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Ijciet 08 09 109
Ijciet 08 09 109
Ijciet 08 09 109
U. P. Waghe
Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Y.C.C.E, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
ABSTRACT
Steel fibre is used to improve the mechanical properties of concrete, especially the
postcracking tensile resistant. Moreover, it has recently been used as an alternative
engineering material instead of steel bars/steel stirrups in short Steel fibres reinforced
concrete (SFRC) construction is more economical than conventional construction. In
addition to cost reduction, SFRC has other beneficial properties such as higher
stiffness, higher ductility, lightweight, low repair costs, and better post-cracking and
dynamic behavior. An experimental investigation on the behavior of concrete
specimens reinforced with steel fibres and polypropelene fibres subjected to
compressive and flexural loading is presented. Tests were conducted on specimens
with four different fibre volume fractions. With the combinations of varying
percentage of steel and polypropylene fibres various SPFRC mixes with hooked end
fibre and crimped steel fibres were prepared. The results present that flexural and
compressive strength characteristics influenced by steel and polypropylene fibres. Use
steel fibres are found to be more effective for the enhancement of flexural strength
characteristics. The crimped steel fibre is more effective than the hooked end steel
fibre. The workability is also affected by the addition of steel fibres. Workability is
more affected by the crimped steel fibres than hooked steel fibres. It was observed
that SPFRC specimens showed enhanced properties compared to that of normal
specimen.
Keywords: Steel fiber-reinforced concrete (SFRC), steel fibres, polypropelene fibres,
flexural strength, compressive strength
Cite this Article: S. V. Joshi and U. P. Waghe, Effect of Mixing Fiber Cocktail on
Flexural Strength of Concrete, International Journal of Civil Engineering and
Technology, 8(9), 2017, pp. 983–992.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=9
1. INTRODUCTION
Concrete is known to be a brittle material when subjected to tensile stresses and impact loads;
tensile strength of the concrete is approximately one tenth of its compressive strength. As a
result of this, concrete members are unable to withstand such loads and stress that are usually
encountered by concrete structural members. Usually, concrete members are reinforced with
continuous reinforcing bars to withstand tensile stresses and to compensate for the lack of
ductility and strength. The addition of steel reinforcement to concrete significantly increases
its strength, but to produce a concrete with homogenous tensile properties and better micro
cracking behaviour, fibres are advantageous. The introduction of fibres in concrete has
brought a solution to develop a concrete having enhanced flexural and tensile strength, which
are a new form of composite material. At the micro-level, fibres inhibit the initiation and
growth of cracks, and after the micro-cracks coalesce into macro-cracks, fibres provide
mechanisms that abate their unstable propagation, provide effective bridging, and impart
sources of strength gain, toughness and ductility. Fibres are mostly discontinuous, randomly
distributed throughout the cement matrices. The randomly distributed short fibres are
generally introduced into concrete to enhance its control crack system and mechanical
properties such as toughness, impact resistance, ductility (post cracking), tensile strength etc.
of basic matrix. There are many kinds of fibres, such as metallic, synthetic, natural etc which
are being used in normal concrete as shown in Fig 1. The term fibre based concrete (FBC) is
concrete containing fibrous material which increases its structural integrity. It contains short
discrete fibres that are uniformly distributed and randomly oriented. Different type of fibres in
concrete changes the character of fibre based concrete. Further properties of fibre based
concrete changes with varying concrete, fibre materials geometries, distribution, orientation
and densities. When fibre is added to a concrete mix, each and every individual fibre receives
a coating of cement paste. Modification of synthetic fibre geometry includes monofilaments,
fibrillated fibres, fibre mesh, wave cut fibre large end fibres etc. This increases bonding with
cement matrices without increasing in its length and minimized chemical interaction between
fibres and the cement matrices. Fibres also modifies and enhances the mechanical properties
and behaviour of concrete during its application. Fibre can be used with admixture such as
super plasticizer, air entraining, retarding, accelerating etc and all type of cement and concrete
mixtures. These produce a special type of concrete with desired properties in fresh and
hardened concrete. In present study polypropylene and steel fibres have been used.
Polypropylene fibre having low modulus, light density, small monofilament diameter and not
susceptible to corrosion and steel fibre increases its ductility, toughness, and impact
resistance.
The aim of this study is to investigate the change in mechanical properties of concrete
with the addition of steel fiber in high strength concrete. Steel Fibers in Concrete can
improve: Crack, Impact and Fatigue Resistance, Shrinkage Reduction, Toughness- by
preventing/delaying crack propogation from micro-cracks to macro-cracks. SFRC has been
used extensively in construction of industrial floors, bridge deck overlays, airport runways,
highway pavements, tunnel linings, spillways, dams, slope stabilizations, and many precast
products. Nevertheless, relatively little use of SFRC in the building structure is mainly due to
the lack of design provisions in building codes. Steel fibers can improve the characteristics of
hardened concrete, and polypropylene fibers can have significant effects on the fresh
concrete. Polypropylene fibers significantly reduce the slump of the fresh concrete resulting in
an increase in the adhesion and cohesion of the concrete. Polypropylene fibers also reduce the
plastic shrinkage cracks. Polypropylene fibers can increase concrete durability against fire,
freezing, and chemical attacks. Due to its benefits, polypropylene fiber reinforced concrete is
used in pile foundations, piers, highways, industrial floors, bridge decking and others. Fibers
are mostly used in concrete to control cracking due to various circumstances. Fibers are also
helpful in concrete to reduce the permeability which may further Impact the bleeding of
water. Some more various types of fibers produces great impact just like abrasion and shatter
resistance in concrete. Some recent researches shows that using fibers in concrete shows
Impact on the impact resistance of the materials but it is only up to a certain limit.
1.2.1. Workability
Workability is the property of SPFRC which determines the ease and homogeneity with
which it can be mixed, placed, compacted and finished. Major factors affecting the
workability are water content, cement content, aggregate content, fibre type & their content,
air content, temperature, mixing conditions, chemical admixtures etc. After the addition of
fibres significant reduction in fresh properties of concrete (IRC 2013, Yap et al., 2013, Chang
et al., 1995, Kumar et al., 2014, Rokade etal., 2014). The reduction in workability due to
strong fibre matrix bond in the concrete mix. decision makers for appropriate rescue
operations. 3D visualizations are tools for rescue operations during disasters, e.g., cyclone,
tsunami, earthquake, flooding and fire, etc (Patel et al., 2013) [35].
al., 2014, Girish et al., 2012, Li et al., 2010, Soutsos et al., 2012). From the previous studies,
it was concluded that, steel fibre provides the ductility to concrete, as they have high strength
& high modulus of elasticity thus have more ability to arrest the macro cracks.
1.2.5. Toughness
It is the ability to absorb energy after cracking. This is also defined by area under the stress-
strain curve of SPFRC. Toughness is increase with the addition of fibres. Figure 1.1 presents
typical stress-strain curve for the fibre reinforced concrete.
2. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME
2.1. MATERIALS
With the combinations of varying percentage of steel and polypropylene fibres various
SPFRC mixes i.e. SPFRC –A (SF - 0.35% + PPF - 0.15%), SPFRC-B (SF - 0.25% + PPF -
0.25%), SPFRC-C (SF - 0.85% + PPF - 0.15%) and SPFRC-D (SF - 0.75% + PPF - 0.25%)
with hooked end fibre and crimped steel fibres were prepared. The design of mix was done as
per guidelines of Is 10262:2009. Portland Pozzolana Cement make used during the entire
experimental work. Natural coarse aggregates of 20 mm nominal size and natural sand of
confirming to zone –III was used. Further to ease the placing of SPFRC mixes super-
plasticiser was added to enhance the workability requirement of SPFR-PQC mixes. The
dosage of super-plasticiser was identified 0.5% by weight of cement. The total fibre content
for the mix SPFRC-A and SPFRC-B is 0.5% by volume of concrete, whereas for the mix
SPFRC-C and SPFRC-D the total fibre content is 1% by volume of concrete.
To find the suitability of aggregates for the SPFRC mix design the sieve analysis, specific
gravity test, water absorption test, aggregate impact test and loss angles abrasion test are
carried out. During the entire experimental work Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC) make
Ultra tech cement is used. To find the suitability of PPC cement various test were conducted
like fineness test, consistency test, initial setting and final setting time test and compressive
strength test are carried as per Indian specifications.
SPFRC-A SPFRC-D
33.58
SPFRC-B 29.2 30.6
30 28.5
29.65 30.84
28.16
25.8
20
10
0
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
% Steel Fibre
Crimped SF Hooked End SF
It is observed that compressive strength of all SPFRC mixes is more than compressive
strength of plain PCC. Compressive Strength is considerably influenced by steel fibre and
increases by increasing the quantity of steel fibre.
70
SPFRC-C
SPFRC-D
Compressive Strength (MPa)
SPFRC-A 57.4
56 51.1 52.2
SPFRC-B
47.38 52.77
49.91
42 47.5
42.63
28
14
0
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
% Steel Fibre
Crimped SF Hooked End SF
8
SPFRC-A SPFRC-D SPFRC-C
0
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
% Steel Fibre
Crimped SF Hooked End SF
4. CONCLUSION
In the present study steel and poly-propylene fibres of single aspect ratio are used in PCC.
Studies may be carried out using steel fibres of different aspect ratio and also on different
types of synthetic fibres like nylon, polyethylene, polyamide, acrylic etc.
Also the various other combinations of fibres can be used for the assessment of
workability, flexural strength and compressive strength characteristics of Pavement Quality
Concrete Mixes.
The present study is based on the assessment of flexural strength and compressive
strength characteristics of PQC mixes. Studies may also be carried out on fatigue analysis of
SPFR-PQC.
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