Semister Project

SIMULATION OF EXTRA HIGH VOLTAGE LONG TRANSMISSION LINE 2008EC
College of Engineering
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
POWER STREAM
SEMISTER PROJECT REPORT PAPER ON
SIMULATION OF EXTRA HIGH VOLTAGE LONG TRANSMISSION LINE
Prepared by:
NAME ID.NO.
Submitted to ECE Department
DBU: DEPARTMENT OF ELELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Table of Contents Pages

Declaration …….. …………………………………..……………………….………….………..i
Approval………………………………………..……………………………………………………ii
Acknowledgement ………………..………………………………………….……..…..……….iii
Abstract ………………………………………………………………..………..…….………....iV
CHAPTER ONE ...........................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.1
INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.1
1.1 Background ..........................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.1
1.2. Statement of the problem ..................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.3
1.3 Objective of the project ......................................................................3Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.3.1 General objective .........................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.3.2 Specific objective of the project.....................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.4 Scope of the project..............................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.5 Limitation of the project ........................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
LITERETURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACK GROUND .......Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.1 Literature Review..................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.2 Theoretical back ground .......................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.2.1 Transmission system .....................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.2.2 Transmission Line Design ..........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.2.3 Classification of transmission line based operating voltage .......Error! Bookmark not defined.6
2.2.4 Standard Transmission line to line voltages...................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.2.5 Average values of line parameters .................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.3 Extra high voltage transmission line .....................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.3.1 Transmission Line design specifications .......................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.3.2 Overall Descriptive Specification of transmission line ..................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.3.3 Performance of transmission line ...................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.4 Representation of transmission line in Port networks .....................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.4.1 One port Network .........................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.4.2 Two port network ...................................................................... 11Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.4.3 ABCD Parameter ..........................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.4.4 Impedance Parameter ....................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.4.5 Impedance parameter measurement .............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
CHAPTER THREE ........................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.1 CHAPTER OVERVIEW ....................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.2 System block diagram .........................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.3 Simulation blocks used in MATLAB .................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.3.1 Resistor .......................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.3.2 Capacitor .....................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.3.3 Inductor ...................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.19
3.3.4 Voltage Sensor ........................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.19
3.3.5 AC Voltage Source .....................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.3.6 Scope ........................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.3.7 Solver Configuration ...................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.3.8 Ground ........................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.3.9 ps simulink……….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...21
CHAPTER FOUR............................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

SIMULATION AND RESULT .......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.1 Soft ware used to simulate ...................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.1.1MATLAB R2008b .............................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.2 MATLAB simulation ...........................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.2.1 Simulation model of the system ..................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.2.2 Simulation result .........................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
CHAPTER FIVE ................................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
CONCLUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION .............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.1 Conclusion ........................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.2 Recommendation .................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Reference…………………………………………………………………………………………………….27
Appendix…………………………….……………………………………………………………………….28
List of figures
Fig2.1 Different transmission line system ..................................................6Error! Bookmark not defined.

Fig 2.2 One network block diagram.......................................................... 11Error! Bookmark not defined.
Fig 2.3 Two port network system ............................................................. 12Error! Bookmark not defined.
Fig2.4 Two port network system analyzed in the s domai ........................ 13Error! Bookmark not defined.
Fig 2.5 Two port representation of a transmission network................. 13Error! Bookmark not defined.
Fig 3.1 System bock diagram.................................................................... 17Error! Bookmark not defined.
Fig 3.2 electrical symbol of resistor .......................................................... 18Error! Bookmark not defined.
Fig 3.3electrica symbol of capacitor ......................................................... 18Error! Bookmark not defined.
Fig 3.4 electrical symbol of inductor ............................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Fig 3.5 Voltage sensor .............................................................................. 19Error! Bookmark not defined.
Fig 3.6symbol of AC voltage source ............................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Fig 3.7scope .............................................................................................. 20Error! Bookmark not defined.
Fig 3.8 solver configuration ..........................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Fig 3.9 electrical symbol of ground .............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Fig 3.10 ps simulink converer .......................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Fig 4.1 simulation model of EHVlong transmission line…………………………………………………………………………23
Fig 4.2 wave form of input voltage and output voltage

………………………………….………….……24Error! Bookmark not defined.
List of tables
Table 2.1 Standard line to line voltage……………………………………………………………7
Table 2.2 Average value of line parameters………………………………………………………8

ABRRIVATIONS
EHV Extra high voltage
HV High voltage
MV Medium voltage
LV Low voltage
UHV Ultra high voltage
AC Alternating current
DC Direct current
NESC National electrical safety code
MATLAB Matrix laboratory
Vin in put voltage
Vout output voltage
Vs sending voltage
Is sending current

APPROVAL
This is to certify that the project titled “SIMULATION OF EXTRA HIGH VOLTAGE LONG
TRANSMISSION LINE” carried out by:
1. ENDAWEKE ANAGAW………………..447/05
2. DELELEGN SAHLIE…………………….023/05
3. HAILE HABTEWOLD……………………1463/05
approved for meeting part of the requirements and regulations governing the degree of the Bachelor
in Electrical and computer Engineering degree of University of DebreBirehan,
DebreBirhan, Ethiopia.
…………………… ………………………
V. RAJAGURU DATE
(PROJECT ADVISOR)
…………………. …………………..
Mr. MATIOS ZENEBE DATE
(HEAD OF DEPARTMENT)
………………………………. ……………………..
Mr. ATNKUT DATE
(CO-ADVISOR)
……………….. ……………………


ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all we would like to thanks the almighty of all things “God”. Then we thanks goes to our
family and our friends who supported us on the whole process of this project work.
We would like to express our most sincere gratitude to our advisors, V.RAJAGURU and ATNKUT
for their relentless guidance, support and encouragement. Their vast experience and deep
understanding of the subject proved to be immense help to us, and also their profound view-points
and extraordinary motivation enlightened us in many ways.
A special acknowledgment also goes to V.RAJAGURU,for his assistance and cooperation since the
infancy stage of our project idea.
ABSTRACT
This document is a formal report for the project title of “SIMULATION OF EXTRA HIGH
VOLTAGE LONG TRANSMISSION LINE”. The construction of super power stations of very
large capacities necessities the transmission at high voltage. for this we use EHV lines. The
electrical power system mainly consists of three principle divisions the generating stations, the
transmission system and the distribution system. The transmission lines are the connecting links
between generating station and the distribution system and lead to other power system
interconnections.
Now a day, we are using Extra High Voltage (EHV) transmission lines for transmission of power
between the generating station and distribution system. The main purpose of this paper is to study
the performance of EHV long transmission line in the electrical power system and we have to
perform the detect and analysis the result of voltage from simulation using in MATLAB software.
The theoretical backgrounds and software implementations are described. The results obtained are
analyzed and conclusions and inferences are made as appropriate

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Electrical energy is generated in large hydro electric, thermal and nuclear super and super critical
power stations these stations are generally situated far away from the load centers. This necessitates
an extensive power supply network between the generating station and consumer load. This
network may be divided into two parts transmission and distribution the main part of this
transmission system. Transmission line transmits bulk electrical power from sending end to
receiving end stations without supplying any consumer en route and it can be divided into two parts
primary and secondary.[1]
The more the voltages of transmission line the better the performance and efficiency of the system.
For this we use high voltage and extra high voltage transmission lines to transmit electrical power
from the sending end substations to the receiving end substations. At the receiving end substations
the voltage is stepped down to a lower value.
The term high voltage characterizes electrical circuits in which the voltage used is the cause of
particular safety concerns and insulation requirements. High voltage is used in electrical power
distribution, in cathode ray tubes, to generate X-rays and particle beams, to demonstrate arcing, for
ignition, in photomultiplier tubes, and high power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial and
scientific applications. Electricity or electrical power are increases day by day and transmits more
electrical power by increasing the transmission line capacity from one sub-station to another sub-
station. The secondary transmission system forms the link between the main receiving end

substations and secondary substations. In the transmission line the voltage can vary as much as 10%
or even 15% DUE TO variation in loads[3,5].
The transmission line is the main energy corridor in a power system. The performance of a power
system is mainly dependent on the performance of the transmission lines in the system. It is
necessary to calculate the voltage current and power at any point on the transmission line provided
the values at one point are known. We are aware that in 3 phase circuit problem it is sufficient to
compute results in one phase and subsequently predict results in the other 2 phases by exploiting the
three phase symmetry. Although the lines are not spaces equilaterally and not transposed the
resulting asymmetry is slight and the phases are considered to be balanced as such transmission line
calculations are also carried out on per phase basis.
The insulation of a line us seldom perfect and leakage currents flow over the surface of insulators
especially during bad weather this leakage is simulated by shunt conductance. The shunt
conductance is in parallel with the system capacitance. Generally the leakage currents are small and
the shunt conductance is ignored in calculations.
The transmission line may be classified as short, medium and long. When the length of the line is
less than about 80km the effect of shunt capacitance can be ignored and the line is designated as a
short line.
When the length is between 80 and 250km the shunt capacitance can be considered as lumped and
the line is termed as medium length line. Lines more than 250km long require calculation in terms
of distributed parameters are knows as long lines.[2,8]
Two factors considered in the classification of a "high voltage" are the possibility of causing a spark
in air, and the danger of electric shock by contact or proximity.
In electric power transmission engineering, high voltage is usually considered any voltage over
approximately 35,000 volts. In digital electronics, a high voltage is the one that represents a logic 1;
this may be only several hundred mill volts for some logic families. In electric power transmission
engineering this refers to equipment designed for more than 345,000 volts between conductors. In
electronics systems, a power supply that provides greater than 275,000 volts is known as an "EHV
Power Supply". It is often used in experiments in physics.[7]

The main purpose of this paper is to study the performance of EHV long transmission line in the
electrical power system and we have to perform the detect and analysis the result of voltage from
simulation using in MATLAB software.
1.2. Statement of the problem
People are populated sparsely have less performance and efficiency of electrical power system due
to voltage drop and power loose transmission line. So people does not perform their duties,
factories, machines and other electrical machineries will not work properly if the efficiency and
performance of the transmission line is low. The more the voltages of transmission line the better
the performance and efficiency of the system. For this we use high voltage and extra high voltage
transmission lines to transmit electrical power from the sending end substations to the receiving end
substations.
Therefore low efficiency and performance of long transmission line problem is solved using extra
high voltage (EHV)because, at high voltages power loss is also reduced because losses are directly
proportional to the square of current. On the other hand the more the voltages of transmission line,
the better the performance and efficiency of the system.
1.3 Objective of the project
1.3.1 General objective

The general objective is to Simulate & Analyze the characteristics of Extra-High Voltage Long
transmission Line
1.3.2 Specific objective of the project
 To simulate extra high voltage long transmission line using MATLAB.

 To detect and analyze the performance, efficiency and characteristics of long
transmission line within EHV.

1.4 Scope of the project
 This project covers the simulink bloke design and simulation of extra high voltage (EHV)
long transmission lines.
 MATLAB software is used for simulation of EHV long transmission line
1.5 Limitation of the project
During simulation of extra high voltage long transmission line there are two major problems
that we can’t solve
 First of all there was no reference to the length of line
 Second the type of function performed in solver configuration is unknown

CHAPTER TWO
LITERETURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACK GROUND
2.1 Literature Review
Extra High Voltage (EHV) A.C. transmission may be considered to have come of age in 1952 when
the first 380–400 kV line was put into service in Sweden. Since then, industrialized countries all
over the world have adopted this and higher voltage levels. Very soon it was found that the impact
of such voltage levels on the environment needed careful attention because of high surface voltage
gradients on conductors which brought interference problems from power frequency to TV
frequencies. Thus electrostatic fields in the line vicinity, corona effects, losses, audible noise, carrier
interference and radio interference became recognized as steady state problems governing the line
conductor design, line height, and phase-spacing to keep the interfering fields within specified
limits. The line-charging current is so high that providing synchronous condensers at load end only
was impractical to control voltages at the sending-end and receiving-end buses. Shunt compensating
reactors for voltage control at no load and switched capacitors at load conditions became necessary.
The use of series capacitors to increase power handling capacity has brought its own problems such
as increased current density, temperature rise of conductors, increased short-circuit current and sub
synchronous resonance. All these are still steady-state problems.
2.2 Theoretical back ground
2.2.1 Transmission system

Electrical transmission system is the means of transmitting power from generating station to
different load centres. Any engineer interested in electrical power transmission must concern
himself or herself with energy problems. The transmission line may be classified as short, medium
and long. When the length of the line is less than about 80km the effect of shunt capacitance can be
ignored and the line is designated as a short line.
When the length is between 80 and 250km the shunt capacitance can be considered as lumped and
the line is termed as medium length line.
Lines more than 250km long require calculation in terms of distributed parameters are knows as
long lines.
2.2.2 Transmission Line Design
The electric lines that generate the most public interest are often high-voltage transmission lines.
These are the largest and most visible electric lines. Most large cities require several transmission
lines for reliable electric service. Figure 2 shows an example of two 345-kV double-circuited
transmission structures sharing the same right-of-way (ROW).
Transmission lines are larger than the more common distribution lines that exist along rural roads
and city streets. Transmission line poles or structures are commonly between 60 and 140 feet tall.
Distribution line structures are approximately 40 to 60 feet tall.
There are several different kinds of transmission structures. Transmission structures can be
constructed of metal or wood. They can be single-poled or multi-poled. They can be single-
circuited, carrying one set of transmission lines or double-circuited with two sets of lines. Figure 2.1
shows a close up of a commonly built double-circuited, single-pole transmission structure.

Fig2.1 Different transmission line system
2.2.3 Classification of transmission line based operating voltage
Over head power transmission lines are classified in the electrical power industry by the range of
voltages :
Low voltage (LV) – less than 1000 volt, used for connection between a residential or small
commercial customer and the utility .
Medium voltage (MV); distribution – between 1000 volts (1kV) and 69 kV, used for distribution in
urban and rural areas.
High voltage (HV; sub transmission less than 100 kV; sub transmission or transmission at voltage
such as 115kV and 138 kV), used for sub transmission and transmission of bulk quantities of
electric power and connection to very large consumer.
Extra high voltage (EHV; transmission) – over 230 kV, up t o about 800 kV, used for long distance,
very high power transmission.
Ultra high voltage (UHV) – higher than 800 kV .
2.2.4 Standard Transmission line to line voltages

Voltages adopted for transmission of bulk power have to conform to standard specifications
formulated in all countries and internationally. They are necessary in view of import, export, and
domestic manufacture and use. The following voltage levels are recognized per IS-2026 for line-to-
line voltages of 132 kV and higher are summarize in the following tables.
Nominal System 132 220 275 345 400 500 750
Voltage Kv
Maximum Operating 145 245 300 362 420 525 765
Voltage, Kv
Table 2.1 Standard line to line voltages

 Tolerances - ±10% up to 220 KV & ±5% for 400 KV
There exist two further voltage classes which have found use in the world but have not been
accepted as standard. They are: 1000 kV (1050 kV maximum) and 1150 kV (1200 kV maximum).
The maximum operating voltages specified above should in no case be exceeded in any part of the
system, since insulation levels of all equipment are based upon them. It is therefore the primary
responsibility of a design engineer to provide sufficient and proper type of reactive power at
suitable places in the system. For voltage rises, inductive compensation and for voltage drops,
capacitive compensation must usually be provided.
2.2.5 Average values of line parameters
In order to be able to estimate how much power a single-circuit at a given voltage can handle, we
need to know the value of positive-sequence line inductance and its reactance at power frequency.
Furthermore, in modern practice, line losses caused by I2R heating of the conductors are gaining in
importance because of the need to conserve energy. Therefore, the use of higher voltages than may
be dictated by purely economic consideration might be found in order not only to lower the current,
I to be transmitted but also the conductor resistance R by using bundled conductors comprising of several sub
conductors in parallel. We will utilize average values of parameters for lines with horizontal
configuration as shown in Table 2.2 for preliminary estimates. When line resistance is neglected,
the power that can be transmitted depends upon,

(a) The magnitudes of voltages at the ends (Es, Er),

(b) Their phase difference , and
(c) The total positive sequence reactance X per phase, when the shunt capacitive admittance is
neglected.
Thus, P = Es Er sin d/(L.x)
Where: P = power in MW, 3-phase,
Es, Er = voltages at the sending-end and receiving end respectively, in kV line-line,
d = phase difference between Es and Er,
x = positive-sequence reactance per phase, ohm/km, and
System, Kv 400 750 1000 1200
Average Height, m 15 18 21 21
Phase spacing, m 120 15 18 21
Conductor 2*32mm 4*30mm 6*46mm 8*46mm
Bundle spacing, m 0.4572 0.4572 _ _
Bundle Di, m _ _ 1.2 1.2
r, ohm/km* 0.031 0.0136 0.0036 0.0027
x, ohm/km(50Hz) 0.327 0.272 0.231 0.231
x/r 10.55 20 64.2 85.6
Table 2.2. Average Values of Line Parameters
2.3 Extra high voltage transmission line

The term high voltage characterizes electrical circuits in which the voltage used is the cause of
particular safety concerns and insulation requirements. High voltage is used in electrical power
distribution, in cathode ray tubes, to generate X-rays and particle beams, to demonstrate arcing, for
ignition, in photomultiplier tubes, and high power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial and

scientific applications. Two factors considered in the classification of a "high voltage" are the
possibility of,
1, causing a spark in air, and
2, the danger of electric shock by contact or proximity
In electric power transmission engineering, high voltage is usually considered any voltage over
approximately 35,000 volts. Electrical transmission and distribution lines for electric power always use
voltages significantly higher than 50 volts, so contact with or close approach to the line conductors presents a
danger of electrocution. With the increase in transmission voltage, for same amount of power to be
transmitted current in the line decreases which reduces I2R losses. This will lead to increase in
transmission efficiency. With decrease in transmission current, size of conductor required reduces
which decreases the volume conductor. The transmission capacity is proportional to square of
operating voltages. Thus the transmission capacity of line increases with increase in voltage. With
increase in level of transmission voltage, the installation cost of the transmission line per km
decreases .It is economical with EHV transmission to interconnect the power systems on a large
scale. The no. of circuits and the land requirement for transmission decreases with the use of higher
transmission voltages.
2.3.1 Transmission Line design specifications

The towers and conductors of a transmission line are familiar elements in our landscape.
However, on closer inspection, each transmission line has unique characteristics that have
Correspondingly unique implications for the environment.
2.3.2 Overall Descriptive Specification of transmission line

There are specifications in designing of transmission lines, from these specifications the following
are the major known and descriptive specifications. These are:
- A line name or other identifier
- Nominal voltage,
- Length of line,
-altitude range and

-the design load district

The line identifier is commonly taken from endpoint names. The endpoint names are generally
geographic points, but may be substation names or major industrial facilities. The nominal voltage
is an approximation to actual line voltage that is convenient for discussion. Actual voltage will vary
according to line resistance, distance, interaction with connected equipment, and electrical
performance of the line. For AC lines, the nominal voltage is close to the RMS (root mean square)
voltage.4 The altitude range is a rough surrogate for weather and terrain. This is important, since
nearly all aspects of line design, construction, and environmental impacts are linked to weather. The
design load district is another surrogate for weather. These districts are defined by the National
Electrical Safety Code (NESC) and by some local jurisdictions. These districts include NESC
Heavy Loading, NESC Medium Loading, NESC Light Loading. The design wind and ice loading
on lines and towers is based on the design load district. This affects insulator specifications as well
as tower dimensions, span lengths, tower design, and conductor mechanical strength and wind
dampening.
2.3.3 Performance of transmission line

The transmission line performance is governed by its four parameters
1. Series resistance
2. Series inductance
3. Shunt capacitance
4. Shunt conductance
All these parameters are distributed over the length of the line. The insulation of a line us seldom
perfect and leakage currents flow over the surface of insulators especially during bad weather this
leakage is simulated by shunt conductance. The shunt conductance is in parallel with the system
capacitance. Generally the leakage currents are small and the shunt conductance is ignored in
calculations.
2.4 Representation of transmission line in Port networks

A pair of terminals at which a signal (voltage or current) may enter or leave is called a port
2.4.1 One port Network
A network having only one pair of terminals is called a one-port network.
Fig 2.2 One network block diagram

No connections may be made to any other nodes internal to the network • By KCL, we therefore have,
i1 = I1’
2.4.2 Two port network

Two-port networks are used to describe the relationship between a pair of terminals.
Fig 2.3 Two port network system

The analysis methods we will discuss require the following conditions be met
1. Linearity
2. No independent sources inside the network
3. No stored energy inside the network (zero initial conditions)
4. i 1 = I’ 1 and i 2 = I’ 2
A two-port network (or four-terminal network, or quadruple) is an electrical circuit or device with
two pairs of terminals. Examples include transistors, filters and matching networks. The analysis of
two-port networks was pioneered in the 1920s by Franz Breisig, a German mathematician.
A two-port network basically consists in isolating either a complete circuit or part of it and finding
its characteristic parameters. Once this is done, the isolated part of the circuit becomes a "black

box" with a set of distinctive properties, enabling us to abstract away its specific physical buildup,
thus simplifying analysis. Any circuit can be transformed into a two-port network provided that it
does not contain an independent source.
A two-port network is represented by four external variables: voltage and current at the input port,
and voltage and current at the output port, so that the two-port network can be treated as a black box
modeled by the relationships between the four variables Vs, Is, Vr and Ir. There exist six different
ways to describe the relationships between these variables, depending on which two of the four
variables are given, while the other two can always be derived.
• If the network contains dependent sources, one or more of the equivalent resistors may be negative
•Generally, the network is analyzed in the s domain
• Each two-port has exactly two governing equations that can be written in terms of any pair of
network variables as shown bellow in the diagram.
Fig2.4 Two port network system analyzed in the s domain

Note: All voltages and currents below are complex variables and represented by phasors containing
both magnitude and phase angle.
The parameters used in order to describe a two-port network are usually expressed in matrix
notation and they establish relations between the following parameters:
(1)InputvoltageV1
(2)OutputvoltageV2
(3)InputcurrentI1
(4) Output current I2

2.4.3 ABCD Parameter
Fig 2.5 Two port representation of a transmission network.
Consider the power system shown above. In this the sending and receiving end voltages are denoted
by VS and VR respectively. Also the current IS and IR are entering and leaving the network
respectively. The sending end voltage and current are then defined in terms of the ABCD
parameters as,
So,
mh
Note: Here A and D are dimensionless coefficients, B is impedance and C is admittance. A negative
sign is added to the output current I22 in the model, so that the direction of the current is out
out-ward,
for easy analysis of a cascade of multiple network models.

2.4.4 Impedance Parameter
Suppose the currents and voltages can be measured. Alternatively, if the circuit in the box is
known, V1 and V2 can be calculated based on circuit analysis. Relationship can be written in terms
of the impedance parameters. We can also calculate the impedance parameters after making two
sets of measurements.
2.4.5 Impedance parameter measurement
If the right port is an open circuit ( I2 = 0), then we can easily solve for two of the impedance
parameters:
Z11=v1/I1|I2=0
Z21=V2/I1|I1=0

V1=Z11I1 + Z12I2
V2 = Z22I2 + Z22I2
If the left port is an open circuit ( I 1 = 0), then we can easily solve for the other two impedance
parameters:
z12 = V1/ I2| I1=0
z22 = V2/ I2| I1=0
Impedance Parameter Measurements Summarize

CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
3.1 CHAPTER OVERVIEW

Once the problem, its proposed solution and its system theoretical back ground is addressed , the
next task is to design the system. Design emphasizes a conceptual solution that fulfills the
requirements. The chapter start by discussing the applied system arrangement and its block diagram,
followed by description of each component ,design and selection of component for the simulation.
3.2 System block diagram
Generating Transmissio
station n line
Sub station
Fig 3.1 System bock diagram

The electrical power system has three principle divisions the generating stations, the transmission
system and the distribution system (sub stations). The transmission lines link between generating
station and the distribution system that lead to other power system interconnections.
3.3 Simulation blocks used in MATLAB

To simulate extra high voltage long transmission line in MATLAB software, we use the
following simulation bocks,
3.3.1 Resistor
Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in
electronic equipment. Practical resistors as discrete components can be composed of various
compounds and forms. Resistors are also implemented within integrated circuits. The electrical
function of a resistor is specified by its resistance. common commercial resistors are manufactured

over a range of more than nine orders of magnitude . The nominal value of the resistance will fall
with in a manufacturing tolerance.
Fig 3.2 electrical symbol of resistor
The Resistor block models a linear resistor, described with the following equation:
R=V/I
Where R = Resistance
V = Voltage
I = current
Connections + and – are conserving electrical ports corresponding to the positive and negative
terminals of the resistor, respectively. By convention, the voltage across the resistor is given by
V(+) – V(–), and the sign of the current is positive when flowing through the device from the
positive to the negative terminal. This convention ensures that the power absorbed by a resistor is
always positive.
3.3.2 Capacitor
Fig 3.3electrica symbol of capacitor
The Capacitor block models a linear capacitor, described with the following equation:
I = [CdV(t)]/dt
Where,
I = Current
V = Voltage

C = Capacitance
t = Time
3.3.3 Inductor
Fig 3.4 electrical symbol of inductor
The Inductor block models a linear inductor, described with the following equation:
V = [Ldi(t)]/dt Where,
I Current
V Voltage
L Inductance
t Time
3.3.4 Voltage Sensor
Fig 3.5 Voltage sensor
The Voltage Sensor block represents an ideal voltage sensor, that is, a device that converts voltage
measured between two points of an electrical circuit into a physical signal proportional to the
voltage.
3.3.5 AC Voltage Source

Fig 3.6symbol of AC voltage source
The AC Voltage Source block implements an ideal AC voltage source. The generated voltage is
described by the following relationship:
Negative values are allowed for amplitude and phase. A frequency of 0 and phase equal to 90
degrees specify a DC voltage source. Negative frequency is not allowed; otherwise the software
signals an error, and the block displays a question mark in the block icon.
3.3.6 Scope
Fig 3.7scope
The Scope block displays its input with respect to simulation time. The Scope block can have
multiple axes (one per port) and all axes have a common time range with independent y-axes. The
Scope block allows you to adjust the amount of time and the range of input values displayed. You
can move and resize the Scope window and you can modify the Scope's parameter values during the
simulation.
3.3.7 Solver Configuration
Fig 3.8 solver configuration
Each physical device represented by a connected Simscap block diagram requires global
environment information for simulation. The Solver Configuration block specifies this global

information and provides parameters for the solver that your model needs before you can begin
simulation. Each topologically distinct Simscape block diagram requires exactly one Solver
Configuration block to be connected to it.
3.3.8 Ground
Fig 3.9 electrical symbol of ground
The Ground block implements a connection to the ground.
. 3.3.9 PS Simulink Converter
Fig 3.10 ps simulink converter
The PS-Simulink Converter block converts a physical signal into a Simulink output signal. Use this
block to connect outputs of a Physical Network diagram to Simulink scopes or other Simulink
blocks.
The Output signal unit parameter lets you specify the desired units for the output signal. These units
must be commensurate with the units of the input physical signal coming into the block. The
Simulink output signal is unit less, but if you specify a desired output unit, the block applies a gain
equal to the conversion factor before outputting the Simulink signal. For example, if the input
physical signal coming into the block is displacement, in meters, and you set Output signal unit to
mm, the block multiplies the value of the input signal by 10e3 before outputting it.

CHAPTER FOUR
SIMULATION AND RESULT

4.1 Soft ware used to simulate
4.1.1MATLAB R2008b
MATLAB (matrix laboratory) is a multi - paradigm numerical computing environment and fourth-
generation programming language. A proprietary programming language developed by Math Works
, MATLAB allows matrix manipulations , plotting of functions and data, implementation of
algorithms , creation of user interfaces , and interfacing with programs written in other languages ,
including C, C++ , Java, Fortran and Python[4] .
Al though MATLAB is intended primarily for numerical computing , an optional toolbox uses
symbolic engine , allowing access to symbolic computing abilities . An additional package ,
Simulink, adds graphical multi -domain simulation and model -based design for dynamic and
embedded systems .
In this we tried to implement the simulation of the transmission line by using its equivalent diagram.
4.2 MATLAB simulation
4.2.1 Dialog Box and parameters of simulink components

When we simulate the standard model of extra high voltage long transmission line the parameter of
each component can be specified in the dialog box that we want
4.2.1 Simulation model of the system

Then after we specify the simulation block parameter of transmission line the over all software
simulation model is shown in fig4.1 bellow

Fig 4.1 MATLAB simulation model of EHV long transmission line
4.2.2 Simulation result
Waveforms obtained at the scope block after the completion of simulation is shown bellow.
These wave forms of the simulation are input voltage and output voltage respectively.

Fig 4.2 wave form of input voltage and output voltage

CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion
From the simulation result of this project we can analyze the performance and efficiency of the
transmission line is depend on the magnitude of input voltage and value of transmission line
parameter (capacitor, inductor and resistor). The more the voltages of transmission line the better
the performance and efficiency of the system.
The input voltage is directly proportional to the resistance of transmission line. That is as the
voltage increases the value of the resistor is also increase.
And also by the study and simulation of Extra High Voltage Transmission lines we have come to
the conclusion that they are best suited for transmission of bulk power.

5.2 Recommendation
Extra high voltage long transmission line provides us a means to use high voltage in a transmission
line for more efficiency and effective power transmission system. Even if our transmission line
model is based only source and transmission parameters, we could not integrate it with proposed
methods like using pi section to demonstrate the length of transmission line. So for those of you
who want to continue this work can add and modify using pi section to determine the length of
transmission line.

REFFERENCES
[1] Power System Analysis And Design by B.R.Gupta

[2] IEEE paper by “Karl E. Lonngren and Er-Wei Bai” on “Simulink Simulation of
transmission Line”
[3] Circuit Analysis by A.Chakraborthy
[4] MATLAB book (name to be given)
[5] Power system analysis(By John J.Grainger)
[6]power system analysis and design (by J.Duncan Glover)
[7]Electrical power distribution system engineering (by T.Gonen)

[8] power system analysis(C.A. Gross)

APPENDIX
Transmission line parameter values
1 Inductance(H) Series resistance(ohm) Initial current(A) Parallel

conductance()1/ohm
Inductor 10^-6 0.03 0 10^-9
2. Resistance(R) =0.01 1ohm
3, Frequency(F) = 60Hz
4.Ac source = 169.71KV
5 Capacitance(F) Series Initial voltage(v) Parallel

resistance(ohm) conductance(1/ohm)
Capacitor 10^-6 0.03 0 10^-9

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SIMULATION OF EXTRA HIGH VOLTAGE LONG TRANSMISSION LINE 2008EC

SEMISTER PROJECT REPORT PAPER ON

SIMULATION OF EXTRA HIGH VOLTAGE LONG TRANSMISSION LINE

Submitted to ECE Department

DBU: DEPARTMENT OF ELELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Table of Contents Pages

DBU: DEPARTMENT OF ELELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

2.4.3 ABCD Parameter ..........................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

CHAPTER FOUR............................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

DBU: DEPARTMENT OF ELELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Fig 4.2 wave form of input voltage and output voltage

Table 2.1 Standard line to line voltage……………………………………………………………7

Table 2.2 Average value of line parameters………………………………………………………8

DBU: DEPARTMENT OF ELELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

EHV Extra high voltage

UHV Ultra high voltage

NESC National electrical safety code

MATLAB Matrix laboratory

Vin in put voltage

Vout output voltage

DBU: DEPARTMENT OF ELELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Mr. MATIOS ZENEBE DATE

Mr. ATNKUT DATE

DBU: DEPARTMENT OF ELELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

DBU: DEPARTMENT OF ELELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

DBU: DEPARTMENT OF ELELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

DBU: DEPARTMENT OF ELELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

DBU: DEPARTMENT OF ELELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

1.2. Statement of the problem

1.3 Objective of the project

1.3.1 General objective

 To simulate extra high voltage long transmission line using MATLAB.

DBU: DEPARTMENT OF ELELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

1.4 Scope of the project

DBU: DEPARTMENT OF ELELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

LITERETURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACK GROUND

2.1 Literature Review

DBU: DEPARTMENT OF ELELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

DBU: DEPARTMENT OF ELELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Fig2.1 Different transmission line system

2.2.3 Classification of transmission line based operating voltage

Ultra high voltage (UHV) – higher than 800 kV .

2.2.4 Standard Transmission line to line voltages

DBU: DEPARTMENT OF ELELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Table 2.1 Standard line to line voltages

2.2.5 Average values of line parameters

DBU: DEPARTMENT OF ELELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

(a) The magnitudes of voltages at the ends (Es, Er),

Phase spacing, m 120 15 18 21

Conductor 2*32mm 4*30mm 6*46mm 8*46mm

Bundle spacing, m 0.4572 0.4572 _ _

Bundle Di, m _ _ 1.2 1.2

r, ohm/km* 0.031 0.0136 0.0036 0.0027

x, ohm/km(50Hz) 0.327 0.272 0.231 0.231

x/r 10.55 20 64.2 85.6

Table 2.2. Average Values of Line Parameters

2.3 Extra high voltage transmission line

DBU: DEPARTMENT OF ELELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

2.3.1 Transmission Line design specifications

2.3.2 Overall Descriptive Specification of transmission line

DBU: DEPARTMENT OF ELELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

-the design load district

Conductor 232mm 430mm 646mm 846mm