Matrix structural analysis

Dr.Nuha Moawia Akasha

 syllabus
• Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures
by the Matrix Force Method
• Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures
by the Direct Stiffness Method
Flexibility method (1):
 Objectives
After reading this chapter the student will be
1. Able to analyze statically indeterminate structure to
one or more than one degree.
2. Able to solve the problem by either treating reaction
or moment as redundant.
3. Able to draw shear force and bending moment
diagram for statically indeterminate beams.
4. Able to state advantages and limitations of force
method of analysis.
in the case of indeterminate structures either the
reactions or the internal forces cannot be determined
from equations of statics alone. In such structures, the
number of reactions or the number of internal forces
exceeds the number of static equilibrium equations.

In the analysis of indeterminate structure it is necessary

to satisfy the equilibrium equations (implying that the
structure is in equilibrium) compatibility equations
(requirement if for assuring the continuity of the
structure without any breaks) and force displacement
equations (the way in which displacement are related to
forces).
We have two method of analysis for statically
indeterminate structure depending upon
how the above equations are satisfied:

1. Force method of analysis (also known as flexibility

method of analysis, method of consistent deformation,
flexibility matrix method)

2. Displacement method of analysis (also known as

stiffness matrix method).
• The force (flexibility) method expresses the
relationships between displacements and forces that
exist in a structure. Primary objective of the force
method is to determine the chosen set of excess
unknown forces and/or redundant.
• The number of redundant is equal to the degree of
static indeterminacy of the structure.
2- displacement method ( stiffness method):
In which the displacement are made unknowns, i.e.
slope deflection method , moment distribution, also
the solution of number f simultaneous equations is
involved.
• To study the matrix method there are general definitions and
some pre-requisites.

(a) Pre-requisites
(i) matrix algebra – addition, subtraction, multiplication and inverse
of matrix.
(ii) method of finding out displacement i.e. (slope and deflection) at
any pint in structure such as:
• unit load method
• Strain energy
• Moment area method,….etc.
(b) General definitions:
1- statically indeterminate structure:
any structure whose reaction components or internal stress can not be
determined by using equation of static equilibrium a lone is statically
indeterminate structure.
• 𝐹𝑥 = 0, 𝐹𝑦 = 0, 𝐹𝑧 = 0
The additional equations to solve the statically
indeterminate structure come from the conditions of
compatibility or constant displacement.

Roller support No. of reactions r =1

Hinge support No. of reactions r = 2

Fixed support No. of reactions r = 3

Fixed support No. of reactions r =3
2- internal statically indeterminate
For example
• Truss : Dsi = m-(2j-3) , m = 2j-3 stable and statically
determinate.
• External statically indermincy Dsc = r -3
• Total static indeterminacy Ds = Dsi+ Dsc
Therefor Ds = m-(2j-3)-(r-3)
(m+r)-2j

Frame Ds = (3m+r)-3j
 Externally statically indeterminate
3rd degree

Internally indeterminate to 1st degree

𝑖 = 𝑚 + 𝑟 − 2𝑗
(6+3)-2x4)=1
• 3- kinematic indeterminacy:
• joint under go due to load.
• where there are unknown joint displacement
(translation and rotations)
• No. of unknown = Degree of kinematic indeterminacy
= No. of degree of freedom (NDF)
• Reaction components prevent the displacement
therefor e = No. of restrains = No. of reactions
For example: fixed beam
 change of axial length neglected
 kinematically determinate, displacement at fixed end
equal to Zero. But statically indeterminate to 3rd degree.
 Simply supported beam:
 Kinematically indeterminate to 2nd degree 𝜃𝐴 and 𝜃𝐵

 Cantilever beam:
 Kinematically indeterminate to 2nd degree 𝜃𝐵 and 𝑢𝐵

 roller support : 𝑟 = 1 , 𝜎𝑦 = 0 , 𝜃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜎𝑥 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 = 𝐷𝑂𝐹 = 2

𝑒=1=𝑟
 Hinged support: 𝑟 = 2, 𝜎𝑥 = 𝜎𝑦 = 0, 𝜃 = 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 = 𝐷𝑂𝐹 = 1
𝑒=2=𝑟
Fixed supports: 𝑟 = 3, 𝜎𝑥 , 𝜎𝑦 , 𝜃 = 0 = 𝐷𝑂𝐹
𝑒 = 3 = 𝑟

Action and displacement equations:

displacement equation 𝐷 = 𝑓 ∗ 𝐴
1
Where f = flexibility coefficient =
𝑘
D=displacement due to unit value of load

• 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝑘 ∗ 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 − 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑘 = stiffness coefficient= value of action required to
produce unit displacement
1
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝑓 = = 𝑘 −1
𝑘
𝑙3
𝑒. 𝑔 𝑓 = calculate from unit load method
48𝐸𝐼
48𝐸𝐼
𝑘1 = , EI= constant
𝑙3
For more than one action
𝐷1 = 𝑓11 𝑄1 + 𝑓12 𝑄2
𝐷2 = 𝑓21 𝑄1 + 𝑓22 𝑄2
in matrix form
𝐷1 𝑓11 𝑓21 𝑄1
=
𝐷2 𝑓21 𝑓22 𝑄2
𝐷=𝐹 𝑄
Description of flexibility method:
1. Determine the degree of static of indeterminacy
and choose and remove redundant (released
structure).
- Numbers of release equal to the degree of static
indeterminacy are applied to the structure.
- Released structure is referred to as primary
structure
- Primary must be stable and statically determinate.
2- Calculate the displacement corresponding to
redundant due to applied loads in the released
structure.
calculate displacement corresponding to
redundant action, separately due to applied
loading and redundant forces from force
displacement relations. Deflection due to
redundant force cannot be evaluated without
knowing the magnitude of the redundant force.
Hence, apply a unit load in the direction of
redundant force and determine the
corresponding deflection.
3- Unit load method ,Obtain flexibility coefficients ,the
flexibility coefficient is defined to indicate the influence
of each force independently.
4- Write the compatibility equation.
This computed total displacement along the redundant
action must be compatible with the actual boundary
conditions of the original structure. For example, if in the
original structure, the displacement corresponding to the
redundant reaction is zero then the total deflection must
be equal to zero.

5- Solve for unknown redundant.

Flexibility analysis: general steps
 𝒇𝟏𝟏 𝑹𝟏+ 𝒇𝟏𝟐 𝑹𝟐+ 𝑫𝟏 = 𝟎
𝒇𝟐𝟏 𝑹𝟏+ 𝒇𝟐𝟐 𝑹𝟐+ 𝑫𝟐 = 𝟎
Solve for 𝑹𝟏 and 𝑹𝟐 using matrix method
𝑭 𝑹 =−𝑫
⇒ 𝑹 = − 𝑭 −𝟏 𝑫
𝒇𝟏𝟏 𝒇𝟏𝟐
𝑭 =
𝒇𝟐𝟏 𝒇𝟐𝟐
Flexibility matrix

−𝟏
𝒇 Inverse flexibility matrix
𝟏 𝒇𝟐𝟐 −𝒇𝟏𝟐
=
𝒇𝟏𝟏 𝒇𝟐𝟐 − 𝒇𝟏𝟐 𝒇𝟐𝟏 −𝒇𝟐𝟏 𝒇𝟏𝟏
 𝑫𝟏
𝑫= Primary structure displacement
𝑫𝟐
vector
𝑹𝟏
𝑹= Redundant force vector
𝑹𝟐
𝑹𝟏 𝟏 𝒇𝟐𝟐 𝑫𝟏 −𝒇𝟏𝟐 𝑫𝟐
=−
𝑹𝟐 𝒅𝒆𝒕 𝒇 −𝒇𝟐𝟏 𝑫𝟏 𝒇𝟏𝟏 𝑫𝟐

det 𝒇 = 𝒇𝟏𝟏 𝒇𝟐𝟐 − 𝒇𝟏𝟐 𝒇𝟐𝟏

with 𝑹𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑹𝟐 known remaining structure is
statically determinate.
Flexibility coefficient −𝑫𝒊 = 𝒇𝒊𝒋 𝑹𝒋 𝟏
𝒇𝒊𝒋 Flexibility coefficient: displacement at released i
due to unit force in the direction of and at release j.
 For the case of three redundant forces equation (1)
expressed as:

−𝑫𝟏 = 𝒇𝟏𝟏 𝑹𝟏 + 𝒇𝟏𝟐 𝑹𝟐 + 𝒇𝟏𝟑 𝑹𝟑

−𝑫𝟐 = 𝒇𝟐𝟏 𝑹𝟏 + 𝒇𝟐𝟐 𝑹𝟐 + 𝒇𝟐𝟑 𝑹𝟑
−𝑫𝟑 = 𝒇𝟑𝟏 𝑹𝟏 + 𝒇𝟑𝟐 𝑹𝟐 + 𝒇𝟑𝟑 𝑹𝟑
Matrix from equation (2a)

−𝑫 = 𝒇 𝑹
𝑫𝟏
𝑫 = 𝑫𝟐 displacement vector at the redundant
𝑫𝟑
degree
Example (1):-
A cantilever subjected to two forces Q1 and Q2 as shown in fig(1),
drive the flexibility coefficient. EI = const. Flexural rigidity:

The deflection at C under the load Q1 is D1

The deflection at B under the load Q2 is D2
The deflection D1 is due to combined effect of both forces Q1 and
Q2 and also for D2
Flexibility coefficients:-
We can calculate these quantities from any standard
reference book (table) or from first principle unit
load method or moment area method.
 𝟑 𝟑
𝒘𝑳 𝒘𝜶
f11 = =
𝟑𝑬𝑰 𝟑𝑬𝑰

𝒘 𝒘
f12 = f21 = (x3 – 3Lx2) = (𝜶𝟑 − 𝟑 𝛂 + 𝜷 𝜶𝟐 )
𝟔𝑬𝑰 𝟔𝑬𝑰

𝒘 𝟑 𝟑 𝟐 𝒘
= (𝜶 − 𝟑𝜶 − 𝟑𝜶 𝛃) = (−𝟐𝜶𝟑 − 𝟑𝜶𝟐 𝛃)
𝟔𝑬𝑰 𝟔𝑬𝑰
−∝𝟑 ∝𝟐 𝜷 𝜶 𝜶𝟐 𝜷 𝟑
− = +
𝟑𝑬𝑰 𝟐𝑬𝑰 𝟑𝑬𝑰 𝟐𝑬𝑰

Take the flexibility coefficient as positive if the displacement

in the direction of the corresponding forces
𝒘𝑳𝟑 𝒘(𝜶+𝜷)
f22= =
𝑬𝑰 𝑬𝑰
 𝛼3 𝛼3 𝛼2 𝛽
+
Flexibility matrix 𝐸𝐼 3𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼
𝛼3 (𝛼 + 𝛽)3
3𝐸𝐼 3𝐸𝐼
D1 = f11 Q1 + f12 Q2 and
D2 = f21 Q1 + f22 Q2
𝐷1 𝑓11 𝑓12 𝑄1
= 𝐷 = 𝑓 𝑄
𝐷2 𝑓21 𝑓22 𝑄2
 Moment area method

𝟏 𝜶𝟐 𝟐 𝜶𝟑
f11 = * 𝜶=
𝟐 𝑬𝑰 𝟑 𝟑𝑬𝑰
𝟏 𝜶 𝟐
f12 = f21 = ∗ 𝜶∗ 𝜶+𝜷
𝟐 𝑬𝑰 𝟑
𝟏 𝜶𝟐 𝟐
= ( 𝜶 + 𝜷)
𝟐 𝑬𝑰 𝟑
𝟏 𝜶+𝜷 𝟐
f22 = 𝜶+𝜷 𝜶+𝜷
𝟐 𝑬𝑰 𝟑
𝜶+𝜷 𝟑
=
𝟑𝑬𝑰