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Nelson Mandela
From Wikipedia Last modified on 14 March 2011, at 05:59
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His Excellency
Nelson Mandela
OM AC CC OJ GCStJ QC GColIH RSerafO BR NPk
MRCSI
Mandela in 2008
Signature
Table of Contents
1 Early life
2 Political activity
2.1 Armed anti-apartheid activities
2.2 Arrest and Rivonia trial
2.3 Imprisonment
2.4 Release
2.5 Negotiations
3 Presidency of South Africa
3.1 Lockerbie trial
4 Marriage and family
4.1 First marriage
4.2 Second marriage
4.3 Third marriage
5 Retirement
5.1 Post-retirement health
5.2 Elders
5.3 AIDS engagement
5.4 Criticism of U.S. and UK foreign policy
5.5 Ismail Ayob controversy
5.5.1 Allegations
5.6 Blood Diamond controversy
5.7 Zimbabwe and Robert Mugabe
6 Acclaim
6.1 Orders and decorations
6.2 Musical tributes
6.3 Published biographies
6.4 Cinema and television
6.5 Statues and civic tributes
6.6 Mandela Day
6.7 Other
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Early life
Mandela with Cuban leader Fidel Castro on July 27, 1991, in Matanzas, Cuba. Their combined anti-
apartheid speeches from the event were published as the book How Far We Slaves Have Come! [69]
On 2 February 1990, State President F. W. de Klerk reversed the ban on the ANC and other anti-
apartheid organisations, and announced that Mandela would shortly be released from prison.[70]
Mandela was released from Victor Verster Prison in Paarl on 11 February 1990. The event was
broadcast live all over the world.[71]
On the day of his release, Mandela made a speech to the nation.[72] He declared his commitment to
peace and reconciliation with the country's white minority, but made it clear that the ANC's armed
struggle was not yet over when he said "our resort to the armed struggle in 1960 with the formation of
the military wing of the ANC (Umkhonto we Sizwe) was a purely defensive action against the violence
of apartheid. The factors which necessitated the armed struggle still exist today. We have no option but
to continue. We express the hope that a climate conducive to a negotiated settlement would be created
soon, so that there may no longer be the need for the armed struggle."
He also said his main focus was to bring peace to the black majority and give them the right to vote in
both national and local elections.[72]
Negotiations
Main article: Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa
Following his release from prison, Mandela returned to the leadership of the ANC and, between 1990
and 1994, led the party in the multi-party negotiations that led to the country's first multi-racial
elections.[73]
In 1991, the ANC held its first national conference in South Africa after its unbanning, electing
Mandela as President of the organisation. His old friend and colleague Oliver Tambo, who had led the
organisation in exile during Mandela's imprisonment, became National Chairperson.[74]
Mandela's leadership through the negotiations, as well as his relationship with President F. W. de Klerk,
was recognised when they were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993. However, the
relationship was sometimes strained, particularly so in a sharp exchange in 1991 when he furiously
referred to De Klerk as the head of "an illegitimate, discredited, minority regime". The talks broke down
following the Boipatong massacre in June 1992 when Mandela took the ANC out of the negotiations,
accusing De Klerk's government of complicity in the killings.[75] However, talks resumed following
the Bisho massacre in September 1992, when the spectre of violent confrontation made it clear that
negotiations were the only way forward.[12]
References
↑ 1.0 1.1 "Nelson Mandela - Biography". Nobelprize.org. The Nobel Foundation. 1993.
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1993/mandela-bio.html. Retrieved 30 April 2009.
↑ Madiba’s Many Names Nelson Mandela Foundation
↑ Mandela 1996, pp. 16, 17
↑ 4.0 4.1 "South Africa: Celebrating Mandela At 90". AllAfrica.com. 17 July 2008.
http://allafrica.com/stories/200807180124.html. Retrieved 28 October 2008.
↑ "So, where do we come from?". beta.mnet.co.za. 19 September 2004.
http://beta.mnet.co.za/carteblanche/Article.aspx?Id=2619. Retrieved 11 October 2010.
↑ Kopkind, Andrew (16 March 1990). "Book Review - Higher than Hope". Entertainment Weekly.
Time Inc.. http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,316920,00.html. Retrieved 28 October 2008.
↑ 7.0 7.1 Mafela, Munzhedzi James (October 2008). "The revelation of African culture in Long Walk to
Freedom". Indigenous Biography and Autobiography. Australian National University.
http://epress.anu.edu.au/aborig_history/indigenous_biog/mobile_devices/ch08.html. Retrieved 18 July
2009.
↑ Guiloineau, Jean; Rowe, Joseph (2002). Nelson Mandela: the early life of Rolihlahla Mandiba. North
Atlantic Books. p. 13. ISBN 1556434170. http://books.google.com/?id=4iKSlwuya1YC&pg=PA13.
↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Aikman (2003), pp 70–71
↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Mandela, Nelson (2006). Mandela: The Authorized Portrait. Kansas City, Mo.:
Andrews McMeel Pub. p. 13. ISBN 0-7407-5572-2. http://www.nextreads.com/display2.aspx?
recid=126238&FC=1. Retrieved 26 May 2008.
↑ Mandela 1996, p.7
↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 Mandela, Nelson (1994). Long Walk to Freedom. Little, Brown and
Company.
↑ Mandela 1996, p. 9. "No one in my family had ever attended school [...] On the first day of school my
teacher, Miss Mdingane, gave each of us an English name. This was the custom among Africans in
those days and was undoubtedly due to the British bias of our education. That day, Miss Mdingane told
me that my new name was Nelson. Why this particular name I have no idea."
↑ 14.0 14.1 "Mandela celebrates 90th birthday". BBC. 17 July 2008.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/7500615.stm. Retrieved 28 October 2008.
↑ "Healdtown Comprehensive School". Historic Schools Project: South Africa.
http://www.historicschools.org.za/view.asp?
ItemID=1&tname=tblComponent2&oname=Schools&pg=front&subm=Pilot%20Schools. Retrieved 28
October 2008.
↑ Mandela 1996, pp. 18-19.
↑ 17.0 17.1 Mandela 1996, pp. 10, 20.
↑ 18.0 18.1 "Nelson Mandela Biography - Early Years". Nelson Mandela Foundation.
http://www.nelsonmandela.org/index.php/memory/views/biography/. Retrieved 28 October 2008.
↑ "Nelson Mandela Children's Fund - Organise". Nelson Mandela Children's Fund.
http://www.nmcf.co.za/organize.html. Retrieved 28 October 2008. [dead link]
↑ "The 1948 election and the National Party Victory". South African History Online.
http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/governence-projects/SA-1948-1976/1948-election.htm. Retrieved 28
October 2008.
↑ "The Defiance Campaign". African National Congress. Archived from the original on 2008-07-13.
http://web.archive.org/web/20080713192018/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/struggles/defiance.
html. Retrieved 28 October 2008.
↑ "Congress of the People, 1955". African National Congress. Archived from the original on 22 June
2008.
http://web.archive.org/web/20080622053030/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/campaigns/cop/ind
ex.html. Retrieved 28 October 2008.
↑ Callinicos, Luli (2004). Oliver Tambo: Beyond the Engeli Mountains. New Africa Books. p. 173.
ISBN 0864866666.
↑ Mandela, Nelson (31 December 1999). "The Sacred Warrior". Time 100: The Most Important People
of the Century. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,993025,00.html. Retrieved 30
December 2010.
↑ Bhana, Surendra; Vahed, Goolam (2005). The Making of a Political Reformer: Gandhi in South
Africa, 1893–1914. p. 149.
↑ Bhalla, Nita (29 January 2007). "Mandela calls for Gandhi's non-violence approach". Reuters (via
Mail and Guardian). http://www.mg.co.za/article/2007-01-29-mandela-calls-for-gandhis-nonviolence-
approach. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
↑ "Nelson Mandela's Testimony at the Treason Trial 1956-60". African National Congress. Archived
from the original on 2 August 2008.
http://web.archive.org/web/20080802140822/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/mandela/1960s/tre
ason.html. Retrieved 28 October 2008.
↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 "ANC - Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission". African National
Congress. August 1996. Archived from the original on 22 May 2008.
http://web.archive.org/web/20080522154321/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/misc/trcall.html. Retrieved
28 October 2008.
↑ Shillington, Kevin (2005). Encyclopedia of African History. CRC Press. p. 1449. ISBN 1579582451.
↑ "The Freedom Charter". African National Congress. Archived from the original on 3 July 2008.
http://web.archive.org/web/20080703180122/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/charter.html.
Retrieved 28 October 2008.
↑ SACP Salutes Walter Sisulu[dead link]
↑ Leeman, Bernard (1996). Alexander, Peter; Hutchison, Ruth; Schreuder, Deryck. ed. The PAC of
Azania in Africa Today. The Humanities Research Centre, The Australian National University
Canberra: The Australian National University Canberra. ISBN 0731524918.
↑ "Umkhonto is Born". African National Congress. Archived from the original on 7 May 2008.
http://web.archive.org/web/20080507171208/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/mk/mk-born.html.
Retrieved 28 October 2008.
↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 Whittaker, David J. (2003). The Terrorism Reader (Updated ed.). Routledge. p. 244.
ISBN 0415301017.
↑ "Tell me about the bomb at the brickworks - Frontline The Long Walk of Nelson Mandela". PBS.
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/mandela/revolution/kodesh.html.
↑ 36.0 36.1 Mandela, Nelson (20 April 1964). ""I am Prepared to Die" — Nelson Mandela's statement
from the dock at the opening of the defence case in the Rivonia Trial". African National Congress.
Archived from the original on 22 May 2008.
http://web.archive.org/web/20080522154428/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/mandela/1960s/riv
onia.html. Retrieved 26 May 2008.
↑ "Mandela admits ANC violated rights, too". Financial Times. 2 November 1998.
↑ "BBC News: US shamed by Mandela terror link". 10 April 2008.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7340248.stm.
↑ "Mandela taken off US terror list". BBC News. 1 July 2008.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7484517.stm. Retrieved 1 July 2008.
↑ "5 August - This day in history". The History Channel.
http://www.thehistorychannel.co.uk/site/this_day_in_history/this_day_August_5.php. Retrieved 28
October 2008.
↑ Blum, William. "How the CIA sent Nelson Mandela to prison for 28 years". Third World Traveller.
http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Blum/CIAMandela_WBlum.html. Retrieved 26 May 2008.
↑ Stein, Jeff (14 November 1996). "Our Man in South Africa". Salon.com.
http://www.salon.com/news/news961114.html. Retrieved 26 May 2008.
↑ Weiner, Tim (2007). Legacy of Ashes. Penguin Group. p. 362. ISBN 978-1-846-14046-4.
↑ Katwala, Sunder (11 February 2001). "The Rivonia Trial". The Guardian (London).
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2001/feb/11/nelsonmandela.southafrica2. Retrieved 28 October 2008.
↑ 45.0 45.1 "ANC Lilliesleaf Farm arrests". South African History Online. 11 July 1963.
http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/chronology/thisday/1963-07-11ii.htm. Retrieved 28 October
2008. [dead link][dead link]
↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 "Toward Robben Island: The Rivonia Trial". African National Congress. Archived
from the original on 13 June 2008.
http://web.archive.org/web/20080613131226/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/trials/toward_robb
en_island.html. Retrieved 28 October 2008.
↑ Joffe, Joel (2007). The State vs. Nelson Mandela. One World Publications. pp. pp.272-278.
↑ "Rivonia Trial Papers". Aluka. http://www.aluka.org/action/showCompilationPage?
doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.COMPILATION.COLLECTION-MAJOR.RIVON&cookieSet=1. Retrieved 28
October 2008.
↑ Mandela, Nelson (20 April 1964). "An ideal for which I am prepared to die". The Guardian (London).
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/apr/23/nelsonmandela. Retrieved 28 October 2008.
↑ 50.0 50.1 "The Sharpeville Massacre". TIME. 4 April 1960.
http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869441-1,00.html. Retrieved 28 October 2008.
↑ "Manifesto of Umkhonto we Sizwe". African National Congress. 16 December 1961. Archived from
the original on 21 May 2008.
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mk.html. Retrieved 26 May 2008.
↑ "Mandela's jail overrun by rabbits". BBC. 15 October 2008.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7671712.stm. Retrieved 28 October 2008.
↑ "A monument to Mandela: the Robben Island years". The Independent (London: Independent Print
Limited). 2 September 2007. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/a-monument-to-
mandela-the-robben-island-years-401137.html. Retrieved 28 October 2008.
↑ "Political prisoner recalls time on Robben Island". The Michigan Daily. 17 October 2002.
http://www.michigandaily.com/content/political-prisoner-recalls-time-robben-island. Retrieved 9 March
2010.
↑ Holmes, Steven A. (22 June 1994). "Robben Island Journal; South Africa Ponders Fate of Apartheid's
Bastille". NY Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?
res=9506E6DB103DF931A15755C0A962958260. Retrieved 28 October 2008.
↑ 56.0 56.1 Kathrada, Ahmed; Mandela, Nelson (2004). Memoirs. Zebra. p. 246. ISBN 1868729184.
↑ 57.0 57.1 "The Big Read: Nelson Mandela: a living legend". Daily Observer. 25 July 2008.
http://observer.gm/africa/gambia/article/2008/7/25/the-big-read-nelson-mandela-a-living-legend-1.
Retrieved 28 October 2008.
↑ 58.0 58.1 Winter, Gordon (1981). Inside BOSS. Penguin Books.
↑ Hallengren, Anders (11 September 2001). "Nelson Mandela and the Rainbow of Culture".
Nobelprize.org. The Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 22 August 2008.
http://web.archive.org/web/20080822063757/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/articles/mandela/
index.html. Retrieved 28 October 2008.
↑ 60.0 60.1 60.2 60.3 Sparks, Allister (1994). Tomorrow is Another Country. Struik.
↑ Cowell, Alan (1 February 1985). "South Africa hints at conditional release for jailed black leaders".
NY Times. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?
res=F30E12F8385F0C728CDDAB0894DD484D81. Retrieved 28 October 2008.
↑ "Mandela's response to being offered freedom". ANC. Archived from the original on 22 June 2008.
http://web.archive.org/web/20080622004124/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/mandela/64-
90/jabulani.html. Retrieved 28 October 2008.
↑ "Key Dates in South African History". Nelson Mandela Children's Fund. http://www.mandela-
children.ca/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=109. Retrieved 28 October 2008.
↑ "Free Nelson Mandela". ANC. July 1988. Archived from the original on 2 August 2008.
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r.html. Retrieved 28 October 2008.
↑ "PW Botha, unrepentant defender of apartheid, dies aged 90". The Independent (London: Independent
Print Limited). 1 November 2006. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/pw-botha-
unrepentant-defender-of-apartheid-dies-aged-90-422425.html. Retrieved 28 October 2008.
↑ Malam, John (2002). The Release of Nelson Mandela: 11 February 1990. Cherrytree Books.
ISBN 1842341030.
↑ South Africa: commemorating 150 years since the battle of Solferino
↑ Nelson Mandela: Red Cross a "beacon of humanity" for political prisoners
↑ How Far We Slaves Have Come! South Africa and Cuba in Today's World, by Nelson Mandela &
Fidel Castro, 1991, Pathfinder Press, ISBN 087348729X
↑ "1990: Freedom for Nelson Mandela". BBC. 11 February 1990.
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↑ "A Crime Against Humanity - Analysing the Repression of the Apartheid State". South African
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May 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070505133611/http://www.anc.org.za/people/mandela.html.
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10 April 1993. http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=ancdocs/history/mandela/1993/pr930410.html.
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Retrieved 28 October 2008.
↑ Carlin, John (19 October 2007). "How Nelson Mandela won the rugby World Cup". The Daily
Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/portal/main.jhtml?
view=DETAILS&grid=&xml=/portal/2007/10/19/ftmandela119.xml. Retrieved 28 October 2008.
↑ Khumalo, Fred (5 August 2004). "How Mandela changed SA fashion". BBC.
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January 2005. http://peaceandjustice.org/article.php?story=20050109125126110&mode=print.
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85". AllAfrica.com. http://allafrica.com/stories/200307190001.html. Retrieved 26 May 2008.
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↑ Wines, Michael (7 January 2005). "Mandela, Anti-AIDS Crusader, Says Son Died of Disease". NY
Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/07/international/africa/07mandela.html. Retrieved 23
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↑ McGreal, Chris (11 May 1999). "Mandela shies away from global role in retirement". The Guardian
(London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/1999/may/11/lockerbie.nelsonmandela. Retrieved 28 October
2008.
↑ "Families say SA trial site acceptable". Dispatch. 27 October 1997.
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↑ "Mandela's parting shot at Major over Lockerbie". The Guardian: p. 13. 11 May 1999.
↑ "Analysis: Lockerbie's long road". BBC. 31 January 2001.
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↑ "Mandela appeals on behalf of Lockerbie bomber". London: guardian.co.uk. 10 June 2002.
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2002/jun/10/lockerbie.nelsonmandela. Retrieved 26 May 2008.
↑ "Lockerbie bomber 'leaves solitary confinement'". The Daily Telegraph (London). 25 February 2005.
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1484296/Lockerbie-bomber-leaves-solitary-confinement.html.
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↑ "Mandela backs Lockerbie decision". bbc online. 30 August 2009.
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↑ Soszynski, Henry. "Genealogical Gleanings". University of Queensland.
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↑ "Madiba bids final farewell to his first wife". Independent Online. Independent News & Media. 8 May
2004. http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?
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↑ Smith, Charlene; Tutu, Desmond (2004). Mandela: In Celebration of a Great Life. Struik. p. 41.
ISBN 1868728285.
↑ Timberg, Craig (7 January 2005). "Mandela Says AIDS Led to Death of Son". The Washington Post
(The Washington Post Company). http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A52781-
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↑ PEPFAR
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↑ Sherrod, Lonnie R. (2006). Youth Activism: An International Encyclopedia. Greenwood Press. p. 62.
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ity_of_ideas/. Retrieved 26 May 2008.
↑ "AB de Villiers – The Fan Site". Abdevilliersfan.com. 2010-08-02.
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↑ Mandela 1996, p. 144-148.
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International Committee of the Fourth International (ICFI).
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2008.
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↑ 202.0 202.1 Guerrero, Ed (1993). Framing Blackness: The African American Image in Film. Temple
University Press. p. 202. ISBN 1566391261.
↑ Carlin, John (2008). Playing the Enemy: Nelson Mandela and the Game that Made a Nation. New
York: Penguin Press. ISBN 9781594201745
↑ 204.0 204.1 Keller, Bill. - "Entering the Scrum". - The New York Times Book Review. - 17 August
2008.
↑ "The cast of the World Cup film revealed!". Planet Rugby. 24 December 2008. http://www.planet-
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. Retrieved 30 November 2009.
↑ "Nelson Mandela Day - How To Get Involved". The Nelson Mandela Foundation. Nelson Mandela
Foundation. http://www.nelsonmandela.org/mandeladay/how_to_get_involved.html. Retrieved 16
August 2010.
↑ Hendrixson, Brent E.; Bond, Jason E. (2004). "A new species of Stasimopus from the Eastern Cape
Province of South Africa (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Ctenizidae), with notes on its natural history"
(PDF). Zootaxa 619: 1–14. http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2004f/zt00619.pdf. Retrieved 26 May
2008.
Aikman, David (2003). Great Souls: Six Who Changed a Century. Lexington Books.
ISBN 0739104381.
Mandela, Nelson (1996). The Illustrated Long Walk to Freedom. Paul Duncan (abridgement and picture
editing). Boston: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0316880205.
Further reading
A Prisoner in the Garden: Opening Nelson Mandela's Prison Archive. Penguin Books. 2005. ISBN 0-
143-02495-7.
Desmond Tutu ; edited by John Allen. (1996). The Rainbow People of God: The Making of a Peaceful
Revolution. Doubleday. ISBN 978-0385-48374-2.
Benson, Mary. Nelson Mandela: The Man and the Movement.
Bezdrob, Anne Marie du Preez (2006). The Nelson Mandela Story. Samoja Books. ISBN 0-620-36570-
6.
Denenberg, Barry. Nelson Mandela: No Easy Walk To Freedom.
Hoobler, Dorothy; Hoobler, Thomas (1992). Mandela: The Man, The Struggle, The Triumph. New
York: Franklin Watts. ISBN 978-0531152454.
Juckes, Tim (1995). Opposition in South Africa: The Leadership of Matthews, Nelson Mandela, and
Stephen Biko. Westport: Praeger Publishers.
Mandela, Nelson (1995). Long Walk to Freedom. Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0-316-54818-9.
Meredith, Martin. Nelson Mandela: A Biography.
Sampson, Anthony (1999). Mandela: The Authorised Biography. New York: Vintage Books. ISBN 0-
679-78178-1.
Smith, Charlene. Mandela: In Celebration of a Great Life.
Stengel, Richard (2009). Mandela's Way: Fifteen Lessons on Life, Love, and Courage. Crown.
ISBN 978-0307460684.
Villa-Vicencio, Charles (1996). The Spirit of Freedom. Berkeley: University of California Press.
External links
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Nelson Mandela
Political offices
Preceded by
Frederik Willem de Klerk President of South Africa Succeeded by
as State President of South 1994–1999 Thabo Mbeki
Africa
Diplomatic posts
Secretary General of Non-Aligned
Preceded by Succeeded by
Movement
Andrés Pastrana Arango Thabo Mbeki
1998–1999
[show] Nelson Mandela
Politics South African general election, 1994 · Intervention in Lesotho · Ismail Ayob
President
Leaders J. L. Dube (1912 - 1917) • S. M. Makgatho (1917 - 1924) • Z. R. Mahabane (1924 -
1927) • J. T. Gumede (1927 - 1930) • P. ka Isaka Seme (1930 - 1936) • Mahabane (1937 -
1940) • Xuma (1940 - 1949) • J. S. Moroka (1949 - 1952) • A. J. Lutuli (1952 - 1967) •
O. R. Tambo (1967 - 1991) • N. R. Mandela (1991 - 1997) • T. M. Mbeki (1997 - 2007) •
J. G. Zuma (2007-present)
Deputy President
N. R. Mandela (1952 - 1958) • O. R. Tambo (1958-1985) • N. R. Mandela (1985 - 1991) •
W. M. U. Sisulu (1991 - 1994) • T. M. Mbeki (1994 - 1997) • J. G. Zuma (1997 - 2007) •
K. Motlanthe (2007 - present) •
38th (1949) • 39th (1950) • 40th (1951) • 41st (1952) • 42nd (1953) • 43rd (1954) • 44th
National
(1955) • 45th (1957) • 46th (1958) • 47th (1959) • 48th (1991) • 49th (1994) • 50th (1997)
Conferences
• 51st (2002) • 52nd (2007)
Structure and ANC Women's League • ANC Youth League • National Executive Committee •
Wings Umkhonto we Sizwe • Progressive ANC Voters Network
Related
Congress of South African Trade Unions • South African Communist Party
organizations
1983
Pieter Willem Botha · Chris Heunis * · Pieter Willem Botha · Frederik Willem
Constitution
de Klerk
(executive)
1996
Constitution Nelson Mandela · Thabo Mbeki · Kgalema Motlanthe · Jacob Zuma
(executive)
* = acting
Deputy
Frederik Willem de Klerk / Thabo Mbeki
Presidents
Kraai van Niekerk (Agriculture) • Ben Ngubane (Arts and Culture) • Pallo Jordan
(Communications) • Roelf Meyer (1994-1996) / Chris Fismer (1996) (Constitutional
Development and Provincial Affairs) • Sipo Mzimela (Correctional Services) • Joe Modise
(Defence) • Sibusiso Bengu (Education) • Dawid de Villiers (Environmental Affairs and
Tourism) • Derek Keys (1994) / Chris Liebenberg (1994-1996) (Finance) • Alfred Nzo
(Foreign Affairs) • John Mavuso (1996) (General Services) • Nkosazana Zuma (Health) •
Mangosuthu Buthelezi (Home Affairs) • Joe Slovo (1994-1995) / Sankie Mtembi-Nkondo
Ministers
(1995-1996) (Housing) • Dullah Omar (Justice) • Tito Mboweni (Labour) • Derek Hanekom
(Land Affairs) • Pik Botha (Minerals and Energy) • Stella Sigcau (Public Enterprises) • Zola
Skweyiya (Public Service and Administration) • Jeff Radebe (Public Works) • Sydney
Mufamadi (Safety and Security) • Steve Tshwete (Sport and Recreation) • Jay Naidoo (1994-
1996) (The Presidency) • Trevor Manuel (Trade and Industry) • Mac Maharaj (Transport) •
Kader Asmal (Water Affairs and Forestry) • Abe Williams (1994-1996) / Patrick McKenzie
(1996) (Welfare)
Deputy
Thabo Mbeki
President
Derek Hanekom (Agriculture and Land Affairs) • Ben Ngubane (1996-1997, 1999) / Lionel
Mtshali (1997-1999) (Arts and Culture) • Jay Naidoo (Communications) • Mohammed Valli
Moosa (Constitutional Development and Provincial Affairs) • Sipo Mzimela (1996-1998) /
Ben Skosana (1998-1999) (Correctional Services) • Joe Modise (Defence) • Sibusiso Bengu
(Education) • Pallo Jordan (Environmental Affairs and Tourism) • Trevor Manuel (Finance) •
Alfred Nzo (Foreign Affairs) • Nkosazana Zuma (Health) • Mangosuthu Buthelezi (Home
Ministers Affairs) • Sankie Mtembi-Nkondo (Housing) • Dullah Omar (Justice) • Tito Mboweni (1996-
1998) / Membathisi Mdladlana (1998-1999) (Labour) • Penuell Maduna (Minerals and
Energy) • Stella Sigcau (Public Enterprises) • Zola Skweyiya (Public Service and
Administration) • Jeff Radebe (Public Works) • Sydney Mufamadi (Safety and Security) •
Steve Tshwete (Sport and Recreation) • Gert Johannes Gerwel (The Presidency) • Alec Erwin
(Trade and Industry) • Mac Maharaj (Transport) • Kader Asmal (Water Affairs and Forestry)
• Geraldine Fraser-Moleketi (Welfare)
Betty Williams / Mairead Corrigan (1976) · Amnesty International (1977) · Anwar Sadat / Menachem
Begin (1978) · Mother Teresa (1979) · Adolfo Pérez Esquivel (1980) · United Nations High
Commissioner for Refugees (1981) · Alva Myrdal / Alfonso García Robles (1982) · Lech Wałęsa
(1983) · Desmond Tutu (1984) · International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (1985) ·
Elie Wiesel (1986) · Óscar Arias (1987) · UN Peacekeeping Forces (1988) · Tenzin Gyatso (14th Dalai
Lama) (1989) · Mikhail Gorbachev (1990) · Aung San Suu Kyi (1991) · Rigoberta Menchú (1992) ·
Nelson Mandela / F.W. de Klerk (1993) · Shimon Peres / Yitzhak Rabin / Yasser Arafat (1994) ·
Pugwash Conferences / Joseph Rotblat (1995) · Carlos Belo / José Ramos-Horta (1996) · International
Campaign to Ban Landmines / Jody Williams (1997) · John Hume / David Trimble (1998) · Médecins
Sans Frontières (1999) · Kim Dae-jung (2000)
Julius Nyerere (1995) • A. T. Ariyaratne (1996) • Gerhard Fischer (1997) • Ramakrishna Mission
(1998) • Baba Amte (1999) • Grameen Bank, Nelson Mandela (2000) • John Hume (2001) • Bharatiya
Vidya Bhavan (2002) • Václav Havel (2003) • Coretta Scott King (2004) • Desmond Tutu (2005)
Martti Ahtisaari · Kofi Annan · Ela Bhatt · Lakhdar Brahimi · Gro Harlem Brundtland · Fernando
Henrique Cardoso · Jimmy Carter · Graça Machel · Mary Robinson · Desmond Tutu (chair)
Honorary Elders: Nelson Mandela · Aung San Suu Kyi
Jimmy Carter (1976) · Anwar Sadat (1977) · Deng Xiaoping (1978) · Ayatollah Khomeini (1979) ·
Ronald Reagan (1980) · Lech Wałęsa (1981) · The Computer (1982) · Ronald Reagan / Yuri Andropov
(1983) · Peter Ueberroth (1984) · Deng Xiaoping (1985) · Corazon Aquino (1986) · Mikhail
Gorbachev (1987) · The Endangered Earth (1988) · Mikhail Gorbachev (1989) · George H. W. Bush
(1990) · Ted Turner (1991) · Bill Clinton (1992) · “The Peacemakers”: Yitzhak Rabin / Nelson
Mandela / F.W. de Klerk / Yasser Arafat (1993) · Pope John Paul II (1994) · Newt Gingrich (1995) ·
David Ho (1996) · Andrew Grove (1997) · Bill Clinton / Ken Starr (1998) · Jeffrey P. Bezos (1999) ·
George W. Bush (2000)
Persondata
Name Mandela, Nelson
Alternative names Rolihlahla Dalibhunga Mandela
South African politician and anti-Apartheid fighter, President of South Africa (1994–
Short description
1999)
Date of birth 18 July 1918
Place of birth Transkei, South Africa
Date of death
Place of death
rue:Нелсон Мандела pnb: نیلسن منڈیال
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The charges were sabbatoge - when the ANC (African National Congress) of which he was the head -
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When was Nelson Mandela released from prison
patiece,,,, learn what it is like to be that dessprait for anything, for love and a country who did this to his
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