Pythagoras, who lived around 531 B.C.

he treated philosophy as a way of life, for someone who treated

philosophy and religious as one he considered mathematics a good for the purifucation of soul. Thus he
believed that the primary constituent of reality is number, or in other words anything could be explained
through numbers. Heraclitus, a Greek philosopher of Ephesus who was active around 500 BCE,
Heraclitus propounded a distinctive theory which he expressed in oracular language. He is best known
for his doctrines that things are constantly changing (universal flux). Parmenides is a pre-Socratic greek
philosopher who proposed that the only thing that is permanent in this world is being. Change for him is
an illusion. His idea that reality is being and that we are, therefore, interconnected had inspired
phenomenology and existentialism in their notion of being. Empedocles is a pre-Socratic Italian
philosopher who believed himself to be immortal. To prove his immortality, he leaped into the mouth
of Mt. Etna that led to his untimely death. According to him, reality is made up of four elements,
namely, earth, air, fire, and water. Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural
philosopher and scientist in Athens. He proposed two theories. First, he speculated that in the physical
world everything contains a portion of everything else. The second theory of significance is Anaxagoras’
postulation of Mind (Nous) as the initiating and governing principle of the cosmos. Zeno of Elea was a
pre-Socratic Greek philosopher of Magna Graecia. He was a student and loyal follower of Parmenides at
around 490 B.C. Aristotle called him the inventor of the dialectic. He is best known for his paradoxes,
which Bertrand Russell described as "immeasurably subtle and profound".