MEE 3501- Product Design

and Management
Module – 1 : Graphical Standards
• Introduction
• CAD System
• Need of Graphical Standards
• Types of Graphical Standards
• GKS
• Primitives in GKS
• Exchanging of modelling data
• IGES
Introduction
• CAD model has various entities like points, lines, arcs,
circles etc.
• Needs high level integration between CAD, analysis and
manufacturing operations
• Component database contains
• Shapes of the components (based on solid models)
• Bill of materials of the assembly
• Materials of the component
• Manufacturing, test and assembly procedures
• Factors to be considered while designing CAD database
• The data must be neutral
• The data structure must be user friendly
• The data must be portable
Elements in CAD System
Graphical Standards
Need
The need for portability of the geometric model among
different hardware platforms.
For the exchange of drawing database among software
packages.
Need for exchanging graphic data between different
computer systems.
Need for CAD data standardization
Incompatibility among representations
Complex CAD/CAM systems
Shape, non-shape, design and manufacturing data
Need to integrate and automate design and manufacturing
processes to obtain maximum benefits from CAD/CAM
systems
Direct translators and neutral formats
Types of Graphical Standards
• GKS (Graphical Kernel System)
• PHIGS (Programmer's Hierarchical Interface for Graphics)
• CORE (ACM-SIGGRAPH)
• GKS-3D
• IGES (Initial Graphics Exchange Specification)
• DXF (Drawing Exchange Format)
• STEP (Standard for the Exchange of Product Model Data)
• DMIS (Dimensional Measurement Interface Specification)
• VDI (Virtual Device Interface)
• VDM (Virtual Device Metafile)
• GKSM (GKS Metafile)
• NAPLPS (North American Presentation Level Protocol Syntax)
GKS
• GKS stands for Graphical Kernel System.
• The GKS is accepted as an international standard for two-
dimensional graphics.
• Designed to be portable across different programming
languages, graphic devices and hardware.
• To control all types of graphic devices in a consistent manner.
• To be small enough for a variety of programs
Layer model of Graphic Kernel System
Primitives in IBM GKS
• In GKS, pictures are considered to be constructed from a
number of basic building blocks called primitives
Primitives in IBM GKS
• The GKS function for drawing line segment is called POLYLINE.
POLYLINE(N, XPTS, YPTS)

• The POLYLINE function takes an array of X-Y coordinates and

draws line segments connecting them.
• The POLYMARKER which marks a sequence of points with the
same symbol.
Primitives in IBM GKS
• FILL AREA to draw a closed polygon with interior fill and
which will display specified area.
FILL AREA (N, XPTS, YPTS)

• TEXT to create characters.

TEXT (X,Y,STRING)

• GDP (Generalized Drawing Primitive) to specify the standard

drawing entities like circle, ellipse etc.
GKS 3D
• The three-dimensional extension of GKS.
• Allows the production of 3-D objects
• Handle 3D primitives, 3D input, 3Dviewing

• Polyline:
3DCALL GPL3(N, PXA, PYA, PZA)

• Polymarker:
3DCALL GPM3(N, PXA, PYA, PZA)

• Fill Area:
3DCALL GPA3(N, PXA, PYA, PZA)
Other Graphic Standards
• PHIGS - Programmer's Hierarchical Interactive Graphics Standard

• OpenGL - Open Graphics Library

• Parasolid

• ACIS
Exchange of Modelling Data
• If we have three/four software packages we may require
six/twelve translators among them.
• This will necessitate a large number of translators.
IGES
• IGES – Initial Graphics Exchange Specification

• It is the most comprehensive standard and is designed to

transmit the entire product definition including that of
manufacturing and any other associated information.

• IGES version 1.0 was released in 1980

• IGES converts CAD model into neutral file.

• Conversion is done by preprocessors inbuilt in the software.

CAD Data Exchange using Neutral Files
CAD Data Exchange using Neutral Files
Sub sections of IGES file
• FLAG SECTION – Optional ASCII/binary/Compressed ASCII.
• START SECTION: contains man readable prologue file.
• GLOBAL SECTION: Contains the details about the product, person
originating the product, name of the organization originating it,
date, details of system which is generated, software used, drafting
standard used etc.
• DIRECTORY ENTRY SECTION: Index for the file and contains
attribute information such as color, line type etc.
• PARAMETER DATA SECTION:
• Geometric entities: point, line, arc, different surfaces, curves, solid
primitives etc.
• Annotation entities: Angular dimension, diameter dimension, label, note
etc.
• Structure entities: Associativity definition, text font definition, color
definition, units data etc.
• TERMINATE SECTION: This contains sub-totals of records present
in each of the earlier sections.
Entities
• 100 – circular arc
• 108 – plane
• 110 – line
• 116 – point
• 120 – tabulated cylinder
• 134 – node
• 158 – sphere
• 184 – solid assembly
• 190 – plane surface
Drawing eXchange Format (DXF)
• A popular data exchange format aborted by many CAD
system vendors.
• DXF format was developed and supported by Autodesk for
use with the AutoCAD drawing files.
Drawing eXchange Format (DXF)
IGES File
IGES File
IGES part file case study
IGES output of wire frame model
• ENTITIES: Points – 8, Lines – 12, Circles – 2.
IGES output of wire frame model
IGES output of wire frame model