Topological Spaces in Which Blumberg's Theorem Holds

Author(s): H. E. White, Jr.

Source: Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society , Jun., 1974, Vol. 44, No. 2
(Jun., 1974), pp. 454-462
Published by: American Mathematical Society

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE
AMERICAN MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY
Volume 44, Number 2, June 1974

TOPOLOGICAL SPACES IN WHICH BLUMBERG'S

THEOREM HOLDS

H. E. WHITE, JR.

ABSTRACT. H. Blumberg proved that, iff is a real-valued func-

tion defined on the real line R, then there is a dense subset D of R
such thatf ID is continuous. J. C. Bradford and C. Goffman showed
[3] that this theorem holds for a metric space X if and only if X is a
Baire space. In the present paper, we show that Blumberg's theorem
holds for a topological space X having a a-disjoint pseudo-base if
and only if X is a Baire space. Then we identify some classes of
topological spaces which have a-disjoint pseudo-bases. Also, we
show that a certain class of locally compact, Hausdorff spaces satis-
fies Blumberg's theorem. Finally, we describe two Baire spaces for
which Blumberg's theorem does not hold. One is completely
regular, Hausdorff, cocompact, strongly oc-favorable, and pseudo-
complete; the other is regular and hereditarily Lindelof.

1. In [3], J. C. Bradford and C. Goffman proved the following state-

ment.

1.1. THEOREM. A metric space X is a Baire space if and only if the

following statement, called Blumberg's theorem, holds.
1.2. Iff is a real-valuedfunction defined on X, then there is a dense subset

D of X such that f |ID is continuous.

It is clear from the proof of 1.1 given in [3], that any topological space
for which 1.2 holds is a Baire space. The purposes of this note are to show
that 1.2 holds for certain classes of topological Baire spaces, and to give
an example which shows that 1.2 does not hold for all completely regular,
Hausdorff, Baire spaces.

1.3. LEMMA. Suppose X and Y are topological spaces and f: X-* Y.

Suppose that for each nonempty open subset U of X, there is a subset K(U)
of U such that f IK(U) is continuous and K(U) is not nowhere dense. Then
there is a dense subset D of X such that f ID is continuous.
The proof of 1.3 is simple and is omitted.

Received by the editors September 15, 1972, and, in revised form, January 8, 1973.
AMS (MOS) subject classifications (1970). Primary 54C30, 54F99, 54G20; Secondary
54E25, 54D45, 26A15.
Key words and phrases. Baire space, pseudo-base, v-disjoint pseudo-base, density
topology.
? American Mathematical Society 1974

454

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 SPACES IN WHICH BLUMBERG 'S THEOREM HOLDS 455

Part of the following proposition is implicit in the proof of 1.1 that is

given in [3].

1.4. PROPOSITION. Suppose X is a topological space and m is an infinite

cardinal number. The following statements are equivalent.
(1) If (Gjo6er is a family of dense open subsets of X and I IF I m, then
n {G,: o e F} is dense in X.
(2) If (Ka)aer is a family of nowhere dense sets and IIF I< m, then
U {Ka:c a IF} is not open.
(3) If Y is a topological space of cardinality _m andf: X-* Y, then there

is a dense subset D of X such that f ID is continuous.

(4) If ( Y, d) is a metric space of weight ?_m andf: X-* Y then, for every
s>O, there is a dense subset D(e) such that f ID(c) has oscillation ?c at
every point in D(e).

PROOF. It is known that (1) and (2) are equivalent.

(2) implies (3). Suppose Y andf are as in (3). If U is a nonempty subset
of X, then U= U {Urf-'(y):y E Y}. Since (2) holds, there is y(U) in Y
such that Unf-'(y(U))=K(U) is not nowhere dense. By 1.3, (3) holds.
(3) implies (4). Suppose ( Y, d) and f are as in (4). Let c>0. Let S be
a base for Y of cardinality _nm such that dia(B)_8 for every B in R.
Endow e with the discrete topology. Define q: X-*g so thatf (x) E qp(x)
for all x in X. Since (3) holds, there is a dense set D(e) such that p9ID(c)
is continuous. Then D(e) is the required set.
(4) implies (2). Suppose (Kjaer is as in (2). We may assume that
KxnK7= 0 if ox$y. Let Y=F u{F} and let d denote the zero-one metric
on Y. Definef: X-* Y be lettingf (x)-=c for x in Ka and f (x)= F for x not
in U {Ka: a E F}. Since (4) holds, there is a dense subset D such that the
oscillation off ID at every point of D is ?i. Thenf ID is continuous. And,
for a in F, D nKa-0 since Ka is nowhere dense. Hence U {Kax e IF} is
not open.

1.5. COROLLARY. The following statements are equivalent for a topolog-

ical space X.
(1) X is a Baire space.
(2) If Y is a countable topological space and f: X-* Y, then there is a
dense set D such that f ID is continuous.
(3) If (Y, d) is a separable metric space and f: X-* Y then, for every
8>0, there is a dense subset D(e) such that f ID(c) has oscillation <? at
every point of D(e).

1.6. DEFINITIONS. A pseudo-base [9] for a topological space (X, Y) is

a subset 9 of 9Y such that every nonempty element of 9Y contains a

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 456 H. E. WHITE, JR. [June

nonempty element of 9. A subfamily 9 of $7 is called a-disjoint if

= U {9n,,: n E N}, where each 9IY is a disjoint family. (Here N denotes
the set of natural numbers.)

1.7. PROPOSITION. If the Baire space (X, Y) has a a-disjoint pseudo-base

Z, then 1.2 holds for X.

PROOF. Suppose . = U {9: n E N}, where each gn is a disjoint

family. We may assume that, for each n in N, Gn=U ?An is dense in X
and Yn+1 refines gn. Let Y=n {Gn:n E N}. Since X is a Baire space,
Y is dense in X. Let 9(Y)={Pf Y:P E- }. Then 9(Y) is a base for a
topology V* on Y and is a pseudo-base for the relative topology Y( Y)
on Y. Since each element of 9(Y) is both open and closed in (Y, 9Y*),
(Y, 7'o*) is regular and 9( Y) is a a-discrete base for * Therefore
(Y, J*) is pseudo-metrizable. Clearly, (Y, Y( Y)) is a Baire space. There-
fore, since a subset of Y is Y(Y)-dense if and only if it is .Y*-dense,
(Y, 9Y*) is a Baire space.
Supposef is a real-valued function defined on X. Since 1.1 is true if the
phrase "X is a metric space" is replaced by the phrase "X is a pseudo-
metric space", there is a 37W*-dense subset D of Y such thatfID is 9-*-
continuous. Clearly D is the required set.
Next, we identify some classes of spaces which have a-disjoint pseudo-
bases.
1.8. DEFINITIONS. A topological space is called quasi-regular [9] if
every nonempty open set contains the closure of a nonempty open set.
A pseudo-base 2/ for X is called locally countable [9] if the set
{P':P' E 9, P'cP} is countable for every P in 97.

1.9. PROPOSITION. If (X, Y) satisfies any of the following conditions,

then Y has a a-disjoint pseudo-base.
(1) There is a quasi-regular space Y which has a dense pseudo-metrizable
subspace such that X is a dense subset of Y.
(2) X has a locally countable pseudo-base 2/.
(2a) X has a countable dense subset D such that there is a countable local
base for 9f at each point of D.
(3) X is a semi-metrizable Baire space.
(4) X=HJ {Xn: n E N}, where each Xn has a a-disjoint pseudo-base.
PROOF. (1) We may assume that X is a quasi-regular space with a dense
pseudo-metrizable subspace D. Then D has a a-disjoint base M. For each
B in M, let U(B) in 2/ be such that U(B) nD= B. Then {U(B):B E 2M'} is
a a-disjoint pseudo-base for S.
(2) Let I& denote a maximal disjoint subfamily of 2. For U in 1&,
let 2/(U)={P:P E 9, Pc U}. Then g2(U)={P(U, n):n E N}. For n in N,

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19741 SPACES IN WHICH BLUMBERG'S THEOREM HOLDS 457

let ?n=={P(U, n): U E 0'}. Then U {gn: n E N} is a a-disjo

for S-.
(2a) If X is as in (2a), then X has a countable pseudo-base.
(3) Suppose d is a semi-metric compatible with ST. For x in X and
s>0, let S(x, e) denote the interior of the set {y:d(x, y)<c}.
Define, by induction, a sequence (9Pn)neN such that, for each n in N,
(a) 9n={S(x, cn(X)):x e Fn} and Fn C Fn+i ,
(b) n is a disjoint family, 9n+1 refines gn, and U gFAn is dense in X,
and
(c) en(x)<2-n and cn+l(x)=Sn(x)/2 for all x in Fn.
Let D=n {iugn: n E NJ and F= U {Fn: n E NJ. Then F is dense in
D and D is dense in X. Let = U {9Pn:n E NJ. Since (c) holds and F is
dense in X, 9 is a pseudo-base for ST.
(4) First, it follows that, for each n in N, rl {Xk:k E N, k?n3 has a
a-disjoint pseudo-base g. Suppose gAn=U {9(n,J):j e NJ, where each
9Y(n,j) is a disjoint family. For n, j in N, let

9*(n,j) = (P x r7 {Xk:k E N,k > n}:P E 9(n,j)

Then each 9*(n,j) is a disjoint family, and U {9*(n,j):n, jE NJ is a

pseudo-base for rH {Xk: k E N}.
1.10. REMARKS. (1) It follows from 1.9(1) that, if M is a metric base
which is of the first category in itself, then 1.2 holds for fiM-M. (Here
f3M denotes the Stone-tech compactification of M.) Also, any subset of
,BM-M which is metrizable is nowhere dense in flM-M.
(2) It is easy to verify that the subspace F in the proof of 1.9(3) is
metrizable. Thus any semi-metrizable Baire space contains a dense metriz-
able subspace. This strengthens a result of H. Bennett [2].
(3) It follows from 1.7 and 1.9(3) that 1.2 holds for every semi-metrizable
Baire space. This result was first proven by H. Bennett [2].
(4) The following statement, which is slightly more general than 1.7,
is true. If (X, $-) is a Baire space, ?D is a c-disjoint subfamily of $- not
containing 0, andf:X--R, then there is a subset D of X such that fID
is continuous and D nP$ 0 for every P in 9.

1.1 1. PROPOSITION. Suppose X is a quasi-regular compact space which

satisfies the following condition.
1.12. If (Un)neN is a sequence of open sets such thatf n{Un:n E N}J 0,
then int[n {Un:n eN}]$0. Then 1.4(1) holds for m=Xl.

PROOF. Suppose (G)er is a family of dense open sets such that I rl <
X.. We may assume F = {X: a < w}. Let U be a nonempty open set and let

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 458 H. E. WHITE, JR. [June

Ho be a nonempty ope
y, 1 ?y<w1, we have d
(y.1) if oc<y then H,
(y.2) if o < oc'< y then
Case 1. Suppose y=6
there is a nonempty o
Case 2. Suppose y is a
intersection property
and (y.2) holds, n {clHa:oc<y}=fl {Ha:oa<y}. Since 1.12 holds,
intin {Ha: c<y}]$ 0 . Let H. be a nonempty open set such that cl H,c
Gy flinti[ {H>:o<y}].
So we have a family (H)<o1 of nonempty open sets such that (w(1 * 1)
and (a1 - 2) hold. Since (cl HJ)<4o, has the finite intersection property,
f {cl Ha: oc<wol} 0. But

n {cl H,:oc < a)1} c Un [r l {G: oc < wJj}].

1.13. COROLLARY. Suppose 2No= X1 If X is a locally compact, Hausdorff
space which satisfies 1.12, then 1.2 holds for X.

1.14. REMARKS. (1) If D is an infinite discrete space, then ,BD-D

satisfies 1.12.
(2) If X is a T1 Baire space which has no isolated points and satisfies
1.12, then X does not have a cr-disjoint pseudo-base.

2. In this section, we describe two Baire spaces for which Blumberg's

theorem does not hold.
2.1. EXAMPLE. Let R denote the set of real numbers and let Y denote
the density topology on R (see [7]). It was shown in [6] that (R, ,)7) is a
completely regular, Hausdorff space. We shall show that (R, 9-) is a
Baire space for which, if 2No= X8, statement 1.2 does not hold.
We shall denote Lebesgue outer measure, Lebesgue measure, and
Lebesgue inner measure by m*, m, and m*, respectively. Let Y denote
the family of all Lebesgue measurable subsets of R and let & denote the
Euclidean topology on R. If F is a family of subsets of R and Bc R, we
denote by YnB the family {FflB: F E Y}.
Suppose A E Y and x E R. The upper density of A at x, denoted by
d7(x, A), is defined to be

lim(n -- oo)sup m(A ) ) a closed interval, x - I, 0 < m(l) < n-1

m(I)

The lower density of A at x, denoted by d_(x, A), is defined similarly.

If d(x, A)=d_(x, A)=y, we say that A has density y at x and denote y
by d(x, A).

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I974] SPACES IN WHICH BLUMBERG 'S THEOREM HOLDS 459

Let Y={A E Y: d(x, A) = 1 for all x in A}. In [6] and [7], the following
statements were proven.
(1) 9Y is a topology for R containing g such that no point in R has a
countable p-neighborhood base.
(2) A functionf: R--R is (5, &)-continuous if and only if it is approxi-
mately continuous [5] at every x in R.
(3) (R, 9) is a completely regular, Hausdorff space which is not nor-
mal. (There are disjoint, countable, closed sets which are not completely
separated, and, even though every &-closed subset of R is a G, relative
to &, there are 2' &-closed subsets of R and only c subsets of R which
are zero sets relative to ST.)
(4) If A E Y, then (A, &ThA) is connected if and only if A E 66 and
(A, drA) is connected.
If A E Y, then it follows from the Lebesgue density theorem [5, p. 174]
that &-int A={x E A:d(x, A)= 1}. So, a subset D of R is &-dense in R
if and only if m*(R-D)=O. Therefore the intersection of a countable
family of 9--dense elements of 9T is a 9--dense element of S7.
2.1.1. Suppose f: R-R and A is a subset of R such that m*(A)>O and

f IA is (g-rrA, 6)-continuous. Then there is an uncountable set K containe

in A such thatf |K is (6flK, 6)-continuous.

PROOF. Since f IA is (JnA, )-continuous and 7cS, f IA is

measurable (YnA). Let ,u* denote the restriction of m* to the family of
all subsets of A. Then f1rnA is the family of all ,u*-measurable subsets of
A. Let [L=[L*I(YrlA). If S E S/ThA and c>0, then there is an (6rA)-
closed subset F of A such that Fc S and ,(S-F)<8. Hence Lusin's
theorem holds for (A, YnA, 6rlA, p). Therefore, since y(A)=m*(A)>O,
there is K in frfA such that m*(K)=y(K)>O and f |K is (inK, )-
continuous. Since m*(K)>O, K is uncountable.
2.1.2. If 2so= X1, then there is afunctionf:R--R such that, ifAAzR and
f IA is (9fnA, 6)-continuous, then m(A)=O.
PROOF. If 2,,= oX, then there is a functionf: R-R such that, if A CR
and f IA is (6fflA, )-continuous, then A is countable [5, p. 148]. By
2.1.1, iff IA is (YrhA, )-continuous, m*(A)=O.
It follows from 2.1.2 that, if 2No= X, then Blumberg's theorem does
not hold for (R, J).
It might be conjectured that 1.2 holds for certain subclasses of the class
of Baire spaces. Dr. B. J. Pettis, in a letter, suggested that perhaps 1.2
holds for all cocompact [1] spaces, or for all ac-favorable [4, p. 116]
spaces, or for all paracompact Baire spaces. We shall show that, if 2To=
Nl, none of these conjectures is true. We shall show that (R, &) is co-
compact, strongly ac-favorable [4, p. 117], and pseudo-complete -[8, p. 164].

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 460 H. E. WHITE, JR. [June

And, in 2.2, we shall give an example of a hereditarily Lindel6f, Baire

space for which Blumberg's theorem does not hold.
We need the following theorem which was proven in [6].

2.1.3. LUSIN-MENCHOFF THEOREM. Suppose A E Y and F is an -

closed set such that Fc 37T-int A. Then there is an g-closed set P such that
Fc= Y-int Pc= Pcp A.

2.1.4. (R, &) is cocompact.

PROOF. Let !9f*={U6g:(R-U, r(R-U)) is compact}u{0}. It

is clear that (R, &*) is compact and $7* c S!. And !T* is a cotopology for
(R, Y). For suppose x E A E cY and A is a bounded subset of R. By
2.1.3, there is an g-closed set P such that x e !T-int Pc'Pc A. Since
(P, grP) is compact, P is 9r*-closed.
It follows that (R, 9) is strongly ac-favorable since any regular, co-
compact space is strongly ac-favorable.

2.1.5. (R, $!) is pseudo-complete.

PROOF. For each n in N, let n denote the family of all nonempty

elements U of $7 such that, if U*=g-cl U, a(U)=inf U*, and b(U)=
sup U*, then (1) (U*, grlU*) is compact, (2) b(U)-a(U)<1/n, and

(3) m(U rl [a(U), b(U)])/(b(U) - a(U)) > 1 - n-1.

It is easily verified that each 'n is a base for S-.
Now suppose that (Un)nc-N is a sequence such that, for each n in N,
Un e Mn and 9-cl Un+1c= Un. By (1), l {g-cl Un:n e N}J 0. By (2),
lim(n--oo)(b(Un)-a(Un))=O. Hence l {g-cl Un:n e N} contains only
one point, say xo. Suppose n E N. By (3),

m(Un rl [a(Uk), b(UUk)])

lim(k oo)=1
b(Uk) - a(Uk)

Therefore d (xo, Un)= 1 >0. Hence xo E !T-cl Un and

X0 Ef n{ - cl Un:n E N} = n {Un:n E N}.

2.2. EXAMPLE. Suppose 2No= =R. Let ./ be a disjoint subfamily of Y
maximal with respect to the property: if A E X, then there is a subset
S(A) of A such that (1) m*(S(A))>O, (2) A is a measurable cover of S(A),
and (3) if Zc S(A) and m(Z)=0, then IZj _ N0. Let S= U {S(A): A E -X}.
Since dtl <N o, (3), with S(A) replaced by S, holds. Since every A in Y
of positive measure contains a subset S(A) of cardinality R, for which (3)
holds [5, p. 168], m*(R-S)=0. Hence S is J-dense in R.

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I974] SPACES IN WHICH BLUMBERG S THEOREM HOLDS 461

(S, &nS) is a Baire space; in fact, the intersection of a countable

family of open, dense subsets of (S, S9/?S) is an open, dense subset of
(S, 5rS). By 2.1.2, Blumberg's theorem does not hold for (S, or S).
Finally, it follows from the next statement that (S, &r)S) is hereditarily
Lindelof.

2.2.1. If I& '-, then there is a countable subfamily V of I' such that
m(U &-U W)=?.
PROOF. Let U=JU '. We may assume that U is a bounded set; say
Ucs (-k, k), where k E N. Let 8>0. The family 'k, of all closed intervals
I contained in (-k, k) for which there is U(I) in U such that

m(I r) U(I))/m(I) > 1- 28k-1,

covers U in the sense of Vitali [5, p. 170]. So, by Vitali's theorem [5,
p. 170], there is a disjoint subfamily Y of 'k- such that m(U-U Z)=0.
Let ?(c)={U(I): I E Y}. Then m*(U- U V (8))<c. Let

l = U {l(n-1):n EN}.
2.3. REMARKS. (1) It follows from 2.2.1 that (R, J) is weakly Lindelof.
(2) Any subset A of R such that (A, &ThA) is Cech complete is 9-
nowhere dense and (A, YnA) is discrete. For, if m*(A)>O, then A
has at least one nonisolated point, and every countable subset of A is
9-closed.
(3) Any subset A of S such that (A, &ThA) is Cech complete is both
countable and &ThA-nowhere dense.
(4) Even though 1-1 =2', the cardinality of $-r-S is c.
(5) Every &-open subset of R is an F, relative to 9-; hence (S, $-nS)
is hereditarily perfectly normal.
(6) It would be interesting to know whether 1.2 holds for every compact,
Hausdorff space.
2.4. The author has been informed that R. F. Levy [8] has discovered,
independently, an example of a completely regular, Hausdorff Baire space
for which Blumberg's theorem does not hold.

3. If, in Theorem 1 of J. B. Brown's paper entitled Metric spaces in

which a strengthened form of Blumberg's theorem holds, Fund. Math. 71
(1971), 243-253, the phrase "Xis a metric space" is replaced by the phrase
"X is a space with a a-disjoint pseudo-base", then the resulting statement
is true. The proof of this is quite similar to the proof of 1.7.

REFERENCES

1. J. M. Aarts, J. de Groot, and R. H. McDowell, Cotopology for metrizable spaces,

Duke Math. J. 37 (1970), 291-295. MR 41 #4488.

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2. H. Bennett, Real valuedfunctions on semimetric spaces, Notices Amer. Math. Soc.

19 (1972), A-605. Abstract #72T-G1 18.
3. J. C. Bradford and C. Goffman, Metric spaces in which Blumberg's theorem holds,
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5. C. Goffman, Realfunctions, Rinehart, New York, 1953. MR 14, 855.
6. C. Goffman, C. J. Neugebauer and T. Nishiura, Density topology and approximate
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8. R. F. Levy, Baire spaces and Blumberg functions, Notices Amer. Math. Soc. 20
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9. J. C. Oxtoby, Cartesian products of Baire spaces, Fund. Math. 49 (1960161),
157-166. MR 25 #4055; 26, 1453.

251 N. BLACKBURN ROAD, ROUTE #5, ATHENS, OHIO 45701

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