International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)

Volume 8, Issue 9, September 2017, pp. 983–992, Article ID: IJCIET_08_09_109

Available online at http://http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=9
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed

EFFECT OF MIXING FIBER COCKTAIL ON

FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
S. V. Joshi
Research Scholar, Civil Engineering Department, Y.C.C.E, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India

U. P. Waghe
Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Y.C.C.E, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India

ABSTRACT
Steel fibre is used to improve the mechanical properties of concrete, especially the
postcracking tensile resistant. Moreover, it has recently been used as an alternative
engineering material instead of steel bars/steel stirrups in short Steel fibres reinforced
concrete (SFRC) construction is more economical than conventional construction. In
addition to cost reduction, SFRC has other beneficial properties such as higher
stiffness, higher ductility, lightweight, low repair costs, and better post-cracking and
dynamic behavior. An experimental investigation on the behavior of concrete
specimens reinforced with steel fibres and polypropelene fibres subjected to
compressive and flexural loading is presented. Tests were conducted on specimens
with four different fibre volume fractions. With the combinations of varying
percentage of steel and polypropylene fibres various SPFRC mixes with hooked end
fibre and crimped steel fibres were prepared. The results present that flexural and
compressive strength characteristics influenced by steel and polypropylene fibres. Use
steel fibres are found to be more effective for the enhancement of flexural strength
characteristics. The crimped steel fibre is more effective than the hooked end steel
fibre. The workability is also affected by the addition of steel fibres. Workability is
more affected by the crimped steel fibres than hooked steel fibres. It was observed
that SPFRC specimens showed enhanced properties compared to that of normal
specimen.
Keywords: Steel fiber-reinforced concrete (SFRC), steel fibres, polypropelene fibres,
flexural strength, compressive strength
Cite this Article: S. V. Joshi and U. P. Waghe, Effect of Mixing Fiber Cocktail on
Flexural Strength of Concrete, International Journal of Civil Engineering and
Technology, 8(9), 2017, pp. 983–992.
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 S. V. Joshi and U. P. Waghe

1. INTRODUCTION
Concrete is known to be a brittle material when subjected to tensile stresses and impact loads;
tensile strength of the concrete is approximately one tenth of its compressive strength. As a
result of this, concrete members are unable to withstand such loads and stress that are usually
encountered by concrete structural members. Usually, concrete members are reinforced with
continuous reinforcing bars to withstand tensile stresses and to compensate for the lack of
ductility and strength. The addition of steel reinforcement to concrete significantly increases
its strength, but to produce a concrete with homogenous tensile properties and better micro
cracking behaviour, fibres are advantageous. The introduction of fibres in concrete has
brought a solution to develop a concrete having enhanced flexural and tensile strength, which
are a new form of composite material. At the micro-level, fibres inhibit the initiation and
growth of cracks, and after the micro-cracks coalesce into macro-cracks, fibres provide
mechanisms that abate their unstable propagation, provide effective bridging, and impart
sources of strength gain, toughness and ductility. Fibres are mostly discontinuous, randomly
distributed throughout the cement matrices. The randomly distributed short fibres are
generally introduced into concrete to enhance its control crack system and mechanical
properties such as toughness, impact resistance, ductility (post cracking), tensile strength etc.
of basic matrix. There are many kinds of fibres, such as metallic, synthetic, natural etc which
are being used in normal concrete as shown in Fig 1. The term fibre based concrete (FBC) is
concrete containing fibrous material which increases its structural integrity. It contains short
discrete fibres that are uniformly distributed and randomly oriented. Different type of fibres in
concrete changes the character of fibre based concrete. Further properties of fibre based
concrete changes with varying concrete, fibre materials geometries, distribution, orientation
and densities. When fibre is added to a concrete mix, each and every individual fibre receives
a coating of cement paste. Modification of synthetic fibre geometry includes monofilaments,
fibrillated fibres, fibre mesh, wave cut fibre large end fibres etc. This increases bonding with
cement matrices without increasing in its length and minimized chemical interaction between
fibres and the cement matrices. Fibres also modifies and enhances the mechanical properties
and behaviour of concrete during its application. Fibre can be used with admixture such as
super plasticizer, air entraining, retarding, accelerating etc and all type of cement and concrete
mixtures. These produce a special type of concrete with desired properties in fresh and
hardened concrete. In present study polypropylene and steel fibres have been used.
Polypropylene fibre having low modulus, light density, small monofilament diameter and not
susceptible to corrosion and steel fibre increases its ductility, toughness, and impact
resistance.
The aim of this study is to investigate the change in mechanical properties of concrete
with the addition of steel fiber in high strength concrete. Steel Fibers in Concrete can
improve: Crack, Impact and Fatigue Resistance, Shrinkage Reduction, Toughness- by
preventing/delaying crack propogation from micro-cracks to macro-cracks. SFRC has been
used extensively in construction of industrial floors, bridge deck overlays, airport runways,
highway pavements, tunnel linings, spillways, dams, slope stabilizations, and many precast
products. Nevertheless, relatively little use of SFRC in the building structure is mainly due to
the lack of design provisions in building codes. Steel fibers can improve the characteristics of
hardened concrete, and polypropylene fibers can have significant effects on the fresh
concrete. Polypropylene fibers significantly reduce the slump of the fresh concrete resulting in
an increase in the adhesion and cohesion of the concrete. Polypropylene fibers also reduce the
plastic shrinkage cracks. Polypropylene fibers can increase concrete durability against fire,
freezing, and chemical attacks. Due to its benefits, polypropylene fiber reinforced concrete is
used in pile foundations, piers, highways, industrial floors, bridge decking and others. Fibers

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 Effect of Mixing Fiber Cocktail on Flexural Strength of Concrete

are mostly used in concrete to control cracking due to various circumstances. Fibers are also
helpful in concrete to reduce the permeability which may further Impact the bleeding of
water. Some more various types of fibers produces great impact just like abrasion and shatter
resistance in concrete. Some recent researches shows that using fibers in concrete shows
Impact on the impact resistance of the materials but it is only up to a certain limit.

1.1. Importance of Steel Polypropelene fibers in strengthening

The Steel Polypropylene Fibre Reinforced-Pavement Quality Concrete (SPFRC) is composite
of conventional Quality Concrete and uniformly dispersed steel & polypropylene fibre. In this
steel fibre provides the structural improvement whereas polypropylene fibre enhances the
resistance to plastic shrinkage cracking.
Chang et al., 1995, studied the behaviour of fibres-reinforced concrete. They suggested
that with the use of steel fibres; increases in flexural strength and ductility of concrete due to
the ability of the fibres to restrain cracks. All concrete contains flaws which could increase in
size under loads which were less than 50% of the ultimate load. The fatigue failure
mechanism for concrete or mortar develops in three stages:
(i) The first stage, flaw initiation, is an inherent quality of concrete such as the presence
of air voids and weak or debonded regions between aggregate and paste.
(ii) The second stage, the slow growth of flaws to a critical size, is a complex mechanism
in a heterogeneous material such as concrete. The growth of the inherent flaws under
static loading of concrete is called micro cracking. From the previous studies it was
stated that there would be some flaws of a shape, size and orientation in the stress field
that may grow slowly in a stable manner to a critical size and then increase rapidly.
(iii)In this third stage, when a sufficient number of unstable cracks join to form a
continuous crack, failure of the member follows quickly.
The first and third stages of the failure mechanism cannot be prevented, but there is the
possibility of retarding the growth of the flaws in the second stage by using closely spaced
and randomly dispersed steel & polypropylene fibres as reinforcement in the concrete or
mortar.

1.2. Properties of FRC for Study

1.2.1. Workability
Workability is the property of SPFRC which determines the ease and homogeneity with
which it can be mixed, placed, compacted and finished. Major factors affecting the
workability are water content, cement content, aggregate content, fibre type & their content,
air content, temperature, mixing conditions, chemical admixtures etc. After the addition of
fibres significant reduction in fresh properties of concrete (IRC 2013, Yap et al., 2013, Chang
et al., 1995, Kumar et al., 2014, Rokade etal., 2014). The reduction in workability due to
strong fibre matrix bond in the concrete mix. decision makers for appropriate rescue
operations. 3D visualizations are tools for rescue operations during disasters, e.g., cyclone,
tsunami, earthquake, flooding and fire, etc (Patel et al., 2013) [35].

1.2.2. Compressive Strength

The determination of compressive strength for the various grades of concrete has received a
large amount of attention as concrete is primarily meant to withstand compressive stresses.
The addition of fibres enhances the compressive strength of concrete (Parveen et al., 2013,
Qureshi et al., 2013, Rokade etal., 2014). The compressive strength is significantly influenced
by steel fibres and increases by increasing quantity of steel fibre (Chang et al., 1995, Kumar et

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 S. V. Joshi and U. P. Waghe

al., 2014, Girish et al., 2012, Li et al., 2010, Soutsos et al., 2012). From the previous studies,
it was concluded that, steel fibre provides the ductility to concrete, as they have high strength
& high modulus of elasticity thus have more ability to arrest the macro cracks.

1.2.3. Tensile Strength

It is well known; concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension. Even a very small
eccentricity of load will induce bending and axial force condition and the concrete fails at
apparent tensile stress other than the tensile strength (Gambhir, 2010). Under an increasing
compression loading, cracks will initiate and advance. When the advancing crack approaches
a fibre, the debonding at the fibre–matrix interface begins due to the tensile stresses
perpendicular to the expected path of the advancing crack. As the advancing crack reaches the
interface, the crack tip stress concentration is reduced, and, thus, the propagation of cracks is
blunted and blocked. This process is the bridging effect or crack arresting ability of fibres in
concrete (Yap et al., 2013, Parveen et al., 2013, Kumar et al., 2014, Girish et al., 2012,
Rokade etal., 2014). The uniformly dispersed fibres create the bridging effect of fibre, hence
tensile strength increases.

1.2.4. Flexural Strength

The flexural tensile strength is important parameter to estimate the load at which the concrete
member may crack. As it is difficult to determine the tensile strength of concrete by
conducting a direct tension test, it is computed by flexural testing. When the concrete has
more flexural strength, it will be more fatigue resistant.
Due to formation of such type of cracks, flexural strength decreases, thus Concrete layer
deteriorated rapidly. The steel fibre has more modulus of rupture than polypropylene fibres,
hence they provide the structural improvement i.e. arrest the macro cracks and undergo the
ductile failure, while polypropylene fibres provide the resistant to plastic shrinkage cracking
and undergo the brittle failure.

1.2.5. Toughness
It is the ability to absorb energy after cracking. This is also defined by area under the stress-
strain curve of SPFRC. Toughness is increase with the addition of fibres. Figure 1.1 presents
typical stress-strain curve for the fibre reinforced concrete.

Figure 1 (Source: The Concrete Institute, 2012)

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 Effect of Mixing Fiber Cocktail on Flexural Strength of Concrete

1.3. Effect of Temperature on Behaviour of SPFRC

Concrete is though not a refractory material, is incombustible and has good fire resistant
properties. The effect of temperature on the strength of concrete is not much up to a
temperature of about 250 °C but above 300 °C, considerable loss of strength take place
(Shetty, 2010). It is concluded that incorporating steel fibre remains beneficial to concrete
which has been exposed to high temperatures up to 1200 °C. At high temperature loss in static
modulus of elasticity of concrete. Up to 1000 °C, no effect on poison ratio (Lau et al., 2006).
The results show that the toughness of SFRC under flexural loading increases with a decrease
in temperature. This increase appears to be related to the increase in the strength of the matrix
at low temperatures (because of the freezing of water in the capillary pores), which increases
the energy required for fiber pull-out.

2. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME
2.1. MATERIALS
With the combinations of varying percentage of steel and polypropylene fibres various
SPFRC mixes i.e. SPFRC –A (SF - 0.35% + PPF - 0.15%), SPFRC-B (SF - 0.25% + PPF -
0.25%), SPFRC-C (SF - 0.85% + PPF - 0.15%) and SPFRC-D (SF - 0.75% + PPF - 0.25%)
with hooked end fibre and crimped steel fibres were prepared. The design of mix was done as
per guidelines of Is 10262:2009. Portland Pozzolana Cement make used during the entire
experimental work. Natural coarse aggregates of 20 mm nominal size and natural sand of
confirming to zone –III was used. Further to ease the placing of SPFRC mixes super-
plasticiser was added to enhance the workability requirement of SPFR-PQC mixes. The
dosage of super-plasticiser was identified 0.5% by weight of cement. The total fibre content
for the mix SPFRC-A and SPFRC-B is 0.5% by volume of concrete, whereas for the mix
SPFRC-C and SPFRC-D the total fibre content is 1% by volume of concrete.
To find the suitability of aggregates for the SPFRC mix design the sieve analysis, specific
gravity test, water absorption test, aggregate impact test and loss angles abrasion test are
carried out. During the entire experimental work Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC) make
Ultra tech cement is used. To find the suitability of PPC cement various test were conducted
like fineness test, consistency test, initial setting and final setting time test and compressive
strength test are carried as per Indian specifications.

2.2 Experimental Results of SPFRC Mixes

2.2.1 Workability of SPFRC Mixes

In the present experimental work, polypropylene fibre and two types of steel fibre namely
crimped steel fibre and hooked end steel fibre were used and their influence on workability
behaviour is accessed.

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 S. V. Joshi and U. P. Waghe

Figure 2 Slump of SPFRC Mixes

The maximum slump loss about 52% was obtained in SPFRC–C Mix made by crimped
steel fibre having higher dose of steel fibre i.e. 0.85%. Whereas in the same mix when
hooked end steel fibres were used the reduction was about 44%. The workability of SPFRC-C
followed by workability of SPFRC-D. In the SPFRC-D, the reduction was 40% observed
when crimped steel fibres were used and 30% reduction was observed when hooked end steel
fibres were used.

2.2.2 Compressive Strength of SPFRC Specimens

The total fibre contents were 0.5 % and 1%. Various SPFRC Mixes were prepared with
varying percentage of steel and polypropylene fibres to access the compressive strength and
flexure strength characteristics. It presents the variation of compressive strength with
percentage of steel fibre at 7 days. It presents the variation of compressive strength with
percentage of steel fibre at 28 days.
40
SPFRC-C
Compressive Strength (MPa)

SPFRC-A SPFRC-D
33.58
SPFRC-B 29.2 30.6
30 28.5
29.65 30.84
28.16
25.8
20

10

0
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00

% Steel Fibre
Crimped SF Hooked End SF

Figure 3 Variation of Compressive Strength with the % Steel Fibres at 7 Days

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 Effect of Mixing Fiber Cocktail on Flexural Strength of Concrete

It is observed that compressive strength of all SPFRC mixes is more than compressive
strength of plain PCC. Compressive Strength is considerably influenced by steel fibre and
increases by increasing the quantity of steel fibre.

70
SPFRC-C
SPFRC-D
Compressive Strength (MPa)

SPFRC-A 57.4
56 51.1 52.2
SPFRC-B
47.38 52.77
49.91
42 47.5
42.63

28

14

0
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00

% Steel Fibre
Crimped SF Hooked End SF

Figure 4 Variation of Compressive Strength with % Steel Fibres at 28 Days

2.3.1 Flexural Strength of SPFRC Specimens

It presents the variation of flexure strength with percentage of steel fibre at 7 days. It presents
the variation of flexure strength with percentage of steel fibre at 28 days. The results indicate
when SPFRC-C includes crimped steel fibres, the flexure strength at 7 days increases by
45.9% than the concrete mix. Similarly for 28 days this value increases by 120% than
concrete mix. On other hand when SPFRC-C comprises the hooked end steel fibres, the
flexure strength at 7 days increased by 21.42 % than the concrete mix. Whereas for 28 days
this value increased by 92% than Concrete mix. The flexural strength of SPFRC-B consists of
either crimped steel fibre or hooked end steel fibres was less as compared to other SPFRC-C
mixes because less steel fibre content was used. For SPFRC-B which consists of crimped
steel fibre the flexural strength at 28 days increased by 63.22% than Concrete mix and when
consist of hooked end steel fibre, flexural strength at 28 days increased by 48.21 %. SPFRC
mixes are more than flexural strength of Concrete Mixes. Flexure Strength is also
considerably influenced by steel fibre and increases by increasing the quantity of steel fibre.

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 S. V. Joshi and U. P. Waghe

8
SPFRC-A SPFRC-D SPFRC-C

Flexural Strength (MPa)

6.23 6.51 6.84
SPFRC-B
6
5.27
5.79 5.95
5.57
4 4.86

0
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
% Steel Fibre
Crimped SF Hooked End SF

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The workability of SPFRC Mixes is affected with the type of steel fibre and their dosage. It is
observed that as the dosage of steel fibre increases workability reduces.
Maximum slump loss was observed for the SPFRC-C Mix consisting 0.85% crimped end
steel fibre and 0.15% polypropylene fibres. Compressive strength of Concrete Mix increased
by 37% when SPFRC-C mix is prepared. The maximum increase in flexural strength is
observed for the mix SPFRC-C consisting crimped steel fibres.The flexural strength of
Concrete Mix increased by 120% when SPFRC-C mix is prepared.

4. CONCLUSION
In the present study steel and poly-propylene fibres of single aspect ratio are used in PCC.
Studies may be carried out using steel fibres of different aspect ratio and also on different
types of synthetic fibres like nylon, polyethylene, polyamide, acrylic etc.
Also the various other combinations of fibres can be used for the assessment of
workability, flexural strength and compressive strength characteristics of Pavement Quality
Concrete Mixes.
The present study is based on the assessment of flexural strength and compressive
strength characteristics of PQC mixes. Studies may also be carried out on fatigue analysis of
SPFR-PQC.

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