd str e n th r e v ive o nl y a fe w hou rs b e fo re d e ath .
g
W he n the pe c uliar v arie ty ab ove m e nti one d tak e s pl ac e , the d isease al
m ost al ways pro ve s fatal .
T REA T BI EN T .

This dise ase shoul d b e tre ate d with the m ost rig orou s c ourse of m e d i
c i ne , and a c ontinu e d pe rspiration k e pt u p The su rfac e shoul d ofte n b e
.

b athed with a strong alk al in e wash m ad e of hard wo od ashe s put into

w ate r and al l owed to se ttl e , and the n m ix e d with whisk e y or We st Ind ia
 M A TERIA M ED I C A . 79 1

rum , to the g l utinou s sub stan c e from the p ore s and p re v e nt an ah

c l e ar
so rpt ion o f the m o rb id m at ter that has w ork e d ou t b y pe rs i ration . B aths
p
shoul d b e u se d d ail , an d the te m e ratu re of the sy ste m
y p g e ne ral ly shoul d
b e k e pt as re g ular and as n e ar that o f he al th as artifi c ial m e an s w il l pe r
m it . S oups and g rue l s hig hl y se asone d , should b e tak e n as foo d and
'

stron
g ton ic m i x tu re s , su c h as b itte rs, sy ru ps , t o stre n g the n , shou l d
b e u se d as soon a s the state o f the sto m ac h w il l pe r m it of suc h tre a tm e nt .

The saline prope rtie s o f the b l o od b e c om e s m uc h re d u c e d b y this d is

e ase , b
y whic h m e ans the sy ste m b e c om e s v e ry pu tri d , the re fore p e ppe r
an d sal t shou l d b e use d i n
g re at profusion i n n ouri shm e n t afte r thoroug h
c ourse s o f m e dic in e . S e e pag e 5 1 5 .

[Reg u larTr eatm en t.— B l e e d ing , m e rc u ry , j al ap

,
c ol oc
y nth, opi um ,
and c ol d a plic ation s ]
p

S P OTTED F EV ER— T yphu s G r a v ier .

Thi s d ise ase de riv e s its n am e f rom the d ark c ol ore d spots i t e x hib its
u o n the sk in , c au se d b y the e x trav asation of b l o od b e n e ath the c utic l e
p .

It m ay b e d e sc rib e d a n erv ou s fe v e r, i n whic h the stag e of re ac tion is

w anting , atte nd e d with pain i n the he ad , vi rtig o , parox y sm s of g astri c
si nk in g , g e n era l l y w ith a sl ow p ul se , an d n o fe b r il e sm e l l P e te c hial
.

j
e ru tion s, i n e c tio n of the c apil l arie s, c om a , d e l iriu m , pal pi tati on , n u m b
p
n e ss an d sink in afte r e vac u atio n s , are m ore c omm on than i n a n
g y othe r
fe b ri le dise ase . It b e ar s a striking re se m b l anc e to m al i g nant c hol e ra,
q
It v ari e s m u c h in its sym ptoms, an d e ual l y as m uc h in the tim e of d u
ra tion . It so me tim e s re se m b l e s c omm on n e rv ou s fe v e r , at othe rs l ow
typhus, whil e at othe r tim e s i t: i s atte n d e d w ith v om itin g and d iarrhoea .

It som e tim e s c on tinu e s b ut a fe w hours , b ut m o re g e ne rally fi ve or se ve n

d ays an d som e ti m e s two or thre e we e k s an d e ve n oc c a sional ly as m any
,

m onths .

T REA TM EN T .

In l ig ht c ase s it i s g e n e ral ly su fli c i e nt, i f atte nd e d to i n se ason , to raise

a p rofuse pe rs pirati on , b y ad m i ni ste ri n g c om po sition w ith the add ition o f
c ay e n n e an d rhe u m ati c d rop s , b e i n g p l ac e d ove r a l ive l y ste am . The n
'
l e t the patie nt b e pl ac e d i n b e d w ith a ste am in g ston e at his fe e t, an d
o c c asio nal ly g iv e n warm te a to c ontinu e the pe r spirati on . B u t in m ore
ob stin ate c ase s , o r whe n the d ise ase i s fu rth e r ad v an c e d , i n ad di tion t o
the ab ov e tre atm e n t gi ve str ong c ank e r te a , an d w he n the pe rspi ration is
fre e , ad mi niste r an e me tic of l ob e l i a, i n thre e d iffe re n t d ose s , o nc e in fi f
te e n m inu te s . Whe n un d e r this ope ration l e t the m tak e fre e l y of any
ra t e f ul d rink , an d afte r t he v om i tin g has c e ase d g i ve the m m il k p o r
g
rid g e o r water g r u el . When the perspiration i s n e arly d one and the ir
stre ngt h som e what re c ov e re d , ste am the m a s l on g as the y c an b e ar i t,

the n rub the m with spiri ts an d w ate r or vine g ar c han e the i r c l othe s ,
g
and l e t the m sit u p o r g o to b e d as the i r str e n g th w ill p e rm i t Whe n
.

the patie nt i s so w e ak as n ot to b e ab l e to ge t u p l e t them b e ste am e d i n

b e d as hot as the y c an b e ar it, the n rub the m as b e fore m e ntion e d , and
c hang e the ir c l othe s an d b e d c l othe s . The l ast d ire c tion is al l im po rtan t,
for u nl e ss al l the c l othe s that hav e b e e n arou n d the m are c hang e d the y
w ill ab sorb a part of the fi l th that has b e e n d isc harg e d an d thus ad d to
what i s l e ft o f the i r d isord e r . Those who atte nd upon the pati ent are i n
d ang e r o f inhal in g the foul vapor an d thus tak ing the d ise ase the m se l ve s,
whic h m ay g e ne ral ly b e pre ve nte d b y taki n g hot b itte rs or c hewing
g in g e r root
 7 92 r m: T H O M S O N IA N

If the ab ove tre atm e n t on the fi rst trial d o e s n ot rove su ffi c ie n t to

' p
throw otl t he d ise ase , l e t i t b e re e ate d at the d isc r e tion o f the rac ti
p p
ti o ne r . A fte rwa rd s use re stora ti ve m e d ic in e s a s in othe r c ase s of re
co
ver .
y

[Regu l ar Tr eatm en t — The tre atm e nt o f the g ul ar p rac tic e is b l ee d

re
i ng , b l iste rin , wi th c al om e l , al a
g j
p , an tim ony , a nd arse n ic
] .

Erysip ela tou s A fi cction s .

ERY S IP EL AS .

This is an e ruptive fe v e r of a typhoid c harac te r , m ost f re ue n tl y o c q

c urri n g to tho se o f ad van c e d l ife , o r d e b il itate d c o n stitu tio ns . Its ap
pro ac h is i n sidi ous, i ts pre c e ding fe ve r o fte n b e i ng ve ry li ght S om e .

t im e s the re a re c hi ll s an d he at , a c c om panie d b y d ro wsine ss and e v e n d e

‘

liriu m . A b out the third d ay the re i s a re d n e ss se e n on some parts of the

pe rs on affe c te d . A t fi rst this is v e ry ind istinc t, b u t it g radu ally spre ad s
i n all d ire c tio ns , and as i t a d v an c e s b e c om e s prom ine n t , an d i ts outl ine s
m ore pe r fe c tly d e fi n e d If i t attac k s the fac e , the no stril s b e c om e sw ol
.

l e n an d painful , and the e ye lid s o fte n e nl arg e so as to e nti re ly ob struc t

the sig ht . I n m any c ase s o nly o ne sid e i s aff e c te d , w he n the b ound ary
c an b e trac e d al o ng the r id g e of the n ose , d i vid in
g the c hin , l ips , an d
sc al p , i n the c e ntre The fe atu re s, and partic ul arly the m ou th, are o fte n
.

d isto rte d .The m orb id ac tio n i nv ol ve s the whol e thic k ne ss of the tru e
sk i n , whic h b e c om e s u nn atural l
y hard B liste r s b e in to form o n the
h
.

se c o n d or third d a
y The m atte r e ffuse d is y e l l o w is or l iv id
. Whe n .

b liste rs d o n ot appe ar , the sk in u sually d rie s i n fi n e sc al e s The i nflam .

m atio n c o n ti nu e s f rom e i g ht to twe l ve d ays, d uri ng whic h tim e the e rup

ti on travails o ve r d iff e re n t parts A s it c e ase s to spre ad the d ise ase sub
.

sid e s .

The sym ptom s i nd ic ating d an g er a re d el iri u m an d d rowsine ss , f rom

whic h the patie n t i s arouse d w ith di ffi c u lty .

T RE A TM EN T .

Thi s diffi c ul ty c an b e c u re d b y m ak i ng use of e m e tic p ill s for se v e ral

'

d ay s in suc c e ssion , a nd ta kin g se ve ral ste a m b aths ; a fte r w hi c h tak e a

thorou g h c ou rse of m e d ic i ne a nd k e e p u p the pe rspira ti on , u ntil the di s
ord e r c o me s to a c risis, has a re ul ar tu rn , and sc al e s o ff i n a d r
g y kind o f
d u st fro m the su rfa c e .

[Reg u lar Tr eatmen t — The re g ular prac tic e i s b l e e d ing , b liste ring ,
an d phy sic ]
.

i
P o soN ED WO U N DS .

The m ost famil iar instan c e s o f poisone d w ounds , are those i nfl ic te d b y

i n se c ts , whic h hav e the pow e r o f inse rtin g into the wo un d so m e pe c ul iar
fl u id , c apab le o f prod uc in g a spe c ifi c e ffe c t . In the b e e , thi s poison l ie s
in a sm all b l adde r at the b ase o f the stin g . The poison fl ows fro m the
v e sic l e thro ugh the st in g at the m o m e nt i t is in se rte d ; an d the m e c ha nism

in all ve no mous an i mal s is n e arl y the sam e . The in fl amm ation whic h i s
pro d uc e d b y the sting o f any of the sm all er i nse c ts, g e n e rally sub side s of
794 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

se al ; m i x this c om pound we ll tog e the r , and put a tab le spoonful into a

pint of b oilin wate r , swe e te n e d , and it i s fi t for use . Tak e a wi ne g lass
ful six or e i g t time s a d ay . T his will raise the g e ne ral te mpe rature of
the b ody , and the dise ase i n the he ad wil l he al .
'
A u se ful suud , to b e tak e n while usi ng this m e dic in e , may b e m ade of
,

one part fi ne b a b e rry b ark , one part fi ne b i tte r root, and one part fi ne l y

p ul v e ri e d z
w i te h z
a e l l e ave s .

A c our se of m e d i c ine m ay b e ve ry use ful in two or thre e days afte r the

c om m e nc e m e n t of this tre atm e n t ; an d l e t it b e re peate d if the im pr ove
-

m e nt is n ot satisfac to ry C o stiv e ne ss shoul d b e atte nd e d to b y all me ans,

.

and the b l ood m ad e to c irc u l ate fre e ly i n the l o we r e x tre mitie s, the re b y
re d uc in g the p re ssure from the ve sse l s i n the head .

[Reg u lar Tr eatmen t— The re g ular prac ti c e is b l e e din g , b liste ri ng ;

me rc ury , digi tal is, an tim ony and opium ]
'

IN F L U EN Z A Cyn ache
yn gce . Rh ar

This rs a fe b ril e d ise ase , ac c om pan ie d b y infl am m ation of the fauc e s;

the ai r pa ssag e s, and m ore or l e ss the sub stan c e of the l ung s . Its sy mp
tom s are those of c atarrh, in add ition to whic h are g re at hoarse n e ss,
z
whe e in g , rapid pul se , hot ski n , nause ous s tom ac h, and he ad ac he . The -

fe v e r is u sual ly re g ul arly re m i tte nt, b ut oc c asi onal ly assum e s an i rre g u ~

l ar inte rm itte n t type . In some par tic ul ar e pid e m ic s the dise ase has b e e n
atte nd e d with c ram p , painful c ou h , e x tre m e de b il ity , and d e l i rium . 6 It
g
is S om e time s v e ry m ortal am on g t l e rob ust, b ut the m ore de l icate , e spe
’ ‘
“

c ial ly wom e n and c hild re n , u sual ly e sc ape with a l ighte r parox ysm .

T REA T M EN T .

B ath e the fe e t in hot wate r , as dire c te d for pl eu risy , afte r taking a

l ass of c om po sition ; afte r b athin g , wi pe d ry and m ake u se of the sti m ué
g
,

l ating l in im en t T he n put the patie n t in b e d , with a ho t b ri c k at the fe e t,

.

to d raw the e x c e ssive c i rc u l ation from the he ad d ow nward s . A pply a

sti m ul ati ng or stre n g the ni ng pl aste r t o the n e c k , no tc he d at the sid e s so

that it m ay e x te n d to the e d g e of the c hin ; pu t o ve r thi s two or thre e

thic k n e sse s o f fl anne l . B y this tre atm en t, i n two or three hou rs the i n
flamm ati on wil l g e n e rally b e re d uc e d i n a g reat m e asure , an d the pati e nt
re l ie v e d .
Whe n the c ase is v e ry b ad , after b athing the fe e t an d g e tting the pl as
te r ab out the n e c k , i f swal lowin g i s d itlic u l t, m ak e u se of an i n e c tio n of j
c om position , o r thi rd pre paratio n , sutfi c ie ntl y stro n to indu c e v om iti ng
g .

This wil l c l e ar away all ob stru c ti ons, and there Wi ll b e n o d iffi c ulty i n
swall owin g afte rward s .

T hi s c ourse of tre atm e nt i s u se ful in al l c ases whe re the re i s an e x c e ss

i ve c irc ul ati on of b l ood in the head e r uppe r e x tre m i tie s.

[ Reg u l ar Tr eatmen t — B le e ding , b liste ring , q

s uil ls and antimon
y .]

PL EU RIS Y P leu ri ti s .
’
’

-
.

An f this d isease is usually ac c om pan ie d with ac ute pain i n the

a
att c k e .

c he st The pai n is some tim e s d ul l and he avy , at othe rs ac ute , and is al

.

way s inc re ase d b y a ful l b re ath . Whe n a full b re ath is i nhale d , a c ou g h,

'

usually short an d d ry , is pro d uc e d Ord inary b re athing i s atte nde d with

.

The pul se is hard and fre ue nt, whi l e the othe r symp
so re ne ss or pai n . .
. q
toms of fe ver are not g e nerally very s tro ng .
 M AT E
RI A ms n rc x. 7 95

The se at of thi s d ise ase is d oub tl e ss the pl e u ra , or i nve sting m e mb rane

:
of the l ung s .

T REA T M EN T .

Tak e a d ose of c om position , c ay e nne , o r hot d rops ; the n put the fe e t i h

to wate r as hot as the patie nt c an b e ar i t ; ra ise the te m pe rature b y ad d ing
hot wate r , k e e pi ng it as hot as i t c an b e b orne . K
'

ee p up thi s ope ratio n

till a l i ve l y pe rspiration starts i n the pal m s of the hand s and on the fore
he ad ; The n w ipe the fe e t and l e g s d ry with a c loth, thoroughly , with
1t he sti m ul ati n
g l inim e nt . T h i s t q
re atm e nt will e uali e the he at o f the z
b od y , and u sually relie ve the pain i n a g re at m e asu re . T he n put the pa
t ie n t in to a w arm b e d , with a ho t b ri c k , ston e , o r j ug of wate r at his fe e t .
'
I f this i s n ot suffi c ie nt, ad m ini ste r a n e m e tic , whi c h will g e ne ra lly aflord
r e l ie f ; b ut i f it d oe s n ot, m ak e u se o f a thorou g h c ourse of m e di c ine .
T he re a so n why we d o n ot d ire c t a thoro ug h c ou rse of m e d ic i ne at the
c omm e n c e m e nt i s, that l ig ht trea tm e n t is pre fe rre d b y m o st pe opl e at
q
fi rst, and f re ue n tly an swe rs the purpose .

[Reg u lar Tr eatment .— C opious b le e di ng an d b li ste ring, wi th an tim on

y
a nd op iates . ]

LU NG F EV ER— P n e umon ia.

y m ptom s of l u ng fe ve r are , ac u te pain i n the b re ast, l assitude ,

s
‘
l oss of appe ti te , usually ac c om pan ie d wi th c hill s , and soo ne r or l ate r with
a se nse of te n sion , or we ig ht u pon the part. The c hil l is suc c e e d e d b y
g re at he at, the n an a c u te pain attac ks the c he st, u sually the midd le o f o ne
.

sid e , e x te nd in e v e n to the c ol la r b on e an d shoul d e r . The b re athi ng is

‘

g
q q
fre ue n t and short ; a hard , pain ful an d fre ue nt co ug h, and a frothy e x
pe c toration , som e ti me s tin g e d with b lood , som e tim e s g re e n or y e llow
a n d i n som e se v e re c a se s whol ly wan ting .
. The pul se i s v e ry unc e rtai n ,
the a c ti on o f the he art i s stron g , and som e tim e s a se n sation of heat, or
b urni n g . The c ounte nan c e is flu sh e d , tum id , an d the l ips d a rk an d l i vid ;
‘
b ut som e ti m e s g e n e ral pal e ne ss and a c on trac te d aspe c t indi c ate a c ol
l apse . O fte n an a b u ndant vi sc id swe at a ppe ars ab ou t the n e c k and fac e ,
a c c om pan ie d with a hot and d ry state o f the o the r parts of the b o dy . The

patie n t m ani fe sts an av e rsion an d he sitati on in answe ri ng ue sti ons. The q

t ong u e i s d ry , the swall owing i s d ifli c ul t, a n d the thirst inte nse . In som e
c ase s the onl y po stu re to l e rab l e i s o n the b ac k , wi th the he ad and shoul ~

d e rs e le v ate d ; b ut m ore usuall y on the affe c te d sid e .

T he ab ov e sym ptom s are c omm on t o al l wel l m ark e d c ase s ; b ut in i ts

m ost se ve re form , th e e y e s are e xt re m e ly red and prom in e n t, the tong ue
swe l l s , and stupo r o r d e l iri u m su c c e e d s. In fatal c ase s , the se pre c ursors
o f d e ath appe ar i n ab o ut se ve n day s.

T R EA TM EN T.

This d isease show s that the fl ui d s are so c l ose l y c on fi ne d in the trunk

'

o f the b ody that the re i s d an g e r of i m m e diate d issol ution b y m orti fi c ati on ,

'

i f a u nive rsal and fre e c irc ul atio n is not e fle c te d . S ti mul ati ng m e d ic ine s
should b e i m m e d i ate l y u sed , to c re ate an ac tive c irc ul ation . The fe e t
shoul d b e m ost thorou g hl y b athe d i n hot wate r , and the stron g est k i nd of

lin im e nt applie d ; the n the pati e nt shoul d g o i nto a warm b e d , with a hot
ston e at the fe e t . T his c ourse will hav e a te nde nc y to e ual i e in a g reat q z
m e asure the fl uids of the bedy . The n a thoro ug h c ou rse o f m e di c ine ill w ‘

uc e the happ iest e ffe c ts to the pa tie nt . T h e d ie t should b e c ru st c o

p ro d f
fe e , w i th mi l k and su gar, a nd milk porri dg e , or light soups . Tinc ture of
e metic shoul d b e free ly u se d , i n smal l q uantitie s, to mak e the e x pe c tora
 i

7 96 “
m n TH O M S O N I A N

tion fre e . The v e i ns i n the hand s and fe e t shoul d b e k e pt ful l . This i s a

g ui de to the prac titi one r for a c orre c t te m pe ra ture .

[Reg ular T r eat men t — B l e e din g , with ni tre , sal ts, m e rc ury , antim on
y,
and mthe r j

C ON S U M P TION —P hthi si s P u l mon ali s .

This d is e ase u sually c om e s on w ithout se v er e i nfl amm ation, an d ar

ri ve s at m atu rity al m ost , w ithout the
pati e n t suspe c ti ng he has an y se ri
ou s d isease The fi rst sy mpto m i s a sl ig ht , short c o u g h, soon b e c om in g
.

hab i tu al , b u t so m ild as to l e ad the pe rson to the su ppositi on that he ha s

n o se ttl e d c ou g h w hate v e r A c l ose ob se r ve r , how e v e r , m ay asc e rtain ,
.

that the b re athi ng i s e asil y hurri e d b y m oti on , an d a di mi n ishe d disposi

ti on to ac tion , atte nd e d w i th som e e m ac iati on .

The pe r son m ay fe e l no aggravati on o f the se sy m ptom s, e x c e pt an i a

c re ase d l iab il ity t o c ou h o n tak i n g c ol d than form e rl y , for e v e n a y e ar
g
or t wo ; b ut the c ou h I S fre ue nt l y e asil
g q
y reli e ve d , an d n o soli c itu d e i s '

e x pe ri e n c e d The c oug h thus far i s usu all y m ost t roub l e som e o n ly

.

q
d ow n at nig ht , b u t fre u e ntl y not atte n de d b y e x pe c torati on A t l en .

i t b e c om e s m ore c on stant , an d i s att e n de d , e spe c ial ly i n the m orni n g ,

w ith ra isi ng phl e g m from the l u ng s The di sc harg e g radu ally b e c om e s
.

m ore ab un d ant , l e ss t ran spare nt, the n y e ll ow o r g re e ni sh, and fi n al ly as

sum e s a c orru pte d appe ar an c e The pu s w hic h is n ow throw n u p is m ix
.

We ak ne ss and e m ac iation i nc re ase , and

'

e d w ith v is c id whi te phl e g m .

b re athin g is m ore l ab ori ous M any of the n atu ral se c re ti ons are c he c k
.

y pe r c e i ve a c hang e of sy ste m
e d ; fe m al e s, e spe c i al l , .

F e v e rish sym ptom s are n ow m an ife ste d , e spe c iall y towards e ve ni ng .

The he c tic fe v e r soon ob se r ve s i ts re gul ar pe ri od s— twi c e in twe n ty four -

hou rs . The m orning fe v e r c om e s on ab out n oon , the n som e what sub

sid e s, b u t i s su c c e e d e d b y a no the r parox y sm tow ard s e v e n i n Th e
g .

m orni ng paroxy sm i s atte nd e d w ith a fl ushe d c he e k , and i n the e ve ni n g

the c old stag e pre d om i n ate s T ow ard s the term in ation of the di se ase ,
.

ab un d ant sw e ats foll ow the c hi ll s P ai n i n th e sid e b e c om e s n e arl y c on

.

stan t . N ig ht sw e ats are a pro mi n e n t sy m ptom S pittin g o f b l o od is ai .

w ay s ob se rve d i n som e stag e of the di se ase F i nally , the fe e t sw e ll , the

.

to ncg ue i s re d an d c l e an , an d the e y e s assum e a pe arl y lu stre S til l l ate r , .

the b owe l s b e c om e ob stin ate l y l oose , e ru ptio ns b r e ak ou t i n the m ou th,

an d the str e n th i s rapidl
g y e x hauste d .

T REA T M EN T .

We w ill tak e a re trospe c ti v e vi ew o f thi s dise ase from i ts c omm e n c e

m e nt , pass throug h i ts v ar iou s
an d stag e s to i ts te rm in at i on , that ou r re a

son in g m ay b e un d e rsto od
"

j
In the fi rs t plac e , our sub e c t i s suppose d to e n oy g ood he al th, an d b y j
som e m e an s he tak e s c ol d , b y w hic h the v ital w arm th i s re d u c e d ; an d as
e ve ry pe rson ha s hi s p artic ul ar w e ak parts , our m an i s on e th at i s usual l y
d e no m inate d o f a c on sum ptiv e hab it, a sl e n d e r c on stitu ti on , al tho ugh the
m ost ro b ust are n ot e ntirel y fre e from the liab il ity o f b e ing attac k e d wi th
thi s c om plai nt .

The pe rson tak e s c ol d , b y whi c h m e an s the re i s a re du c tion or ab se nc e

of v ital w armth u pon the l u n g s, i n c on se u e n c e of w hi c h the g l and ul ar q
ju i c e s an d sali va g e n e ral l y b e c o me thic k and ad he si ve , in pro p orti on to
q
the uantity of warm th l ost , the sam e as the b lood , whi c h c ong e al s from
the l oss of heat. The sal iva d oe s n ot flow fre e , b u t adhe re s to the m u
c o us m e m b ran e o ve r the sm al l v e sse l s that hav e om itte d i t ; an d a c on

stant inhal ation of the c old atm osphe re re nd e rs i t m ore sti fl an d ad he siv e ,
 r u n TH O M S O N I A N

c oal in a c l ose room, the air would b e c o m e d ry , an d the patie nt would

m ore i n ury than
re c e i ve j j
if he re m ain e d su b e c t to the v arious vi c issitude s
of the c old ai r .
We m ust b e c onstantly b reathing and re c e iv ing upon the lung s the air
that surro unds u s . U nd e r su c h c irc um stan c e s, i t is ne c e ssary that we
g e t i nto that ki nd of atm osphe re whic h will k e e p the l ung s in a te m pe rate
s ta te as n e ar as
possib l e , as m uc h so as if the so re was upon the su rfac e ,
c om fortab l e nc lose d? b a e nial l aste r .
y y g p
It may b e aske d , whe re c an a c o nsu mpti ve pe rson fi nd suc h air ? To .

whic h we re pl y , m any g o to the We st Indie s, whe re it i s to b e foun d for

one hal f of e ac h twe nt
-

y fou r hours . B ut the g re at uantity o f m oisture

-
q
that i s e x hal e d i nto the air und e r a v e rtic al sun , i s c onde n se d at e ve nin g ,
an d re turns to the e ar th i n the fo rm of wate r or d e w an d i m re n ate s the
, p g
atm osphe re with suc h e x c e ssi ve hu m idit
y , that unl e ss the patie nt shuts
hi m se lf up in a tig ht roo m , an d has a live ly fi re b urning , to k e e p the wa
e r i n the form of air in the room , and the room as warm as the ai r wa s
t
m iddle of the d ay , he wil l l ose all at n ig ht whic h he g aine d during
fl:e
y.
q
I n c on se ue n c e of the sc ar c ity o f fue l , an d the warm th o f the we ather ,
i n the We st Ind ie s fi re s are se ldom i n u se du ri n th e e v e ni n for the n a
g g
e

ti ve in hab itants, and a e rson from the n orth w ou ld b e u nwil l i n to m ak e

p g
su c h a re ue st in so war m a c lim ate
q q
; c on se u e n tl y he would l ose at
n i g ht, h h gh y by
' ai ne d thr ou h he da
p e r a
ps t r ou diffi d e n c e ,
wh a t he ha d g g t
c are A n d after a stay o f som e thre e , fou r , or six m on ths , he re tu rn s to
.

his friend s, m uc h worse , and i n a state that soo n c arrie s hi m off b y c on

sum pti on . t
y

N ow our opinion is, the m an shoul d ne v er hav e le ft home If he had1

’

wan te d a We st Ind ia c l im ate , it should hav e b e e n m anu fac ture d i n his

own hou se whe re he c oul d hav e had fri e n ds who re g arde d his re ste ra
,

ti on to he al th m ore than his m one F or whe n he thi nk s he i s trav ell ing

y .

fo r his he al th, he l ab ors u nde r a m istak e H e onl y trave l s t o spen d hi s

.

m o ney ; an d m any of thos e he e m pl oy s to wait u pon him g e nerally d o his

b l dd ing for his m on e y , an d woul d , e v e n if i t w e re to tak e his life .

B ut how diff e re nt are the atte n tions whic h a sic k m an re c e iv e s from an

affe c ti on ate w ife , a fathe r , m othe r b r othe r o r si ste r , w hose on l
, y solic i
tu de i s f or the re c ov e ry o f the i r frie nd ’s heal th T he la b or and atte n tions
.

of su c h frie nd s are n ot m e asure d b

y d oll ars and c e nts, b ut b y the g oo d
the y m ay b e sto w u pon the ir re l ati ve .

B e i ng of a c onsu m ptive hab it m yself , and havi n g i n P 8 32 b e e n b rought

ve ry l ow b
y that disease , b y rai si n g b l ood , i t m ay n ot b e am is s for m e to
g i ve a shor t ac c oun t o f the tre atm e n t I re c e i ve d .

It was sai d b y som e of m y e n em ie s, “

If Thom son s me d ic in e i s g ood ,
’

le t u s no w see the e ffe c ts of i t upon hi m se lf ”

I w ill n ot say as on e of
.

the re g ul ar phy si c ians d id , w he n he was c ou g hing v e ry hard A fri e nd

.

of hi s say s , What, d oc tor, d o y ou suff er y ourself to c ough in this m an

n er , an d hav e so m u c h
g o od m e dic ine , and skil l to use it too ?
”

'
say s the d oc tor , I k e e p that fo r m y patie nts ; and i nde e d I had rathe r
'

z
g i ve y ou hal f a d o e n d ose s o f m y g oo d m e dic ine than to tak e one m y
se l f .

B ut to the poi nt Whe n I w as raising b l ood , and troub l e d with a v io

.

l e nt c oug h (whic h we re b rou g ht on b y ov e r e x e rtion in time of the c ho

l e ra) I saw the n e c e ssity of a te m pe rate air in the room , av e ragi ng fr om
7 5 to 90 d e g re e s of F are nhe it ; an d as it w as m o re than p rob ab le that my
' '

di se ase c am e on b y the fe e t , b y stan din g or e x posure to the c old , I tum

c d m y atte n ti on to the m , an d b athe d the m i n hot w ater , and afte r that a
‘

c oat o f l in im e nt, ke e ping a prope r te m pe ratur e at the l un g s b y the u se of

"

ho t m e dic ine s.
 M A TERI A M ED I C A . 79 9

I was ve ry to see that the c irc ul ation in the m w as k ept g ood ,

partic ular
o r i n other wo rd s, to se e that the v e ins we re k e pt f ull of b l ood , and I ce
c asi onally took a c o urse of m e d ic ine , to r e m o v e the m orb id matte r fr om
the sy ste m . Thus the sy ste m was k e pt te mpe rate , the e x c e ss o f b l o od or
e w k e t from the he a d and l ung s , b y wa rm fe e t . T he ai r that
p re ss u r a s p
I b reathe d k e pt m y l ung s in n e arly the sam e state in point of warmth that
I shoul d hav e k ept a sore i n , upon the su rfac e , b y the appl ic atio n of a sti
m ulating pl aste r .
M y appeti te was g ood , an d I ea t vari ous kind s of m eat an d sauc e , or
s u c h as I had a n i nc l ination for, o r fruit o f all k i nd s of w hic h I was fond ,
suc h as d am son pl um s, pe ac he s, w ate r and m u sk m e lo ns;
g rape s, p e ars,
a p l e s, &c ., so me of whi c h we re u nri pe , withou t re c e i vin g an y in ury ; j
‘
an i nd e e d , afte r I put m y se lf into the state ab o ve m e nti one d , I se ldo m
passe d a mo m e nt whe n I d id n ot thi nk m y se lf rapidly i mpro ving , b o th in
s tre n th an d heal th . M c o ug h an d raisin g dim ini she d d aily , in propor
g y
ti on as the wou nd he al e d ; fo r whe re the so re i s c l o se d the re i s no c o ll e e
tion o f matte r , c on se u e ntly the re i s no oc c asion for an e ffort of nature to
q
thro w it off .
During the ti m e I c onfi ne d m y self to m y room in the ab ove te m pe ra
'

tu re of ai r , and c om m e n c e d tak ing m e d ic ine s, m y sy stem was k e pt so

te m pe rate that I was no t ofte n se n sib l e of having a parox y sm of fe ve r,
w hic h i nv ari ab ly atte n d s c ase s o f c o nsum ption . B u t b e fo re I c onfi ne d
my se l f I had them d ail y , and g e ne ral ly c ou ghe d tw o hours on g oi n g to
b e d at n ig ht , d uri ng wh ic h ti me , an d in the m or ning , I would raise ab o ut
h alf a pi n t o f m atte r . I had al so a c opi ou s we ak swe at, so c all e d , whic h
d e b ilitate d m e to that d e g re e that I c ould sc arc e ly stan d wi thou t he l p. I
was re store d to heal th i n thre e m on ths. . T. J
[Reg ular e
Tr eatm en tT —Wo ul d have b e e n , b l e ding , b l iste ring , d ig ita
lis, pru ssic a c id , su l phate o f iron , opiu m , c inchona , &c .]

S P ITTIN G or B L OOD — m Optysi s .

It i s a q ue stion o f
im portanc e to d e te rm ine whe n b l ood i s e e c te d from j
the m onth , f rom whe nc e it pr oc e e d s If from the poste rior n ostri l s, i t i s
.

e asil y d istin g u ishe d b y the fac i lity w ith w hi c h b l ood appears b

y b l owing
t he n ose . If fro m the throat, it c an b e d e te rmine d b y oc ul ar i n spe c tion .
I f f rom the stom ac h , i t isusually rai se d b y v o mitin g , and from the l ung s
q
b y c ou ghing ; y e t this te st is not ui te c e rt ain Whe n the b l ood c omes
.

q
f rom th e stom ac h , it is u sual l y in l arg e r uantitie s than w he n f rom the
l un g s . T he b l ood f rom the l u ng s is u su all y flo rid , an d m ix e d w ith froth,
while that from the stomac h is c om b i ne d with sub stanc e s pe c ul iar to that
o rg an , and i s o f a d ark c ol or .

T REA T M IEN T .

B l e e d ing at the l un g s or stom ac h m ay b e stoppe d b y the u se o f a strong

d ose of the c om position , with c aye nn e , whic h will fo rc e the b l ood i nto
the l arg e r v e sse l s of the e x tre m ities The sti mu lating tre atme nt shoul d
.

b e c on stantly k e pt up, b y n ot onl y the use of m e dic i ne s, b ut b y b athin

g
the fe e t i n hot wate r , and afte r that with stimu l ating li n ime nt, to k e e p the
q
b lo od e ual throug h the b ody , as mu c h as possib l e A te m pe rate atm o
.

sphe re shou l d al so b e k e pt in the roo m whe re the

patie nt re mains , b y t he
u se of a g oo d fi re pl ac e or soap stone stove , i f
-

prac tic ab l e A s a We st
.

I n dia c l im ate i s b e ne fi c ial to c onsum ptiv e pe opl e , so an atm osphe re m a ~

n u fae ture d o f a We st Ind ia te m pe rature is

g ood fo r c on sum ptiv e patie nts ,

if r ig idl y foll owe d up b y the sic k until the inte rnal so re s are heal ed . A l l
800 TH E TH O M S O N IA N

in te rnal sore s, whe re a pl aste r c ann o t b e ap

pli e d , m ust b e heal e d , if cur
e d at all , b
y a te m pe rate atm osphe re .

[Reg u lar Tr eatmen t — B l e e ding , d ig ital is, opiu m an d sul phate s of

zi
,

i ron , nc , and l e ad ]
.

A S THM A — fi sthmm

A sthm a i s a d iffi c ul ty of b re athin g , u suall y oc c u rr in g in parox y sm s, i n

the ni g ht afte r i nte rv al s of c om fortab l e he al th, a nd n ot o fte n ac c om pa
n ie d with fe v e r . A parox y sm of asthm a u su al l y c om e s on d uring the
so u n d ne ss o f sl e e p , an d the pati e n t is aw ak e n e d with a se n se of su ff oc a
tion an d c onstric tion a c ross the c he st . H e is o b l ig ed to sit e re c t, and l a
b ors with m u c h d iffi c ul ty fo r b reath. The b re athing i s ac c om pan ie d with
a c on stan t whe e z in the p ul se i s l ow , the he art palpitate s, the e x tre m i
tie s a re c old , a nd t e fac e i s pal e . A t l e n g th a c ough oc c u rs, e x pe c to
rati on i s i nd uc e d , an d re l ie f i s u sual l
y ob ta in e d . A parox y sm g e n e rall y
c on tin ue s from on e to thre e hou rs .

T REA T M EN T .

This d ise ase m ay al way s b e m e as urab l y re l ie v e d b y putting the fe e t i a

to hot w ate r , and in c re asin g the he at u ntil pe rspi ration start s upon the
te m pl e s and in the pal m s of the hand s .The n m ak e an i n e c tion of m oj
l asse s and w ate r , add ing , w hil e ho t, som e c aye nn e and a te aspoon ful o f
b rown e m e tic , to c han g e the e x c ite m e nt from the l un g s b e l ow to the
b ow e l s, and fi ll the b lood ve sse l s of the e x tre m e tie s, so as to c au se a f re e
an d e asy pe rspi rati on , whi c h w ill al way s b e the c ase w he n the c ostiv e
hab it is r e m ove d , an d a warm an d ac ti v e state of the b owe l s e n sue s, to
g e the r with w arm e x tre m iti e s.
A te aspoon ful of the tinc tur e of e m e tic m ay b e u se d oc c asionally , to
c re ate si c k n e ss at the sto m ac h , whi c h , tog e the r w ith the b row n e m e ti c
j
i n e c tion , w ill g e ne ral l y re l ie v e the patie n t v e ry soon , b y sic k n e ss and
v o m i tin , unl e ss he i s a e d an d w o rn d own w ith d i se ase . In suc h c a se s,
g g
te m porary re l ie f m ay b e e x pe rie n c e d ; b u t the a ir v e ssel s of the l u ng s
hav in g b e c om e so m uc h c on stric te d , from l on g c on tinuan c e o f the c om
pl ai nt an d the l oss o f the n atural v ital e n e rg y , the m om e nt the sti m ul atin g
e ffe c ts o f the m e d ic in e c e ase the v e sse l s fall b a c k t o the o l d stan d ard , n a

tu re n ot b e in g su ffi c ie ntl y stron g to re tain what w as ac ui re d b y the ap q

pl ic ation of the m e dic ine .
If asthm at ic s w ill b u t atte nd to k e e ping the fe e t w arm an d the b owel s
re g ul ar, re spir atio n will b e f re e an d e asy It shoul d al way s b e re m e m
.

b e re d , that re spi rati on c an n ot b e re g ul ar w ithout su itab l e warm th i n the

l ow e r e x tre m i tie s ; and du e atte ntion should b e paid to thi s part o f the
b ody .

[Reg u lar T r eatmen t — Opi u m , stram onium , tob ac c o , fox g l ove , ae ther ,

m e rc ury , with b l e e din g and b li ste ring ]

A N G IN A P EC TORI S —
. fl n g i nosa .

This d isease u sual ly m ak e s its attac k s whil e a pe rson is e x e rc ising afte r

a ful l m e al . S e v e re pain is fe l t i n the front of the b re ast, e x te n d ing g e
n er all y toward s th e l e ft sho u l de r , the n c e shooti ng d ow nw ard s i n the di
re c tio n of the arm an d han d . The pain is so se ve re as i mm e d iate ly to
arre st the patie nt . In a fe w m o me nts i t sub side s, b ut oc c urs ag ain at ir
re g ul ar pe ri od s, e ac h attac k l asting l on g e r than the pre vi ou s on e , and at
 802 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

m uc h e nl ar to fi ll u p partial ly o r whol l y the i nte rval b etwe e n the m

g e d as
a nd the u vu la . A s the sw e ll i n i nc re ase s the g l and e n c ro ac he s u po‘n the
u vu l a , and u h e it t oward s t re oppo site sid e . T he d iffic ul ty in sw al
p s s
l owing b ec ome s ex t re m e , and whe n atte mpte d , the l i uid i s forc e d into q
t he nostril . In ve ry b ad c ase s , the c ou nte nanc e in dic ate s g re at d istre ss,
j
b re athi n i s d iffi c ul t, the aws are n ot c asil separate d , and the v oic e b e
c om e s a m ost i naud ib le . B ut d eath se l om oc c urs from this disease
al on e

T R EA T M EN T .

This c om pl ai nt shoul d b e tre ated b y stimul ating the l owe r e x tre mi tie s
to ac tion , by b a thing the fe e t in hot wate r and l inim e nt, the n k e e ping
w ar m i n b e d If the c ase i s se ve re , m ake an i n e c tion o f c om position
. j
an d N o 3 , and pu t into it a te aspoonful of c aye nne , a nd tw o tab le spoon
.

ful s of the third pre paration , or i n its ste ad one te aspoon ful of b rown
'

e m e tic , sc ald e d i n the te a b e fore m e ntion e d , swe e te n e d wi th m ol asse s .

L e t i t b e use d forc ib ly , and k e pt i n the b ody as l ong as possib l e , and i f

«

i t e x c ite s v o miting , it w ill re li e ve the throat and he ad at onc e '

.

This c om pl aint sho ul d b e tre ate d the sam e as putri d sore throat, the .

mumps , an d othe r c om plaints of the c he st, n e c k an d he ad . I ag ain re

p e at , c hang e the sc e n e of e x c ite m ent from the u ppe r to the l ow e r ex tre
m itie s, and all wil l b e we ll .

[Reg ul ar Tr eatmen t — B l e e d ing , m erc u ry , j alap, tartar ize d antim o

n
y , m uri atic ac id , an d amm oni a .]

C ROU P . Cyn an che T r acheali s .

G roup i s seld om m e t with , e x c e pt i n c hil dre n unde r six y e ars of ag e ,
and m ost u su al l
y m ak e s its attac k s in c han g e ab l e we athe r .

The d ec i siv e sy m ptom i s the shrill sou nd prod uc e d b y b re athin g . Othe r

'

m ark s o f the dise ase are , a husk y c ou g h, a d e e p re d c ol or of the throat,

an d an a
ppe aranc e o f pu s or froth at the roots of the tong ue The d is .

e ase i s o f short d uration , e ithe r b e i n

g re l ie v e d or te rm i n atin in d e ath i n
a fe w ho ur s In i ts m ost d ang e rous stag e , a c irc u m sc rib e d ush appe ars
.

o n th e c he e k s ac c om panie d b y a sm al l
, q
u ic k pu l se , b l ood sho t e e s, &c
y
-

, .

g
( ase s o f c roup i n ad ul ts have rare ly b e e n k nown .

T R EA TM EN T .

G ive al ittl e warm m ed ic ine , and the n put the fe e t i nto hot water, and
i nc re ase the te m pe rature b y ad d ing wate r , k e e ping it as hot as it c an b e
b orne . Ke e p th e fe e t in this state u ntil a pe rspi ration starts throu hout
g
the sy ste m , and re spi ration b e c om e s as fre e and e asy as c i rc um stan c e s
.

w ill pe rm it . j
The n c om m en c e b y g iv ing an in e c tio n o f e m e tic and c ay
e nn e , as stro n
g as possib l e ; at the sam e time fe e d the c hi ld with warm
tinc tu re , swe e te n e d , w ith a little g ing e r, spe am ri nt , pe ppe rmint, or pe n
n y ro al te a , whic h will m ak e i t o e rate l ac e the
y p P .
patie nt into a warm
b e d , and pu t a stim ulating pl aste r ab out the n e c k an d o v e r the stom ac h ,
a hot steam sto n e a t the fe e t, an d c o nt inue to fe e d w ith the ti n c tu re u ntil
i t has O pe rate d suffi c ie ntl y C o n tinue a m od e rate te m pe rature , and the
.

patie nt will soon fi nd re lie f .

The fi rst stag e s of c roup m ay b e re l ie v e d b y putting a pl aste r upon the
b r st m ad of S c o c snu ff a d og s l ard
e a e t h n h ’
T his will sic k e n the stom ac h
.

a l i ttl e , and l oose n the phl e g m ; a nd b

y the u se of a l ittle ti nc ture , the
c hild w ill v om it an d fi n d i mm e d iate re l i e f .

B ut i n all c ase s, see that th e fe e t are suitab ly warm and the b owe l s re
 M A TERLA M ED I C A . 8 03

g ul ar an d ac ti ve ; this w ill c ause f re e re spi ration , an d c le ar the he ad of

,

d istre ss, the re b y avoid ing hyd roc e phal us , or d ropsy o n the b rain , so
c all e d , whic h i s b rou ht a b o u t b
g y d isord e re d b owe l s and c ol d e x tre m i
q
tie s, and a c o nse ue n t pre ssur e of the ac ti ve fl uid s of the e x tre m itie s u p
on the b rain

[Reg ular T r eatm en t — B l ee ding and b liste ring, wi th anti m ony an d

m e rc u ry ].

D isea ses f
o the A bd om en .

V OM ITIN G A N D P U RG IN G r
—Chol er a M
'
or b u s .

The atta c k of this d ise ase i s g e n e rally sud d en

. In som e c ase s i t is
.

b rou ght on b y pain , l assitude an d ac id e ruc tations ; at othe r tim e s it c om

m e n c e s b y v om iti n g an d purg ing , the pu rg ing not usuall y c om me n c ing
j
fi rst . The m atte r e e c te d , b e side s the u ndig e ste d food , if an y , i s b il e ,
y g i n c olor from its n atural y e l low to a g re e n , b rown or b l ac k , an d
v ar i n

m i x e d with m u c us . A fter c on tinu in g a c ons id erab l e time , the d isc harg

e s assum e , pe rhaps, the a
ppe aranc e of the washing s o f fre sh m e at . It i s
q
fre ue ntl y atte nd e d wi th spasm s in the ab d om e n an d e x tre m itie s, an d the
pati e nt s stre ng th is soon e x hauste d
’
. In v iol e n t c ase s , c oll apse S uc c e e d s,
and u n l e ss r e l ie f i s ob tain e d , d e ath in a fe w hou rs pu ts an e nd to the suf

fe ring s of the pati e nt .

T REA TM EN T .

This d ise ase m ay g e ne rally b e rel ie v e d b y a sin g l e d ose of c e mmsi

ti on or hot d rops . If this d oes not an swe r , b athe the fe e t in hot w ate r an d
tak e an e m e tic , or a tho rou gh c ou rse of m e d ic ine , if re uire d , whic h i s q
g e n e ral ly e ffe c tual .

[Reg u l ar
Tr eatmen t — B l e e d i ng , b l iste ring , c al om e l , opium , an d c ar
b onate of iron , i c e wate r i nte rnal ly , an d ic e e x te rnal ly

w e e ni e — D ra
m “ .

Diarrhoea i s an in c re ase d , l oose d isc harg e f rom the b owe l s, the m at

te r vo id e d u su all y posse ssin g i ts n atural c ol or A g ri pi n pain i s fe l t
g
.

pre v iou s to e ac h d isc harg e , whic h i s there b y re l ie v e d T e re is a m o .

d e rate thi rst, an impaire d appe tite , a nd a sl ig ht te nd erne ss of the b owe l s .

Its m ost fre q ue n t c ause s are the ab use of u n ri pe fr uit, atmosphe ric c hang
e s, and te e thin ; al thou h i t i s n o t u nfre q ue ntl
g g y i ndu c ed b y aff ec ti on s of
the m in d .

T REA TM EN T .

The prepare d c om position i s g o od for this c ompl aint F o r sy ru p, tak e.

an ounc e o f b ayb e rry , an oun c e of popl ar b ar k , m ad e fi ne , an ou n c e o f

z
pe ac h m eats or c herry ston e s, pul ve ri e d , an d pu t the c om poun d i nto o n e
q uart of b o il ing wate r , ste e pe d for te n m in u te s , stra ine d off an d swe e te n

e d wi th l oaf su g ar , and a dd hal f a pi nt o f g ood Jamaic a rum Tak e on e .

fou rt h of a g l ass thre e o r fo ur tim e s a d ay .

Take an e m e tic or c ourse o f m e d ic ine if the stomac h is ou t of ord er .

[Reg u lar T r eatmen t— Opium , antim ony , c antharid e s, al um , c ate c hu ,

tinc tur e of k in o, and e x trac t o f l og wood ] .
8 04 TH E TH O M S O N IA N

DY S EN T ERY — D ysen teri c .

The c harac te ristic s of d y se nte ry are , an e arn e st de sire to e vac uate the
b owe l s, suc c e e de d b y a se v e re strain ing , whic h e x pe l s a sm al l quan tity
o f m atte r , u nm ix e d w i th the n a tural d isc harg e , re se m b l ing m u c us ; the
p ain c e ase s fo r the m ome n t, b ut i s soon followe d b y the sam e d e si re and
q
d isc harg e , whic h i s fre ue ntl y m i x e d wi th b l ood . A c ontin u al fe v e r ae
c om panie s this d i se ase , and as it ad van c e s the c harac te r o f the d isc harge
has the appe aran c e of m atte r from an ul c e r . The term inati on i s v ari ous.

T R EA T M EN T .

q
The whol e nerv ous sy ste m shoul d b e uie te d as soon as possib l e . To
e ff e c t this, the
patie n t shoul d b e m ad e to pe rspire fre el y , and shoul d b e
q
k e pt uie t in b e d . If n ot re l ie ve d im m e d i ate l y , g ive a thoroug h c ou rse
of m e d ic ine , an d the b ath . A te a , m ad e of wi tc h ha el l e av e s, re d rasp z
b e rry l e av e s, o r the A m e ri c an te a, so c al l ed , woul d b e of g re at serv ic e
to re m o ve the c ank e r from the b owe l s ; and the astr ing e n c y of those a rti
c l e s woul d b e hi hl f vo rab l e to c he c k the d i sord e r . O e of the
g re at
g y a n
e st thin s I hav e e ve r u se d to
g , q
u ie t the i rratib il it
y o f the b owe l s, i s to

q
tak e of fi rst ual ity H oll an d g in , on e pint,
g oo d m ol asse s o n e pi nt , an d

pu t the m tog e the r , an d add hal f an ou nc e of dy spe psy~powd e rs ; shak e

the m w e ll tog e the r, an d stop the p re parati on tig ht i n a j u g for u se .
Tak e from a fourth to hal f a g l ass , and k e e p ui e t in b e d ; an aston ishq
i ng re l ie f i s the re b y ac u ire d . Wi th thi s re m e dy al on e I have re lie ve d
q
s om e vi ol e nt c ase s of thi s c om l ai nt .
p

[Reg u l ar Tr eatm en t — M b l e e di ng , i
antin ony , pium , n itric
'

e rc u ry , o
a c i d , c ate c hu , an d sul hate of ir on
p ]
.

cauc Coli ca .

C ol ic i s d isting uishe d b y a g riping , inte rmi tten t pain in the v i c inity of

the n ave l . It is ofte n an atte n d an t on c ostive ne ss an d fi atul e n c y ; b ut as
a di se ase b y i tse lf, its c au se i s c o n stri c ti on o f the b owe l s, whic h m ay b e
c au se d b y c rud e , i nd ig e stib l e sub stan c e s The ab use of c atharti c s, ap
.

pl ic ation of too g r e at c old tothe b ody whe n he ate d , and m any othe r w ay s
‘

b y whic h the vi tal ac tion i s re d uc e d .

T REA T M EN T .

M u c h the sam e as c hol e ra m orb us , b y w arm in g the stom ac h with c om

p osition and c ay e nn e , and m ak in g u se of an e m e tic , and , i f n e c e ssary , a
c ourse of m e d i c i n e .

[Reg u lar Tr eatm en t . — B l e e din g , m e rc ury , j al ap , O piu m , te the r , am

monia , and tob ac c o .]

P A IN TER S C OL IC . ’

This i s d isting u ishe d fro m the c omm on form of c ol ic , b y b e ing c au se d

b y the ab sorptio n of l e ad into the sy ste m ; b y the pain b e ing seate d i n
t he pi t of the stom ac h, shooti n g t he nc e in all di re c ti on s, an d som e tim e s
e x te nd ing as far as the e x tre m itie s ; b y a re at e x te rnal sore ne ss ; and
'

b y n au sea and vom itin g o n the se c on d o r t rd d ay afte r the attac k . In

a n ad vanc e d stag e of thi s d i se ase , pal s
y of the uppe r e x tre m itie s n ot nu
q
fre ue ntl y happe n s . It i s ofte n in d uc e d b y sl e e pin g in n e wly painte d
ro om s, an d b y the inhal ation of the ox d e of l e ad b th ose who ar e e n
y y
 8 08 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

'

l eave s m ay al so b e use d i n gin , in form o f ti nc tu re . The fruit i s al so

od for this c om l a int A ea m ad e o f parsl e y m ay b e u se d to
g o p t g ood
-
.

a d v anta e A t i ht a ho t sto ne m ay b e plac e d at the b ac k and on e to

g . n
g ,

t he fe e t, to pro m ote pe rspi ra tion a nd e ase distre ss .

[Reg ul ar T r eat m en t . —B l ee di ng , opi um , and j alap ].

l
JA I N DIC E.— I cter u s .
J i s disti n gu ishe d b y the ye ll ow hue of the ski n , c lay c ol ore d
au n d ic e -

a ppe aran c e of the sto ol ; b y the urin e ti n g in g l in e n or pape r

y e ll ow . It
i s b ro ug ht o n b y i mprud e nt d ie t, b y d rinking c old wa te r whe n hea te d , or
b y e x c e ssi ve m e ntal e x e rtio ns . F u l ne ss of the sto m ac h and n ause a are
f e l t at i ts c om me nc e m e nt . A n in c re asing pain is fe lt in the v ic in ity of
t he l i ve r , shootin g towards the l oi ns or the l e f t shoul d e r . A s the d i sease
ro re sse s, th e u ri ne o fte n assu m e s a d ark re d c ol or , li k e ve n ou s b l ood .
p g
T RE A TM EN T .

In this d ise ase , at fi rst a thoroug h c ourse of m e dic in e m ay b e u se d to

'

a fte r whic h a st ro n
: re at ad v an ta e ;
g g g b ittpr m ay b e mad e , as fol lows :
o ne te aspo onful e a c h o f fi n e g ol d e n se al and popl a r ba rk , wi th a li ttl e

c ay e n n e , pu t i nto a pi nt o f h ot wate r , swe e te ne d . Tak e a g l ass three or

f ou r tim e s a d ay . The dy spe psy p owd e r m ay b e u se d to g rea t ad van e

ta g e — say half a te a spoon ful i n a littl e m ilk , h o t wate r, c i d e r or wi ne , or

t he y m ay b e e ate n d ry , half a te aspoonful at a ti m e , whe n a fai nt ne ss i s
.

fe l t at the stom ac h , w hic h wi ll b e re m o ve d at onc e b y i ts use .

Charc oal a nd m ilk has m ad e som e e x trao rdinary c u re s of this c om
p l a in t,
wh ic h I a m k n owin g t o . R e p eat the c ourse i f n e c e ssar .
y

[Reg u l ar T r eatmen t . — M e rc ur y
, te ther , j ala
p, amm oni a , o pi um , min e
ral water, and e l e c tri c ity .]

G A L L S TON-
ES Cal c uli .

G all—ston e s a re b od ie s of b row n c ol or , rou nde d , i rre gul ar sha pe , v ary

z
i ng i n si e from that o f a sma ll he n s e g g to m inu te partic l e s
’
T he y u su .

a l ly o c c ur i n the g al l b l add er , b ut oc c asi on al ly i n the li ve r T hey ar e .

m ost g e n e rally m e t with in pe rson s o f i nd ol e nt hab its, an d in wom e n

q
m ore fre ue n tl y than i n m e n S om e tim e s th e y o c c asion b ut ve ry little
.

d isturb a nc e , w hile at othe rs the y g iv e ri se to sy m ptom s m u c h re se m b l ing

t ho se o f c om m on c ol ic If viole nt pai n occ u rs i n the pit of the stom ac h,
.

a c c o mpanie d b y sic k ne ss a nd v om it ing , whil e the pul se re m a in n atural ,

we m ay c onc l ud e the re i s a g a ll stone in the d u c t of the g al l b l ad de r .

In the passa g e o f the stone a se ve re pain is fe l t whe n i t e nte rs the c anal ,

a n d wh e n it pa sse s in to the c av ity of the i nte sti ne .

T REA TM EN T .

'

The syste m should b e k e pt und e r a c ontinual re l ax ation from the free

u se of the tin c tu re of the l ob e lia to fac i litate the passag e of the sto ne s .
A c ol d state of the syste m c reate s a c on trac tion of the d u c ts, and the
stone i s the reb y m ore r igid ly c o n fi n e d to i ts po siti on and o f c ourse i s n ot

a s l iab l e to pass as when sti mul ants are f re el y u se d and the sy ste m i s
made fl e x ib l e b y the vapo r b ath .

Where gr ea t distre ss is e x pe rie n c e d a thorough c ourse of m e dic ine

woul d b e ad visab l e , and the b rown e me tic should b e use d until the al arm
 M A TERI A M ED I C A . 80 7

ing sy m ptom s a re b roug ht on , whi c h wil l c re ate a m ore g ene ral rel ax a
tion than an y othe r c ourse o f tre atm e nt .

The b owe l s sho ul d b e k e pt in g ood o rd e r, e ithe r b y d i e ti ng , inj e c tion s,

0

fi g s, or c astor o il tak e n in a c u p of the pre pared c o m posi ti on T his m e .

thod of u si ng oil d oe s away j

with the i n uri ous e ff e c ts of the phy si c , and
wil l hav e a te nd e nc y to re l ie ve the b ow e l s at an y tim e an d re m ove a
c onfi rm e d c on stipation .

[Reg ul ar T r eatm en t — M erc u ry , j al a

p, rhub arb , j uniper and opium ] .

WORM S V er mes .

The m anne r i n whic h w or ms are g e ne rate d i n the hum an b ody re mains

‘

as e t a m atte r of o b sc urity T h e pri nc ipal v arie ti e s o f worm s, are the

y .

lon g ro und w o rm , se ve ral k inds of tape w orm s, and the asc ari d e s, or
thre ad worm T he asc arid e s are fou nd in the re c tum , the o the rs in the
.

i nte sti ne s and sto m ac h It is v e ry d iffi c u lt to d e c ide as to the pre se n c e

.

o r ab se nc e o f worm s, u nl e ss the y are void e d b y the patie n t Whe n a .

c hil d u nde r te n y e ars of ag e pre se nts a wasti n g o f the b o dy , g nawi ng

pains i n the stomac h, pal e c ounte nan c e , irri tation o f the n ostrils, foe tid
b re ath, and di stur b e d sl e e p, we m ay suspe c t the pre se n c e of w orm s in
the sto m ac h . With the asc aride s there i s m ore e v id en c e of l oc al , and
.

l ess of g e ne ral d e rang eme n t Worm s have b ee n k nown to prod uc e a

.

c oug h.

T RE A T M EN T .

The w or m s will n e ve r troub le whe n the d ig e stion i s g ood an d the b ow

e l s are re g ul ar A strong te a m ade of re d raspb e rry , or witc h ha e l
. z
l e ave s, o r sum ac h l e ave s and b ob s, or all o f the m pu t tog e the r and
swe e te ne d , wi th the of c herry sto n e s or half a pound

of pe ac h m e ats w e ll to one g all on of the te a an d we ll

sc a l d e d i n i t. This y rup for c hil dre n tro ub l e d with
di sorde re d b ow e l s, worm s, or whe n te e thin g It m ay b e pre se rve d b y .

the add iti on o f on e uart of W I rum , an d pu t into b ottle s for u se Tak e

q . . .

on e fourth o f a g l ass th re e or four tim e s a d ay , or a l arg e r

-
uan tit
y m ay q
b e use d a nd ofte n e r if n e c e ssary .
Ripe pe ac he s are an e x c e l le nt re m e dy, and the l e ave s m ade into a te a and
fre e ly u se d , i s one o f the b e st re m ed ie s that c an b e u se d for c hi ld re n that
‘
hav e d isord e re d b ow e l s G arlic k s and g in hav e b e e n use d with ad van
z
.

vantag e an d we thin k i t an e x c e ll e n t re m e dy P ul v e ri e on e oun c e of .

g arl ic k and pu t it in to hal f a pint of g o od g i n ; g i ve from a te aspoo nf ul

to a tab l e spoon ful three or four tim e s a d ay .

R j
,

l ar T r ea tm en t — M erc ury , al a , c owa e , al o es, fi l in s of tin

[ g e u p g g ,

and spiri ts o f turp e n tine .

D i seases o f F ibr o u s Tissu e .

RH EU M A TI S M — Rheu mati s m
u s.

A c ute o r in fi amm atory rhe um atism is disti ng uished b y pain in one o r

'

j
m ore of the l arg e oin ts , whic h‘i s i nc re ase d b y m o tion or e x posure to the
we athe r . The re i s more or l e ss pain in the ad ac e nt m usc l e s whic h is j
in c re ase d b y ac tion The y are swolle n, an d whe n c om pre sse d c ause nu
.

e asine ss In mil d c ase s, al though moti on of the affe c te d parts at fi rst

808 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

c au se s
pain , y e t i f c ontinu e d the pain d iminishe s, an d d oe s n ot re turn
til l afte r a pe ri od o f re st This d ise ase ofte n shifts fro m on e o i nt o r par t
. j
o f the b od The su rfa c e of the parts affe c te d is u sually
y to anothe r .

s woll e n , re d a nd te nd e r , e s e c iall
p j
y the o ints of the ha nds an d fe e t
'

Those who hav e b e e n onc e affl ic te d w ith it are l iab l e to e x pe rie n c e a

re c u rre n c e of the di se ase , from v e r
y slig ht c au se s .

T REA TM EN T .

This d ise ase I hav e ofte n c ure d b y b athing the fe e t until a perspiration
star ts ov e r the b od , the n appl
y j
y to the oin ts a poul ti c e m ade as f oll o ws,

P uttwo tab l e spoon sful of fi ne salt i nto hal f a pint of b re we r ’s or b ak

y e ast, or o f wate r , whic h should b e ho t add on e tab l e spo on ful o f
’
er s

b r own e m e tic , two spoo n sful of fi ne c ay e nne pe ppe r ; l e t the se arti c l e s al l

b e pu t into the wate r w he n it i s hot, the n add a te ac upful ] of soft soap,
thi c k e n w ith sl ippery e l m and Ind ian m e al or s on e c rac k e rs to the c on
p g
siste n c j
y of a pou l ti c e , apply thi s to the oin ts an d k e e p the m snu g , and
m oiste n w he n d ry w ith wate r . L e t the se poul ti c e s b e appl ie d whil e the
.

patie nt is i n b e d , an d put a hot ston e at the fee t ; k e e p up a pe rspi ration ,

an d re li e f wi ll soon b e ob ta in e d . If ne c e ssary c arry the pe rson throu g h
an ac tiv e c ourse o f m e d i c in e .

In som e c ase s the sti mul ating l inim ent will g iv e imm e d iate re l ie f if
a pli e d to the
p
‘

j
o ints, an d fl ann e l w rappe d ab ou t the m . In o the r c ase s
appl y stim ul ati n
g p laste rs m ad e of the c omm on stre n g the n i ng pl aste r and
N o 2 o r c aye nn e
. .

This i s an e x c e l le nt re m e dy to re m ove pain from the oints , b ac k , j

sid e s, b reast, or an h
y o t er
part of th e e x te ri or sy ste m .

[Reg u l ar Tr eatm en t — B l ee d ing , b l iste rs, nitre , aethe r, an tim ony ,

'

. c an
tharide s, O pium , amm oni a, turpe n tin e , and sul hu ric a c id
p .

G OU T— P od ag r a .

j
The i m m e diate se at of the g ou t i s the oi nts of the e x tre m i tie s, e spe
c ial l y of the fe e t . l ts u su al c au se i s a disorde re d state of the d i g e sti ve
o rg an s It c o m m only attac k s pe opl e o f an i nd ol e nt m o d e o f life , who
.

a re o f a sang ui n e te m pe ra m e nt , a fu ll hab i t , and w ho are ac c ustom e d to

e at ri c h an d hig hl
y se a son e d food Its c om m e nc e m e n t is u sual l y m ark e d
.

b y pain in the ball of the re at toe , an d a g e n e ral se n se o f c hill ; as the

g
pain ad v anc e s , the c hill g i ve s pl ac e t o he at, an d the u sual sy m ptom s o f
fe ve r . j
The oin t b e c om e s m u c h swoll e n , re d an d te nse The pain and .

i nfl ammati on c on ti nu e , p erhaps, § for twe nty four hours , the n te rm inate i n a

-

g e ntl e pe r spiration ; the parox y sm howe ve r u sually c om e s o n ag ain i n a

shor t ti me , and a fte r , i n a fe w d a s , the d i sease m ay se e m to hav e spe nt
y
i tself, an d l e ave the patie nt sponta ne ousl y ; b ut som e tim e s the fi ts c on
‘
tin u e l on g e r , a nd the pe riod s of re l ax ation are shorte r, so that the afle c
t ion b e c o m e s al m ost c onstant In l ate r stag e s of the d ise ase , the l owe r
.

e x tre m itie s are c o l d , pre v i ous to the c omm e n c e m e nt o f pai n , w hi c h fre

q u e ntly shifts from on e f oot to the o the r, an d the n pe rha ps b oth are a f

fe c te d at on c e ; and fi nal l y , the d ise ase n ot u nfre u e ntly b e c om e s n early q

u n i ve rsal . j
In the me an tim e , the sm al l oints of the fi ng e rs and toe s b e
c om e e n v ol v e d in a whi ti sh d e po si te , c on si sti ng of the a c id s of the ur in e
c om b ine d with sod a .

T REA T M EN T .

This c omplaint shoul d b e tre ate d the i

same as n fl am m atory rheum atism ,
8 10 TH E T H OM s o i uA N
‘

C ON V U L S ION S .

The symptom s c omm on to all c onv ul sion s, are a n irr e gul ar spas mod ic
ac tio n o f som e o f the mu s c l e s, whil e ot he rs are forc i b l
y c on trac te d ; a n
irnpaire d se n sib ility ; wi th a su spe nsi on of the powe r of u tte ranc e ; .

T RE A TM EN T H
G iv e the patie n t ti n c ture of n erv e powd e r and asafoe tada with the ad
d ition of a l ittl e c aye nne or c om positi on This will m ost g e ne ral l y re
'

l ie ve If n ot g i ve f rom a te aspoonful to a tab l e spoonful of the third pre

.

a ation , and put the fe e t in to ho t wate r S e e that the b o we l s are i n

p r .

o od ord e r T hi s wi ll g e n e rall y an swe r the purpose and g i ve r e l ie f

g . .

[Reg u lar Tr eatmen t — B l e e d in g , b l iste rs, z in c, m usk , Opi um , an d c ol d

appli c at on s . i ]

EP IL EP S Y -
Epil epsi a .

When attac k e d b y e pil e psy the patie n t sudd e nl y l o ose s all se nse an d
powe r of m otion ; i f stan d ing he i s i mm e diate l y p rostrate d he is the n
z
se i e d b y vi ol e n t spasm s , m o ving i n d iff e re n t d i re c ti on s the li mb s and

trunk o f his b ody . O ne sid e i s c om m onl y m ore aff e c te d than the othe r ,
the m u sc le s of the e y e are ag itate d , so that the l id s ope n and shut c on
tinually or are stre tc he d w i d e ope n , w hile the e y e b all s roll in e v e ry di re c i
tion . The m outh foam s , the fac e i s hi d e ou sl y d istorte d , and the tongu e
protrud e s from the m ou th The m u sc ul ar powe r i s ofte n e norm ously d e
’

v e l ope d The se fi ts u sual l y c omm e n c e wi th a sudd e n sc re am , and te r

.

m inate i n sl e e p .
T RE A TM EN T .

Thi s d ise ase shoul d b e tre ate d wi th stron g anti spasm od ic s an d n e r -

v ine s, an d m uc h the sam e as in the c ase of c on vu l sion s I have had a

'
‘
. .

n um b e r of c ase s o f thi s c om pl ai nt and of fi ts o f v ari ous k ind s, a n d hav e

re l ie ve d the m o st o f the m It w as d o ne b y g i vin the thi rd p re paration
.
'

an d c all in d w n from the u ppe r e x tre m it ie s to e fe e t the e x c e ss o f

g o
c i rc ul ati on , w hic h w o ul d g iv e e ase to the b rai n , an d the art e ri al an d
“

n e rv ou s sy ste m w ould b e c om e re d u c e d and the patie n t fi n d re l ie f In .

three f ourths o f al l fi ts, spasm s, c ram ps, c onv ul sion s, &c , the dise ase i s .

b roug ht on b y an e x c e ssi ve c irc ul ation to the he ad an d of c ourse a p ro

p ortio nate d e fi c i e n c y at the fe e t ; and w he n the fl u id s are e uali e d the q z
patie nt fi n d s i mm e diate r e l ie f To d o whic h our m ost powe rful stimu
.

l an ts, anti spasm odic s an d n e r vi n e s are b roug ht in to ac ti ve ope rati on i n

-

the third pre paration , c ay e nne , n e rv e p owd e rs, an d a safe tida .

[Reg u lar Tr eatm en t —B l e e ding , b l iste rs, opium ,

. e th r
a e, henb an e ,
mu sk , i ron , zinc , c oppe r , m e r c u ry , an d j al ap ] .

H Y S TERIC S — H yster i a. .

H y steric s u sually oc c u r i n wom en o ver fi fte e n y e ars of ag e The .

fi t c omm e n c e s with a se ve re pain i n the he ad , c ol dne ss an d shiv e ri ng

'

ov e r the whol e b od y , and a q

u ic k fl u tte rin
g pul se . sli g ht l ai n i s fe l t

g e n e rally i n the l e ft sid e o f the ab d om e n , fr om whic h pl ac e a all se e m s h

to m o ve wi th a g ru mb l in g n oise , and afte r v ari ou s e v ol uti on s, rise s i nto
the stom ac h and the n into the throat, whe re i t se e m s to re m ain for som e
tim e , and c au se s a se nse o f suffoc ation ; the n su c c e e d stupor , i nse n sib il ié .
ty and c on vul sions .
S ome tim e s the patie nt l aug hs and c rie s i n the same b re ath ; b e ats he r
 M A TERIA M ED I C A . 811

b re asts and shrie k s, al thou gh n ot e nti r el y d e pri ve d of c on sc i ousn e ss .

A fte r c ontinu i ng for an i n d e fi nite l e n g th of tim e , the fi ts are e ithe r

su c c e e d e d b y a l e thar i c sl e e p , o r l e av e the patie n t i n a state o f e n tire c o n
g
s e rou sne ss .

T REA TM EN T .

q z
Thi s d ise ase m ay b e re m ov e d b y e ual i ing the c irc ul ati on of the b ody
b y a thoro ug h c o urse of m e dic ine , afte r the u se for a fe w days of c om
p ositi on and n e r ve po wd e r, and b athing the fe e t wi th l ini m e nt, and the
fac e he ad and hand s in c old v i ne g ar or wi th c old wate r m i x e d w ith the
spi ri ts of c am ho r
p I j
n e c ti on s w i ll b e f ound u se ful w he n the b o w e l s are

z
.

j
d isord e re d . A l so , fe m a le i n e c ti on s m ay b e u se d of w itc h ha e l or re d
r as b e rr
p y l e av e s, m ad e i nto a te a wi th the u se of n e rve powd e r, c ay e nn e ,
and e m e tic .
A te a m ay b e m ade f or c on stan t d ri nk from m othe r wort, (l eon u r u s
c a r di a c a , ) w hi c h w ill b e v e ry u se fu l .
z
A pill oc c asi onal ly m ay b e u se d of the si e o f a smal l pe a, m ad e from
asafe tid a ; this w i ll e x e l the w in d an d
p q
ui e t the n e rv e s at tim e s v e r
y
m u c h, and al low the pati e nt to fi nd re st at n ig ht . We ha ve pe rsonal ly
e x per i e n c e d the ha ppi e st e ffe c ts from th e u se of thi s arti c l e i n ti m e s of
re at n e rv ou s e x c ite m e n t .
g

[Reg u lar Tr eatm en t— B l e e ding , b l iste ring , amm oni a, c arb on ate of
i ron , opiu m , m u sk , an d c am phor ] .

C A TA L EP S Y O R T RA N C E— Catal epsi s .
The sy m ptom s w hic h d isti ng u ish c atal e psy , a re ab se n c e o f v ol untary
m otion , whil e the b re athin g and pul se c onti nue ; the pa tie nt r e m ai n in g in
the sam e positio n in whic h the y ha ppe n to b e tak e n u ntil r e m ov e d , and the n
re m ai n a s the y are pl ac e d The fi t c o mm e nc e s without warning , l asti n g
.

fr om a fe w m in ute s to on e , two , or m ore d ay s , an d u sually te rm inate s

w ith sig hing . In so m e c ase s the b re athin g and pul se are so fe e b l e , that
the pati e nt i s l iab l e to b e tak e n for d e ad It u sual ly a ttac k s fe m ale s of
.

a n e rv ou s te mp era me n t .

TRE A T M EN T .

The fe e t m ay b e b athe d i n hot wate r u ntil the ab so rb e n ts have tak en

U p as m u c h of the he at as possib l e to pl ac e the n e r v ou s and art e ri al s s
y
te m s i n a state re ad y to b e c om e m o re ac tive if possib l e The n appl y .

l ig ht shoc k s from a g al van ic b atte ry , o r of e l e c tric i ty , an d i n c re ase the

w e r a s th e pati e nt c an b e a r If t hat d oe s n ot an sw e r , g i ve i f p ossib l e
p o .

a thor ou g h c ou rse of m e di c i n e , and c hang e the se at of ac ti o n from the

head to the fe e t .

[Regu l ar T r eatment — B l e ed in g , b l iste rs, c atharti c s, e tc

]
.

A P OP L EXY —
fl popl ex i a.
.

A popl e x y u su ally attac k s pe rsons of a short ne c k , l arg e he ad and a

c o rp ul e n t hab it , who u n i te g re at m e ntal e x e rti o n to b odily i n ac ti vi t It
y .

d oe s n ot ofte n oc c ur til l ad van c e d l ife , an d m ost ofte n to those who m ak e

a too fre e u se o f i ntox ic ating l i uors q Its g e n eral sy m ptom s are a su d
.

de n l oss o f se nse and motion , sl ow pul se , and b re athi ng , atte n d e d with a

shori n g soun d .

Thi s i s g e neral ly b rought ab out b y ex c e ssive pre ssure to the he ad

 8 12 TH E T H O M S O N I A N

from ove r e x c ite me nt . Those m ost l iab l e to b e affl ic te d are orators,

state sm e n , m e m b ers of the b ar , or c l e rg ym e n . The y are o fte n c u t d own
w he n spe ak ing . It i s b roug ht on b y a g rad u al l oss o f v ital ity , whi c h i s
thrown off b y rare fac ti on o f e x c e ssiv e re spir ation , whic h e x hau sts the
re ul ar am ou nt o f v i tal i ty use d i n ord in rry b u sin e ss B ut ove r e x c ite
g .

q
me nt in an ora tor re u ire s an ove r e x e rtion in point of arg um e nt and
l ang uag e to c onv e y to the au ditors in the m ost f orc ib le m ann e r his se nti
m e n ts . Whe n the l ung s have e x hau ste d i n a m e asure the u an ti ty of q
warm th to k e ep the m i n m o ti on , a suppl y i s c all e d in from the e x tre m i
ti tie s to m ak e up the d e fi c ie n c y , an d this i n its tu rn i s ag ai n u se d in rari
fac tion an d i s ag ain thrown off In c al ling i n the he at i n this m an ne r
.

the b l ood i s al so c all e d in , and so it c ontinu e s u n til the b l ood ve sse l s i n

the he ad are c rowd ed to an e x c e ssiv e d e g r e e , the fac e .tu m s purpl e , the
.

o rg an s of se n se b e c om e ov er c rowd e d , and v e rti g o i s the c on se u e n c e of q

d e thron ing the re asonin g fac ul ti e s, the m an re el s an d fall s al m ost se n se
l e ss an d life l e ss .

B y startin g the b l ood in the arm a te m porary v ac uum is c re ate d and

the pre ssu re u pon the b rai n is not uite as sev e re q B u t this te m porary.

re li e f is soon ov e r c om e b y the c ol d o r ab se n c e of he at hol d in

g the powe r
i n the b od y . The e y e s are bl ood shot , the c ou nte nanc e purpl e , hav ing
’

the appe aran c e of strang ul ati on o r dr own in g S o c l ose i s the c om pre s

.

sion of b l oo d i n the re g i on of the he ar t , b r ain , an d l un g s, that the fe e t and

l e g s e x hib it si gn s of i m m e d iate di ssol u tion , b y a c old , d e ath l ik e , c l am -

m y swe at , and the skin appe ars shrunk an d shriv e l e d To re store the .

b l ood b ac k to the l owe r , and rel ieve the pre ssure upon the uppe r or su
e ri or e x tre mi tie s or org an s, is what we w ish to e ff e c t
p .

T REA TM EN T .

In the fi rst pl ac e g ive a d o se cf c ay e nn e or c omposi tion as stron g as

o ss ib l e , the n put the fe e t i nto as ho t wate r as c an b e b orne b y the a t
p
te n d ant , an d c onti nue to rub the m thorou g hl y , an d as so on as re spiration
b e c om e s m ore e asy , g i ve warm m int te a swe e te n e d with su g ar an d m il k ,
an d an inj e c tion m ad e v e ry stim ul atin g wi th c ay e n ne an d ac ti ve as an
e m e tic b y a fre e u se o f the thir d preparati on , and m ak e i t p rod uc e v o

m itin g if possib l e .
Thi s w il l c han g e the sc e n e of e x c ite m e nt from the he ad to the opp o
site e x tre m ity ; pu t a ste am ston e o r b ri c k at the fe e t and fre qu e ntl y
b athe the hand s an d te m pl e s w ith c old v in e an or wate r
‘ Thi s wil l .

al so hav e a te n d e nc y to re m ov e i n a m e asure t e u nn atu ral e x c ite m e nt

.

from the he ad and g iv e e ase to the b l ood v e sse l s in the re g ion of the
b rain .

If the b owel s re quire ac tion , a c oupl e of tab l e spoon sful of c asto r oil '

in a d ose of c om position or c aye nne tea w il l hav e the m ost happy e fle c t .

_

L e t the d ie t fo r a d ay or t wo b e thin g rue l or toast wate r swe e te n e d with

sug ar , w ith the addition of m il k : al so , soups m ay b e use d .

[Reg u l ar Tr eatmen t — B l ee din g , b li ste rs, anti m ony , zi

nc , j alap and

m e rc ury ]

P AL S Y— . P ar al ysi s

P al sy som e tim e s origi nate s from d ri nki ng c old

e x po su re to the sun ,

wate r whe n he ate d , re pe ll e d e rupti on s, or pe rha s m ore fre u e n tly from q

apo pl e xy . The attac k of itse l f i s sudde n , thou g it m ay have b e e n pre p
c e d e d b y pai n in the he ad , d iffi c ul ty of m ovi ng the ton g ue , and l oss of .

p e rc e pti on and m e mory . P . q

al sy i s fre ue ntly loc al , and in suc h c ase s
 8 14 TH E TH O M S O N I A N

I have k nown this c ou rse O f tre atm e n t to tak e the sw el l ing e nti re l
y
f rom t he fe e t and le g s i n o ne O pe ration I onc e had a pati e n t so b ad tha t
.

the fe e t n e ar the ank le s c rac ke d O pe n , d own the sid e of the fo ot, n e a rl

y
thre e i n c he s, an d the w ate r e sc ape d fro m the o rifi c e ; the fl e sh turne d
b lac k , and i nd ic ate d the n e ar approac h of m ort ifi c ation A c ou r se O f
.

m e dic ine , w ith the ab o ve t re atm e n t (apply i ng the thi rd pre paration , we t
c l oths, an d ste am stone at the fe e t,
) re m ove d n ot o nl y the wate r , b ut the
e nti re pu trid appe aran c e of the fl e sh
,
.

The applic ation O f b re we r s y e ast, wi th c ay e nn e an d e m e ti c , will have

’

the sam e e ff e c t .

T his m e thod O f tre atin g the fe e t i s m ost adm ira b l e al so in i ts e ffe c ts in

c ase s O f g ou t, i n fl a mm at or
y rhe u m atism , or any b rui se or o ther d i sorde r
of the l im b s, a s i t re m o v e s the
pain i m m e d iate ly , if the pati e n t i s u n de r
the c ourse O f m e d ic i ne .

[Reg u l ar j
Tr eatmen t — A nti m ony , c oppe r , m e rc ury , al ap , g am b og e
am m o ni a , fox l ov e , ae the r , tob ac c o , an d c an tharid e s
j uni pe r , g ] .

WA TER IN T H E B RA IN .— H ydr ocephalu s .

Thi s d ise ase is sel d om m e t with afte r the fi rst se ve n y e ars of l ife , ai
thoug h i t has som e ti m e s oc c u rre d to ad ul ts. Its fi rst sym ptom s are , i rri
tati on g e n e ral l y , m uc h sim il ar t o that produ c e d b y wo rm s . A he av in e ss
is fe l t in the he ad , ac c om panie d b y pain shooting from te m pl e to te m pl e ;
'

irre g ul ar fe ve r ; the e y e s l ose the ir b ri ghtne ss, the c he e k s are pal e ; the
q
pul se i s i rre g ul ar b u t u i c k ; the he ad is hot , with se ve re pain in the fo re
he ad and a s the d isease ap roac he s a fatal te rmi n ation , the
p patie nt
sc re am s sudd e nl y , throws b ac k the head , an d i s tak e n wi th d eliri um , v o
m iting , an d c onvul sion s .

The disease u sual ly te rm in ate s i n from thre e to six w e ek s afte r i ts c om

m e n c e m e nt ; y e t it som e tim e s c ause s d e ath in two or thre e d ay s . The
c hron ic form m ay c ontin u e eve n for y e ars This d ise ase shoul d b e m e
.
‘

d i c al ly tre ate d i n i ts fi rst stag e s , if possib l e ,

T RE A T M EN T .

This c om pl ain t orig in ate s from c ol d e x tre m itie s , an d wan t Of su itab l e

ac ti on i n the b o w e l s . The fe e t shoul d b e b athe d (afte r tak i ng som e pre
pare d c o m positio n ) in as hot w ate r as the patie nt c an b e ar . T his will
m e asu rab l y r e lie v e the he ad . A g e ntl e e m e tic of ti n c tu re m ay b e use d ,
j
an d at the sam e tim e m ak e u se O f an i n e c tion m ad e o f c om po sition pow
z
d e r s, or O f re d raspb e rry l e ave s, w itc h ha e l l e av e s, o r of the A m e ri c an
te a ; to w hic h add the u sual qu an tity of c ay e n n e an d n e rve powd e r, and
”

two tab l e spoon sfu l O f the thi rd pre paration o f the l ob e lia , we l l shak e n , or
z
on e te aspoon fu l O f the pul ve ri e d se e d , sc al d e d i n the tea . When ad mi
n iste re d , l e t it b e re tai ne d b
y the patie nt a s l ong a s possib l e . This w ill
c han g e the fi e ld o f e x c ite m e nt from the u ppe r to the l owe r e x tre m itie s ,
and w ill i n a
g re at m e asure re l ie v e the head , if th e patie n t is n ot too far
g one .
j
This in e c tion w ill c au se v om itin g , b y e x c ite m e nt i n the b owe l s, and
wil l m ost g e ne ral ly affo rd imm e d iate re l i e f .
Thi s shoul d always b e r emember ed by pr aei ti on er s— to c hang e the l oc a
tion of the e x c i te m e n t f rom the u ppe r to the l ow e r e x tre m itie s , b y this _

c ourse whe n there i s any d istre ss in the he ad , o r the re g ion of the l ung s ,
,

e ithe r i n the q
u insy , c roup , i nfl am m ato r
y so re throat or asthm a— re m e m
,

b ering al way s to b athe the fe e t i n the stimul ating l inim e nt, to k e e p the
 M A T ERI A M ED I C A . 15

e x c ite m e n t in the e x tre mi tie s, whe n on c e you hav e suc c ee d e d in you r

j
o b ec t .

Whe n in b ed a hot stone shoul d b e plac e d at the

,
fe e t .

R
[ g
e u l ar Tr e at m en t — B l e ed in
g m e rc ury j al ap , , , g amb og e , wi th e l e c
tric ity and c ol d appli c ation s . ]

H EA RTB U RN —
. L i mosi s C ar d ialg i ca '
.

H eart b ur n is a b u rni ng se n sation at the pi t o f the stom ac h, ac c ompa

n ie d b y e ru c tati o ns of an ac id fl u id . It c o mm e n c e s soon afte r e ati n g ,
a nd the ac id rai se d i s d o u b tl e ss g e n e ra te d d u ri n g d ig e stion Its c ause .

m ust b e c on side re d a d e ran g e m e nt of the dig e stiv e org an s .

T REA T M EN T .

A c osti ve or re l ax e d state o f the b o we l s will prod uc e this c om pl aint,

an d i t i s b rou ht ab ou t b y a d e fi c i e n c y of the al l to ac t upon the b owe l s
g
g
.

It m ay b e re m ov e d b y u sing a l y e m ad e 0 hard wo od ashe s , and al

l o we d to stan d an d pu ri fy ; or c l arifi e d l i m e w ate r, m ade o f roc k l im e o r
o y ste r she l l li m e , m ay b e u se d Tak e o f the c le ar ly e or wate r from half
.

t o a tab l e spoonful , or if it b e too stron g re du c e it b y adding w ate r . Thi s

z
will n e utral i e the ac id . A stro ng b itte r shou l d b e u se d i mm e diatel y af
te r , to re store the g all and pow e rs of d ig e stion A n e m e tic w oul d b e o f .

se rv ic e , to throw off the m atte r whic h has al re ad y re m ai n e d too 10

the stom ac h. This al k al i m ay b e u se d d aily if ne c e ssary . M ag ne sra 1 8
an e x c e l le nt r e m e d , e s e c ial ly wi th fe m al e s in u te ro g e stati on
y p .

[Regul ar T r eatm e
nt — Jla ap , m ag ne si a an d am m on ia . ]

WA TERB RA S H — P yr osi s . .

Wate rb rash [8 prob ab ly pro duc e d b y the sam e c au se s whi c h prod uc e

hea rtb urn ; an d the e ruc tati ons o c c urri ng whe n the stom ac h is e m pty ,
q
the y b e ing ta ste l e ss and in l arg e r u an ti ti e s , c o nsti tu te the onl y m ate ri al
'
d ifi ere n c e b e twe e n the two d ise ase s .

T R EA TM EN T .

Thi s i s g e n e rally c ause d b y the w ant of a suitab l e d e g re e of animal

w arm th to throw off b y pe rspir ati on the ex c e ss of m o istur e tak e n into the
stom ac h It m ay b e r e m o v e d b y ab stai ni n g m e asurab l y from d rink for
.

a ti m e , or b y the u se o f stro n
g stim ul ants , suc h as c aye nne pe ppe r, c om
position powd e rs, &c , to throw out throu g h the po re s, b y pe rspi rati on ,
.

that whic h i s ra i se d from the sto m ac h for the want o f a sui tab l e uanti ty q
o f ani m al w arm th to r ari fy and dispo se of i t throu h the n atura l c han ne l s
g .

M e d ic ine s shou l d b e u se d d aily to re store d ig e sti on , as those powers are

m e asur ab l y aff e c te d b y this c om pl ain t .

[Reg ular Tr eatm en t — M e rc u r

y, an ti m ony , c ol oc yn th, c inc hona, and
sul phur ic ac id .]

F L A TU L EN C E— . L i mosi s F l atu s .

Thi s dise ase is prod uc e d b y a w e ak stom ac h, and i t c onsists in g as b e

ing form e d from the food — pri nc ipally c arb oni c ac id g as— whe n unde r
 8 16 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

the proc e ss of
dig e stion , whic h c annot tak e pl ac e whe n the d i g e sti
g ans are he al thy . This g as i s re taine d i nthe stom ac h, c ausi ng the ab d o
m e n to b e c om e swolle n and hard ; is e ruc ted , or passe d d ownward .

T REA TM EN T .

A l ittl e c aye nn e , g ing e r, or c om position tea , wil l re lie ve . A te a m ade

o f the d y spe psia powd e r , o r spe arm in t, pe ppe rmin t,
pe nn yroy al , sag e , or
of hem l oc k b oug hs, w il l re m ove i t . The e asie st re m e dy i s, to tak e as
mu c h d y spe psy powd e r as c an b e he ld u pon the point of a pe nk nife , and
it wil l re lie ve pain and e x pe l wind from the stom ac h i mm e diate l y . With
c hild re n , a l ittle he m l oc k , pe ppe rmi nt , or pe n n y roy al e sse nc e , p ut in to
warm water , swe e te n e d , w i th a littl e m il k , an d iv e n warm , will ac t lik e
g
a c harm ; i t wil l e x pe l the wi n d , an d put the c hi ld to sl e e
p imm e di ate ly .

[Reg u lar Tr eatm en t — Tartari

. z e d an tim on
y, c hal k , an d o pi m
u ]
.

C O S TI V EN ES S . Obstipati o.
When the b owel s do n ot m ov e n aturally , as often as onc e i n tw e n ty
four hours, we d e n omi nate it c osti v e ne ss Its im m e diate c au se is , we ak
.

n e ss o f the b owe l s, an d the stre ng th of the al l n ot b e in sutli c ie n t to c re

g g
ate ac ti on ; whic h m ay b e prod u c e d b y e x c e ssi ve m e n tal e x e rtion , se
d e ntary hab i ts, i natte nti on to re g ul ar e vac uation s, and a v ariety of othe r
c au se s .

T RE A TM EN T .

In this c ase the sy ste m should b e re g ul ate d b y a sui tab l e di e t b rown

'
-

b re ad , c ru st c ofi e e , m il k porrid g e , or any othe r l ig ht tood , whil e the d i

estiv e powe r s are b e in g stre n g the ne d b y b i tte rs, to re store the g all suth
g
c ie n tl y for it to ac t u p on the b o w el s .

A sm al l pape r of the d y spe psy pow d e rs m ay b e c arrie d in the poc k e t,

.

and u se d oc c asi onal l y ; ab ou t the f ou rth o f a te aspoonful will re m ov e the

fai nt sin k in g se n sation oc c asion all y fe l t at the stom ac h .

L ax ativ e pill s m ay b e u se d , m ad e of e ual parts of d rie d b e e f s g al l ,

’

rhe u b arb , C asti l e so ap , an d b i tte r root, w it the addi ti on of on e si x te e nth

ar t of c ay e nn e an d p il l e d i n the popl ar or pe ac h e x trac t T ak e from
p .

on e to thre e at ni g ht . Thi s is an e x c e ll e n t art ic l e for c osti ve ne ss .

O r a pill m ay b e m ad e b y d ry in g d own the tom ato uic e as thic k as j
tar, and a d d in g rheu b arb , d ri e d b itte r root, and the c ay e n n e , as b e fore
m e ntione d . Ei the r of the se i s a g ood re m e d y .

[Reg u l ar J
Tr eatment . — al ap , sul phate o f m ag ne sia, c assia , rhub arb ,

and m e rc ury ]

IN DIG ES TION —D
yspepsi a .

Thi s di se ase c on sists in the in c apac ity of the stom ac h to pe rform i ts

n atural func tion s . I ts sy m ptom s are , a fain t sinking se nsation thro ug h
the syste m , e spe c ial ly in the m orn in ; an oppre ssion at the stom ac h af
te r e ating , whic h i s o fte n foll owe d g
y a g re at d e si re to sl e e p ; a he avy ,
h h l d g re e o f e m ac i ati on
d ull pa in ab ou t t e e a d ,
a g re ate r or e ss e , tog e
the r w i th a l ong train of othe r sy m ptom s, w ic h the fre ue n c y of the q
d isease at the pre se nt d ay re nde rs it u nn e c e ssary to d e sc rib e .

T REA TM EN T .

Thi s c ompl aint m ay b e re l iev e d b y c l e ansin g the stom ac h b y e m e tic s,

and mak ing a te a of t he p opl ar b ark , or b y the use of the g ol d e n se al tea,
8 18 TH E TH O M S O N IA N

r ie nc e d i n the fe e t an d c al ve s o f the l e gs, th ou gh any part o f the b ody i s

l iab l e to b e aff e c te d b y i t
. It c on si sts l n a c on trac tion of the m usc l e s .

T REA TM EN T .

q
L ive ly fri c tion , if i n the li m b s , will fre u e n tl y re m o ve the c ramp If .

q
m ore po we rful m e an s are re ui re d , tak e a li ttl e tinc tur e of c am phor,
asafe tid a , or c a e nn e , afte r whic h b athe the fe e t , to c au se a g e n e ral
y
l w t th u hout the b od y .
g o o pa ss ro g

[Reg ul ar Tr eatmen t — Opi um , mthe r , oil o f amb er j al ap ,

-

, &c .
, with
b l e e ding an d e le c tri c ity ]

BL EEDIN G F ROM TH E N OS E— Epi stax i s .

Thi s o fte n happe n s in c atar rh, an d m ay b e induc e d b y a pre ssur e of

b l ood to the head and a varie ty of othe r c ause
,

T REA TM EN T .

Th is c om pl aint m ay ofte n b e re l ie ve d b y runn in g , or vi ol e n t e x erc i se ,

to throw the b l ood i nto the fe e t P uttin g the fe e t i nto hot w ater , an d a
.

c l oth w e t i n c old wate r , appli e d to the te m pl e s, afte r ta k in g a d ose of

warm m e d ic in e . If thi s d oe s n ot re liev e , and the patie n t i s in d ang e r ,
j
g iv e an in e c ti on of c om po sition , m ade str on g with c ay enne , an d ad d ,
q
w he n the l i u id is hot , tw o te aspoon sfull of the b rown e m e ti c , an d a
ta b l e sp oon f ul l of the third pre paration . L e t thi s b e gi ve n as warm as
-

i t c an b e b orne . Thi s will c han g e the fi eld of e x c i te m e n t to the l ow e r

e x tre mi ti e s, an d the vom itin
g wi l l re lieve the patie n t . A valuab l e astrin
'

g e nt snufl m ay b e m ade b y p ul v e risin g witc h ha e l l e ave s line , and

-

z
u sing it whe n b l e e di n .
g

[Reg u l ar Tr eatmen t — A lum , zi nc ,

l ead , sul phu ri c ac i d , Opium , and
m u ri ate of iron ]
.

S TRA N G U A RY — I schu r i a
. cl D ysu ri a .

S tranguary is a pai nful e m issi on of u rin e , whi c h u sual l y fl ow s only b y

d rops, with a sc al d in g se n sation . Its c au se i s d o ub tl e ss an infl am m ati on
o f the n e c k of the b l add e r , w hi c h i s m o st c om m on ly i nd u c e d b y the ap

li c ation o f c an thari d e s , e ithe r in ternal l y or in the form of b l iste rs. It

p as al so in a fe w c ase s b e e n pro d uc e d b y c old s .

T R EA TM EN T .

G e t the sy ste m into a m od erate pe rspira tion , and appl y a hot b ri c k to

th e b ac k , and u se the d iur e tic re m e d ie s m e ntione d u nde r the he ad of
di u re ti c s .If the y d o n ot r e l ie ve , tak e the c ou rse of m e d i c in e , an d m ak e
a f re e u se of a te a m ad e o f he m l oc k b ou hs , of st rawb e rr
g y l e ave s, or of
wil d l e ttu c e , parsl e y roots, or the syr ups d ire c te d to b e m ade u nd er the
he ad o f diure tic s A warm pl aste r m ay b e applie d to the sm al l of the
.

b ac k , and the fe e t shoul d b e stim ul ate d , to c al l d own the c irc ul ation from
the head , and c reate ac tivi ty in the b ac k and re g ion of the k id ne y s .

The m ost simpl e way to re mov e this dise ase i s to he at se v e ral g allons
of wate r to a b oil in g te m e rature , w hi c h our 1 nto 2 l ar e tub , the n ad d
p p g
c ol d wate r and re d uc e the he at to that
po int so that it c an b e b orn e b y '
the patie nt with som e i nc onve nie n c e The n l e t him tak e ofl hi s c l othe s
.

and sit do wn in to the wate r , w hi c h shoul d c om e u ab ove th e n ave l , c om

p
 M A TERI A M ED I C A . 8 19

m
pl e te ly i mersing the sm all Of the b ac k . B e c ov e re d wi th a b l ank e t, to
k e e p off the e x te rn al ai r This wil l re l ie v e , i n a fe w m inu te s , all distre ss
.

oc c asi on e d b
y b l i ste rs, or fro m any othe r c au se e x c e pt c al c ul u s or the
'
ton e , and wil l the n aflo rd te m po rary re l ie f .

[Reg u l ar Tr eatm en t — Opiu m , ae the r, hai sum c opaiva, tob ac c o, m e r

c ury , an d the u se o f the c athe te r ] .

DIA B ETES — S acc har i n e U r in e f

This d ise ase c on sists i n an e x c e ssiv e d isc harg e of u rine . Its sym ptom s
are , thi rst , d eb i li ty , a v orac i ou s appe tite , a d ry , harsh sk in , a c l amm
y
tong ue , and g e ne ra l d eb il ity .

T R EA TM EN T

The pe r spirab l e m atte r has tu rne d in , a n d passes off b y the u rinary

o r an s th i s c ourse m ust b e stoppe d b y c r e ating an ac ti v e c i rc ul ation to
g
the sk i n , and k e e pi ng it u p at the sam e tim e b y g ivi ng i n te rnally som e
o f the m ost ow e rful astri n e n ts u se d i n our p rac ti c e , su c h as a te a m a d e
p g
z
of white l ily ro ots , witc h ha e l l e av e s, or tin c ture o f k in o , m ad e stron g ,
-

o f whic h tak e a te a s o on full two or thre e tim e s a d a , un l e ss it dr ie s

p y
-

the m ou th too m uc h .
In the fi rst stag e s, it m ay b e c u re d b y the fre e use of l oaf su g ar an d
rosin , o n e thir d o f r osin to tw o thi rd s of l oaf su g ar , m ad e fi n e — an d a
teaspoonfull u se d se ve ral tim e s in c ou rse o f the d ay . A te a m ay b e
m ad e of av e n s ro ot, or c ran e s b ill , whic h wil l b e sufi i c ie ntl y astri n g e nt
- -

t o d o m u c h g ood in this di sease . B ut the O pe ration of a ful l c ourse of

m e dic ine , and a c on ti nu e d pe rspi ration for som e tim e , wi th a fre e u se of
astri n e n ts, wil l an swe r the
g purpose . The b owe l s shoul d b e k ep t in
g oo d ord e r .

[Reg u lar T r eat men t — N itr i c ac id , amm oni a, b l eeding , al um , zi

nc ,
d opium .]

G RA V EL — I / ithi asi s.

G rav el i s pro du c e d whe n the alk aline m atte r whic h the urin e c on tains
b e ars a too gr e at proport ion to its ac id pri n c ipl e , to b e k e pt in sol uti on
b y it : in that c ase , the al k ali b e c om e s c on c re te d , u su al l y in the b l adder .

I t m ay al so b e oc c asion e d whe n the ac id pri n c ipl e e x c e e d s i ts d ue pro

portio n i n re l ation to the alk al i ne I n this c ase , the d e posi te i s c om
.

m onl y m ade i n the b l add e r, whic h appe ar s in the fo rm o f re d sand , b ut

s c on c re te d i n the k id n ey , fr om whe n c e i t passe s, and i s d e posi te d in the
i l ad d e r
.

S om e tim e s a nuc l eu s is form e d of the se d e posite s in the b ladd e r, whic h

z
b e c om e s sol id , and attain s a g re ater or l e ss si e , ac c ording to c ir c um
sta n c e s, an d i s the n c al l e d s tone .

T REA TM EN T .

Tak e two pound s of wild strawb e rry l e av e s and vin e s , and fruit, if to
b e had , an d pu t the m i nto a stone j ug , an d add tw o g all on s of the b e st
H ol lan d gi n , and hal f a pou nd of parsl ey roots, and uart e r of a pound q
of j u n ipe r b e rr ie s, al l pu l ve rise d , an d swe e te n i t wi th tw o p ou nd s of
b oile d straine d hon e y . L e t this c om po und b e we ll shak e n tog e the r , and
ste ppe d d own for use . q
Tak e f rom a uarte r to hal f of a gl ass two or
8 20 T H E T H OM S O N I A N

thre e tim e s day . It is an e x c e ll e n t re m e dy . If the c ompl ai nt is v e ry

a
d istre ssing , a ste am b ath m ay b e appl ie d , an d the patie nt ha vin
g his fe e t
i n a pail of wate r, as ho t as he c an b ear i t, u ntil the c i rc u lati on in
'

t he m i s as fre e as in the hand s. This wil l e ne rally r e l ie ve ; i f n ot, the

t in c tu re of e m e ti c may b e ta k e n to r e l ax t e sy ste m , and at the sam e
ti m e , all the d rink s tak e n sho uld b e swe e te ne d wi th c lari fi e d or b oil e d
hone y . A ste am i n stone or b ric k m ay b e pl ac e d to the sm all of the
%
b ac k , as hot as c an e tol e rate d , or c l oths we t wi th hot wate r , applie d as
'
q
fre ue nt as they b e c om e c o ol ish, so that the heat c an b e i n c re ase d and
c om fortab l y hom e b y the patie n t, ma
y b e use d . S pirits of tu rpe ntine
_

q
m ay b e tak e n in sm al l u an titie s, upon sug ar , with m u c h ad vantag e , or
mix e d with b oil e d hone y .
The se are all simpl e m e an s, to whic h pe opl e will e ne rally hav e re
g
c ou rse b e f ore the y will a pl
p y m ore thoroug h re m e d i e s . B u t if the se
thing s fail , (as i t i s s e l d om the c ase b ut som e o f the m will re l ie ve the
patie nt, ) the n try the thoroug h c ou rse of m e dic ine , appl y in g the he at to
the fe e t b y hot wate r whil e i n the b ath , an d b athe wi th l inim e nt whe n
out . A te a made of popl ar b ark m ay b e c on stantl y u se d , and m u c h
‘
b e n e fi t wil l b e d e rive d : al so he ml oc k b ou g hs m ay b e m ad e into te a , an d
fre e l y use d for the sam e purpose , with ad vantag e .

[Rjg u l ar T r eatmen t — O pium , '

e
ae th r, tu rpe ntin e , sod a l ead , and

e
~
, ,

a 1um ] .

DROWN I N G .
Whe n b y imm e rsion in wate r , the anim al func ti on s b e c om e su spe n de d ,
,

so as to c ause d e ath, we c al l i t a c ase of d rownin g .

The re ason why i mm ersion in wat e r c au se s d eath, is supp ose d to b e the

p re ve ntion o f air from b e ing inhal e d in to the l u ng s, and thus the b l ood is
n ot c han e d from the pr ope r tie s of v e n ou s to arte rial , b ut i s passe d from
g
the l e ft si de of the he a rt to the b rain in the v e n ous state , in suc h q uanti
t ie s as to im pair the vi tal powe r .

T REA TM EN T .

The the te mpe ratu re of the b ody should b e as n e arly natural

rai sin g of
a s possib l e , that i s, as natural and uniform l y throu g h the b ody . T he he at
m ay b e rai se d to n ine ty e i ght d eg re e s of F ahre nhe it, b u t not o ve r one
-

hund re d . The b ody shoul d b e l aid upon a m attre ss, b e twe e n b l ank e ts,
th e he ad a n d shoul d e rs e l e vate d— the fe e t e x te ndin g ove r the foot of the
b e d , and i m m erse d in as hot wate r as the atte nd ant c an b ear , i n orde r
that the ab sorb e nts m ay raise sufli c i e nt heat of vital ity to c ause re spi ra
ti on as soo n as the l ung s c an b e m ove d b y suitab l e osc il l ati ons . The
e v id e n c e of i m pro ve m e nt, or re turni n g l ife , m ay b e n otic e d b y the in
z
c re ase i n the si e of the ve i ns i n the han d s an d fe e t .
W hil e the fe e t a re in the wate r and the b od y i s b e c om ing warm , l i g ht
shoc k s may b e applie d from a g al va nic b atte ry or of e l e c tr ic ity , w hi c h
will have a te n d e n c y to g iv e tha t osc ill ati ng m otion to the l ung s so n e
c e ssary i n re spi ra tion . A s soon as possib l e pou r into the m outh on e te a
s poon ful of the thi rd pre aration , to c re ate an e x c i te m e n t at the roots of

the ton g ue a nd g l an d s o t he throat, whic h will g ive ac ti on . If the pa

tie nt b e i ns to re c ov e r it will fi rst b e pe rc e ive d b y the pu l se and the n b y
g
re spirati o n s fe w and far b e twe e n .” In this c ase the e fforts shoul d b e
re d oub l e d to appl y the shoc k of g al van ism l ig ht o r heavy as the c irc u m
stan c e s of the c ase will w arrant . Rub the fe e t and arm s to inc re ase the
c i rc ul ati on . Do not suffe r any thing to b e put into the m outh that woul d
8 22 T H E T H O M S O N IA N

T R EA TM EN T .

C ou rse s of m e dic ine shoul d b e u se d two o r thre e tim e s in the c ourse of

a we e k and the tinc ture o f l ob e l ia tak e n a t i nte rv al s , to k e e p the sto
m ac h src k e ne d . The e v ac uation o f t he b ow el s shoul d b e re g ul ar an d
d aily . This c ou rse wil l g e n e rall y re l ie v e al l d istre ss The n m ak e a w ash
.

o f the l ob e l ia and e ll ow l ily r oo t . T h i

y s te a m a
y al so b e u se d as inj e c
t ion s for the pe n is or pe r an i wi th g ood su c c e ss .

A poul tic e m ay b e [u se d for an y sy philitic sore s, c om pound e d o f the

lob e lia and y e llo w l ily root te a , thic k e n e d w ith sl i ppe ry e l m a nd spong e
c rac k e rs, o r I nd ian m e al . I f the se artic le s c ann o t b e had , m ak e u se of
b e we r s or b ak e r s y e ast, and thic k e n i t w ith the c rac k e rs and the e l m ,
r
’ ’

w ith the ad di tion o f the g re e n e m e tic . This w i l l d ra w out the v i ru s and

he al the sore s . K
e e pi n
g the b od y c ool , an d the stom ac h n au se ate d b y
the l ob e l ia o r b itte r roo t , with the u se of the c om poun d s fo r poul ti c e s an d
i n e c tion s, the re w il l n ot b e m uc h difl‘
j i c ul ty w ith the patie nt.

[Reg u lar
T r eatmen t . M e rc u ry ,
-
opiu m , sal ts, nitre , am m oni a, b al
sam c o aiv a , l i m e water , li ht d ie t, an d c ool te m pe ram e n t
p g ]

TIC DOU L OU REU X .

—J\7eu r al i a
g .

This is a d isorde r that ofte n o c c u rs in thi s c ountry . It attac k s the

c he e k an d u ppe r j aw , i s a pai nfu l affe c ti on of t he n e rv e s, and ta k e s i ts
'

n am e fr om its su d d e n an d e x c ru c i ati n d a rts of a in T he d i stre ss i s

g p .

q
f re ue ntly m ost i ntol e rab l e w ithout the l e ast appare n t sign s of an y aflec
'

tion o f the c he e k , te e th , or j aw . It i s ofte n tim e s b y u n sk il ful phy sic ian s

attrib u te d to the te e th, an d m an
y h av e ver j
y in udic iou sl y e x trac te d al l on
that si de ; b u t it is n e ve r su c c e e d e d b y any m itig ati on o f the pain It i s .

the re fore al way s c omm e n dab l e fo r those who h ave sou n d te e th i n the ir
he ad , t o l e t the m re m ain i n suc h in stan c e s, as not the l east possib l e b e
n e fi t c an b e d e ri v e d fr om the i r e x trac tio n .

T REA TM EN T .

We to m e e t thi s d i sea se . One c ase of it w as

are sel d om c all e d. u pon
t re ate d b y u s the past y e ar , it w as that of a y ou n g l ady who had b e e n
s e riou sl afflic te d wi th i t for u pw a rd s o f a y e ar, so that at ti m e s she c oul d
y
t ak e n o re st d ay n or ni g ht . We c om m e n c e d o u r tre atm e nt b y g i ving he r

c o m posititi on , t o c re ate an ac ti on i n the sy ste m , an d b athin g the fe e t w i th

stim u l atin
g li nim e nt, t o tak e the pre ssu re f ro m the he ad . T h e se c o n d

d ay she took the vapor b ath, an d afte rward s fo ur or fi ve e m e tic p ill s d aily ,
w hic h sic k e n e d , and c ause d sl i ght v o m itin g ; the n pu t a stim ul atin g
l aste r u o n the c he e k , whi c h c ou nte rac te d t he c on stri n g e n t e ffe c ts the
p p
c ol d air w ould n atu rall y prod u c e whil e tak i ng the warm m e d ic i n e , b e
sid e s r el ax in g the m u sc l e s so as to ab a te the pai n . F or fou r or fi ve Of
t he fi rst d ay s an d h i hts she was c onsta ntl y e x e rc ise d wi th the m ost i n
h
te n se pain i n that c e e k . W
e the n ad m i n iste re d a f ul l c ou rse of m e d i

c in e , an d fol l ow e d u p the b ath e ve ry d ay , with b a thin g the fe e t an d warm

m e dic in e inte rnal l y , u ntil the n i nth d ay , whe n she re tu m e d hom e i n the
ste am —b oat , w ithou t the l e ast pain , and has n ot si nc e , we l e arn , b e e n af
fl ic te d with th e l e ast sym ptoms of the ti e d ou l oure ux .

We shoul d not z
fe el authori e d tod e c l are that the ab ov e c ourse woul d
c ure e v e ry c ase of the c ompl aint ; b ut we k n ow i t w as e ffe c tual i n thi s
i nstanc e , an d thi s shoul d b e an i ndu c e m e n t to m ak e a trial of it in othe r
c ase s .
N . B — We have had sev e ral c ase s sinc e the one ab ove me ntione d , and

J
.

have g e ne ra l ly b ee n suc c e ssful wi th them . . T.

 M A TERI A M ED I C A . 823

A V AL U A BL ESAL V E ,

F or v i ol en t I nflamm ator y S or es, B urn s , Can k er or F ever S S

or es , .rc .

Tak e o f b e e f s g al l , and d ry i t d own to the c on si ste nc e of sal ve , and

’

a l i t to the part aff e c te d , and i t tak e s o ut the in fl amm ati on i mm e di ate

pp y
l y , an d pre v e n ts the c o ntra c tion o f the m u sc le s .

T his i s a m u c h b e tte r re me d y for old sore s than th e b l ac k sal ve , i n

whic h is c om pou nde d the re d l e ad , m e n tione d on pag e 73 4 , and should
b e u se d i n i ts ste ad .

[This artic l e w as ov e rl ook e d , an d n ot

pu t in its prope r pl ac e , b ut i s too
v al uab l e to b e e nti re l y om itte d ]

C ooker y f or the S i ck.

A fte r a sati sfac tory ope r ati on of m e d ic ine , the n e x t m ost im po rt an t

j
sub e c t to b e atte n d e d to i s the appe tite The fo od shoul d b e l ig ht , and
.

su c h as t o se t w e l l u po n the stom ac h, f or whic h pu rpose we ha ve se l e c te d

the fol l owin g artic l e s .

TO M A K E CH IC K EN B ROTH .
Dre ss a fowl ; wash it in b oi ling w ate r, with a porti on of sal t ; take
e i ht q uar ts of w ate r , an d fou r o r six o u n c e s o f pe arl b arl e y ; b oil it an
g
hou r and a hal f ; pu t in the fo wl and b oi l it, with the ad diti on O f the white
of l e e k s an d parsl e y Whe n the fowl i s suffi c ie ntly d one , ad d a pint of
.

sw e e t m il k ; l e t it j u st c om e to the b oil in g point ; tak e the soup off the

fi re , hav e the fo wl c ov e re d with a sm al l q uan ti ty of g ood b utte r an d par ~

sl e y , w ith a fe w pi e c e s of l e m on pe e l . A li ttl e pe ppe r an d sal t or aro ~

matie s m ay b e add e d .
A N OTH ER M ET H OD .

zz
Tak e a c hic k e n and c u t i t in pi e c e s ; put the g i ard i n w ith i t, ope ne d
and c l e an e d , b u t n ot pe el e d . B o il i t til l the m e at d ro ps f rom the b one .

B e g in to g i ve the b roth as soon as the re is an y stre n g th in it ; an d when

b oil e d , e at som e o f the m e at . L e t it b e we ll se aso ne d . This m ay b e
g ive n i n ste ad o f m il k por rid g e , an d i s ve ry g ood for w e ak p atie n ts, par
ti c u larl y i n c ase s o f d y se n te ry .

A N OTH ER M ET H OD .

P the b ody an d l e g s of the fowl , afte r tak in g off the sk in and rum p ,
ut
i nto the wate r it was b oil e d i n , with one b l ad e of m ac e , on e sl ic e o f on ion
an d te n w hite pe ppe r c orn s . S im m e r til l the b roth b e o f a pl e asan t fla
vo r ; if n ot w ate r e n oug h, ad d a l ittl e . B e at a uarte r o f an oun c e of q
s we e t al m on d s wi th a te asp oon f ul of w ate r , fi ne ; b roil i t i n the b roth ;
strai n , and whe n c ool re m ov e the fat .

B EEF , M U TTON , AN D V EA L B ROTH .

P tw o pou n d s of le an b e e f , one pou nd o f sc rag of v e al , on e pou nd of

ut

sc rag of m utton , thre e oun c e s o f pe arl b arl e y , sweet he rb s, an d te n pe p

p e r c orn s , in to a n ic e ti n sauc e — q
pan , with se ve n uart s of wate r ; to sim
q
m e r to thre e or fo ur uart s, and c l e ar f rom the fat whe n c ol d . A dd one
on ion , i f ap prov e d , o r the white part of l e e k s .
S oup and b roth m ad e of diffe re nt m e ats are m ore suppor ting as wel l as
b e tte r flav ored . To remov e the fat, tak e i t off whe n c old , as c l ean as
 824 TH E T H O M S O N I A N

possib l e ; and if the re b e still any re m ainin g , l ay a b it of c l e an b l ottin g

o r c ap pa er on the b ro th w he n in the b asin , an d i t wil l ta k e u
p p e ve ry
parti e Ie .
TO M A K E M IL K P ORRIDG E .

q
P u t a uart of wate r i n a k e ttl e , w ith a proper uantity of sal t, and q
w hile he ating m ix a g ill of fl our i n a b owl wi th w ate r, m ade thic k , and
when the wate r is b oil ing hot d rop this in to it with a spoon ; l e t i t b e we l l
b oile d , the n add hal f a pint of m ilk This i s to b e e ate n while und e r the
.

O pe rati on of the m e d ic in e ; and i s al so

g oo d food for the sic k at any other
tim e , e spe c i ally when the stom ac h is we ak .

A N OTH ER M ET H OD .

Tak e o f wate r g ru el , whe n i t has stood a l ittl e whil e to c o ol , an d add

q
half the u antity of u nb oil e d n e w m il k It may b e e ate n sal te d or fre sh
. .

M il k po rri d g e i s e x c e e ding l y c l ean sing , and e asy of d ig e stion , and

m ay b e g ive n to the we ak e st sto mac h that i s ab l e to re c e ive food .

WA TER G RU EL .

Tak e a spoo n ful and ahalf or fr e sh g rou nd oatm e al , m ix wi th i t gra

q
d uall y a u art of ri ve r o r sprin g w ater , an d se t i t on a c l e ar fi re Whe n .

j
i t i s ri sing or ust re ady to b oil , tak e it off an d pour i t from on e b asin i n
to an othe r , b ac k ward s an d forw ard s fi ve or six tim e s ; the n se t it on the
fi re ag ain till it i s re ady to b oil , b u t b e fore i t d oe s b oil tak e i t O ff and l e t
it stand a l ittl e in the sauc e —pan , that the c oarse husk s of the oatm eal
m ay sink to the b ottom . The n po ur it out, add a little sal t, an d l e t it
‘

stan d to c ool .

When wate r g ruel is m ad e with g rits it mu st b oil g e ntly for som e tini e .

j
The l ong e r it b oil s the m ore i t wil l e l ly . B ut m od erati on m u st b e ob
serve d i n thi s re spe c t, for if i t b e ve r
y l ong b oi le d and v e ry thi c k i t w il l
b e flat an d he av y .

A m istak e n i d e a v e ry g e ne ra ly prev ai l s, that water g ruel i s n ot n ou

l
rishin g . It is, on the c ontrary h a l ig ht, n ouri shin g fo od , g ood e i the r in
sic kn e ss or he al th, b oth for y oung or old .

TOA S T A N D WA TER .

T oast a thin pie c e of b re ad , at a d i stan c e f ro m the t i re , til] v e ry hard

and b rown , b ut n ot the l e ast b urn t ; the n p ut i t into a j u g of c ol d w ate r ,

c ove r i t c l ose , an d l e t i t stan d an hou r b e fore i t i s u se d . The wate r Wi l l

b e of a
T his
portion

ORA N G EA DE OR L EM ON A DE .

Whe n y ou have sque e z e d o ut the j b oiling w ate r on a l ittle

u ic e , pou r
of the pe e l and c ove r i t c l ose B oil su g ar and wate r to a thin sy rup , an d
.

sk im i t w e ll .When thoroug hl y c ol d , mix the infusion , the sy rup and

j uic e , w ith a s m u c h m ore wate r as w ill m ak e it a ric h she rb e t , and strai n
j
i t throug h a e ll y b ag ; or it m ay b e m ad e b y s u ee in g th e u ic e , strain
,
q z j
i ng i t, and ad din g c apill aire an d w ater .

RIC E M IL K .

To four l arg e spoon sful of whol e ric e , washe d v e ry c l e an in c old wate r ,

add a q
uart of n e w m il k , an d ste w the m ve ry g e ntl y for thr ee hou rs L et .

i t stan d i n a b asin to c ool b e fore it i s use d .

 8 26 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

B o ta nic T e rm s, a V oc ab ul ar y of, 15 0 fl
C l i m ate , i n u e n ce of
,
B ota n y , 30 C li v e rs ,
I m pr ove d S y ste m 121 C l o v e T r ee ,
B oxw o od , 62 1 , 70 5 C oc a sh ,
B r u ise s, s h ee p s p el ts f or ,
’
7 69 C o c hl e r ia A r m om m '
B u c k T hor n , 720 , 65 9 C o h osh,
H orn B r ak e , 669, 724 C o ld , a rtrfi c ral , p r od uc ti on o f,
B u d s o f P l a nts, 61 C oli c ,
B ur d o c k , 64 1 , 71 1 P a i nte r y, ’
i

B u sk s of ste e l , 74 2 C o li ca ,
B u tt e r n u t , 7 1 8 , 65 8 C o m fr e y , 623 ,
C a lc u l i , 806 C o m p osit io n P o w d e r s,
C a l or ie 189 C om p o u nd s of N o 3 ,.

1 95 N O 4,
1 95 N o 5,
.

1 99 N o 6, 7 1 0 ,
.

678 C onsu m p tion , 7 69,

68 5 C o nt u si o ns ,
w i ld, 68 5 C onv u l sio n s,
C am ph or , 636 , 71 1 C o ok e ry f or th e S i c k ,
C a nad a S n a k e r oot , 68 9 C o p a i fe r as o fli c i n al is,
‘
C an c e r P l ast er , 67 1 C o p ti s T r if ol ia , 622 ,
C an in e M ad ness, 821 C or n s o n t h e t o e s,
C a n ke r, r e m e die s f or , (N o . C orn u s C i rc in a ti , 64 6,
7 9 7, 70 1 C o rnu s F l or i da, 62 1 ,
C a n k e r S or e s, 725 C o st iv e ness,
C a p si c u m B a cc at um , 5 90 , 70 0 C ou g h M ix t ur e ,
A n n u u m , 5 90 , 70 1 Dr o p s, 673 ,
C arb ona te of S o da , 67 7 S y ru p ,
C assia M ar y l a n dic a , 65 6, 7 19 C ou n c i l o f t h e S e n ses,
C astor O il , 65 7, 7 19 C our se s of M e d ic i n e ,
C a t al e psis , 811 C ra m p ,
C a ta le p sy , 811 C ra ne s b il l , 60 9 ,
C a tarr h , 73 5 , 79 3 C r ook e d L e g , t o str a ig h te n,
C a tarr hu s , 79 3 G r ou p , 74 2 ,
C ates b y , M ,
. 1 08 C u b e b a , 65 3 ,
C a t har ti c s, 65 4 , 7 16 C u b e b s , 65 3 ,
C a t n i p , C a t m i nt , 684 C u tan e ou s D ise ases ,
C a th ar tic C om p ou n d, 7 18 C y n anc h e P ha r y ng es,
C a u st ic s, 679 P aro tid ze a,
C ay e nn e , 5 90 M a lig n a ,
C e a not hu s A m er ic ana, 60 6, 702 T r ac he a lis,
C e ing le s, 78 7
C e l u lar D r op sy , 8 13
C e nta u r e a B e n e di c ta , 68 9
C ha pp e d H an d s a nd F ee t , 73 9
he l o ne G la b r a , 6 1 3 , 70 4 D iarr h aea,
g he r e v i siae F e r m e n t um , 667 , 723 D iarr h oe a a n d D y se nter y am d e s
626 f or, 725 ,
’

]
he r y , b l ac k , or w i d ,
g ‘
i
hie e n, i ts g r ow th r om th e e g g 1 4 D iDg e sti ve 1 ow er s t o r e swr e ’
78 4
C h ic k e n P ox, (N O . 5 9 3524 ,
C him a p hil a U mb e lla ta , 644 , 7 1 1 Di se ase , tr e a tm e n t Of7
C hinc o pi ns, 5 90 D i sease s
C hoc o l ate Ro ot, 60 8 e r u p ti v e ,

C ho le r a, A sia t ic ,
C h ol e r a M or b u s,
C h or e a S a n c ti V iti ,
C hr y sa nt he m u m P ar th e n iu m ,
75 2 D iur e ti c C o m p ou nd s,
8 0 3 D iu r e ti c s, 660 , 72 1 ,
8 0 9 D o c k s, 6 4 8 ,
686 D o g s B a ne , 6 1 8 ,
’

C in na m o n , 675 D og wo od ,
q z
C ir c u la ti on, e ual i a ti on of, 692 Dr op sy, 72 1 ,
C l asses , ar tifi cial, 1 3 3, 1 4 2 D r o wne d , re su sc itation of th e
C l e av e rs, 66 1 Dr owni ng , 773 ,
 M A T ERI A M ED I C A . 8 27

8 04 G ol d en S e al , 6 1 3 ,
D yse nte ry ,
70 6 G o ldthread, 622,
D ysp e p tic P owde r s,
8 16 G o u t,
D y sp e psia ,
G rav e l , 722,
Ea r t h a nd Water , 1 70
14 G r e en O sie r , 64 6 ,
Eg g and i ts v ital ity,
723 G r o wt h an d e xtr ac tiv e m atte r o f
Eld e r T r e e , 1 65
68 8 v e g e ta tion ,
B i c c u m p an e ,
668 H a m am e lis V ir g inic a , 60 3, 70 2
El m , sl i pp e r y , or r e d, 7 23 7 99
5 81 H mm o p ty sis,
Em e t ic H e r b , 74 7
700 H e al th y B e v e ra g e ,
Em e ti c P i ll s , 24 6
s im pl e ,
68 0 H ea r t, I st v i e w of,
6 99 2d do 24 7
Em e tic s, p r ep ar ation o f, 8 15
698 H ear tb u r n,
En e m a s 1 89
H ea t , t he or ie s of ,
,
8 10
Epil e p si a, n a tu r e o f , 1 90
8 10
Ep ile p sy 1 90
8 18 m e t ho ds of p ro d u c ing ,
Ep istax i s,
Er ysi pel as , 79 2 g e n e ral e fl e c ts o f, 19 1
'
792 m e asu r em e n t of , 1 92
Er y si pe l at o u s A fl e c t ions ,
74 0 e xp a n si on , e x c e p t ion s to, 1 92
Esse nc e , h o w t o m ak e ,
Eug e nia C a r y op hy llata , 6 73 q
e u a l d ist ri b u t ion o f , 1 93
68 1 p r o p a g a ti o n o f, 1 93
Eu pator iu m P e r f olia t um ,
772 c on v e y e d b y c h an g e rn t he
Exer c ise ,
Ey e fi l m in , a c u r e for, 736 fl
si tu a tio n o f ui d s,

c ap a c i ty of b o di es t o c on
,
5 81
Ey e b rig h t,
ta i n ,
Ey e Wat e r 64 7 ,
73 5
W
,

F a l l in g o f t h e om b , 73 8 H e a t A n i m a l , d im i nu t ion of, i n
sle e p ,
‘

F a ls e A l oe s, 620
H e d e o m a P u l e g ioid es ,
F a t ig u e , t o p r e v e n t af ter e xc e ss
i v e la b or , 74 6 H e m l o c k , 5 99 , 74 8 ,
F e b r il e D isease s , 7 8 9 H e p a t it is,
F e b ris I nt e r m i t te n s, 789 H ic c ou g h ,
F e e t , tak e c ar e o f t h e , 74 5 H o ll y h o ck , 67 1,
F e l o n , h o w t re a t e d , 7 24 H or e h o u n d ,
F e m al es, a sy r u p f or , H or se Ra d i sh ,
o b str u c t io n s f or , 7 3 9 H y d r a st is C a nad e n si s, 61 3 ,
F e m a l e s , r e m e d i es f or , 7 3 7 H y d roc e p ha l u s,
F e r u l a A sa f ce t id a , 634 , 7 1 1 H y d ro p h ob i a,
F ev e r fe w , 686 H y s te r ia .
F e v e r , I nter m itt e nt , 7 8 9 H y s te r ic s,
F i b r ou s T issu e , d i se ases of , 8 0 7 I c ht o d e s F oetidus,
F i s tu l a , 7 4 1 I c te r us,
F ir T r e e , 676 I ll ustra t ion s of A nat omy an d B o
F ir e , 18 9 ta n y , 4 , 5
8 15 I m p e t i g o, 78 8
F la t ul e nc e
F l e sh , r e u nion of , 770 I m p or tan t to b e r e m e m b er e d, 67 9
F lo w e rs . 76 I n d e x , A n a tom i c a l , 48 5
o f D r . T h om son s prac tice , 5 7 7
’
F l u or A lb u s, a c u r e f or ,
‘
73 7
14 I nd ian T ob ac c o , 5 81
F oe t u s , th e g row t h of ,
74 4 I n d ig e stio n , 8 16
F oot, s e t t in g a b o ne i n t h e ,
F ra g asia V i r g inia n a , 660 ,
'
fl
72 1 I n a mm ation of the K idne y s, 80 5
F r a n c e , c r im e i n, 77 1 I n ue n a , fl z 794
z
F r ee ing M ix tu r e s, 20 1 I n e c tio ns,j 698
7 2 1 I n sec ts i n the e ars, 74 1
G al iu m A p ar i n e , 66 1 ,
8 0 6 I nt e m pe ra nce , 748
G all S to ne s ,
1 1 1 I ntr o d u c t io n, 5 , 69 1
G a r d e ns, B o ta nic al ,
6 09 I n u l a H el e n i u m 68 8
G e ra niu m M a c ul atum ,
G e sn e r , C on ra d , 1 0 4 I sc h uri a e t Dy sur ia , 8 18
G e u m V i rg i ni an um , 608 , 703 I tc h , 788
G i n g e r , 5 94 , 70 1 J
au n dic e , 8 06
G i nse ng , 68 7 J
o i nts , spr ain e d , 779
G l uc i n a , 1 77 J
ug l a ns C i n er ia, 65 8 , 7 18
G old e n Rod,
'
68 5 J
u nip er , 666, 72 1
 8 28 T H E TH O M S O N I A N

K e r c u m a, M y ri c a G al e , 64 9 ,
K e y t o t he A rr ang e m e n t of this M y ri stic a M osc h a ta,
B oo k, M y r r h, 629 ,
J
K n e e o ints d e b il ity of, M yr t us P i m e nta,
K i n e P ox , M y ric a C er i fe ra ,
L a c tu c a e long a ta, 6 62, N a t ur al P h sic
y ,
L a die s’ S l ipp er , 63 2 , N e p e t a C a ta r i a
,
L a ng u ag e t o d e si g nate P l an ts, N e p hr i t is
,
L auru s C a m p h or a 63 6, N e rv e Root ,
L au ru s, C innam om u m , O i n tm e n t,
L axa tiv e P il l s, N e r v i ne s, 7 1 0
,
L e af N e ry o ns I r ri ta b ili t
,

J
L e ak ag e of a oi nt , t o st op , N er v ou s P e o p l e
,
y,

L e o nt od on T ar axa c um, 664 , N e t tl e Ra sh, 78 7

L e o nu r u s C ar d iac a , N e ur al g ia , 822
L i b er ty T e a , 60 6, N o 1 , Em e ti c s, 5 8 1 , 699
L ic he n, 2, S ti m u la n ts 5 90 70 0
,
L ig ht, 3, A s tr i ng e nts 5 97 70 1
, ,
n a t ur e o f, 4 , B i t t er s
, 70 4
t e rm s of, e xpl ai ne d , 5 , Re stor a tiv e T oni c s 624 70 7
, ,
so u r c e s of , 6, A ntise p ti c s 629
, , 7 09
p r o p e r ties of 20 3 N or th e r n P e op le d i r e c tion s f or
, 75 2
,
L ig ust ic u m L ev isti c u m , 65 2, N u m er a ls, L a tin a nd G r ee k 13 1
,
L il y w h i te p ond, N u tm e g , 674
L im e , 1 7 3 , N y m p hma O d or a ta 5 98 70 1
g
, ,
L im osis C a rdial i c a , O a k, bl a c k , 61 0 70 3
,
F l a t us, wh i t e , 61 1
L inim e n ts, 729 , 730 , O b se r v at i on s u se f ul 7 60
, ,
L in n e u s, O b st ip a ti o,
-

8 16
hi s C l ass ific a tion , O il N u t , 65 8
L i thiasi s, O ils of P l an ts ,
83
L iv e r C om pl ain t, 8 05 O i nt m e n ts , 64 7 , 7 12 7 1 3 73 2 73 3
O l e u m Ric in i, 65 7
, , ,
L ob e lia. I nfla ta , 5 81
, 719
L ov a zgD e , 65 2 , 71 2 O r d er s, a r tifi c ia l 1 3 7
, , 14 3
L ov e A pp l e , 65 5 n a tur al
, 144
L u n g F e v er , 7 95 o f L in ne u s
, 1 44
M acr o ty s S e rp en tar ia , 643 , 711 O rob an c he U nifl ora
, 68 8
M a gn e sia , 1 74 , 677 O sm u n da Re g a li s, 669
M er ub i um V u l g ar e , 622, 7 05 O u r C o u n tr y w om e n, t o, 86
M ar sh Ro s em ar y , 70 2 O u tli n e s o f L i n n e u s’s S ste m of
”

y
M a tter , 1 70 V e g e ta b l e s,
z
or g ani e d , 21 1 P a l sy ,
p a ssiv e a rid ac ti v e , 1 70 , 189 P a r a ly si s,
M ay we e d , 685 P ar sle y ,
M e a d ow F ern, 64 9,
M e asl e s,
7 12
78 5
P a na x Q u i n
P e a c h , 624 , 70
q oli a
, 68 7
718
M e dic al C om p ou n ds, 699 P earl as h, 67 8
M e ntha p i p e r ita, 68 2 P e nny r oy a l , 683
M e ntha v ir idis, 68 2 P e pp e rm i nt, 68 2
M e r ian, M . S ., 891
P e p p e r , W. I or B ir d 5 90 70 0
. .
717
, ,
Re d ,
,
M iliar is , 78 6
5 93
M il iar y F ev er , 78 6 B lac k, 7 0 1 , 5 96
M ill foi l , 65 2 P e r sp i r a t i o n , 7 73
M il k we e d , wande r ing , 6 1 8 , 619 P hy sic , 720 , 719
M isc e ll a ne ou s Re ci p es, P h t hisi s P u lm onalis
z 7 96
-

,
M ix tur e s , f re e ing , P il e s, 73 3
s R e l ie f , P inu s, C a nad e nsis, 5 99
’
M ot h er
70 2
,
M u c il a g e nou s sub sta nces, 667, 723 P ip er N ig r um , 5 96
, 70 1
M ul l e i n , 68 8 P i psi sse wa, 64 4 , 71 1
M u m ps, 801 P l ants, food a nd se e d o f 38
,
M ustard , 68 4 n our ishm en t of
41
,
 830 TH E T H O M S O N IA N

S p r ai ns, V e g e tab l e s , L inneus’ syste m ,

q
S u a w Root , l i ne s o f, 9 3 ,
q
S u a w We e d , V e g e ta b l es,

S tam in a a n d P istu l a , V e n e r e al , 7 33 ,
S tar F l ow e r V e r b asc u m T h a p su s,
S tar G r a ss V e r b e n a H asta t a,
S tat ic e L im oni um , 60 1 , V e r m es ,
S te a ming , V e r o ni c a B e c c ab u n g a ,
S tim u l an ts , 68 2 5 90 , V e r v a in ,
S tra ng uar y , 7 1 9 , V isc er a , i nt er n al , l st v ie w ,
S tr on tia, 2d do
S ub sta n c e s, sim pl e , 3 d do
S u m ac , 602 , 4 t h do
S w e e t G al e , 5 th d o
S ym p hy t um Offi e ina l is, 623 , 6th d o »
S ym p tom s , P r om ine nt , an d A c c 1 V i tal ity ,
d e n ts, V oc a b u l ar y ,
S y p hil is, V ol a ti le T i n c t ur e ,
S y r u p s, 64 2, 65 1 65 3 , 662, 664 , S al ts,
665 , 666 . 707 , 708 , V om it ing a nd P urg ing ,
T a n ac e t um V u l g are , V om i ti ng , s ponta ne ou s,
T an se y , Wak e Rob in,
T e a , A m e r i c an , or L ib e r ty , W a te r , 7 1 , 1 7 0 ,
T e e th, 74 0 T e tt er, d istill e d ,
T h e ory , T hom sonian, r ai n,
T h o m son ia n T h e or y , ic e an d sn ow ,
T h or ax , v i e w of b y p late , s pr in g ,
T hr oa t , di se a se s of , r iv e r ,
T i e D o u l o ur e u x, st ag n a te d
,
T o b e r e m em b e r e d, Water P e p p e r ,
T o m a to , Water in th e B r a in ,
T onic s, si m pl e , B r ash ,
T o oth a c he , White S welling s,
T o ot h a c he B u sh ,
-
Whitl ow s,
T o urn e f or t, Wil d S tr awb err y ,
T o ur n e q u e t , L e t tu c e , 662 ,
T r a nc e , T u r ni p,
T r e a tm e nt o f the S u r fa c e C a m om il e ,
T r i foli u m P r a t e nse 67 1
, ,
,
z
Witc h H a e l , 60 3 ,
T r un k , d e sc r ip tion o f t he Wo m a n s F r i e n d,
’

v ie w o f b y pl a t e
,
Wom e n, t o ou r fair c ou ntry ,
T y p hu s I c te rod e s, Woo dy N ig h tshad
G r a v i or, Wor m s ,
U l m u s F u l v a , 668 , Wor m w ood,
U ni c or n , 620 , Wou nd s,
U r i n e , s upp r essi on of , sti tc h in g o f ,
U r t i c ar 1 a , Xan tho xy l u m F r a x in eu m , 65 0,
V a leria n, Y arrow , 6 5 2,
V a p o r , c n de nsati on of , Y e ast, 667,
V ar ic e ll Y e l lo w F ev er ,
V ar i ol a , Y ttria ,
V a c c ine , Y o u t h, a d v i c e t o ,
V e g e tab l e ana t om y , 5 1 , Z ing ib e r O fli c ina l e , 5 94 ,
g r o wt h , &c ,
. Z irc onia,
sk e l e ton ,

O T I C E .

T he A n atomic al I n dex n ot onl y r e f er s to p ag es, b u t is al so a c om p l e te a nd

u se f ul D ic tionar y , to e xpl a in all A na tomic al T ec hni cal it ie s t o whic h a r e fer

”

e nce is m ade . S e e p ag e 48 5 .
 M A TERl A 1 1 13 11 1 0 1 1 . 83 1
‘
IM P O RT A N T N O T IC H
T he f oll ow i ng j
ob e c t i on s t o t he diff e r e nt ar t ic l e s a n d c om p ou n ds i n t his
b ook , w er e m ad e b y Dr S a m u e l T h om son , . a ft e r t he wo r k w a s p r inte d A nd .

j
i n u s ti c e t o h im , an d o u t of r e sp e c t t o h i s o p i n io n , w e i n s e r t t he m h e r e , t h a t

e v er y o n e m ay k now tha t h is o p ini on is n o t c ha n g e d in r e l a t ion to c athar tic s

,

a nd t ha t w h a t i s said u p o n j
t ha t s u b ec t i s d on e o n o u r ow n r e sp on si b il it y , and

f o r w h ic h Dr . T hom so n i s n ot to b e h e l d r e sp o n si b l e . T h e f ol l owin g ar e the

o b j e c t i on s
,
v iz .

A ll c at h ar tic m e di c ine , of e v er y kin d al so , the c om p ou n d in g o f t h e b l ac k

s al v e , on p a g e 73 4 (f or w hic h w e h av e i nser te d a su b stit u te on p age

b ora x f or sore m ou th, p ag e 73 8 ; m a pl e c h arc oa l t o p r e v e n t m or tifi c a tion,

p a g e 72 7 ; a p a p e r sa t u ra t e d wi th sal t p e tr e , a n d b u rne d , t o r el i ev e a sthm a ,

p a g e 74 2 ; P er u v ian b ark to cl e a n th e - t e e t h, p a g e 7 4 0 ; p ok e r oo t m a d e i nt o
o i nt m e n t f or th e p il e s , p a g e 74 1 ; s ul p ha t e o f in c c om p ou nd e d in p oul ti c e s z
f or sy p hil i ti c u l c e r s , p a g e 7 3 3 b ur n t al um f or d y se n t er y , p ag e 726 t ob ac c o

o i n tm e n t f or sal t r h e u m , p a g e 7 1 3 q
g in to u i e t n er v o u s ir r i t ab ili ty , p a g e 7 1 1 ;
e m e t ic p il ls, p a g e 700 ; a safe ti d a f or hy st er ia, p ag e 634 b l ood r o ot f or em e t

i c , p a g e 68 4 ; b l a c k c oho sh to c ur e r h e u m a ti sm , an d to r e g u l at e t he m on thl y
t ur n s w i t h f e m a le s, p a g e 64 3 ; an d , p ag e 6 9 5 ,
th e in j e c tio n sh ou l d b e g iv e n
b e f or e ste a m n g
i .

I t i s to b e u n d e rst oo d , t ha t h e ob j e c ts t o t h e u se of t ho se ar t i c l e s , in e v er y

f orm o r sh ap e wh a te v e r, e xc e p t th e e n em a s . J OH N TH OM S O N .

fi M W M / M

C O RRES P O N DEN C E.
W
Ve j
the. c or r e sp o n de nc e b e tw e e n hi s H o n or th e M ay or of th e c i ty of
su b o i n
A lb a n y , a n d t h e Rt . H o n . H O RA T I O G A T ES of M on tr e a l L ow e r C a na da , i n r e
,
l a ti o n t o o u r v i sit t o tha t P r ov in ce i n ti m e O f t h e C h ol era i n 1 8 3 2 , a n d o u r
tre a t me n t of t ha t d i se a se w hil e a t t he l at t e r p l ac e .
B O A n n cu r fl n A L T H ,
CI TY OF A L BA N Y , J une 1 8 t h, 1 8 3 2 ,

H O RA G A T ES , ES Q — T h e b e a r e r , Dr . ohn T h o m so n , o f t his c it i s d e
TIO .
y,
sir on s o f p r oc e e d i n g t o C a n a d a i n or d e r t o a t te n d som e c a se s o f c h ol e r a
J
, no w
e x i s ti n g i n y o u r c i t I b e g l e av e t o c o m m e n d h im to y ou r f a v or a b l e c o n si
y .

d e ra ti on , an d ask t h e f av o r t ha t y o u w il l g i ve h im a n I n tr odu c tio n to

y ou r
B o a r d o f h e a l t h, a n d s u c h ot he r a u t hor i ti e s i n y o ur c i ty a s m a b e t hou ht
, y g
a d v i sa b l e Re sp e c tf u lly Y o ur s,
J
.

O H N T O WN S EN D M ayor of fl lb an
y , .

M O N T REA L , i
I u ne 23 , 1 8 32
H ON . J
O H N T O W N S EN D— S ir : Y ou r s b y t he h a n d of D r o hn T h om so n , . J .

(b y w ho m t hi s g o e s ) w a s d ul y r e ce iv e d , a n d I h av e to i nform y ou tha t h e ha s
b e e n v e r y i n d ustr iou s w hil e h e r e in se a rc hi ng o u t c ases of t he c ho l era m o st O f
,
w h i c h , h ow e v e r , w e r e o f a b a d t y p e , a n d h a d b e e n t o o l o n n e l e c t e d He
g g
h a s p re sc r i b e d t o a n u m b e r f r e e. of e x p e n se suc h m e dic in e s a s h e b rou ht
g
w it h hi m , w h ic h I u n de r sta n d h e m a k e s, a n d fr om t he t e st im o n o f tw o or
y
t hr e e i nd iv i d ua l s o f r e s pe c ta b l e s ta n di n g w h o ac c o m an i e d D r T h om son
p p ,
.

a nd sa w h i m a dm ini st er h i s m e d ic i ne t o e t he r w i th m
, g y o w n p e r so n a l o b se r
v a t io n , ha v i n g c onv e r se d w i t h t w o w h o a r e c on val e sc e n t a nd w h o d esc rib e d
,
t he re l ie f ob tain e d f r om D r T hom so n ’s p r e scr i p ti on s a s al m o st imm e dia te
.

a n d c om p l e t e . I c a nn ot b ut t hi nk g o od m ay r e su l t b y his p rac tic e w h er e v e r

t ha t t e rr i b l e d ise a se , t he C h o l e r a , p re v a il s
y e t a s I h av e n o k nowl e dg e of
t he sc ie n c e of m e di ci n e , m y o p in ion m u st b e tak e n f or w ha t i t i s w o r t h .
Y ours , H O RA T I O G A T ES .
 O P IN IO N S
.

'
01 M edical M en and of the P ress in relation to this Work ,

A N D THE

TH O M S O N I A N S Y S TEM OF P RA C T l C EG EN ERA L L Y .

Extr a c t of a l etter f r om P f
r o essor B A N K S I O N , D ea n
'

f
o the S ou ther n M ed i c al
C ol l eg e, b ea r i ng d a te
F O RS Y T H
,
Ga ,
A u g u st 1 4 , 18 4 1 .
D e ar S ir z— Y ou r s of th e 2 nd h as d u l y arr iv e d a nd I S n ow
b e f or e m e as
also 63 2 p abg es of y o u r n e w w o rk , w i t h p l at e s, &c . , al l y ou m e nt ion .
I t aff ord s m e m u c h p l e a sur e t o se e i ssu i ng f r o m t h e pr e ss, a w or k u n d e r
D o c tor T hom son s san c tio n, of t he a p p e ara n c e a n d c h ar a c t e r o f th e T h o m so
’

n ia n M a ter ia M e di ca . S uc h a w o r k h a s l on g b e e n w a nt e d , a n d t h e T h om so
n ia n sy ste m h as su ff e r e d m u c h f or t h e w a n t o f su c h a n o n e I ts sty l e i s r e al
.

l y g e n t ee l— s u c h a s the w o r th o f t he c au se d e m a n ds T h e m a t te r I c on s id er
.

w e ll a r r a ng e d , an d i s c al c ul a te d to d o c re di t to th e w r ite r a nd c om p il e r . T h e
t he or y I c on c e iv e t o b e g oo d , a nd t h e ar tic l es o f m e d i c in e , so f ar a s I h av e
s e e n, w i ll m e e t t h e v ie w s o f t he l a r g e ho d r o f T h o m so n ia n s, or B o t a n i c s i f

y o u p l e ase . T h e pl at es, b ot h a n a to m i c a l a n d b ota n ic al , ar e ne a tl y ex e c u te d ,

a n d c a nn o t b e c o m pl a in e d o f b y a n y .
I n a w or d, I e n te r tain n o d o u b t b u t m or e r e a l b e n e fi t will r e su l t fr om i t ,
t ha n h a v e f rom a l l othe r b otan i c w o rk s c om b i n e d I n t he fi r st p lace , i ts ap
.

w ill m m d th e t t t i f t h fi r s t m i n d s— su ffi c ie n t n o d ou b t
p ear a n c e c o a n a e n o n o e , ,

t o se c u r e i t a p e r usal— a nd i t s r e a so nin g i s su c h a s t o c onv in c e I thi nk i t

.

m ig ht p r ofi tab ly b e e x t e n d e d e v e n t o o ne t hou sa n d p a g es i n g iv in g t he p ar ti
c u l ar t reat m e n t of i m p or ta nt d ise a se s
j
.

O n t he su b e c t of e v a c u a n ts y ou c arr y t h e th in g as f ar as n e c essa1 j , a n d
n on e t oo f ar . P hy siol o g y su sta in s a b o u t y our p ositi on o n t ha t su b ec t , a nd j
i t w ill , I d o ub t n ot , r e m ov e t he c au se of t h at ha ir b r e a d th sp li tt ing , w h ic h ha s
s e e m e d t o g i v e y ou so m u c h tr ou b l e a t t he N or t h A s fo r ac ti v e c a tha i tic s I
.

h av e n o u se , b u t t o e x c i te so m e a c t ion u p o n t h e b o w e ls 1 8 a s n ec essar y a s u p
o n t he sk i n i n m a n y dise a ses ; a nd I h av e n o d ou b t i s o f te n e r c a ll e d f or i n t hi s

c li m a te t h a n i n y ou rs .T o a t te m p t t o c r i tic ise I t hink w o u ld b e r ath e r a

u se l ess b u sine ss, f or w h a t I m i g h t fi n d fa u l t w i th , w ou ld n o d ou b t , p l e a se

m an y o t he r s . I c onc e iv e th e a rr a ng e m e nt a n d s tyl e o f the w ork as v e r y g ood ,

a nd w il l g iv e g e n e ra l sa t isf ac t io n i t c arr i e s u p on i ts f ac e t h e e v i d e nc e of n o
s m all share of l ab or i n so sh or t a t im e .
Y o ur s, L . B A N K S T ON .
J
T o Doc tor O H N T H O M S O N , A l b any .
83 ; TH E TH O M S O N IA N

F r om the B oston Thoms on i a n M a nu a l o f O c t ob er l st, 1 8 4 0 .

I t i s w it h m u c h p l e a su re t ha t w e l ay b e for e o ur r e a d e r s t he f oll o w i n g l e t te r
f r o m B EN J A M I N WA T ERH O U S E, M D , L L . . F e ll o w o f t he A m e r ic a n A c a d em y
.

a f A r t s a n d S c ie n c e s
; o f t he P hi lo so p hi c a l S oc i e ty of P h i la d e l p h ia , a n d o f
B a t h a nd M a nc h e st e r , En g l a n d ; F e l l ow o f t h e M e d ic a l S oc ie t y , L o nd o n , o f
t he A c a d e m y o f A r t s a n d S c i e n c e s, B e ll e s L e t tr e s, I n sc r ip t ion s, a n d C orn
m e rc e , M a rs e ill e s, a n d o f t he N a ti on al M e d ic al S c h ool O f F ra nc e , a n d l a te
P r ofe s sor o f t he T heo r y a n d P r a c tic e O f P hy sic i n t h e U n iv e rsi ty o f C a m
b r i dg e , M a ss ; w h ic h l a st h ig h a nd r e sp on sib l e s t at i on h e he l d f or a b o u t
.

T H I RT Y Y EA RS . We g iv e h is tt ll e s, b e c a u se m any of th e l ea r n ed fac ulty w h e n

t old o f h is f a v or ab l e v ie w s o f T ho m so ni sm , p r e te n d t ha t t h e y h av e n e v e r
h e a r d o f t he m a n , a n d d o n o t b e l i e v e w ha t is asse r t e d . Dr . Wa ter h o u se ha s
q
b e e n a c uai n te d w i t h t he T h om sonian S y stem f or m an y y e ar s, a nd has g iv e n
r e p e a t e d t e st im o n ial s i n i ts f a v or T ha t m a n y o t her e m in e n t m e n a nd p hy
.

si c i a ns w o u ld d o li k e w ise , h a d t h e y t he sa m e mor a l c ou r ag e , w e d o n o t d o u b t .

C A M B RI D G E. S e p t 24 , 1 8 4 0 .
q
S ir— T O th e i n u ir i e s r e sp e c tin g t he S y st e m , or r a t he r t he T h e or y a n d pr a e
t i c e O f y ou r F a the r , I r e pl y , t h a t ha d n ot i ts p r i n c i pl e s b e e n f ou n d e d i n T r u th
a n d N a t u r e , i t c o u l d n o t h a v e m a in ta i n e d i t s r e p u t a t ion t hus f a r , b u t w ou ld
l o n g si nc e h av e b e e n s we p t i n t o n on e nt ity , a nd b ee n n u m b e r e d a m ong t hose
-

t hi n g s w hi c h r i s e t o d a y , a nd a r e v an ishe d to m or r o w
-
Y e t am id st o p p osit ion
-
.

a n d e v e n p erse c u t ion , D r . S a m u e l T h om son h a s t h e sol id sa t i sfac ti on o f k n o w

i ng t ha t t im e h as i n c r e ase d i ts r e pu tat i on, a n d im p ar t e d fi rm ne ss t o a p r a e
ti c e hi th e r to u n tr ie d am o ng u s .

T hom so n d o e s n ot a tt e m p t t o m a g n ify him sel f b y t h e ar ts of s e c r e c y b u t

p e r f or m s h is c u ra t iv e p r oc e s s o pe nl y , a n d f a ir l y a p p e al s t o h is p a ti e n t s f e e l
’

j
i ng s, a n d t h e u d g m e n t o f his f r ie n d s, t o p r on ou n c e o n t h e si c k m a n’s a l te ra
t io n f o r t he b e t te r T he w o n d e r w i t h m e h a s b e e n t hat so m a ny h a v e b e e n
.

e ff e c t ua ll y r e l ie v e d w i t h so li tt l e s uff e r i n g .
,
T h e O l d e st p rac t it ion e rs , a nd p hy si c i a n s o f th e m ost e xt e n siv e b u s in ess , a r e
j
t h e b e st u d g e s o f i t s s u c c e ss : F or m y p ar t I k n ow n o v i c t im s t o t he p r oc e ss

,
j
u nd e r c o n sid er at i on w h e n i t h as b e e n u di c io u sl y a n d f a ir ly c on d u c 1 e d a nd

I c on fe ss t ha t I h av e b e e n r a t he r su r p r i se d t h a t so m an y hav e b e e n r e l ie v e d,
w h o h av e l o ng suffe re d u nd er t h e ha nd s of o th e r s
q
.

A s f ar a s m y k no wl e d g e e x te nd s, I c o nsider D r T h om so n w el l a c u ai n te d .

w i th c hr o n ic di sor d e r s g e ne rall y a n d wi t h o u t t he a id o f sc h ol as t ic i n s t r u c
t io n , h e h as m a d e h is w a y , b t h e f o r c e o f h is o w n g e n i u s, a nd p e c u l ia r t u r n
y
f o r t he h e al ing a r t , to t h e r e s p e c t a b l e s ta n d h e n ow oc c u p i e s i n t h e m e d i c a l
w o rl d ; a nd wi t hou t r u nni ng i n to a n y i nv id i o u s c o m pa r i so n b e tw e e n h im a n d
o t h e r s w ho a r e l oo ki n
,
j
g a t t he sam e o b e c t a n d tr av e l in g t he sa m e w a y , I p r o
n ou n c e hi m a
p u b l i c b en ef a c tor .
I r e m a in w i t h se n tim e nts of r esp ec t a n d e ste e m , y o u r s te a dy f r ie n d ,
J
B EN A M I N WA T ERH O U S E
J
.

T O D r . O H N T H O M S ON , A l b a ny , N Y . .

Ex tr a c t of L etter d a ted C ol u mb us O hi o, D ec 3 1 , 1 8 3 2
a . .

D e ar S ir— D r P l a tt b e i n g i n t he O ffi c e , I sa w a l e t t e r h e h ad w r i tte n. O h
.

s er v i n g a v a c a n t I t h h I w ld l m t — f or b t h e
a
p g ,e o u g t o u p a c e y p e n o p p
a e r y
m o u t h of t wo or t hr e e w i t ne sse s s ha ll e v e r y w or d he e sta b li sh e d .
I h a v e b e e n m o re t ha n f or ty y e ar s e n g a g e d i n t he r e g ul a r p r ac ti c e o f m e d i
c in e . I w a s a s u r g e o n d uring t he l a st w a r i n t h e a rm y o f t he U n i te d S t a t e s .

I w a s b y a n e l e c tio n su r g e o n (ex tr a or d i n a r y ) t o th e P e t e r sb ur g h V o l u n te e r s
a n d M aj or S to d d a rd ’s t wo c o m a n i e s o f A r til le r .
p y I w a s o ne o f t he f ou n ders
o f t h e We ste r n M e di c a l S o c i e t O f P e nns l v a n ia , an d a l so a m a m e m b e r o f
y y
t he M e dic a l S oc ie t y o f t he S t a t e o f O h io .

M y p r ac ti c e ha s b e e n e xte n si v e— m y e xp e r ie n c e an d o p p or tu n ity f or O b ser

v a t io n h a s se l d o m b e e n e x c e e d e d : b u t I v e n tu r e t o p l e d g e m y se l f u po n a ll I
h o ld sa c r e d i n th e pr of e ssio n, t ha t i n m y e s t im at i on t he d isc ov e r ie s m a d e b y
y o ur h o nore d f a t he r, h a v e a d e c id e d p r e fe re n c e a n d sta n d u nr iv a ll e d b y a ll
t ha t b e a rs t h e sta m p o f a n c ie n t o r m ode rn skill . T h e n u m b e r O f l i tera r y
f r i e nds a re c o n ti nu a lly o n t he i nc r e a se . T . H ERS EY .
J
T o D o c tor O H N T H OM S O N , A l b a ny .