1 LF - bt1001 - E01 - 1 Lte Overview 65

LTE/SAE Overview
ZTE University
Objectives
After this course, you will be able to:

– Know the mobile network evolution
– Know the LTE protocol standard

– Know the LTE architecture
– Understand the LTE key technologies
– Master the eNodeB function
– Know ZTE LTE solution
Contents
 Mobile Network Evolution

 LTE Architecture and Benefits
 LTE Key Technology
 ZTE LTE Solution
Driving Forces of Mobile Network Evolution
Big Profitability
Transition
User
Experience/
Dependency
Wireless Internet—A New Paradigm for Mobile Communication
© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

Evolution Trend of Mobile Technology
GSM GPRS EDGE eEDGE
TD- MC-HSPA TDD

HSPA
SCDMA MBMS
LTE
WCDMA HSDPA HSUPA HSPA+
R99 R5 R6 R7
MBMS 4G
FDD
cdma 2000 EV-DO

cdma 1x cdma 2000
EV-DO Rev. A
EV-DO
UMB
Rev. B
802.16 d 802.16 e 802.16 m
2G 2.5G 2.75G 3G 3.5G 3.75G 3.9G 4G

 Multi-standard coexistence: OFDM, OFDMA, MIMO, and basic technologies in different standards are
employed in multiple wireless access technologies.
 Multi-frequency coexistence: More frequency bands are available and standardized.
 Mobile broadband: Increases spectrum utilization, reduces the cost of wireless data services, and
ready for multimedia-based services.
Evolution of Speed

Technology Comparison
802.16e (WiMAX) HSPA+ LTE

FEATURE
TDD OFDMA FDD WCDMA FDD OFDMA

MIMO 64QAM MIMO 64QAM DL TDD SC-FDMA
BW: 1.25–20MHz 16QAM UL MIMO 64QAM
BW: 5MHz 1.4 | 3 | 5 | 10 | 20MHz

DATA RATE
63.36Mbps DL 42Mbps DL 150Mbps DL

2*2 10MHz 2*2 5MHz 2*2 20MHz
28.22Mbps UL 11.5Mbps UL 75Mbps UL

2*2 10MHz 5MHz 2*2 20MHz
STANDARD
2005.12 2008. Q3 2009. Q3

3G spectrum
New spectrum 3G spectrum
New spectrum

Organizations Leading in LTE Ecosystem
NGMN
3GPP LSTI
Standard

Key Requirements
Enhanced
Coverage
Enhanced Peak Data Rate

Spectrum DL: 100 Mbps
Efficiency UL: 50 Mbps
Less Latency
Variety of
CP: 100ms
Bandwidth
UP: 5ms
Less OPEX
and CAPEX

Contents

LTE/SAE System Architecture Evolution
PCRF: Policy and Charging Rules Function
HSS: Home Subscriber Server
GERAN
MME: Mobile Management Entity
SGSN HSS
UTRAN
S3 S6a
S1-MME
MME PCRF
S4 S7 Rx+
S11
S10
LTE-Uu
S5 SGi
Serving PDN Operator's IP Services
UE E-UTRAN
S1-U
Gateway Gateway (for example, IMS and
PSS)

EPS Structure
MME / S-GW MME / S-GW
 Mobility Management
EPC  Serving Gateway
S1  Interface between
EPS MME/SGW & eNodeB
eNodeB
RNC
E- Node B eNodeB
X2 X2
UTRAN
X2
eNodeB eNodeB
+ =
 Interface between
eNodeBs
 Only one Node in E-UTRAN—eNodeB  Flexible bandwidth

 Evolved Packet Core—EPC  Higher spectrum efficiency
 Evolved Packet System—EPS  High peak rate and lower latency

EUTRAN/EPC Functional Modules
eNB
Inter Cell RRM
RB Control 3GPP TS 36.300

Connection Mobility Cont.
Radio Admission Control MME
eNB Measurement
NAS Security
Configuration & Provision
Dynamic Resource Idle State Mobility

Allocation (Scheduler) Handling
RRC PDCP SAE Bearer Control
RLC
SAE Gateway
MAC
S1
PHY Mobility Anchoring
internet
E-UTRAN EPC

eNodeB Functions
Radio resource management
Compression and encryption
MME selection
Routing
Scheduling and transmission
eNodeB
Measurement and measurement reporting
CSG handling

MME Functions
NAS signalling
AS security control
Idle mode UE reachability
Tracking area list management
PDN GW/Serving GW/MME/SGSN
MME Roaming
Authentication

SGW Functions
Mobility anchoring
E-UTRAN idle mode downlink packet

buffering and initiation
Lawful interception
Packet routing and forwarding
SGW
Transport level packet marking
UL and DL charging per UE and PDN

PDN GW Functions
Per-user packet filtering
Lawful interception
UE IP address allocation
Transport level packet marking in the

downlink
UL and DL service level charging, gating

PDN GW control, and rate enforcement
AMBR-based DL rate enforcement

EPS Bearer
End-to-end services (for example, IP services) are multiplexed on different EPS

bearers. There is a many-to-one relation between end-to-end services and EPS
bearers.
Architecture Comparison of LTE and 3G

Flat and IP-based Network Architecture of LTE
WCDMA/HSPA LTE Flat Architecture Without RNC
MSCS
•Less investment
GGSN
MME x-GW
HLR PCRF
HSS •Easy maintenance
SGSN
EPC •Reduced transmission
MGW
RNC RNC delay
IP Backbone IP Backbone •Better reliability
Node B Node B eNode B eNode B

MME/x-GW
Integrates CN & partial
RNC functions
eNode B
Flat and IP-based network architecture can reduce the Full function of Node B
TCO of the LTE network. and major function of
RNC

LTE Characteristics
LTE Key Technologies LTE Highlights
 Higher Peak Data Rate:
Instantaneous data rate of 150 Mbps
for downlink and 50 Mbps for uplink
in 20 MHz
OFDM Modulation 64QAM  Higher Spectrum Efficiency: 3-4

times of HSDPA, and 2-3 times of
LTE Requirements HSUPA
 Flexible Spectrum Allocation:

Scalable channel bandwidth
configuration, and both FDD & TDD
supported
 Better Business Experience:

Lower latency with less than 5 ms in
ideal conditions

Evolution Path of LTE Standards
LTE LTE-A
R8 R9 R10 R11 ……
 Data Service  Data & VoIP  LTE-Advanced

Commercial  Large-scale commercial  Higher efficiency and
Ready networks throughput
So far, initial commercial Large scale commercial

deployments are mainly networks begin from 2011
based on R8 to 2012
R8 can fulfill the requirements of initial commercialization

R10 is a complete version for large-scale commercialization

LTE Frequency and Bandwidth
E-UTRAN Band UL: eNode B receive, UE transmit DL: eNode B transmit, UE receive Duplex
Mode
FUL_low – FUL_high FDL_low – FDL_high
1 1920 MHz – 1980 MHz 2110 MHz – 2170 MHz FDD
5 824 MHz – 849 MHz 869 MHz – 894MHz FDD
9 1749.9 MHz – 1784.9 MHz 1844.9 MHz – 1879.9 MHz FDD
11 1427.9 MHz – 1452.9 MHz 1475.9 MHz – 1500.9 MHz FDD
12 [TBD] – [TBD] [TBD] – [TBD] FDD
...
33 1900 MHz – 1920 MHz 1900 MHz – 1920 MHz TDD
39 1880 MHz - 1920 MHz 1880 MHz - 1920 MHz TDD
40 2300 MHz - 2400 MHz 2300 MHz - 2400 MHz TDD

Strong and Healthy LTE Industry Chain
3GPP Org. Chipset Terminals Network Instruments

Partners Provider Provider Provider Provider

LTE Benefits for Operators and Users
User Experience →ARPU Investment Protection
Throughput Latency Reuse of

 Sites and
infrastructure
 Backhaul
 Frequency bands
HSPA LTE HSPA LTE
Low Cost per Mbps Scalable Bandwidth
Optimized spectrum usage

cost per Mbps
3G HSPA HSPA+ LTE

LTE Enriches the Mobile Services
Mobile Broadband Changes the Future Life
 Video Sharing
 Mobile Email
 Video Blog
 Netmeeting
 Video Chat
 HD Video
Conference  Information
 Video on  Mobile
Demand Shopping
 Online Game  Mobile Bank
 HD video  Mobile Stock
streaming
LTE improves user experience by high capacity,

quick response, high data-rate, and better QoS.

LTE Improves Broadband Applications
Live Video/ Video Blogging

Online Gaming <50 ms Latency DL 6-8 Mbps/UL 2 Mbps
Permanent Sync. HD Video Streaming (720i or 1080i)

DL/UL 1-2 Mbps DL 6-10 Mbps

LTE Investment World Map

Contents

 LTE Key Technologies
LTE Key Technology Overview
 OFDM
 MIMO
 AMC
 HARQ
 Channel Scheduling and Fast Scheduling
 ICIC (Inter Cell Interference Coordination)

Key Technology Evolution
1G 2G 3G LTE
（FDMA）（TDMA）（CDMA）（OFDM+MIMO+IP）
LTE enhanced technologies: OFDM and MIMO

Link Adaption Technology
 Link adaption technology can be realized by two methods: power

control and data rate control.
 In most cases, the link adaption technology refers to data rate
control. In LTE, the Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC)
technology is used. AMC can make the eNodeB adjust the
modulation mode (QPSK, 16QAM, or 64QAM) and coding rate in
accordance with the channel status that is fed back by the UE.
 For long-delay packet data, AMC can improve the system
capacity but do not cause interference to the neighboring cells.

Link Adaption Technology: Power Control
 Dynamically adjusts the Tx power, maintains the receiver SNR, and
consequently guarantees the link transmission quality.
 When the channel condition becomes worse, the Tx power needs to be
increased. When the channel condition becomes better, the Tx power
needs to be decreased. Therefore, the invariable transmission data rate
can be guaranteed.
Power control can avoid inner-cell user interference
Tx Power
Channel Quality Data Speed

HARQ
FEC：Forward Error Correction

ARQ：Automatic Repeat reQuest
HARQ = FEC + ARQ

FEC Communication System
Data FEC FEC Data

Channel
Transmission Coding Decoding Receiver
Advantages: Disadvantages:
 Higher system transmission Lower reliability
efficiency  Lower channel adaptive ability
 Automatic error correct, no feed Longer codes, lower coding efficiency,
back and retransmission and higher complexity and cost
 Lower time delay

ARQ Communication System
Data Data
Channel
Transmission Receiver
ACK/NACK
Advantages: Disadvantages:
 Lower complexity  Lower continuity and real-time
 Higher reliability ability
 Higher Adaptability Lower transmission efficiency

HARQ Mechanism
Forward
Channel
FEC Coding FEC error check and verification
After receiving an ACK, transmits

After receiving a correct packet,
the next packet.
sends an ACK.
After receiving an NACK,
Otherwise, sends an NACK.
Retransmits the original packet. Reverse
Controller
Transmitter Receiver
HARQ combines the high reliability of ARQ and the high

efficiency of FEC

Channel Scheduling (1)
 For one resource block, the eNodeB schedules the user with the
best channel transmission condition to maximize the system
throughput.
Multi-user diversity
Channel Quality BS valid channel change
User1
User2
User3
time

Channel Scheduling (2)
 LTE supports channel scheduling based on frequency domain.
Time domain decline

Time domain decline
Downlink: Based on common

reference signals
User#1 scheduling
Uplink: Based on test reference User#2 scheduling
signals

Fast Scheduling
Fast scheduling means packet scheduling and fast service.
Scheduling Principle
 Round Robin (RR)
 Max C/I
 Proportional Fairness (PF)
Scheduling Methods: TDM, FDM, and SDM

Fast Scheduling
Each user is served one by one, and has
the same average server time. But the
Polling based on time flux for each user is different due to the
diverse environment.
No matter what kind of environment the

user is located in, the user can be served
Polling based on flux one by one and be guaranteed to get
the same flux.
The system traces the wireless channel

C/I of each user, and confirms the
Max C/I user’s priority by C/I to ensure that the
served user at each moment has the
maximum C/I.
Integrates the methods above, satisfies

PF most users, and guarantees high system
throughput.

ICIC
 ICIC (Inter Cell Interference Coordination)：

 Scrambling
 Frequency-Hopping Transmit
 Beamforming and IRC
 Inter Cell Interference Coordination
 Power Control

Power Control
 Power control is used on the PUSCH, PUSCH, and SRS.

 The TPC on the PUSCH is determined by scheduling signaling (DCI format 0) of the PUSCH or
multiplexed with other users’ TPC (DCI format 3/3A).
 The TPC on the PUCCH is determined by scheduling signaling(DCI format 0) of the PDSCH or
multiplexed with other users’ TPC (DCI format 3/3A).
 No specific TPC is used for SRS. The TPC on the PUSCH is used. The power warp is informed
by the higher layer.

Contents

 LTE Key Technologies
 Product Solution
 Transport Solution
 Antenna Solution
 Terminal Solution
ZTE All-Around LTE Solution
UE E-UTRAN EPC
HSS PCRF
Handset Rural
Transmission
Network
IMS
Dense Hot-
Urban
Express
Urban spot
card Suburban Home Internet
eNodeB
MME/SGW PGW
USB
dongle
B8200+ B8300+
CPE BS8800 BS8900 Femto ENB
R8860 Micro/Pico RRU

Full Series LTE Product Line
WITH VOICE
LTE TERMINAL SOLUTION
SINGLE RAN &

LTE ACCESS PLUS
MICROWAVE
LTE TRANSPORT
uMAC
LTE CORE
xGW

ZTE Unified Radio Sub-System Platform
One Network Target
GSM/EDGE UMTS/HSPA TD-SCDMA CDMA2000 WiMAX LTE

GSM/EDGE
ZTE Universal SDR Platform UMTS/HSPA
LTE
Distributed IntegratedUniversal
RRU
RRU
RSU Features
 MicroTCA architecture
 Multi-Standard support
 Baseband sharing and
BBU
software configurable
 RRU sharing and
BBU
software configurable
Future-Proof Platform with Smooth Evolution Support

Coexistence of GSM/LTE Dual-Mode System and
UMTS
ZTE SDR Platform
 09’ Q3 launch GSM LTE
 LTE hardware ready
 Cost effective solution
GSM/LTE Dual-mode Platform
+10 years GSM system G/L dual-mode LTE system
1. Replaced by GSM/LTE 2. Software upgrade

dual-mode system

Future Evolution-UMTS/LTE Dual-Mode System
UMTS/LTE system UMTS/LTE system

Existing GSM system
GSM system
2. Replace GSM by
U/L system
1. Build a new UMTS/LTE
dual-mode system
3. Upgrade the software
LTE system
UMTS LTE
UMTS/LTE dual-mode platform

ZTE SDR-Based Uni-RAN Solution
GSM & WCDMA CN

IP based LTE
& SAE BSC/RNC backhaul
RRU@2.6GHz
Iub/Abis
LTE & UMTS

S1
LTE, GSM, UMTS

Baseband Unit
RRU @2.1GHz
LTE & GSM

 Distributed system
architecture RRU @900/1800MHz
 Multimode operation

ZTE Unified O&M Solution
NMS/OSS/ 3rd Party

BSS
NMS/OSS/BSS
EMS CORBA SNMP FILE ASCII DB
FM/PM/CM/IM FM FM/PM/CM/IM FM FM/PM/CM/IM
Fault Performance Configuration

NetNumenTM M31 Management Management Management
Accounting SON Security

Management Functions Management
Inventory System Topology

Management Management Management
NE
BSS UTRAN EPS TD-SCDMA WiMAX

Contents

LTE Backhaul Transmission Bandwidth
Requirement
S1_MME
ePC
eNB
MME
S1_MME
S11
X2_U
X2_C
S1_U
S-GW
eNB S1_U
O&M i/f
O&M i/f O&M

System

53
HKCSL LTE Trial Network Architecture
To GE
Internet
BMI BPO
2/3G 2/3G
BMP core core
xGW 7609
MME 6513
Fiber 6513 6513 6513 6513
OAM switch 01 02 01 02
Server
(FTP, 8902 8902 … 8902 8902 8902 8902 … 8902 8902
WWW) 01 02 91 92 01 02 91 92
LTE core site
TRAXC
NWT WTT HGC
OMM
eNB eNB eNB eNB eNB eNB

HKCSL LTE Trial QoS Requirement

HKCSL LTE Trial QoS Solution
GE BMI
To 2/3G core
router
Internet xGW
MME
Fiber
6513 6513
OAM switch 01 02
Server
(FTP, IEEE1588v2 8902 8902 … 8902 8902
WWW) Grand Master 01 02 91 92
Server
LTE core site
L2 service
provider
Service COS tag Service COS tag DSCP
UMTS/GSM signal 7 UMTS/GSM signal 7 high
UMTS/GSM VoIP/conference 6 UMTS/GSM VoIP/conference 6 high
UMTS/GMS stream media 5 UMTS/GMS stream media 5 high
UMTS/GSM WWW/FTP 4 UMTS/GSM WWW/FTP 4 middle
UMTS/GSM best effort 3 UMTS/GSM best effort 3 middle
LTE signal 2 ZXR2818s LTE signal 2 low
LTE VoIP/stream 1 LTE VoIP/stream 1 low
LTE background 0 LTE background 0 low
eNB UMTS GSM

HKCSL LTE Trial Security Solution
AAA Server
DHCP Server
xGW
Secure domain
IP/MPLS
xGW
SR SR xGW
Security gateway
DPI
802.1x Access Authentication

IPSec ACL
Traffic Injection Policing
Non-secure
e-NB e-NB e-NB e-NB e-NB
domain

HKCSL LTE Trial DHCP server Deployment
xGW
DHCP Server
MME
DHCP
request
OAM
Router DHCP Relay
LTE Core site
GE Multicast flow
DHCP request
Unicast flow
L2 service provider
DHCP reply
eNB eNB eNB eNB eNB

Contents

Scheme1:
GSM900+GSM1800/UMTS2100+LTE2600
900M 1710-2170M 1920-2690M
2.6 GHz LTE involved
1800/2100
combiner
900M 1800M 2100M 2600M

GSM GSM UMTS LTE
RRU RRU RRU RRU

Scheme 2:
GSM900+GSM1800+UMTS2100/LTE1800
900M 1710-2170M 1920-2690M
1.8 GHz LTE involved

Tips : intra-band
combination leads around 3
db loss
1800/2100
combiner
900M 1800M 2100M 1800M

GSM GSM UMTS LTE
RRU RRU RRU RRU

Scheme 3: GSM900+GSM1800/UMTS2100
+ LTE1800 /LTE2600
900M 1710-2170M 1920-2690M
2.6 GHz LTE and 1.8 GHz co-

site
1800/2100 1800/2600
combiner combiner
900M 1800M 2100M 1800M 2600M

GSM GSM UMTS LTE LTE
RRU RRU RRU RRU RRU

Contents

IOT with the Third Party
ES FPGA IOT test
FFA (2.6 GHz)
(700 MHz) (ongoing)
Sept.09 Oct.09 Apr.10
09 Dec. IOT start

(2.6 GHz)
10.Mar. IOT start
(1.8 GHz)
N 09 Oct. PHY IOT

(2.6 GHz)
09 Dec. L1/L2/L3 IOT
(2.6 GHz)
S1/S11 IOT
C (2.6 GHz)
Nov.09
09Q3 09Q4 10Q1 10Q2 10Q3

1 LF - bt1001 - E01 - 1 Lte Overview 65

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

1 LF - bt1001 - E01 - 1 Lte Overview 65

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

LTE/SAE Overview

After this course, you will be able to:

– Know the LTE protocol standard

 Mobile Network Evolution

Wireless Internet—A New Paradigm for Mobile Communication

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

GSM GPRS EDGE eEDGE

TD- MC-HSPA TDD

cdma 2000 EV-DO

2G 2.5G 2.75G 3G 3.5G 3.75G 3.9G 4G

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

802.16e (WiMAX) HSPA+ LTE

TDD OFDMA FDD WCDMA FDD OFDMA

BW: 5MHz 1.4 | 3 | 5 | 10 | 20MHz

63.36Mbps DL 42Mbps DL 150Mbps DL

28.22Mbps UL 11.5Mbps UL 75Mbps UL

2005.12 2008. Q3 2009. Q3

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

Enhanced Peak Data Rate

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

 Mobile Network Evolution

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

MME / S-GW MME / S-GW

 Only one Node in E-UTRAN—eNodeB  Flexible bandwidth

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

Inter Cell RRM

RB Control 3GPP TS 36.300

Radio Admission Control MME

Dynamic Resource Idle State Mobility

RRC PDCP SAE Bearer Control

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

Radio resource management

Compression and encryption

Scheduling and transmission

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

Idle mode UE reachability

Tracking area list management

PDN GW/Serving GW/MME/SGSN

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

E-UTRAN idle mode downlink packet

Packet routing and forwarding

UL and DL charging per UE and PDN

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

Per-user packet filtering

Transport level packet marking in the

UL and DL service level charging, gating

AMBR-based DL rate enforcement

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

End-to-end services (for example, IP services) are multiplexed on different EPS

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

RNC RNC delay

IP Backbone IP Backbone •Better reliability

Node B Node B eNode B eNode B

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

OFDM Modulation 64QAM  Higher Spectrum Efficiency: 3-4

 Flexible Spectrum Allocation:

 Better Business Experience:

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

 Data Service  Data & VoIP  LTE-Advanced

So far, initial commercial Large scale commercial

R8 can fulfill the requirements of initial commercialization