A TECHNICAL REPORT ON STUDENT

INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME

(SIWES)

UNDERTAKEN AT
HISTORY OF BRAIN PHOSPHORYLATIONSHIP
SCIENTIFIC SOLUTION SERVICES.

SUBMITTED TO
THE SIWES COORDINATOR
DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY
FACULTY OF APPLIED NATURAL SCIENCES
ENUGU STATE UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
ENUGU STATE

BY
ACHUSIM CHINOMSO ELIZABETH
2017030182216
COURSE CODE: BCH 390

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE AWARD OF A BACHELOR

OF SCIENCE DEGREE (B.SC) IN APPLIED BIOCHEMISTRY,
ENUGU STATE UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
ENUGU STATE

JUNE, 2021
DEDICATION
This industrial training report is copiously dedicated to God Almighty for his

unquantifiable and immeasurable mercies and protection upon my life especially

during the period of my industrial training experience.

I also appreciate my parents Mr/Mrs Achusim for their direction, protection and

support.

1.1 BRIEF HISTORY OF S.I.W.E.S.

SIWES was established in 1973 by the Industrial Training Fund (ITF) as one of her programmes. It
was designed to give Nigerian students studying occupationally-related courses in higher institutions
the experience that would supplement their theoretical learning in order to solve the problem of lack
of adequate practical skills preparatory for employment in industries by Nigerian graduates of tertiary
institutions. The Scheme exposes students to industry based skills necessary for a smooth transition
from the classroom to the world of work. It affords students of tertiary institutions the opportunity of
being familiarized and exposed to the needed experience in handling machinery and equipment
which are usually not available in the educational institutions.
Participation in SIWES has become a necessary pre-condition for the award of Diploma and Degree

certificates in specific disciplines in most institutions of higher learning in the country, in accordance

with the education policy of government. Usually there are three modules: The first module is for

two months and this is taken by all 200- level Engineering and Food Technology students in

University. This module of industrial Training is designed to expose the students to engineering and

technology operations at the shop floor level. The second module is for three months. This is for the

300-level students of Engineering, Food Technology, Geography, Biochemistry, Nursing, Pharmacy,

Geology, Physics, and Library Science. The third module is however for six months and it is taken by

400-level students of Engineering, Food Technology, Botany, Microbiology, Industrial Chemistry,

Computer Science, Zoology, Agriculture and Physiotherapy. SIWES is operated by the ITF, the

coordinating agencies (NUC, NCCE, NBTE), employers of labor and the institutions concerned

(universities and polytechnics).Funded by the Federal Government of Nigeria. Beneficiaries-

Undergraduates students of the following: Agriculture, Engineering, Technology, Environmental,

Science, Education, Medical Science and Pure and Applied Sciences.

1.2 Objectives of SIWES

1. To prepare students for work situations they are likely to meet after

graduation.
2. To provide an avenue for students in Nigerian universities to acquire industrial

skills and experience in their course of study.

3. To enlist and strengthens employers involvement in the entire educational

process of preparing university graduates for employment in industries.

4. To provide students with an opportunity to apply their theoretical knowledge in

real work situations, thereby closing the gap between university work and actual

practice.

5. To expose students to work methods and techniques in handling equipments

and machinery that may not be available in the universities.

6. To make the transitions from the university to the world of work easier and

thus enhance students contact for later job placement.

7. Teaches the student on how to interact effectively with other workers and

supervisors under various conditions in the organization.

 CHAPTER THREE

1.4 Some Laboratory Equipments and their Uses

Microscope

A microscope is an optical instrument having a magnification lens or a

combination of lenses for inspecting objects too small to be seen distinctly and in

detail by the unaided eyes. It is used in the pathology laboratory for examination

of stained blood film, stool, urine etc.``````

Triple Beam Balance

This is an instrument used to measure mass very precisely. The device has

reading error of +/_ 0.05gram. The name refers to the three beams including the

middle beam which is the largest size, the front beam which is the medium size,

and the far beam which is the smallest size. The difference in size of the beams

indicates the difference in weights and reading scale that each beam carries. The

triple beam balance can be used to measure mass directly from the objects, find

mass by difference for liquid, and measure out a substance.

Spectrophotometer

A spectrophotometer is used to measure either the amount of light

reflected from a sample object or the amount of light that is absorbed by the

sample object. It is an instrument used to measure the intensity of wavelength in

a spectrum of light compared with the intensity of light from a standard source. It

is used in pathology laboratory to measure the absorbance of calcium, glucose,

cholesterol, uric acid and other chemistry tests.

Centrifuge

A centrifuge is a piece of laboratory equipment, driven by a motor, spins

liquid samples at high speed. There are various types of centrifuge depending on

the size and the sample capacity. Like all other centrifuges, laboratory centrifuges

work by the sedimentation principle where the centripetal acceleration is used to

separate substances of greater and lesser density. It is usually used to separate

serum or plasma from red cells in a blood sample etc.

Incubator

An incubator is a device used to grow and maintain microbiological cultures

or cell cultures. The incubator maintains optimal temperature, humidity and other

conditions such as the carbondioxide and oxygen content of the atmosphere

inside. Incubators are essential for a lot of experimental work in cell biology,

microbiology and molecular biology and are used to culture both bacterial as well

as eukaryotic cells.```

Electrophoresis equipment
 This is one of the most important equipments used by molecular biologists.

It migrate a charged molecule through a restrictive matrix, or gel, drawn by an

electrical force. To mention but a few applications, deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA)

electrophoresis is used to map the order of restriction fragments within

chromosomes to analyze DNA variation within a population by restriction

fragment length polymorphisms and to determine the nucleotide-sequence of a

piece of DNA.

Laboratory Refrigerator

Laboratory refrigerators are used to cool samples or specimens for

preservation. They include refrigerator units for storing blood plasma and other

blood products, as well as reagents, vaccines and other medical and

pharmaceutical supplies. They differ from standard refrigerators used in homes

and restaurants because they need to be totally hygienic and completely reliable.

Laboratory refrigerators need to maintain a consistent temperature in order to

minimize the risk of bacterial contamination and explosions of volatile materials.

Automated biochemistry analyzer

This is used to measure different chemicals and other characteristics in a

number of biological samples quickly, with minimal human assistance. These

measured properties of blood and other fluids are useful in the diagnosis of
diseases. Samples can be processed singly, in batches, or continuously. The type

of tests required includes enzyme levels (such as many of the liver function tests),

ion levels (e.g. sodium and potassium) and other chemicals (such as glucose, serm

albumin, or creatinine).

Full blood count analyzer

Full blood count analyzer also known as complete blood count analyzer is

laboratory equipment that gives information about the cells in a patient’s blood

such as the cell count for each type and the concentrations of various proteins

and minerals. The type of test required include white blood cell, red blood cell,

hemoglobin, platelet and packed cell volume count etc.

Petri dish

Petri dish is used to make agar plates for microbiology studies. It is also

used for eukaryotic cell culture in a liquid medium or on solid agar. Empty Petri

dish may be used other day-to-day laboratory practices such as drying fluids in

oven and carrying or storing samples.

Conical flask

Conical flasks are vessels which fall into the category of laboratory

equipments known as glass wares. They can be used for making solutions or for
holding, containing, collecting, or sometimes volumetrically measuring chemicals,

samples, solutions, etc for chemical reactions or other processes such as mixing,

heating, cooling, dissolving, precipitation, boiling (as in distillation) or analysis.

Graduating/measuring cylinder

This is a common piece of laboratory equipment used to measure the

volume of liquid. They are generally more accurate and precise than laboratory

flasks and beakers but they are not used to perform volumetric analysis.

Graduated cylinders are sometimes used to measure the volume of a solid

indirectly by measuring the displacement of a liquid.

Vacutainer blood collection tubes

This is a sterile glass or plastic tube with a closure that is evacuated to create a

vacuum inside the tube facilitating the draw of predetermined volume of liquid.

They are most commonly used to collect blood samples in venipuncture and as

serum separator tubes. The substance contained in a vacutainer may include

anticoagulants (Ethylenediaminetatraacetic acid EDTA, Sodium citrate, or heparin)

or a gel with intermediate density between blood cells and blood plasma.

Bunsen burner

This is a common piece of laboratory equipment that produces a single

open gas flame which is used for heating, sterilization and combustion.
 Other laboratory equipment include; syringe and needles, test tubes,

microhematocrit reader, micropipette, microhematocrit centrifuge, kidney dish,

ESR stand, and universal bottle (for collecting urine, stool, sputum and semen

samples).

2.2 SAFE WORKING PRACTICES IN A LABORATORY

The following are some of the important points which apply when working with infectious materials:
1. Never mouth-pipette. Use safe measuring and dispensing devices.
2. Do not eat, drink, smoke, store food, or apply cosmetics in the working area of the laboratory.
3. Use an aseptic technique when handling specimens and cultures.
4. Always wash your hands after handling an infectious material in the laboratory, when leaving the
laboratory and before attending to patients. Cover any open wound with a water proof dressing.
5. Wear appropriate protective clothing when working in the laboratory. Ensure it is decontaminated
and laundered correctly.
6. Wear protective gloves and when indicated a face mask, for all procedures involving direct contact
with infectious materials. When wearing gloves, the hands should be washed with the gloves on,
particularly before doing ant clerical work.
7. Centrifuge safely to avoid creating aerosols. Know what to do should a breakage occur when
centrifuging.
8. Avoid practices which could result in needle stick injury.
9. Do not use chipped or cracked glassware and always deal with a breakage immediately and safely.
10. Avoid spillages by using racks to hold containers, work neatly and keep the bench surface free of
any unnecessary materials.
11. Decontaminate working surfaces at the end of each day’s work and following any spillage of any
infectious fluid.
12. Report to the laboratory officer in charge, any spillage or other accident involving exposure to
infectious material.
13. Know how to decontaminate specimens and other infectious materials.
14. Use and control an autoclave correctly.

15. Dispose laboratory waste safely.

ACTUAL ACTIVITIES CARRIED OUT IN THE UNITS
In Standard Medical Diagnostics Laboratory, where I underwent my SIWES program, we have the
following sections:
Reception, Chemical Pathology, Hematology, Microbiology laboratory.

AT THE RECEPTION
The receptionist on seat, collects samples from patients waiting to be transferred to the laboratory,
put bills on the patients cards depending on the kind of tests to be done, register the patients cards
and then also register results before they are given out to patient, they also give out universal,
anticoagulant bottles to patient and give them necessary instructions on how to collect into the bottles
that is being given to them. Some of the laboratory materials are stored in the reception. Listed below
are a few steps to follow when dispatching microbiological specimens:
1. Keep a register of all specimens dispatched. Record the name, number, and ward or health centre
of the patient, type of specimen, investigation required, date of dispatch, and the method of sending
the specimen. When the report is received back from the microbiology laboratory, record the date of
the receipt in the register.
2. Check the specimen container is free from cracks, and the cap is leak-proof.
3. Use sufficient packaging material to protect a specimen especially when the container is a glass
tube. When the specimen is fluid use sufficient absorbent material to absorb it should a leakage or
breakage occur.
4. Mark all specimens that may contain highly infectious organisms.