TYPES OF FAILURES IN

RIGID PAVEMENTS

PRESENTED BY,

AGLAIA

1
 FAILURES OF RIGID PAVEMENT

 Failure in rigid pavement (or cement concrete pavement) can

be identified by formation of cracks on the pavement surface.

 Factors affecting failure,

1. Use of poor quality material

2. Inadequate stability of the pavement structure

2 TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID PAVEMENTS

 TYPES OF FAILURES
 Scaling of cement concrete  Punch out

 Shrinkage cracks  Linear Cracking

 Joint spalling  Durability Cracking

 Warping cracks  Corner Break

 Pumping

 Faulting

 Polished Aggregate

3 TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID PAVEMENTS

 1. FAULTING

 The difference in elevation between the joints is called as

faulting.
CAUSES OF FAILURES
 Settlement of the pavement due to soft foundation

 Erosion of material under the pavement.

 Curling of the slab edges due to temperature and moisture

changes.

4 TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID PAVEMENTS

 REMEDIES

 Diamond grinding is used to restore the pavement if

faulting reaches 4 mm.

 Dowel bar retrofitting is required if the faulting is between

4 and 12.5 mm

 if the faulting exceeds 12.5 mm complete reconstruction of

the slab is necessary.

5 TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID PAVEMENTS

 Fig.1: Faulting with difference in elevations found between the joints
source:pavementinteractive

6 TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID PAVEMENTS

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TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID PAVEMENTS
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TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID PAVEMENTS
 2. DURABILITY CRACKING
 They are Series of closely spaced, crescent-shaped ,dark coloured

cracks near a joint, corner or crack.

CAUSES OF FAILURE

 freeze-thaw expansion of aggregate in the PCC slab.

 Some roughness leads to spalling and eventual slab disintegration.

REMEDIES

 The affected pavement can be refurnished by partial-depth or full

depth repair, depending on the severity of the damage.


9 TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID PAVEMENTS
 Fig.9. Durability Cracking or ‘D’ Cracks Failure in Rigid Pavements
Source:civilblog.org

10 TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID

PAVEMENTS
11 TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID PAVEMENTS
 3. PUNCH-OUT
 It is the broken pieces of the localized area of concrete slab.

 These are mainly defined by joints and cracks of 1.5m width.

CAUSES OF FAILURES

 Heavy repeated loads.

 Inadequacy in slab thickness

 The foundation support loss or the construction deficiency like

honeycombing.

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 REMEDIES

 Punch-out problems are addressed by full-depth patch

Fig.3.1. Punch-out Failures in Rigid Pavements

Source:civilblog.org.in
13 TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID PAVEMENTS
 4. CORNER BREAKS
 These are the failures in rigid pavements that is caused due to
pumping in excessive rate.
CAUSES OF FAILURE
 When the pumping remove the underlying support the corner
cracks are created.
REMEDIES
 Full slab replacement or the repair for the full depth must be
carried out.

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 Fig.4.1: Corner Break
Failures in Rigid Pavement
source:civilblog.org.in

Fig.4.2 Corner Break and joints in

Rigid Pavement
source:slideshare.in

15 TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID

PAVEMENTS
 Fig 4.3 LOW SEVERITY
CORNER BREAK

Fig 4.4 HIGH SEVERITY

CORNER BREAK

TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID

16 PAVEMENTS
 5. LINEAR CRACKING
 These types of failures in rigid pavements divides the slab into two or
three pieces.
CAUSES OF FAILURE
 Failures is traffic loads at repeated levels.

 The curling due to thermal gradient and moisture loading.

REMEDIES
 Crack sealant can be used to seal linear cracking.

 If linear cracking leads to panel cracking, then the pavement is

restored by full-depth repair.
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 Fig.5.1 : Linear Cracking in
various roads.
Source:google images

18 TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID

PAVEMENTS
 6. SHRINKAGE CRACKING

 These are hairline shallow cracks that are less than 2m in

length.

 These cracks may form in longitudinal as well as in transverse

direction.

CAUSES OF FAILURE

 Improper setting and curing process of the concrete slab

 higher evaporation of water due to higher temperature cracks.

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 REMEDIES

 Shrinkage cracks can be treated by means of crack sealants if

they are of moderate size.

 Synthetic resin is generally used as crack sealant.

 Entire slab replacement (full-depth repair) is used in severe

situations.

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 Fig.6.1: Shrinkage Cracking in
Pavements
Source:google images

21 TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID

PAVEMENTS
22 TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID PAVEMENTS
 7. POLISHED AGGREGATE
 Aggregates which protrude out of cement paste with less

angularity and roughness are said to be polished

aggregates.

CAUSES OF FAILURE

 Repeated traffic applications.

 The age of the pavement will influence polished aggregate..

 It will be quicker if the aggregate is susceptible to abrasion.

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 REMEDIES

 It can repaired by Apply a skid-resistant slurry seal, BST or

non-structural overlay.

 Diamond grinding can also be used to treat the problem of

polished aggregates in rigid pavements

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 7.1(a) 7.1 (b)
Fig.7.1: Polished Aggregates (a) long shot (b) close enough shot
Source : pavementinteractiv.in

25 TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID PAVEMENTS

26 TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID
PAVEMENTS
 8. SCALING
 It is the peeling off or flaking off of the top layer or skin of the

concrete surface.

CAUSES OF FAILURE

 Improper mix design.

 Excessive vibration during compaction of concrete.

 Laitance of concrete.

 Performing finishing operation while bleed water is on surface.

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 Fig 8.1 images of scaling
Source :civilblog.org

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 9. JOINT SPALLING
 It is the breakdown of the slab near edge of the joint due to

excess compressive stresses.

 Normally it occurs within 0.5 m of the joints.

CAUSES OF FAILURE

 Faulty alignment of incompressible material below concrete

slab.

 Freeze-thaw cycle.

 Excessive stress at joint due to wheel load.

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  Joint that is accumulated with water that results in rapid

freezing and thawing

REMEDIES

 Partial-depth and full-depth repairs are the remedies for

shallow and deep spalling.

30 TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID PAVEMENTS

 Fig 9.1 images of joint spalling
Source: Google images

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TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID PAVEMENTS
32 TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID PAVEMENTS
 10. WARPING CRACKS
 Excessive stress due to expansion of concrete slab results in the

formation of warping cracks near the joint edge.

REMEDIES

 proper reinforcement at the longitudinal and transverse joints.

 Hinge joints are used to relieve the stress due to warping

33 TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID PAVEMENTS

 Fig 10.1 images of warping cracks
Source : pavementinteractive.in

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 11. PUMPING
 When material present below the road slab ejects out through the

joints or cracks, it is called pumping.

 When soil slurry comes out it is called mud pumping.

CAUSES OF FAILURE

 Infiltration of water through the joints, cracks or edge of the

pavement forms soil slurry.

 Poor joint sealer allowing infiltration of water.

 Repeated wheel loading causing erosion of underlying material.

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  When there is void space between slab and the underlying base of

sub-grade layer.

REMEDIES

 Sub grade drainage should be improved.

 Fog seal or slurry seal may be applied to limit water infiltration.

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Fig11.1 Enlarge Similar conditions. Picture taken in Washington State.
Source:google images

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PAVEMENTS
 Fig11.2 Water bleeding through a
pavement surface.
source:civilblog.org

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PAVEMENTS
 Fig.11.3: Pumping Effect
Source: pavementinteractive

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PAVEMENTS
 THANK YOU
For more…. Mail to aglaiaconnect2018@gma

TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID

40 PAVEMENTS