Finalbedraft 1

Creative Affordable Housing in the Duwamish Valley
KATIE LAYTON, TASHA WEISS, CORY ACKERMAN, ANGELA BALESTERI | UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON 2021
We would like to acknowledge that we are living, work-

ing, and learning on Duwamish land. We grew up on lands
stolen from the Lummi Nation and Swinomish Tribe and have
benefitted from these colonial land seizures. Our goal in this
course is to center the voices of the Duwamish people and
make active steps in the placekeeping of this land. We hope
to bring to Duwamish Tribal Services tools and resources that
will assist them in having agency when it comes to procuring
affordable and low-income housing.
We acknowledge our privilege as white people in a space,
and hope to use this privilege to assist the Duwamish tribe in
achieving their goals for this project.
UW CBE WINTER STUDIO / IN COLLABORATION WITH DUWAMISH TRIBAL SERVICES

Table of Contents History and Background
CREATIVE AFFORDABLE HOUSING IN THE DUWAMISH VALLEY LAND USE IN THE DUWAMISH VALLEY
At the base of the Duwamish River was once one of the original homes of the
• History and Land Use: Pages 3-5 Duwamish people. Prior to industry, there were tidelands, cedar plank long-
houses, and a rich source of marine life that was quintessential to the locale.
• Zoning: Pages 6-10 Currently, the Duwamish Valley exists in a state juxtaposed to these roots. Now
Seattle’s Industrial Center, this area is marked by toxic pollutants and deliberate
• Zoning and Housing Affordability: Page 11 disinvestment. While efforts have been made to reduce pollution, strict zon-
ing regulations still are in place that limit use to mostly industrial and therefore
impedes on the ability to develop housing. Types of industry have changed
• Affordable Housing Approaches: Pages 12-16 greatly, and as many companies have worked towards zero emissions, more of
these industries have been deemed “light industry” or “clean manufacturing”.
• Housing Cooperatives: Pages 17-22 This means that the separation of industry from housing and retail is not as cru-
cial. But with these changes in industry, there have not been necessary altera-
• Limited Equit Housing Cooperative (LEHC) Case Study and Example: Pages 23-41 tions to zoning regulations. Within the Duwamish Valley is underutilized land
that could add many units of housing to the Seattle area and help to bring more
• Precedents, Next Steps, Resources: Pages 42-47 of a sense of place and ownership back to the Duwamish people.
A common sentiment towards the affordable housing crisis is that we need to
• Relevant Terms: Pages 48-54 build more houses. And while this is true, zoning practices have made it nearly
impossible to do. Zones that prioritize industry, retail, and single-family houses,
at the same time exclude the development of affordable housing. If changes
• Works Cited: Pages 55-57
are made to zoning regulations in the Duwamish Valley area, this could open up
many areas to the possibility of more multi-family housing.
UW CBE WINTER STUDIO / IN COLLABORATION WITH DUWAMISH TRIBAL SERVICES UW CBE WINTER STUDIO / IN COLLABORATION WITH DUWAMISH TRIBAL SERVICES
Changes in Land Use
FROM PRECOLONIAL TIMES TO THE PRESENT DAY
Between these two maps you can see many differences between the original river route and housing and what it The blue area, where the Herring House was traditionally located, is now close to where the Duwamish longhouse
looks like today. On the right, we have a map of the area as it is today, the colors marking different zoning areas. In is currently located. The blue area of this map is all industrial land, with pockets of commercial, multi-family and
the first map, there are no zoning areas and the land was used for a variety of needs, including housing and fishing. single family throughout it. This really illustrates the change that occurred between the concept of land. While
there used to be divisions in the land, zoning brought regulations that created more severe ideas of privatization of
land and ownership.
Types of Zoning Mixed-use development, varying in meaning slightly by neighbor-
hood, combines residential, commercial, other uses, in the same/
FROM PRECOLONIAL TIMES TO THE PRESENT DAY
area or even building. (“Mixed Use”)
Within Seattle’s single-family residential zones, these are areas in which
a single-family is allowed to live, however, with a potential option to
add an Accessory Dwelling Unit (ADU) or Detached Accessory Dwelling
Unit (DADU). Single-family residential limits the home to the inability
to allow the structure of the house to become apartment-style with
multiple families living within it.
Broken up into six different commercial zoning types (neighbor-
(“Seattle’s Single-Family Residential Zones”) hood commercial 1, neighborhood commercial 2, neighborhood
commercial 3, Commercial 1, Commercial 2, and pedestrian-des-
ignated zones) which vary in scale and type, generally commer-
cial zoning is where retail, some industry and offices are located.
(“Seattle’s Commercial Zones”)
Comprised of lowrise 1, lowrise 2, lowrise 3, midrise, and highrise, this Seattle’s land use code explains that industrial zones are typically
zoning is for multiple families to be housed and varies by building type/ used for, “General and heavy manufacturing, commercial uses,
height and density allowed. (“Seattle Municipal Code Chapter 23.45”) subject to some limits, high impact uses as a conditional use,
institutional uses in existing buildings, entertainment uses other
than adult, transportation and utility services, and salvage and
recycling uses.” (“Seattle’s Industrial Zones”)
Rezoning vs. Upzoning Importance of Zoning in Housing Affordablility
COMPARED WHY ZONING IS IS IMPORTANT
UPZONING
REZONING
Rezoning is a change of zoning which results Changing the category of use and/or allow- Increasing density is one of the most direct ways to reduce housing costs, as it spreads the cost of the
in land use changes. The above example ing for higher density and/or mixed-use. This land across multiple homes. Since almost 75% of Seattle’s land is zoned for single-family housing,
would be a shift from industrial land use to change of zoning allows for higher-density upzoning does present an opportunity to increase density and reduce costs.
multi-family residential. This allows for new and/or mixed, which typically allows for more
types of construction on the land or rennova- housing and taller/larger buildings in areas
tion of pre-existing structures. such as urban centers and urban villages.
Mandatory Housing Affordability Overview
WHY ZONING IS IS IMPORTANT OUTLINE OF THE REPORT
Mandatory Housing Affordability (MHA): MHA ensures that with

growth, comes affordability. “MHA requires new development to
include affordable homes or contribute to a City fund for affordable PART 1: ZONING AND HOUSING AFFORDABILITY
housing”. (“Housing Affordability and Livability”).
Overall, mandatory housing affordability upzone changes were
implemented piecemeal until 2019 in six Seattle neighborhoods. PART 2: AFFORDABLE HOUSING APPROACHES
University District, International District, Downtown, Belltown,
South Lake Union, and in some areas of the central district. In
2019 Seattle enacted a “citywide” MHA upzone that affected 27
neighborhood urban villages. It’s called citywide yet many areas in
PART 3: HOUSING COOPERATIVE
Seattle were left without the MHA upzoning. Some areas in George-
town were covered, yet much of it remains single-family housing.
Overall, this upzone has the potential to add tens of thousands of PART 4: LIMITED EQUITY HOUSING COOPERATIVE (LEHC) CASE STUDY & EXAMPLE
regular apartments and subsidized apartments across the city in
the upcoming years as upzoning changes are seen in development
patterns.
PART 5: PRECEDENTS, NEXT STEPS, RESOURCES
Part 1: Zoning and Housing Affordability Part 2: Affordable Housing Approaches
GOALS FROM THE 2018 DUWAMISH VALLEY ACTION PLAN OPTION 1: UPZONING
A crucial keyword from the Duwamish Valley Action Plan was to have permanent affordable housing. When a
mandatory affordable housing regulation is placed on a section of land, it often will be timed out after X amount
of years. This means that there is a potential for the land that has been rezoned to feature an MHA regulation to
turn back into market-rate housing. Limited equity housing cooperatives (LEHC) have the potential to be a way to
secure low-income or affordable housing that is in the hands of Duwamish Tribal Services while working within
existing zoning designations.
Part 2: Affordable Housing Approaches
OPTION 1: UPZONING
The area selected for our intial This map shows the zoning as it Option One: This option changes Option Two: This option main- Option Three: This option builds
upzoning proposal sits next to the current exists in Georgetown. The the zoning of the area bounded tains the multi-family rezoning off of the previous option by creat-
existing Georgetown neighbor- grey areas represent industrial South River Street/7th Avenue from the previous proposal while ing a new type of mixed use zoning.
hood. Bordering an existing neigh- zoning. The fairly empty area west South from industiral to multi- changing the zoning for the area In this version, the mixed use area
borhood was important for the area of Corson Avenue and bordered family, extending the multi-family bounded South Michigan Street, would have a requirement of 25%
to have access to certain resources by South Michigan Street and East zoning on the other side of Corson East Marginal Way, and South River of new units built to be affordable
such as parks, transportation, and Marginal Way presented an op- Avenue and providing multiple new Street to mized use. This allows the units, ensuring those struggling
food. Within the Duwamish valley potunity to expand the residential affordable units under the MHA. buisnesses that currently reside financially can have a place in the
are only two such residential areas, zoning in Georgetown. on the site to remain while adding new neighborhood.
Georgetown and South Park. Due to residential units and increasing
its historical significance, George- density.
town was chosen.
Part 2: Affordable Housing Approaches Part 3: Housing Cooperatives
OPTION 2: NEW MODELS IN EXISTING ZONING DEFINITION OF HOUSING COOPERATIVES
Housing cooperatives are a form of homeownership that is owned and controlled by the residents. Members with-
in the cooperative are able to buy shares in the cooperative, instead of owning the unit itself. Often, cooperatives
as a whole are more affordable because they only collect money that is needed for rent, maintenance, and other
housing needs. Essentially cooperatives are run ‘at-cost’, which saves residents money.
Part 3: Housing Cooperatives Part 3: Housing Cooperatives
TYPES OF HOUSING COOPERATIVES LIMITED EQUITY HOUSING COOPERATIVES (LEHC)
When a member joins, they purchase a share, just as with the market rate cooperative. As the value of the share
changes, the coop and member decide how this value is divided. This allows for housing prices to be kept afford-
able by the coop, and gives members in the coop less of a financial incentive to sell with the market. This model
was the most attractive to our group, as it provides affordable housing while allowing coop members to build
wealth with the increase in the value of the property.
Part 3: Housing Cooperatives
BENEFITS OF LIMITED EQUITY HOUSING COOPERATIVES
The many benefits our group identified about LEHC’s led us to believe that this model will adequately reflect the
needs of DTS and Duwamish Tribal Members. This is not an exhaustive list but demonstrates the flexibility and ca-
pacity for agency that this model would allow.
Economic: These co-ops allow households who might otherwise be priced out of the market to access stable hous-
ing. Resale restrictions preserve affordability for future generations by prohibiting price increases at market rates.
This model also allows members to build equity that can be inherited.
Social: The flexibility of this model allows for shared communal spaces such as cooking or living spaces, and can
easily be adapted to the needs of the individuals. This may allow for friends and relatives to remain in the same
location while allowing for private space. This model emphasizes communal living and caretaking of the housing,
which can help strengthen social and community bonds. Benefits may also include increased participation in com-
munity affairs, and the ability to maintain social interaction in a safe space.
Community: The cooperative model provides many benefits to the community of both the memes and the com-
munity around the LEHC. Every member has a voice in how the coop is run, and is even able to approve or evict
residents. This allows for a high level of agency over what the community values and rules are. LEHC’s are also
beneficial for the community that they are located in, as they may be able to provide programmatic space or a hub
for community action. In our research, we found that many LEHC’s communicate with one another to provide sup-
port and share tips on how to best operate.
Personal: Lastly, these coops provide individuals a sense of independence and security in their living situations.
They also provide agency because all members of the coop make decisions and should allow for each coop mem-
ber to have opportunities for participation and leadership. Experience with bookkeeping, building preservation,
and democratic governance, may translate into job opportunities and skill-building.
Part 3: Housing Cooperatives Part 4: LEHC Case Study & Example
MISSING MIDDLE HOUSING MAP OF GEORGETOWN
In Seattle, and in many areas across the US, there is a “missing middle” of housing. The Missing Middle is
identified as house-scale buildings that fit into existing neighborhoods and provide solutions to address the
disparity between available housing and housing need. We believe that LEHC’s may be able to make these mod-
els of housing more available for low-income residents who would otherwise not be able to purchase their own
homes. Models of the “Missing Middle” include courtyard apartments, a medium-density housing option that con-
In order to illustrate how this a Limited Equity Housing Cooperative could be applied in Seattle, a case study was
sists of shared outdoor space and one or two-story apartments; cottage courts with bungalows centered around a
done. While this process is specific to the chosen site, the basic method can be used for any potential site. In keep-
courtyard; and multiplexes of two to four units. All of these models may fill the need for housing in the Duwamish
ing with the upzoning proposal, the focus for this case study was the Georgetown neighborhood.
Valley area, but with existing zoning, it would be difficult to build them.
Part 4: LEHC Case Study & Example Part 4: LEHC Case Study & Example
VACANT LOTS IN GEORGETOWN CHOSEN SITE
The process started by mapping out all the vacant lots in the area and looking at them from multiple angles The eventual chosen site was 6727 Flora Avenue South, which is 6,000 spuare feet in size and has an estimated
including lot size, price, proximity to transportation, and surrounding context. value of around $250,000.
SITE WITH ZONING AREAS SINGLE FAMILY ZONING
Certain requirements are dictated by single family zoning including:
• 8 Non-related Residents
• Required Yard Dimensions
• Lot Coverage Limits
• Floor Area Ratio
• Parking Requirements
All of these factors placed limits on how the LEHC could be designed and serve the community.
Next we looked at the zoning and saw our chosen site was in a single family zoned area. This would then dictate
major aspects of the concept going forward.
SETBACKS LOT COVERAGE AREA
The front yard is required to cover 20 feet between the front of the building and the sidewalk. The backyard must Only 35% of the 6,000 sqaure foot site is available for the primary dwelling unit to be built. However, this does not
cover 25 feet between the building and the back alley. Meanwhile, the building must be at least 5 feet set back limit hieght or number of floors.
from either side of the property.
FLOOR AREA RATION: 1 STORY FLOOR AREA RATION: 2 STORIES
A single story building can cover up to 50% of the lot area, meaning on this site it would allow for a 3,000 square A two story building can cover up to 25% of the lot area. This scheme allows for the full 3,000 square feet of floor
foot building. However, this is also limited by the previous kot coverage area, meaning a single story building is the space and an addition 10% of the lot space for accessory stuctures.
least efficient in terms of floor area.
FLOOR AREA RATION: 3 STORIES PARKING
A three story building can cover up to 17% of the lot area. This scheme is risky though as the height limit in the Parking is allowed in either the front or the back of the lot. In cases where multiple cars may require parking,
single family zoning sits at 35 feet including the roof. having the lots connect to the back alley is the best option.
LEHC NEEDS PROGRAM
After understanding the limits placed on the design by the sinbgle family zoning code, we then anaylzed what de-
sign elements are needed for a successful LEHC including:
• Efficient and Comfortable Housing

• Programmatic Needs Such As
• Accessible Bedrooms and Bathrooms
• Laundry Room
• Kitchen
• Living Romm/Gathering Space
• Uses for the Larger Community
This basic program includes 6 bedrooms, taking into account couples/families. Half of the bedrooms are on the
ground floor to address any accessibility concerns. The bedrooms are also large enough to be comfortable. The
living room and kitchen are both large in order to bring the residents together and foster a sense of community.
ACCESSORY STRUCTURES MASSING
Using the two story option allows for 10% of the site to be taken up by accessory structures. These could be a A basic massing shows how the size of this building would compare to other surrounding homes.
porch, shed, or any other additional built space. This presents an opportunity for an outdoor space that serves to
bring the residents and larger community together.
OUTDOOR SPACE RENDERING
The remaining outdoor spaces presents multiple opportunites for culutrual expression. This open area could see This is a quick render of what the site might look like.
community gardens, art, and open gathering spaces. Trees and other natural plant life could also be introduced to
the site.
DESIGN PROCESS CHALLENGES OF LEHC’S
We have outlined a number of benefits, but we would like to take a moment to point out a few of the challenges
associated. The costs associated with either buying a lot and building a new building or acquiring an existing
building would be high, and the initial capital needed might be difficult to secure. There is a general lack of knowl-
edge about this model in the general public, which may create some roadblocks in gaining buy-in from funders.
Another challenge may exist with the democratic structure and general operations of the LEHC, as members may
have different long and short-term goals that may be in contradiction with one another. It will be essential to have
engaged and committed coop members, as it may be difficult to start and maintain the function of the LEHC.
While the end result may look completely different depending on this site, this will be the very basic process on
any new construction for an LEHC. First the limiting factors out in place by the zoning must be understood. After
that, the needs of the type of development must be understood and fit into the existing restrictions. However, this
process only applies to new developments. LEHC’s have the potential to function in prexisting buildings, whether
that is a home that needs few changes or a different types of building that requires a major renovation.
Part 5: Precedents, Next Steps, Resources Part 5: Precedents, Next Steps, Resources
PRECEDENTS PARTNERS
Despite the challenges of LEHC’s, there are numerous precedents that our group found around the country. There
are a few examples located in Seattle, but the majority are located outside of Washington State. These precedents
can provide ideas and guidance for DTS, and may inspire ideas models that pull relevant aspects from various
precedents.
Washington DC: Home to 95 LEHC’s, Washington DC demonstrates the in-

credible flexibility that a LEHC model can provide. The models in DC range
from 4 to almost 800 units. DC also has a LEHC task force, which includes
members from the District of Columbia Housing Finance Agency, commu- There are many potential partners that may be able to assist in the process of creating a LEHC for DTS. One poten-
nity-based organization representatives; and legal, real estate, financial, tial partner our group identified is HomeSight, a Seattle-based non-profit, that works to “preserve and promote
and research professionals with experience in working with LEHCs. economically and culturally-diverse communities through affordable homeownership, business development,
and community advocacy.”
San Francisco: Columbus United Cooperative is a mixed-use building with

21 apartments, and also houses the Chinatown Community Development
Center and the Asian Law Caucus. It was purchased by the San Francisco
Community Land Trust and has 35 coop members.
NEXT STEPS NEXT STEPS
There are a number of steps that our group identifies that may inform a future studio. We have categorized these
steps into three categories. The first is research, which could be continued in tandem with collaboration and out-
reach. Research of the historically and culturally relevant sites in the Duwamish Valley could help identify sites
that DTS may want to prioritize the acquisition of. This research, in collaboration with research on types of zoning
or land trusts models, could provide a foundational understanding of how to move these projects forward. More
information on Homeownership Lending Programs or other types of financing may be beneficial if the target audi-
ence for this housing is low-income or those without steady employment.
There are many opportunities for continued collaboration between DTS and studio students or other community
partners, including HomeSight, as mentioned above. Collaboration with the Community Land Trust group might
provide additional opportunities for funding or community support.
In the future, outreach to already established CLT’s or LEHC’s may provide a deeper understanding of the impor-
tance and flexibility of LEHC’s. These partnerships may strengthen DTS’s ability to establish this model and could
provide further learning opportunities and support.
QUESTIONS FOR CLARIFICATION RESOURCES
In order to best help inform the process of creating an LEHC, these questions and other sources of reflection and There are a number of resources that our group identified while researching Limited Equity Housing Coopera-
community input will be crucial. These questions would help to clarifies needs of the individuals and communities tives that we believe could be helpful for future studios. These include a senior project by Tyler Simpson, a UW
that a potential LEHC would serve, as well as the scale and location that would provide the best support. Community, Environment, and Planning student; a resale comparison calculator designed to help explain the rela-
tive performance of different formulas for shared equity resale; and a case study and feasibility assessment for a
hybrid model of community land trusts and limited equity coops. We have provided links to a few other resources
1. Who would this co-op serve? that may be beneficial here:
2. How would a co-op serve the needs of individuals?
3. How would a co-op serve the needs of the community?
4. Where would it be located?
5. What would be an adequate scale?
Relevant Terms
• Affordable housing: Housing is considered affordable to a household if it costs no more than 30% of a house- • Displacement: In some communities that experience gentrification, “long-term residents are not able to stay to
hold’s income. Household income is typically shown as a percentage of the Area Median Income (AMI). (“Hous- benefit from new investments in housing, healthy food access, or transit infrastructure” (Chapple). This inabil-
ing Affordability and Livability”) ity to stay is known as displacement.
• Community Agreement: Pre-established norms, roles, and expectations that can assist in anti-oppressive • Emergency Housing: “Homeless Housing Program”)
facilitation and meetings. “This isn’t about creating rules-- it’s about creating and clarifying agreements and • Emergency shelter: Temporary housing with basic needs met, individuals may sleep on mats in a common
expectation that allow every in the group to participate” (Anti-Oppressive Facilitation, 1) space or beds in private units.
• Community-centered governance models: “usually refers to community participation, engagement and • Transitional housing: Short-term/temporary for families, various facility types.
decision-making in public matters and is related to terms such as local governance, social governance, network
• Rapid Rehousing: A quick return to permanent housing from homelessness with services such as case man
governance and participatory governance” (The Concept of Community Governance”)
agement, rent, and move-in assistance.
• Community Land Trust (CLT): “Community residents own the buildings and/or the land they sit on. Working
• Gentrification: “a process of neighborhood change that includes economic change in a historically disinvested
through a nonprofit, they are able to keep housing at a rate that they collectively deem affordable, for fami-
neighborhood —by means of real estate investment and new higher-income residents moving in - as well as
lies with incomes below a certain threshold. On average, CLT residents make just over 60 percent of the area’s
demographic change - not only in terms of income level, but also in terms of changes in the education level or
median income. Longtime residents get to determine their community’s destiny instead of private developers
racial make-up of residents” (Chapple)
determining it for them.” (“A Surprising Tool to Slow Gentrification: Land Trusts”)
• Indigenous Knowledge: “a term used to describe ways of knowing, seeing, and thinking that are passed down
• Community Preference Policy: “Community preference allows housing developments to prioritize certain
orally and visually from generation to generation of Indigenous peoples” (Kennedy, 34)
applicants when leasing or selling units in communities at high risk of displacement.” Displacement dispropor-
tionately and negatively impacted Black, Indigenous, and other communities of color. This policy aims to help • International Indigenous Design Charter: “a self-regulated, professional best practice guide. ... Instead, it
address past and current displacement, address racial inequities in housing by increasing affordable housing aims to encourage a climate of learning through active practice to guide designers to produce informed, au-
options and affirmatively further fair housing. (“Community Preference Policy”) thentic and respectful outcomes in the future.” (“Indigenous Design Charter”)
Relevant Terms
• Infill development: “Infill development is the process of developing vacant or under-used parcels within exist- • Mandatory Housing Affordability (MHA): MHA ensures that with growth, comes affordability. “MHA requires
ing urban areas that are already largely developed.” (“Infill Development”). Usually in response to sprawl, this new development to include affordable homes or contribute to a City fund for affordable housing”. (“Housing
helps growth become more concentrated and more controlled. Affordability and Livability”).
• Land Acknowledgement: “For non-Indigenous communities, land acknowledgment is a powerful way of show- • “Missing middle” in housing: Typically duplex or rowhouses, these types of housing are diverse in nature, are
ing respect and honoring the Indigenous Peoples of the land on which we work and live. Acknowledgment is a in areas near services and transit, and neighborhood-scale. (“Neighborhoods For All”)
simple way of resisting the erasure of Indigenous histories and working towards honoring and inviting the truth.” • Modular housing: Otherwise referred to as “prefabricating housing”, these houses are built off-site, however,
(“How to Make a Land Acknowledgement”) does not ship fully assembled like manufactured homes do. (“Manufactured or Modular Home - What’s the Dif-
• Liberatory Consciousness: A type of thought and way of being that’s characterized by heightened awareness, ference?”)
intentionality, and critical thought about institutions and society. Through awareness, analysis, action, and ally- • Permanent Housing:
ship, liberatory consciousness aims to stop the perpetuation of systems of oppression and analyze the ways in
• Permanent supportive housing (PSH): “Permanent housing for a household that is homeless on entry,
which one has been socialized. (“Developing a Liberatory Consciousness”)
where the individual or a household member has a condition of disability, such as mental illness, substance
• Low-income housing: abuse, chronic health issues, or other conditions that create multiple and serious ongoing barriers to hous
• “very low-income” is defined as 50 percent of the median family income for the area, subject to specified ing stability.” services are available but not a condition of tenancy.
adjustments for areas with unusually high or low incomes; • Permanent Housing with support services: Services are provided as a condition to maintain housing.
• “low-income” is defined as 80 percent of the median family income for the area, subject to adjustments for • Repatriation: “The act or process of restoring or returning someone or something to the country of origin, al-
areas with unusually high or low incomes or housing costs; where the local median family income is less than legiance, or citizenship” (“Repatriation.”)
the State nonmetropolitan median family income, income limits are based on the State nonmetropolitan me
• Residents associations: Organizations made up of residents from a certain neighborhood or community in
dian; and, income limits are adjusted for family size so that larger families have higher income limits. (“HUD
order to discuss the needs and concerns of those living there. These include issues such as parks, bike paths,
Notice”)
zoning, etc and serve as a way for the neighborhood to communicate to the city government. (“The Difference
between a Neighborhood Association and a Homeowner’s Association.”)
Relevant Terms
• Section 8: The Seattle Housing Authority (SHA) refers to Section 8 housing as “The Housing Choice Voucher Zoning Types:
Program”. This program “helps low-income families, individuals, seniors and people with disabilities pay their • Single-family residential: Within Seattle’s single-family residential zones, these are areas in which a single-
monthly rent”. For households that typically earn 50 percent or less of area median income (AMI), SHA provides family is allowed to live, however, with a potential option to add an Accessory Dwelling Unit (ADU) or Detached
assistance to rent in privately owned apartments or homes. Eligibility is met through meeting several crite- Accessory Dwelling Unit (DADU). Single-family residential limits the home to the inability to allow the structure
ria including income level, criminal history, immigration status, debt owed to SHA, previous termination, and of the house to become apartment-style with multiple families living within it. “Seattle’s Single-Family Residen-
unit/landlord eligibility. As of now, the waitlist is closed to become eligible for the program. (“Housing Choice tial Zones”
Vouchers”)
• SF 5000: minimum area in square feet is 5,000 sf
• Targeted Universalism: an “approach that supports the needs of the particular while reminding us that we are
all part of the social fabric” (“Targeted Universalism Policy and Practice”, 4)
• Transitional housing: Meant to act as a bridge between temporary and permanent housing, transitional hous-
ing is “..short-term or temporary housing for families needing intensive or deeper levels of support services to • Accessory Dwelling Unit (ADU): Unit is attached to the single-family house
attain permanent housing. Length of stay in transitional housing is flexible and tailored to the unique needs of • Detached Accessory Dwelling Unit (DADU): Unit is detached from the single-family house
each household. Transitional housing comes in a variety of facility types, ranging from congregate-style living to • Multi-family residential: Comprised of lowrise 1, lowrise 2, lowrise 3, midrise, and highrise, this zoning is for
scattered site apartments.” (“Homeless Housing Program”) multiple families to be housed and varies by building type/height and density allowed. “Seattle Municipal Code
• Upzoning: A change of zoning that allows for higher-density and/or mixed, typically allows for more housing Chapter 23.45”)
and taller/larger buildings in areas such as urban centers and urban villages. (“Upzoning”) • Mixed-use: Mixed-use development, varying in meaning slightly by neighborhood, combines residential, com-
• White Supremacist Culture: Includes ways of thinking such as individualism, perfectionism, Either/Or think- mercial, other uses, in the same/area or even building. (“Mixed Use”).
ing, and a sense of urgency (often related to capitalism). (from the lecture with Ariana Cantu)
Works Cited
Zoning Types (Cont): Budds, Diana. (January 30, 2020). What is upzoning? Curbed. https://archive.curbed.com/2020/1/30/21115351/
• Commercial: Broken up into six different commercial zoning types (neighborhood commercial 1, neighbor- upzoning-definition-affordable-housing-gentrification
hood commercial 2, neighborhood commercial 3, Commercial 1, Commercial 2, and pedestrian-designated
zones) which vary in scale and type, generally commercial zoning is where retail, some industry and offices are Burke Museum. (n.d) Waterlines Project Map. https://www.burkemuseum.org/static/waterlines/project_map.html
located. (“Seattle’s Commercial Zones”)
• Industrial: Seattle’s land-use code explains that industrial zones are typically used for, “General and heavy
City of Seattle. (2019). Generalized Zoning. http://www.seattle.gov/dpd/research/GIS/webplots/Smallzonemap.
manufacturing, commercial uses, subject to some limits, high impact uses as a conditional use, institutional
pdf
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Creative Affordable Housing in the Duwamish Valley

We would like to acknowledge that we are living, work-

UW CBE WINTER STUDIO / IN COLLABORATION WITH DUWAMISH TRIBAL SERVICES

Mandatory Housing Affordability (MHA): MHA ensures that with

Certain requirements are dictated by single family zoning including:

• Efficient and Comfortable Housing

Washington DC: Home to 95 LEHC’s, Washington DC demonstrates the in-

San Francisco: Columbus United Cooperative is a mixed-use building with

City of Seattle. (2016) UHAB in Seattle. http://council.seattle.gov/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/UHAB_in_Seattle.

City of Seattle. (n.d) Seattle’s Single-Family Residential Zones. https://www.seattle.gov/Documents/Departments/

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