Assignment -2

Investigate on oil refining and recycling scenario in India

Oil Refining in India:

Refinery configurations in late 1990s were dictated by the product quality up-gradation
due to environmental considerations. These include lead free gasoline, low sulfur diesel, fuel oil
and other improvement in properties along with the ever-increasing demand for middle
distillates. The configurations therefore were modified to include:
• Continuous Catalytic Reforming (CCR)
• Hydrocracker
• Hydrotreating / Hydrodesulphurization facilities to generate low sulfur fuels and fuel oil
for internal use
• INDMAX Technology for LPG maximization

Oil Refineries in India:

Name Plate
Refinery Location Name of the Company
Capacity(MMTPA)*
PSU Refineries
1 Digboi - 1901 0.650
2 Guwahati – 1962 1.000
3 Barauni – 1964 6.000
4 Koyali – 1965 13.700
5 Bongaigaon – 1974 Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. 2.350
6 Haldia – 1975 8.000
7 Mathura – 1982 8.000
8 Panipat – 1998 15.000
9 Paradip - 2016 15.000
10 Manali – 1965 Chennai Petroleum 10.500
11 Nagapattinam - 1993 Corporation Ltd. 0.000
12 Mumbai – 1954 Hindustan Petroleum 7.500
13 Visakhapatnam – 1957 Corporation Ltd. 8.300
14 Mumbai – 1955 Bharat Petroleum 12.000
15 Kochi - 1963 Corporation Ltd. 15.500
16 Numaligarh – 2000 Numaligarh Refinery Ltd. 3.000
 Mangalore Refinery and
17 Mangalore – 1996 15.000
Petrochemicals Ltd.
Oil and Natural Gas
18 Tatipaka, AP - 2001 0.066
Corporation Ltd.
Sub-Total 141.566
Joint Venture Refineries
19 Bina – 2011 Bharat Oman Refinery Ltd. 7.800
20 Bathinda - 2012 HPCL Mittal Energy Ltd. 11.300
Sub-Total 19.100
Private Sector Refineries
21 DTA-Jamnagar - 1999 33.000
Reliance Industries Ltd.
22 SEZ-Jamnagar - 2008 35.200
Nayara Energy (Formerly
23 Vadinar - 2006 20.000
Essar Oil Ltd.)
Sub-Total 88.200
Grand Total 248.866

Oil recycling in India:

Hazardous Waste:
Danger causing in any way chemical, reactive, physical, toxic, flammable, explosive,
corrosive to human and environment or other species by any waste material from oil products
are defined under Hazardous Waste according to Hazardous Waste Rules, 2008. Spent oil &
Waste oil both are considered to be Hazardous waste. Spent oil is classified as ‘RED’ category –
highly polluting by management body.
• There is a considerable reduction in the quantity of used oil that is considered waste.
• In business terms, important savings are made in the purchase of new oils.
• The life cycle of the oil is extended with reprocessed oil being reintroduced into the same
production cycle.
Status of Hazardous Waste in India:
• In India, there are 36,165 hazardous waste recycling industries, generating 62,32,507
metric tons of HW every year.
• Generation of recyclable HW was the highest in the country accounting for 49.55% of the
total HW generated followed by land disposable (43.78 %) and incinerable (6.67 %)
respectively.
How is Used Oil Recycled?
Used oil can be:
• Reconditioned on site - Impurities are removed from the used oil, which is then reused.
While this form of recycling might not restore the oil to its original condition, it does
prolong its life.
• Inserted into a petroleum refinery - Used Oil is introduced as a feedstock into refinery
production processes.
• Re-refined - which involves treating used oil to remove impurities so that it can be used
as a base stock for new lubricating oil.
• Processed and burned for energy recovery - which involves removing water and
particulates so that used oil can be burned as fuel to generate heat or to power industrial
operations.

General process steps involved in reprocessing in India.

Few surveys are done to estimate various important figures.

Type Recycling Capacity/Potential (KLA) Percentage (%)

Recyclable HW - 49.55 (Out of total HW oil)

Spent Oil 1674139 45 (Out of Recyclable HW oil)
Used Oil 781279 46.67 (Out of total spent oil)
Waste Oil 892860 53.33 (Out of total spent oil)

• Total of 49.55% of Hazardous wastes is Recyclable. The total spent oil (used and waste
oil) recycling capacity / potential registered = 1674139 KLA i.e., 1.39 MMT.
• In India, there are 257 registered recycling facilities. Among them Maharashtra has
largest number 16% and Gujarat with 2nd rank of 14% recycling facilities.

Presence of SMEs in Spent Oil Reprocessing Sector:

Based on the recycling capacities kilo liters per annum (KLA) it was observed that there is
a major presence of SMEs in recycling of spent oil sector. The classification was done as follows:
• Regarding used oil it was observed that there are no used oil recycling units belonging to
large category i.e., 20,000 KLA and no waste oil units in Meghalaya, Orissa, Pondicherry,
and Punjab
• The statewise distribution of small, medium and mega recyclers are presented that
Gujarat has the maximum number small, medium and mega spent oil recyclers followed
by Maharashtra.

According to an article in a journal, there are number of ways to environmentally sound recycling
of Hazardous wastes.
• Vacuum distillation with clay treatment
• Vacuum distillation with hydro-treating
• Thin film distillation