Car Cover With Heat Insulator Reñosa 12 D

Toyota Motor Philippines School of Technology
Car Cover with Heat Insulator
A Special Research Project Prototype

Presented to the
Toyota Motor Philippines
School of Technology
In Partial Fulfilment
of the Requirements for
Use Relevant Technology Subject
Name of Researchers:
Reñosa, Paul Bryan M.
I
APPROVAL SHEET
This Special Research Project Proposal entitled “Car Cover with Heat
Insulator” proposed and submitted to Mr. Leo Mhar Ponce A.De Leon in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the Use Relevant Technology Subject is hereby
recommended for oral examination.
Mr. Leo Mhar Ponce A.De Leon
Adviser
Mr. Ramon George O. Atento
Technical Director
Accept and approved in partial fulfilment for Use Relevant
Technology Subject.
Mr. Ramon George O. Atento
Technical Director
II
ABSTRACT
The study aims to provide research and information about the car cover with a
heat insulator. The research will mean as an instrument to be one of the sources of
information about car cover with heat insulator.
In addition, this included the meaning of car cover and how it works. Also this
includes different information about car cover and its purpose. It informed about how
car cover works and its ability to protect the car from any harm or damages that will
occur. It was also stated what is the importance of having or owning a car cover as an
investment.
Thus, it was indicated what type or hue of color is appropriate in your vehicle.
The term or life of the car cover is also stated. The special features of a car cover can
help to catch the target market.
On the other hand, this also identifies the definition of heat insulator. It’s
importance of its existence in the car. Also it is detailed on how it can be beneficial to
the owner of the vehicle and to the condition of it.
This also informed how heat is being transferred and why it is harmful to the
car. The different consequences or conditions may happen when exposed too much
under the sun is also stated in this research and it is being helpful how to prevent
those instances by using or owning a car cover.
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This also provides objectives of the study.IV
In the study, it illustrates the theories that have been used. It explains what
Diffusion Innovation Theory and SMART goal is all about. And what is the essential
information is needed to know. Thus, it also shows illustration to explain further what
the theory is all about. It offers information on how it is being useful and suitable for
the research.
Thus, the project design has its significance into different personnel and
amenities including, TOYOTA Motor Philippines, automotive instructors, automotive
students, future researchers and lastly car owners and enthusiasts.
As well as, all related literature and studies are being gathered and organized
according to the topic and its main thoughts. Related literature is essential to this
project design because it supports the ideas gathered by the gathered data from
different articles and other studies relating to car cover with a heat insulator.
Furthermore, it specifies what is the process of the study; from planning up to
creating a prototype. It also detailed what type of materials are being used in creating
car cover with a heat insulator. And the research provides the example pictures or
illustration of the overall product and its specific details.
IV
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I would like to express my deepest gratitude first to Our Almighty God for
guiding us through the process of making this research paper, also for giving us peace
of mind, knowledge, skills and wisdom towards thinking about topics and putting
information accordingly. Without His grace I’m nothing.
Thus, a great thanks to my parents for supporting me in my chosen career, not
only financially but with all their hearts. To my mother, Ma Carina M. Reñosa for not
failing to remind me that I can do my best, also for being the best mom in the world.
To my father, Mr. Elmer Reñosa for supporting me and for giving me all the advice
that I can bring until my adulthood. Also my brother Paul Ejay M. Reñosa, my online
game buddy when I’m so stressed in my research paper. I owe them the foundation I
have now in my life.
In addition, I would also like to express my humble appreciation to Toyota
Motor Philippines School of Technology, the school of first choice when it comes to
automotive courses, for offering courses that are globally competitive, and facilities
that were very helpful to students. Professors that are handful to everyone, especially
to students that are in need. Then to all friendly staff in the area that are ready to assist
you.
Special thanks to Mr. Mark Carlos Tito G. Gumapon for he became one of
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inspiration because of his great works and attitude in terms of teaching and his ―cool‖
approach to use. We never get bored in his class because he’s helping us to have the
best out of ourselves.
By this research paper, I had exercised my patience and perseverance. I also
learned how to manage my time in doing this project design, bonding with my family
and friends and also relaxing.
Special appreciation to our very hard working adviser, Mr. Leo Mhar Ponce
A. De Leon for not failing to remind us every day to do our daily task and work that
needs to be done. There are times of difficulties and troubles we are experiencing but
he was there to help us up to the extent of his capabilities.
Furthermore, I would like to extend my gratefulness to Ms. Krysthel Anne
Cabillo for her big help and support in making this research project.
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DEDICATION
This project design is passionately dedicated to my much-loved parents, who
have been my foundation and my source of strength, the one who are been my
inspiration and always saying to never give up and for supporting me to all my needs
even financially and morally.
To my brother, relatives, friends, classmate, instructors and to my girlfriend
who are willing to give a hand when there are time that I’m in need also for
encouraging me to finish this project design and pushing me up to the extent of my
best.
And lastly, I dedicated this study to the Almight God, thank you that You had
blessed me to have those people to help me, for the knowledge and wisdom through
the journey of making this study and most specially for healthy life and protection to
my family. All of these, I offer you.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Title page ……….....………………………………………………………… I
Approval sheet …………………………………………………………….... II
Abstract ……………………………………………………………...…….... III
Acknowledgment ...…………………………………………………….......... V
Dedication ………….….…………………………………………………….. VII
Table of Contents …………………………………………………………… VIII
List of Tables ……………………………………………………………….. IX
List of Figures ………………………………………………………………. IX
CHAPTER 1: THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction ……………………………………………………….... 1
Research Objectives ………………………………………………… 10
Theoretical Framework ………..…………………………………… 10
Conceptual Framework .…………………………………………… 16
Significance of the Study …………………………………………… 17
Scope and Limitation of the Study……………………………….... 18
Definition of Terms ………………………………………………… 19
CHAPTER 2: REVIEW AND RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDY
Related Literature and Studies ………………………………….. 21
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
Research Project ………………………………………………….. 51
Project Development …………………….……………………….. 48

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Task schedule …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 50
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Adaptor Categories …………………………….…………………… 12
Figure 2: Conceptual framework ……………………………………………... 17
Figure 3: Installed built-in device …………………………………………….. 47
Figure 4: Device of car cover ……………………………………………..…… 47
Figure 5: Car Cover with Heat Insulator ……………………………….……. 48
Figure 6: Inside look of car with car cover ………………………….…….…. 48
Figure 7: Controller …………………………………………………………… 49
Figure 8: Soft shell fleece fabric ……………………………………….……… 50
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CHAPTER I
The Problem and its Background
Introduction:
You may think that leaving your car primarily in your garage or in the parking
area will protect it from damage. Unfortunately, this is not always true. Dust and dirt
can collect on the surface and act like sandpaper, ruining the flawlessness of the car.
Thus, when the vehicle was exposed to too much heat, it caused damage to the
dashboard, upholstery and the color of the paint. We all know that the Philippines is a
tropical country, we are experiencing rain and summer. To keep your car in pristine
condition and to avoid sun damages, we came up with the idea of having a ―car cover
with heat insulator‖ that you can use whenever you are not using your car.
Car covers can help protect your car parked in the great outdoors from
the damaging effects of ultraviolet radiation, acid rain, bird droppings, sun fading, the
claws of animals and even the prying eyes of thieves. The car cover is often used
when a vehicle is stored away for a certain amount of time, or when being left unused
for a while. It is used in a vehicle that needs to look dust- and dirt-less, also
preventing some damages after not using for some moment. A car cover having the
exact and fit size of the vehicle is more likely more advantageous over other types of
car cover because it follows the exact shape and form of the vehicle.
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Car covers typically include a mirror and antenna pocket thus provide an
overall tighter fit. A custom-fit car cover is specially tailored to the lines of your
vehicle. No detail is left unturned. Custom-fit car covers hug every contour of your
vehicle and feature sewn-in mirror pockets, plus grommet holes for antennas.
On the other hand, low-quality universal-fit car covers are baggy and can slip,
slide and rub against your paint, destroying your finish. Additionally, the poor fit
allows the harsh elements to creep in at every gap and defeat the purpose of the cover.
The specialized cut of a custom-fit car cover is far and away the best choice to
wrap up and protect your vehicle.
To keep your car in pristine condition, use your car cover whenever you are
not using your car. If you have a collector’s car or keep a second vehicle for fun or
sport, keep it covered as much as possible. If you use your car every day, opt for a
lightweight cover to make applying and removing quick and easy.
After doing maintenance or driving, dust or wash your car before covering it
again. You don’t want grime to rest on your paint or the cover will be little help. If
there is a layer of dirt between the cover and your vehicle, it will act like sandpaper
when the cover is moved, potentially causing paint scratches. Make sure your car is
dry before putting the cover on to avoid trapped moisture and potential rust formation.
Car covers are offered in an array of colors, but picking the right hue isn't
solely a matter of personal taste. If you live in a sunnier climate, you'll want a lighter
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colored fabric for outdoor storage. If you have a lighter colored vehicle, a lighter
colored fabric is safer for your paint. Bright colors, although thoroughly, tested could
bleed under certain conditions. If you're looking for style Health Fitness Articles, a
vibrant color can lend your vehicle character or complement its finish.
Insulators work as protectors. They may protect heat, sound and the passage of
electricity. There are different types of insulator; it depends on the person what
insulator is needed. In this research, we are having a heat insulator or thermal
insulator in the other terms.
In addition, heat Insulation is the material of relatively low heat conductivity
used to shield a volume against loss or entrance of heat by radiation, convection, or
conduction. Heat can travel from place to another. A heat insulator is used to prevent
heat from moving from one place to another. Typically thermal insulators prevent
conduction through a material that prevents heat from moving through them easily.
Heat insulator solves two problems: climate control inside your vehicle and
heat-related issues. By controlling the climate inside your vehicle, you can reduce the
impact of the sun on a hot summer day and ensure more heat stays in your car in the
rainy season.
Therefore, when there is heat insulation in your vehicle, even if you parked it
under the hot sun, when it’s the time that you will use the car and will take off the car
cover, you will not experience an uncomfortable feeling when you enter the car.
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It was very easy to use because it was operated by the switch button located on the
car key. Also you will not be dealing anymore in the hassle installation of the car
cover because in our car cover with heat insulator, in just one click on the button it
will automatically cover up the car that is fit and formed according to the shape of the
vehicle.
On the other hand, a car is a large investment and vital to everyday life. From
getting to work to just driving to the grocery store, cars are important to almost
everything to do. It goes without saying then that you should keep your car in the best
condition possible. A car cover is a relatively inexpensive purchase that can be
instrumental in keeping your car’s finish lustrous. Car covers are made for all types of
vehicles such as sedans, SUV, and trucks. In this study, specifically, Toyota Hiace
Van is our model.
Some benefits of owning a car cover are protection against weather and from
UV rays, keep pollen, dirt off your car’s exterior also prevent wind damage, protects
from scratches from animals, insects that can nest in cars, accidental damage caused
by people, prevent theft and protect from vandalism.
In addition, car cover is worth investing with. First of all, you should think
about how old your car is and what condition it’s in. Obviously, if your car is pretty
old and hasn’t been kept in good condition you should probably buy a car cover to
prevent worsening the condition of the car. On the other hand, a car cover can be a
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very good investment for a newer car or for a car that has been kept in very good
condition. The right car cover can protect not only your car’s exterior but the interior
as well.
Remember that you get what you pay for. The cheaper car covers can do well
for a short while, but these are usually made of inferior materials and don’t last very
long — sometimes only a couple of weeks. Cheaper covers don’t stay on the car well
and are easily blown away by a strong wind. Spending a bit more for a good quality
cover can really pay off. A better quality car cover protects your car for years.
Thus even when your car is inside your garage, it’s advisable if you have car
cover in it. Using a car cover will keep your vehicle much cleaner and save you a lot
of time and money on washings. No matter where you live - any city or country - your
car will get very dusty without a car cover, even in your garage. Or even your car sits
outside while you are working because prolonged sun exposure will damage your
vehicle’s paint, seats and dash more than virtually any other element. In order to
preserve the value and condition of your vehicle, it is critical to use a car cover.
One of the main purposes of car cover is protection. Your car’s biggest
enemies are the sun, tree sap, animal deposits, and other chemical fallout. A car cover
will keep your paint from fading and scratching, your interior from cracking, and
vinyl and convertible tops from disintegrating. A car cover will also protect your car
from getting dirty and wet during rainy and snowy seasons. Also a car cover is a
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deterrent that helps keep your vehicle safe from car thieves by keeping the contents
inside your vehicle out of plain sight. If a thief wants to steal your car, the extra time
to remove your car cover can be the difference between them getting caught or not.
With so many other uncovered cars, your vehicle is much less likely to be meddled
with than another vehicle without a car cover.
According to the Consumer Report, it’s worth spending a little more to get a
car cover that’s lined with a soft material so that it doesn’t scratch your paint. You’ll
want one that can breathe so that moisture doesn’t build up. When looking for any car
cover, you want to ensure the fabric is breathable - which allows moisture that can get
trapped underneath the cover to evaporate through the fabric, ensuring that your
paint’s protection. This is why we list our Outdoor covers as ―water-resistant‖ and
breathable, not ―waterproof‖. A fully waterproof cover can be detrimental to your
paint job.
Terms of the car cover depend on the cost and material used and also it
depends how it is being used. If your car is always inside or out of the direct sunlight,
your car cover can last indefinitely. Sitting outdoors, your car cover should last at
least 4 or 5 years - depending on how much sunlight your car gets. The idea is for the
cover to take the brunt of the elements rather than your car. If you buy a high quality
product, the longer its life will be.
To keep your car cover from deteriorating, it’s important to take care of it by
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cleaning it regularly. Keeping your car cover clean and new is simple. First of all,
with quality car covers, you can discover the most affordable way of car care. Getting
the quality car covers can save you a lot of time and money, besides, overcoming your
car care concerns. Cars have to deal with several types of pollutants. These include
dirt/dust, chemicals, water and rain, snow and UV rays. These factors cause severe
color fading and leave ugly scratches. There are other hazards such as Pets and other
things that cause dents on the exteriors of your vehicle.
It is human nature to be very much attached to what belongs to us. You will
try all the best to ensure that you protect what adds value to your life. That is why it is
important that you learn the pros and cons of protecting your car using the car cover.
With the car cover, you are assured that your car will remain clean. In case
you stay in a place which has seasons which are changing, it means that your vehicle
will come in contact with a lot of debris over the year. With the cover, your car will
remain clean as it will prevent the particles from etching the paint thereby reducing
rust over time. Though hand washing can save you money, it is time-consuming and
hard to do it. Car washes might be the better option though costly. With the cover,
you will save money on the frequent car washes. Instead of doing the washes on a
monthly basis, you will be in a position to keep it clean, washing it after a couple of
months. Within a decade, you might save a reasonable amount of money which you
can use for other car expenses.
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Thus, when you have the car cover on hand, you will not worry a lot when it
comes to where you will park your car. The covers are useful especially when you are
going out for weekend trips out of town, going through polluted towns and stopping
over, and neighbourhoods that are busy with many kids playing in the streets. When
you use it, you are sure that your car is safe from scratches, dings, insects, pollen, and
droppings from birds. In the process, it will save you money and time, and make the
number of washes to be less, reduce on paint polishes and touch ups which are
normally required to ensure that your car is preserved.
The car covers do shield the vehicle from UV sunlight and moisture.
Whenever your car is exposed to moisture, there is a likelihood of it rusting due to the
fact that water and iron undergo a reaction of oxidation. In case you live near a sea,
you have to consider utilizing the use of a car cover every now and then because of its
moisture wicking, which will in the process, keep your car dry and looking nice
always. The UV sunlight will not affect your car if you use the covers for cars. In case
you happen to park your car in the sun, the UV rays will cause molecular bonds that
are in the car paint to break loose. With the presence of a car cover, fading over time
will be reduced in your car. Waxes for cars have the capacity to protect against the
UV damages but with the use of the cover, you will not need much of it.
After using your vehicle for a period of time, you will want to ditch it for a
newer model in the market. This can be much easier if you maintain your vehicle
well. With a cover on your car, it is the most cost-effective way of preserving your
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vehicle for that resale value when the need arises. This is because it is going to protect
your vehicle for several hours when the vehicle is not in use.
If you own a classic car, it is automatic that you require a cover. Classic cars
are constructed from older materials which are normally vulnerable to all types of
elements including oxygen and water, which in the process cause rusting. They are
also likely to be stored away most of the time, exposing them to debris, which can in
the process settle on the car and harm its exterior. The cover will come in handy to
protect the car.
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Research Objective
The overall objective of the research project is to:
● To provide vehicle a heat insulated car cover
● To have hassle-free installation and removing of car cover
● To provide convenience to the car owner.
● To create a prototype with the features related to the planned
concept.
Theoretical Framework
Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) Theory:
Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) Theory, developed by E.M. Rogers in 1962, is
one of the oldest social science theories. It originated in communication to explain
how, over time, an idea or product gains momentum and diffuses (or spreads) through
a specific population or social system. The end result of this diffusion is that people,
as part of a social system, adopt a new idea, behaviour, or product. Adoption means
that a person does something differently than what they had previously example,
purchase or use a new product, acquire and perform a new behaviour, etc. The key to
adoption is that the person must perceive the idea, behaviour, or product as new or
innovative. It is through this that diffusion is possible. (LaMorte)
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It is a theory that seeks to explain how, why, and at what are new ideas and
technology spread. Rogers argues that diffusion is the process by which
an innovation is communicated over time among the participants in a social system.
The origins of the diffusion of innovations theory are varied and span multiple
disciplines. Diffusion manifests itself in different ways and is highly subject to the
type of adopters and innovation-decision process. The criterion for the adopter
categorization is innovativeness, defined as the degree to which an individual adopts a
new idea.
Diffusion of innovations theory is a hypothesis outlining how new
technological and other advancements spread throughout societies and cultures, from
introduction to wider-adoption. The diffusion of innovations theory seeks to explain
how and why new ideas and practices are adopted, with timelines potentially spread
out over long periods. The way in which innovations are communicated to different
parts of society and the subjective opinions associated with the innovations are
important factors in how quickly diffusion—or spreading—occurs. (Investopedia)
Adoption of a new idea, behaviour, or product also known as innovation, does
not happen simultaneously in a social system; rather it is a process whereby some
people are more apt to adopt the innovation than others. Researchers have found that
people who adopt an innovation early have different characteristics than people who
adopt an innovation later. When promoting an innovation to a target population, it is
important to understand the characteristics of the target population that will help or
hinder adoption of the innovation. 11

Innovations are not adopted by all individuals in a social system at the same
time. Instead, they tend to adopt in a time sequence, and can be classified into
adopter categories based upon how long it takes for them to begin using the new
idea. Practically speaking, it's very useful for a change agent to be able to identify
which category certain individuals belong to, since the short-term goal of most change
agents is to facilitate the adoption of an innovation.
In addition, there are five established adopter categories, and while the
majority of the general population tends to fall in the middle categories, it is still
necessary to understand the characteristics of the target population. When promoting
an innovation, there are different strategies used to appeal to the different adopter
categories.
Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC

Figure 1: 1: Adaptor Categories
Adaptor Categories
Innovators - These are people who want to be the first to try the innovation.
They are venturesome and interested in new ideas. These people are very willing to
take risks, and are often the first to develop new ideas. Very little, if anything, needs
to be done to appeal to this population. 12

Early Adopters - These are people who represent opinion leaders. They enjoy
leadership roles, and embrace change opportunities. They are already aware of the
need to change and so are very comfortable adopting new ideas. Strategies to appeal
to this population include how-to manuals and information sheets on implementation.
They do not need information to convince them to change.
Early Majority - These people are rarely leaders, but they do adopt new ideas
before the average person. That said, they typically need to see evidence that the
innovation works before they are willing to adopt it. Strategies to appeal to this
population include success stories and evidence of the innovation's effectiveness.
Late Majority - These people are sceptical of change, and will only adopt an
innovation after it has been tried by the majority. Strategies to appeal to this
population include information on how many other people have tried the innovation
and have adopted it successfully.
Laggards - These people are bound by tradition and very conservative. They
are very sceptical of change and are the hardest group to bring on board. Strategies to
appeal to this population include statistics, fear appeals, and pressure from people in
the other adopter groups.
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SMART Goal:
Goals are part of every aspect of business/life and provide a sense of
direction, motivation, a clear focus, and clarify importance. By setting goals for
yourself, you are providing yourself with a target to aim for. A SMART goal is used
to help guide goal setting. Empty slogans do not bring satisfactory results. Making a
concrete analysis in advance will help you to get to the finishing line. A useful
method to achieve this is the so-called SMART Goals or simply SMART. SMART is
an acronym that stands for Specific, Measurable, Acceptable, Realistic and Time-
bound.. Therefore, a SMART goal incorporates all of these criteria to help focus your
efforts and increase the chances of achieving that goal.
SMART is an acronym that you can use to guide your goal setting. Its criteria
are commonly attributed to Peter Drucker's Management by Objectives concept. The
first known use of the term occurs in the November 1981 issue of Management
Review by George T. Doran. Since then, Professor Robert S. Rubin (Saint Louis
University) wrote about SMART in an article for The Society for Industrial and
Organizational Psychology.
In addition, SMART can also be used in a time frame. It is very suitable for
achieving weekly goals, monthly goals or quarterly goals. Sometimes the goal does
not always have to be achieved, but works as a guideline that helps to maintain focus.
Interim evaluations, verifications and adjustments are good and indicate that there is
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not always a need for a very rigid response. After all, it is sometimes important to
respond to changes from the environment with the right set of time and resources.
Thus, a SMART goal gives direction to what you want to achieve. Setting
smart goals and using the smart criteria will give a sense of direction to everyone who
wants to achieve the goal and it is highly likely that it can be really completed
successfully. A well-formulated goal is easy to understand for everyone.
In addition, this also means specific, time-based, realistic and achievable
goals. These are advantageous for a multitude of reasons. These are basically the
factors that help in achieving a specific goal or for smart goal setting. The principal
advantage of SMART objectives is that they are easier to understand and to know
when they have been done. A certain set of objectives should be achieved after
setting up a project. And it is an effective method while setting up for an individual’s
objective.
● Specific: Well defined, clear, and unambiguous. Goals that are specific
have a significantly greater chance of being accomplished.
● Measurable: With specific criteria that measure your progress towards
the accomplishment of the goal. A SMART goal must have criteria for
measuring progress. If there are no criteria, you will not be able to
determine your progress and if you are on track to reach your goal.
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●
● Achievable: Attainable and not impossible to achieve. A SMART goal
must be achievable and attainable. This will help you figure out ways you
can realize that goal and work towards it. The achievability of the goal
should be stretched to make you feel challenged, but defined well enough
that you can actually achieve it.
● Realistic: Within reach, realistic, and relevant to your life purpose. A
SMART goal must be realistic in that the goal can be realistically achieved
given the available resources and time. A SMART goal is likely realistic if
you believe that it can be accomplished.
● Timely: With a clearly defined timeline, including a starting date and a
target date. The purpose is to create urgency. A SMART goal must be
time-bound in that it has a start and finish date. If the goal is not time
constrained, there will be no sense of urgency and motivation to achieve
the goal.
Often, individuals or businesses will set themselves up for failure by setting
general and unrealistic goals. Goals map where you want to land. This method helps
push you further, gives you a sense of direction, and helps you organize and reach
your goals. If you have vague or ambiguous goals, you won't end up where you want
to be, it has no sense of direction. The power of SMART goals lies in the simple
formula. When your goals are Smart, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic/Relevant and
Time-bound you strengthen your opportunity to achieve your end results.
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Conceptual Framework
RESEARCHES
INPUT DATA GATHERING
SKILLS AND
KNOWLEDGE
PROCESS PLANNING
TESTING
DEMONSTRATING
OUTPUT CAR COVER WITH

HEAT INSULATOR
Figure 2: Conceptual framework
Figure 2 shows the IPO format of conceptual framework of the study.
This will be the researchers’ guide on what they will need in developing the
prototype. 17
⮚ Input shows there is data gathering and has performed research
to accumulate information that is suitable on the project design
by using software and other devices to have efficient data that
will be useful on the researchers.
⮚ Process includes the planning the project, designing the
structures, canvassing the needed materials, constructing the
structure, testing after constructing, and lastly evaluating the
work. After performing the process it is expected to produce the
planned project design.
⮚ The Output of this project will be the Car Cover with Heat Insulator
Significance of study
This special research project will greatly serve the following:
▪ TOYOTA Motor Philippines- this will provide a new line of
technology and profit on the market which enables users an
added protection against the elements.
▪ Automotive Instructor– this aims to offer extensive
knowledge on how a car cover with heat insulator can be
beneficial to vehicles, how it operates and its purpose.
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▪ Automotive Students– this will provide reference to current
and incoming students regarding the topic of study and
contribute to enhancing their basic knowledge in Automotive;
on how to have a heat insulator in the car covers.
▪ Future Researcher - this endows future developers the basic
knowledge, function and construction needed for innovation of
the prototype.
▪ Car Owners and Enthusiasts- this provides information of
how useful and relevant the car cover with heat insulator is.
Thus, this provides ideas that it is very beneficial to have one.
Scope and limitations
The scope of this special research project is about the Car Cover with
Heat Insulator. It focuses on creating a car cover that is made of materials that
is a heat insulator, and the controller is located at the key of the vehicle. This
research also provides the essentials of the project design. The device also
provides students and instructors the importance of protection of the vehicle
from extreme heat or cold.
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Definition of Terms
Definition of Terms
● Car Cover - A car cover is a product that can be used to cover a car,
possibly protecting it against the elements.
● Insulator – a substance which does not readily allow the passage of heat
or sound.
● Heat insulator - A heat insulator also known as thermal insulator is
something that prevents heat from moving from one place to another.
● Dashboard – A dashboard is a control panel usually located directly ahead
of a vehicle's driver, displaying instrumentation and controls for
the vehicle's operation.
● Upholstery - Upholstery is the work of providing furniture,
especially seats, with padding, springs, webbing, and fabric
or leather covers.
● Radiation - radiation is the emission or transmission of energy in the form
of waves or particles through space or through a material medium.
● Convection - Convection is the circular motion that happens when warmer
air or liquid — which has faster moving molecules, making it less dense
— rises, while the cooler air or liquid drops down.
● Conduction - The movement of something such as heat or electricity
through a medium or passage.
● Vandalism – Action involving deliberate destruction of or damage to
public or private property.
20
● Installation - The action or process of putting someone or something, or
of being installed.
● Prototype – it is a first, typical or preliminary model of something,
especially a machine, from which other forms are developed or copied.
21
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter presents the related literature and studies with similarities
and/or dissimilarities with the study.
Different news, articles, magazines, websites and etc. are featuring car covers and
mentioning its importance and how it can be beneficial to users. Those were meant as
support and evidence that will strengthen the idea and data of the research.
According to Specialised Covers, Whether you have just bought a new car or
want to look after the one you have, a car cover is essential to protect and prolong the
life (and resale value) of your pride and joy. You’re looking into buying a car cover
because you want to protect your investment.
Auto Reason said in their write-up, ―there is no better way to protect your car
against bad weather and even rodents than by using a car cover. It can equally protect
the car from UV rays. Studies show that the painting on the car can fade if it is
exposed to too much sunlight. A car cover ensures that this does not
happen. Consequently, covering your car on a regular basis can help maintain the
beautiful appearance of the car. So many outlets are selling car covers out there today
with each of them claiming to be the best place to buy car covers.‖
22
In addition, When you cover your car with top quality car covers, you will not
have to spend a lot of money on maintenance since the car cover can prevent any
damage from occurring on the car. Your car is a great investment and it contributes a
great deal to your day to day life. You should, therefore, be ready to do anything that
will make the car always functional and in its best working condition. You will also
not have to spend an arm and a leg to properly maintain your car. You can keep the
car functional for long by covering it with a car cover when you are not using it.
Furthermore, Aside from keeping your car functional for long, car covers can
also maintain the exterior and make them look beautiful at all times. A car cover can
prevent things like sap, dirt or pollen from settling on the car. It may be easy to clean
dirt and pollen from the exterior, but sap is something else entirely. Once it stains
your car, it will be very difficult to remove the pollen. You can prevent this altogether
by covering the car when it is not in use.
Regular covering equally removes the need to wash the car often. If it is
exposed to too much scrubbing and washing, the painting will be negatively affected
and your car will not look as beautiful as you always want it to be.
Animals, including birds that love to hang around cars and they can leave their
droppings behind on the car. The droppings can stain the bodywork also and may
even cause a permanent stain. Using a car cover on the car will help prevent all these
unwanted possibilities. 23
Global Car Covers Market Research report presents an in-depth analysis of the
Car Covers market size, growth, share, segments, manufacturers, and technologies,
key trends, market drivers, challenges, standardization, deployment models,
opportunities, future roadmap and 2026 forecast. (The Expresswire)
Car Cover Market 2020 report focuses on the global and regional market,
providing information on major players like manufacturers, suppliers, distributors,
traders, customers, investors and etc., major types, major applications and etc. Data
type includes capacity, production, market share, price, revenue, cost, gross, gross
margin, growth rate, consumption, import, export and etc. Industry chain,
manufacturing process, cost structure, marketing channel are also analyzed in this
report.
Whereas, car covers belong to protection products to prevent vehicles from
surface damage from the weather, environment, human factors, etc. In this report, the
application objects of car covers include car and light truck vehicles (such as SUV,
MPV, Pickup, Van, Jeep, etc.). The technical barriers of car covers are relatively low,
and the car covers market concentration degree is lower. The manufacturing bases
scatter around the world, mainly concentrating in the USA, China, and India.
The research report has incorporated the analysis of different factors that
augment the market’s growth. It constitutes trends, restraints, and drivers that
transform the market in either a positive or negative manner. 24

This section also provides the scope of different segments and applications
that can potentially influence the market in the future. The detailed information is
based on current trends and historic milestones. This section also provides an analysis
of the volume of production about the global market and also about each type from
2015 to 2026. This section mentions the volume of production by region from 2015 to
2026. Pricing analysis is included in the report according to each type from the year
2015 to 2026, manufacturer from 2015 to 2020, region from 2015 to 2020, and global
price from 2015 to 2026. (Market Watch)
As stated by Area-Info.Net, ―Global Car Covers industry report includes top
Car Covers manufacturers along with their company profile, Car Covers growth
aspects, opportunities and threats to the market development. The World Car Covers
market report lists the details related to demand and supply, consumption ratio, sales
margin, production capacity, cost analysis and factors affecting the growth of Car
Covers. This report presents the decisive analysis of the Car Covers market from
2012-2018 and then accordingly predicts a detailed perspective from 2019-2023. Also
covers up-to-date details related to Car Covers market share, industry events,
import/export scenario.‖
WHOPOOPED.ORG supports the article mentioned above, it said that ―Your
car is a substantial investment that needs to be protected. If you want to extend the
25
lifespan of your vehicle, you need to protect it from the dangers that may lower its
life. Exposing your car to dangerous radiations, scratches, dents, and other specks of
dirt can make your vehicle age more quickly. In this article, we are going to discuss
some of the reasons to get GetRVcover. According to studies, people who purchase
car covers for their cars extend the life of their vehicles. That is because some of the
damages that could be caused to your car will be prevented. Therefore if you need to
keep your vehicle in the right conditions, purchase your car cover and enjoy the
benefits.
According to True Car Adviser, Your car is a big investment. A car cover
helps protect it from dust, tree sap, water spots, bird droppings, and even the sun’s
ultraviolet rays. In certain conditions, covering your car can also keep mold and rust
from forming. All of these things can damage your vehicle’s exterior over time,
degrading its condition and lowering its resale value. If you park your car outside in
an uncovered space or on the street, you’ll need to care for your car more frequently
to maintain its appearance. The good news is that a car cover can often pay for itself,
saving you time and money that might otherwise be spent on car washes. For those
that park their car in an enclosed space such as a parking garage or structure, a car
cover can still help protect against dust that naturally occurs in the air. It can also
provide protection from dings and scratches—a common by-product of stray animals
and opening doors.
26
―Most commercially available car covers are more than appropriate for their
intended purpose. To be extra sure, you would want to get a car cover that ―breathes''
or allows moisture to pass through it, rather than one that keeps it in. The problem
with non-breathable covers is that they catch moisture evaporating from the ground,
creating a sort of a sauna for your car's paint. Whatever car cover you get, don’t let
water dry by itself on your car after it rains. Remove the car cover and wipe off any
rain water that finds its way inside. You’ll avoid water spots, as well as keep your
paint in a much better condition for much longer. Finally, be sure that your car is
clean before covering it. Accumulated dust will migrate to the inside of your car cover
and end up scratching the clear coat of your paint the next time you put the cover on‖
said Ferman Lao, Technical Director of MotorMouth Online.
Since there are benefits and big help from using car cover there are positive
feedbacks that are featuring in most of the website and it was supported by Car
Bibles. Dan Collins said that ―with all these benefits, it’s unsurprising that the market
abounds with a whole host of car covers. With so much variety, there’s bound to be
one out there that meets your needs, but having so many options at your fingertips
can make selecting one a challenging task.‖
Whenever you keep a vehicle stored outside, you're exposing it to plenty of
hazards. Drifting dust and dirt, falling leaves, ultraviolet radiation, and other risks can
27
easily damage the finish. Whether you have an expensive sports car, antique vehicle,
or just a reliable automobile that you want to give some tender loving care, a car
cover can help keep it in good condition. (The Day)
We all know that you’ll agree that a good-quality car cover must be easy to
use and have solid protection from the elements including sun, dust, and water. For it
to become worthy on the investment you’re making.
Heat insulation in your vehicles plays an important role on it and it was
supported by Prof. Dr. Stefan Bratzel, he said that "Effective vehicle heat insulation
plays an important role in optimal thermal management. In electric vehicles, all the
energy must be covered by the battery, unlike the combustion engine where
eliminating engine heat produces heat energy. Good thermal insulation saves energy
and, of course, this also has a positive effect on passenger comfort and the driving
range of an e-vehicle."
According to Jeffrey Khan, "Automobile interiors can become unbearably hot.
Car makers traditionally have solved the cooling problem with the use of large, heavy,
and inefficient air conditioners, typically of the same size that would be used to a cool
small house. Now, researchers are exploring an alternative approach, one that could
save more than a billion gallons of gasoline per year.‖
He added that ―Insulating vehicles allows the downsizing of heating and
cooling systems. This downsizing translates into lighter, more energy-efficient
transportation and much more comfortable vehicles.‖ 28

"This is the first time that a car manufacturer is studying thermal insulation to
reduce heating and cooling loads," says Deb Hopkins of Berkeley Lab's Engineering
Division.
According to PR Newswire Association, the future of the global automotive
insulation market looks promising with opportunities in the passenger car and light
commercial vehicle market. The global automotive insulation market is expected to
reach an estimated $2.5 billion by 2024 with a CAGR of 3.5% from 2019 to 2024.
The major drivers for this market are growth in automotive production and increasing
demand for materials which provide high acoustic insulation and energy efficiency.
Emerging trends, which have a direct impact on the dynamics of the automotive
insulation industry, include deployment of polyurethane nano-foams and development
of fourth generation blowing agents.
Innovation is one of the constant things that are happening today. CFI
Education Inc. stated that the adoption of a new product, service, or idea is not an
overnight phenomenon – it does not happen simultaneously in a social system.
According to research, consumers who adopt an innovation earlier demonstrate
different characteristics than someone who adopts an innovation later. Therefore, to
marketers, understanding the characteristics of each segment that will either help or
hinder the adoption of an innovation is important.
29
Thus they define innovators as those who want to be the first to acquire a new
product or service. They are risk-takers, price-insensitive, and are able to cope with a
high degree of uncertainty. Innovators are crucial to the success of any new product or
service as they help gain market acceptance.
Diffusion of Innovation is a model that helps a business to understand how a
buyer adopts and engages with new products or technologies over time. Companies
will use it when launching a new product or service, adapting it or introducing an
existing product into a new market.
The Adoption theory is most useful when looking at new product launches,
but it can be useful when taking existing products or services into a new market. The
Adoption theory is mainly useful when developing new products. If you’re launching
many new products or lines a year, it may be less effective as it’s not practical to
create individual strategies for hundreds of products.
The diffusion of innovation theory analyzes how the social members adopt the
new innovative ideas and how they made the decision towards it. Both mass media
and interpersonal communication channels are involved in the diffusion process. The
theory heavily relies on Human capital. According to the theory , innovations should
be widely adopted in order to attain development and sustainability. In real life
30
situations the adaptability of the culture played a very relevant role wherever the
theory was applied.
An Individual can expose the new innovation but they are not showing any
interest in it due to the lack of information or knowledge about the innovation.
According to Ralph Linton, ―Diffusion really includes three fairly distinct
processes: Presentation of the new culture element or elements to the society,
acceptance by the society, and the integration of the accepted element or elements into
the pre-existing culture.‖
Just as you wear a coat to keep the warmth from escaping your body, thermal
insulation keeps warm air inside your home. Similarly, it can keep the hot air from
penetrating your home during the summer months. In either case, you can save money
by reducing energy costs when your home or place of business has sufficient thermal
insulation.
Heat is energy and as such is transferred in three different ways: conduction,
convection and radiation. Heat energy that passes through material from molecule to
molecule in a liquid, gas or solid is referred to as conduction. Different materials are
good for conducting heat. For example, some metal materials make good heat
conductors such as gold and copper. However, wood isn’t a good conductor.
31
Gases and liquids are poor conductors of heat, but are good for convection
heating. Convection ovens work by transferring heat energy to the air inside the oven.
That heat cooks whatever is inside the oven. However, the oven exterior has thermal
insulation material inside an aluminum or metal cabinet. This keeps all that heat
energy from escaping.
Another form of heat energy transfer is radiation. This energy is projected
from a hot element, such as the sun, and travels freely through the atmosphere. The
radiant heat is absorbed by whatever surface it encounters. The darker the substance,
the more radiant heat is absorbed. That is why stepping barefoot on black asphalt is
much more damaging than stepping on a cement sidewalk. When you slip on rubber
sandals or a pair of shoes you introduce a protective barrier, or thermal insulation,
between your skin and the hot ground.
The main advantages of using thermal insulation in the ceiling and wall
structures of a building are to prevent the transmission of heat from exterior building
walls which capture the heat energy from the sun, also to prevent the escape of hot or
cool air from the interior rooms to the outside, to get the most efficiency out of a
heating and cooling system because less heat escapes or enters a building. How to
check if Your Home is Adequately Insulated.
You can check your own attic insulation, but checking what is inside the walls
is another matter. Climb up into your attic area with a strong flashlight.
32
Look across the span of the attic area and note where the thermal insulation is
between the joists. If you can see the sides of the joists you probably need to add
insulation. In many cases, you can contact your local heating and cooling company
and ask if they offer free energy audits. This provides a good review of the thermal
insulation quality throughout your home. (John Ford, ND).
Thermal modernization is viewed by its users in Poland mainly in terms of
economic benefits. Nevertheless, it does not reduce the significant role of thermal
modernization in lowering the environmental impact at the phase of a building use.
The paper presents economic and environmental benefits due to thermal insulation of
building external walls.
Thermal insulation of building walls has a significant effect on the reduction
of thermal energy consumption in buildings that leads to the reduction of CO2
emissions. Making a thermal insulation of a building external wall can in terms of
economic aspects be approached as an investment. In this investment the cost is
related to the purchase, transport and laying the insulation, whereas the profits are
linked to the reduction of thermal energy consumption necessary to heat a building.
The author determines the optimum thickness of the insulating layer that gives the
maximum net present value of thermal insulation investment.
Several versions of thermal insulation are presented. The following criteria
were taken into account: energy sources, wall constructional materials and insulating
33
materials. Bearing the sustainable development paradigm in mind, the best possible
thermal insulation versions were determined by means of a two-criteria optimization
for the economic and environmental criterion. (Robert Dylewski, 2011)
Thermal insulation is applied to maintain a constant and comfortable
temperature within a structure, such as an oil platform or petrochemical plant.
By means of thermal insulation, these three components of heat transmittance
are controlled. Thermal insulation for fire protective products like doors, walls and
windows should be placed on the internal (warm) side of the product.
It is important to maintain a constant temperature within a structure. This is
especially of significance for structures operating in (extreme) high or low
temperatures. For operations in the Arctic, thermal regulation within an oil platform
should ensure warm or moderate temperatures in order to provide comfortable
working conditions for personnel. On the other hand, for operations in warm
environments, thermal regulations should make sure that the temperature within a
structure should be cold or moderate.
Thermal insulation prevents the transfer of warm heat from inside to the
outside and vice versa. In this way, less energy is required for maintaining the desired
temperature in the room.
34
Efficient energy use lead to reduced costs. Because no entry of cold/heat is
allowed from the outside, no extra energy is required to allow a constant temperature
flow. For colossal structures, this provides great advantages in cost savings.
Climate change is still a major threat to our world. With the right insulation,
you can reduce the use of excessive energy, which in turn reduces CO2 emissions into
the atmosphere. (Rogier Bertens, 2016)
Options in insulation on board do not provide an abundance in choices. Glass
wool insulates both temperature and dampens noise, but lacks anti-corrosion
properties, and takes up precious room. In some cases, it even functions as a sponge
for water, mold and insects. Polystyrene is very light and easy to apply. It’s insulating
properties are fair, but again it has no anti-corrosion properties, and just like glass
wool insulation, it needs to be held in place by cladding or board. There are special
sound-proof and thermal insulating foams available, although expensive and still not
anti-corrosive, nor do they combat the challenges of cold and heat in one solution.
The developments in micro- and nanotechnology during the nineties and the
zero years however, didn’t bypass the insulation market without notice. Today, high
performance insulating coatings use micro-sized material with nano-sized internal
architecture that inhibits the transfer of heat, causing the material to act as an effective
thin insulator – inside or out, and even when sandwiched between other materials.
35
And some have a little extra: Because of their ability to enter the very
intermolecular structure of materials like steel and synthetics, these coatings actually
bond with the surface and bring extremely strong anti-corrosive characteristics,
combined with unmatched tear-off rates, so they are very useful in maritime and
industrial environments. Tear-off rates? Yes, thermal insulation coatings are typically
applied like paint.
It insulates the whole area. Remember the cost you have for heating your
HFO-lines? The diesel you use for keeping the suites warm? Or keeping the bridge
cool? So, as we talk about thermal insulating coatings, this means we can further
reduce the heat loss on our lines, as we can now cover the full 100%. Yes, including
the tight bends in small corners, the hard-to-reach tubes between the machinery and
the lines running under the floors without cladding due to the lack of space. Typically,
thermal insulating nanotech coatings are reported to show a performance of 10% to
25% reduction in energy costs and significantly reduced heat transfer.
It improves Safe Touch areas. No burns. 10 coats can reduce line temperatures
from 150C/302F to 66C/152F and steam pipe and water cooling pipes to far under the
47C/118F level where skin burns start to develop, thermal insulating coatings can
really enhance safety in the engine room.
It saves space. And sleep. Walking around in engine rooms means climbing
and descending small steps and ladders. Why? Cladding. Bumping one's chest and
36
back against the wider-than-expected cladding of all kinds of lines and tubes, causes
an unnecessary bending or denting of cladding and possibly tubes, disturbing one's
balance or leaves you taking the long way home to the other side of the main. And
how about room space on cruise ships.
It makes metals strongly anti-corrosive. As micro- and nanoparticles , like
Hydro-NM-Oxide, build a matrix into the metal surfaces, all intermolecular space is
taken. Water, oxygen, enzymes, acids and other usual suspects for corrosion can no
longer enter the material. Several corrosion tests show that thermal insulating coatings
really withstand severe environments that are notorious for causing corrosion. Also
the chemical resistance of some of the thermal insulating coatings adds to the anti-
corrosive properties. The material strength and structural integrity of the host metal
remains unaffected.
It keeps tubular systems visible. Safe, not sorry. Those who have ever stripped
down cladding or glass wool insulation from a tubular system, looking for a leak,
know what a mess that can make, and how much money and time it costs before
everything is ship shaped again. Thermal insulating coatings, especially the
translucent ones, enable us to keep a good eye on what is going on with our systems.
No surprise rust (from the inside out), no surprise cracks, and the opportunity to
immediately check the metals whenever required.( Rob Van Hoorn, 2017)
Energy conservation is an increasingly important issue for the dairy and food
37
industry. Therefore, attention towards thermal insulation systems for plant equipment
has grown in recent years. Thermal insulation is the reduction of heat transfer (the
transfer of thermal energy between objects of differing temperature) between objects
in thermal contact or in range of radiative inﬂuence. In this study, a literature review
on different thermal insulation materials with their properties, types and applications.
The selection of optimal thermal insulation has great potential towards the energy
saving. (Unknown, 2018)
Buildings are large consumers of energy in all countries. In harsh climatic
conditions, a substantial share of energy goes to the air-conditioning of buildings.
This air-conditioning load can be reduced through many means; notable among them
is the proper design and selection of building envelopes and its components. The use
of thermal insulation in building walls and roof does not only contribute in reducing
the required air-conditioning system size but also in reducing the annual energy cost.
Additionally, it helps in extending the periods of thermal comfort without reliance on
mechanical air-conditioning especially during interseasons periods. Therefore, proper
use of thermal insulation in buildings enhances thermal comfort at less operating cost.
However, the magnitude of energy savings as a result of using thermal insulation vary
according to the building type, the climatic conditions at which the building is located
as well as the type, thickness, and location of the insulating material used. The
question now is no longer should insulation be used but rather which type and how
much.
38
The objective of this paper is to address the impact of building envelope
thermal design on the effectiveness of thermal performance of buildings in hot
climates. It emphasizes the role of proper material selection in achieving the desired
objectives as a function of building type and climatic conditions. (Mohamad S.,
2004)
The purpose of clothing is similar. The insulating properties of clothing come
from the insulating properties of air. Gases possess poor thermal conduction
properties compared to liquids and solids, and thus make a good insulation material if
they can be trapped (e.g. in a foam-like structure). Air and other gases are generally
good insulators. But the main benefit is in the absence of convection. Without clothes,
our bodies in still air would heat the air in direct contact with the skin and would soon
become reasonably comfortable because air is a very good insulator. It must be added,
also in this case air will be flowing due to natural convection. In natural convection,
air surrounding a body receives heat and by thermal expansion becomes less dense
and rises. Thermal expansion of air plays a crucial role. In other words, heavier (more
dense) components will fall, while lighter (less dense) components rise, leading to
bulk air movement.
In the wind, the warm air surrounding our body would be replaced by cold air,
thus increasing the temperature difference and the heat loss from the body. Clothes
constitute a barrier to this moving air. The main benefit is in the absence of large-
scale convection. 39
Moreover, clothes are made from materials, which are generally good
insulators. Many insulating materials (e.g. wool) function simply by having a large
number of gas-filled pockets which prevent large-scale convection. Alternation of gas
pockets and solid material causes that the heat must be transferred through many
interfaces causing rapid decrease in heat transfer coefficient.
In order to minimize heat losses in industry and also in construction of
buildings, thermal insulation is widely used. The purpose of thermal insulation is to
reduce the overall heat transfer coefficient by adding materials with low thermal
conductivity. Thermal insulation in buildings is an important factor to achieving
thermal comfort for its occupants. Thermal insulation reduces unwanted heat loss and
also reduces unwanted heat gain. Therefore thermal insulation can decrease the
energy demands of heating and cooling systems. It must be added, there is no material
which can completely prevent heat losses, heat losses can be only minimized.
Similarly as for clothing, thermal insulation is based on low thermal
conductivity materials and on its geometry (e.g. double-pane windows). The
insulating properties of these materials come from the insulating properties of air.
Many insulating materials (e.g. wool) function simply by having a large number of
gas-filled pockets which prevent large-scale convection. Geometry of these materials
also plays a crucial role. For example, increasing the width of the air layer, such as
using two panes of glass separated by an air gap, will reduce the heat loss more than
40
simply increasing the glass thickness, since the thermal conductivity of air is much
less than that for glass. ( Nick Connor, 2019)
An insulator is a certain material that is installed to reduce the rate of heat
transfer from an object to the outside elements. Changes in the seasons and
temperatures can require various thermal insulators in order to keep heat from
escaping specific structures. The most efficient way to keep anything warm is to
preserve the heat that is already present, by slowing down the rate at which it is lost.
According to ASTM International (formerly the American Society for Testing
and Materials), thermal insulation is one of the most used forms of insulation for
businesses and homes. The intent of thermal insulation is to decrease the rate at which
heat is transferred from the interior to the exterior of a building. In order to contain
heat as long as possible, thermal insulation is installed in the roof and walls of a
building. The ATSM has specific standards set in place for the quality of thermal
insulation that is available for use. The thermal insulation standards incorporate the
most current studies and tests that have been conducted regarding conductive,
convective and radiative properties of insulation, to ensure that only the best products
are being used.
The Tractor Supply website explains that thermal-insulated clothing is
designed to keep an individual as warm as possible during the cold winter months.
Thermal-insulated jackets, pants, and coveralls are designed to slow the rate of heat
41
loss, while still allowing the individual's skin to breathe adequately. Thermal-lined
clothing allows individuals to spend substantial amounts of time outdoors, in the
winter months, while staying safe and warm. (Johnson, 2017)
Due to their high-porosity, nanoporous structure and pores, aerogel materials
possess extremely low thermal conductivity and have broad potential in the thermal
insulation field. Silica aerogel materials are widely used because of their low thermal
conductivity and high temperature resistance. Pure silica aerogel is very fragile and
nearly transparent to the infrared spectrum within 3–8 μm. Doping fibers and
opacifiers can overcome these drawbacks. In this paper, the influences of opacifier
type and content on the thermal conductivity of silica fiber mat-aerogel composite are
experimentally studied using the transient plane source method. The thermal
insulation performances are compared from 100 to 750 °C at constant pressure in
nitrogen atmosphere among pure fiber mat, fiber mat-aerogel, 20% SiC-fiber mat-
aerogel, 30% ZrO2-fiber mat-aerogel and 20% SiC + 30% ZrO2-fiber mat-aerogel.
Fiber mat-aerogel doped with 20% SiC has the lowest thermal conductivity,
0.0792 W/m•K at 750 °C, which proves that the proper type and moderate content of
opacifier dominates the low thermal conductivity. The pore size distribution indicates
that the volume fraction of the micropore and mesopore is also the key factor for
reducing the thermal conductivity of porous materials.
42
Thermal insulation materials have wide applications in energy saving in
buildings, food cold chain and storage, liquefied gas transport, storage, boiler, furnace
and pipe thermal insulation, aircraft thermal protection, spacesuits, etc.. The global
market of thermal insulation materials is estimated to be 50 billion US dollars in
2017. Heat transfer within porous material has three modes: heat conduction via solid
skeletons and gas molecules, heat convection via gas molecules, and thermal radiation
among solid skeletons. Heat convection in pores can be neglected with pore size
smaller than 1 mm. The pore size of aerogels is mainly in the order of nanometers or
dozens of nanometers, which is smaller than the mean free path of free gas molecules
(70 nm for air at atmospheric pressure), thus the gaseous thermal conductivity within
aerogels is much smaller than the thermal conductivity of free gas. The low gaseous
thermal conductivity and large porosity make it possible that the thermal conductivity
of aerogel can be smaller than that of still air. In addition, due to the size effect of
solid skeletons, the solid thermal conductivity is also smaller than that of bulk
materials. Many studies have been conducted to reveal the heat transfer mechanisms
of aerogels, to measure, to predict and to optimize the thermal conductivity of
aerogels and their composite.
To obtain better thermal insulation property at high temperature, experimental
characterization on the thermal conductivity and microstructure of the aerogel
composite are conducted in the present study. To obtain the thermal conductivity of
43
silica aerogel doped with fiber mat and ZrO2, SiC opacifiers of different contents are
measured using the transient plane source method. The influences of the microscopic
morphology and the pore size distribution on the thermal insulation property of the
aerogel composite are also discussed. The materials studied are aerogel doped with
fiber mat or pure fiber mat. When used in a thermal protection system or another
thermal insulation field, these materials are placed in a non-bearing location. The bulk
shape of these materials can be maintained during cutting, transporting and serving
processes due to the relatively high mechanical strength of fiber mat. Thus, the
mechanical properties of the materials doped with different additives are not
investigated in this study.
44
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
This Chapter presents the method of research, the project design and project
development of the Car Cover with Heat Insulator.
Research design
The process and manner used in this particular study is explorative type of
research used to describe the characteristics about what is being studied. This study
also aids several hypotheses that connect the data gathered in order to produce a
working prototype in accordance with its design and function.
Exploratory research is defined as a research used to investigate a problem
which is not clearly defined. It is conducted to have a better understanding of the
existing problem, but will not provide conclusive results. For such research, a
researcher starts with a general idea and uses this research as a medium to identify
issues that can be the focus for future research. An important aspect here is that the
researcher should be willing to change his/her direction subject to the revelation of
new data or insight. Such a research is usually carried out when the problem is at a
preliminary stage. It is often referred to as grounded theory approach or interpretive
research as it used to answer questions like what, why and how.
45
According to FormPlus, Researchers use exploratory research when trying to
gain familiarity with an existing phenomenon and acquire new insight into it to form a
more precise problem. It begins based on a general idea and the outcomes of the
research are used to find out related issues with the topic of the research. It is also
defined as the process of the research varies according to the finding of new data or
insight.
Project Development:
Planning
The researcher has observed the rapid increasing of the number of people who
buy cars. The researcher noticed that all vehicle owners want their car as a good
investment so that they are purchasing car accessories for means of protection of the
car and for them to use it for a longer time. Most of the time, owners have spending
high cost for the maintenance of their car, specifically for example in the dashboard,
upholstery and most specially the car’s paint. Scratches and fading of the color of the
paint causing by the exposure under the sun is one of the problems of the owners, and
most of the time maintaining the good condition of it is very costly. This problem is
not only for commercial cars or industrial vehicles but to all types of vehicles.
46
Furthermore, the researcher observed that car cover is one of the beneficial
remedy to protect the car from any harm may happen like scratches and also from the
exposure under the heat of sun. But the researcher had noticed that according to the
owners, it is hassle to put car cover more importantly when they are running of time.
And so, the researcher came up with the idea of having built-in car cover with
heat insulator and operated by the control button on the car key. This was to provide
the owners an easy installation and removal of car cover. This item will provide a
hassle-free protection for the vehicle and lessen the cost of maintenance.
Designing
Subsequently, when planning and gathering of information is done, the
researcher designed the prototype of the components of the built-in car cover with
heat insulator.
Figure 3: Installed built-in device Figure 4: Device of car cover
47
There is a built-in device on the top of the vehicle where the fabric or the car
cover is located. It is rectangular in shape and located on the edge back part of the car.
The device is operated by clicking the button designated for the installation of the car
cover. This is located on the car key together with the lock and unlock button of the
car.
Figure 5: Car Cover with Heat Insulator
Figure 6: Inside look of car with car cover
48
It was illustrated above the over-all look of the car with car cover. It showed how
the car cover can help as protection to the car because it means as shield from the
direct sunlight causing damages to the vehicle. It demonstrated how safe the car will
be if using car cover. Also the hassle-free and easy installation and removing of the
car cover.
Figure 7: Controller
Built in device will automatically cover-up your car once you click the ―install‖
button and it will look like the illustration presented above and will automatically be
removed by clicking the ―remove‖ button. Unlike to those common car covers that
you need a lot of effort and time to install and remove it, so that we come up into an
easy access car cover also with heat insulator.
49
The fabric that is being used in the car cover with heat insulator is soft shell
fleece fabric because this type of fabric is a water and wind resistant. It is an ideal
fabric on car cover because is water proof on the outer side that may protect into rainy
days and to prevent unwanted scratches. Also this type of fabric is breathable and heat
insulator. It prevents so much volume of heat may come inside the car when it was
being exposed under the extreme hot sun. This is a soft fabric so that when it touches
that car, it will not expose into small or minimal scratches coming from the car cover.
Figure 8: Soft shell fleece fabric
Table 2: Task schedule
TASK DESCRIPTION
Choosing of topic February
Planning and Gathering of data February-April
Doing Chapter 1-3 March-April
50

Car Cover With Heat Insulator Reñosa 12 D

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Toyota Motor Philippines School of Technology

Car Cover with Heat Insulator

A Special Research Project Prototype

of the Requirements for

Use Relevant Technology Subject

Reñosa, Paul Bryan M.

recommended for oral examination.

Mr. Leo Mhar Ponce A.De Leon

Mr. Ramon George O. Atento

Accept and approved in partial fulfilment for Use Relevant

Mr. Ramon George O. Atento

information about car cover with heat insulator.

help to catch the target market.

the owner of the vehicle and to the condition of it.

those instances by using or owning a car cover.

This also provides objectives of the study.IV

amenities including, TOYOTA Motor Philippines, automotive instructors, automotive

students, future researchers and lastly car owners and enthusiasts.

Furthermore, it specifies what is the process of the study; from planning up to

illustration of the overall product and its specific details.

information accordingly. Without His grace I’m nothing.

Thus, a great thanks to my parents for supporting me in my chosen career, not

have now in my life.

In addition, I would also like to express my humble appreciation to Toyota

best out of ourselves.

By this research paper, I had exercised my patience and perseverance. I also

and friends and also relaxing.

he was there to help us up to the extent of his capabilities.

Furthermore, I would like to extend my gratefulness to Ms. Krysthel Anne

This project design is passionately dedicated to my much-loved parents, who

even financially and morally.

To my brother, relatives, friends, classmate, instructors and to my girlfriend

encouraging me to finish this project design and pushing me up to the extent of my

my family. All of these, I offer you.

Title page ……….....………………………………………………………… I

Approval sheet …………………………………………………………….... II

Abstract ……………………………………………………………...…….... III

Dedication ………….….…………………………………………………….. VII

Table of Contents …………………………………………………………… VIII

List of Tables ……………………………………………………………….. IX

List of Figures ………………………………………………………………. IX

CHAPTER 1: THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Research Objectives ………………………………………………… 10

Theoretical Framework ………..…………………………………… 10

Conceptual Framework .…………………………………………… 16

Significance of the Study …………………………………………… 17

Scope and Limitation of the Study……………………………….... 18

Definition of Terms ………………………………………………… 19

CHAPTER 2: REVIEW AND RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDY

Related Literature and Studies ………………………………….. 21

Research Project ………………………………………………….. 51

Project Development …………………….……………………….. 48

Figure 2: Conceptual framework ……………………………………………... 17

Figure 3: Installed built-in device …………………………………………….. 47

Figure 4: Device of car cover ……………………………………………..…… 47

Figure 5: Car Cover with Heat Insulator ……………………………….……. 48

Figure 6: Inside look of car with car cover ………………………….…….…. 48

Figure 7: Controller …………………………………………………………… 49

Figure 8: Soft shell fleece fabric ……………………………………….……… 50

wrap up and protect your vehicle.

lightweight cover to make applying and removing quick and easy.

insulator is needed. In this research, we are having a heat insulator or thermal