maTematika ekonomikisa da biznesisTvis 1

simravleTa Teoriis elementebi

simravle maTematikis erT-erTi sawyisi (pirveladi) cnebaTagania. amitom is
ar ganimarteba. “simravlis” sinonimebia “erToblioba”, “krebuli”. simravleze
warmodgenis Sesaqmnelad moviyvanoT misi magaliTebi:
1. Tsu-s ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis studentebi.
2. SoTi puri, gudis yveli, mWadi, suluguni, xaWapuri, moxarSuli qaTami, Sem-
wvari goWi, kaxuri Rvino.
sagnebs, romelTagan simravle Sedgeba, simravlis elementebs uwodeben. Zi-
riTadad simravle ori wesiT moicema:
1. misi elementebis CamoTvliT, magaliTad A  {0, 2, 3} .
2. im Tvisebis mocemiT, romelic aqvs simravlis yovel elements, magaliTad
 
B  x x 3  5x 2  6 x  0 .
advili saCvenebelia, rom x 3  5x 2  6 x  0 mxolod maSin, roca x  0, 2, 3 . am-
gvarad, zemoT moyvanili A da B simravleebi erTi da imave elementebisgan
Sedgebian. aseT SemTxvevaSi amboben, rom A da B toli simravleebia da Sem-
degnairad aRniSnaven: A  B .
 simbolo niSnavs “elementia”, “ekuTvnis”, xolo  simbolo “ar ekuT-
vnis”. amgvarad, zemoT moyvanili B simravlisTvis samarTliania Semdegi:
3  B , 7  B . simravles, romelic arc erT elements ar Seicavs, carieli sim-
ravle ewodeba da aRiniSneba  simboloTi. simravles ewodeba “sasruli”,
Tu misi elementebis raodenoba sasrulia. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi simravles
“usasrulo” ewodeba.
xSirad TvalsaCinoebisTvis simravles geometriuli figuris saxiT warmo-
idgenen. am figurebs eiler-vinis diagramebs uwodeben.
vTqvaT, mocemulia A da B simravleebi.
gansazRvreba 1. A simravles ewodeba B simravlis qvesimravle, Tu A sim-
ravlis yoveli elementi B simravlis elementia. es ase aRiniSneba: A  B an
B  A.
 simbolo niSnavs “qvesimravlea”, “Sedis”;  niSnavs “ar aris qvesimrav-
le”, “ar Sedis”;  niSnavs “moicavs”:   niSnavs “ar moicavs”;  niSnavs “an”;
 niSnavs “da”.
gansazRvreba 2. A da B simravleebis gaerTianeba ewodeba yvela im ele-
mentis simravles, romlebic A da B simravleTagan erT-erTs mainc ekuTvni-
an.
A da B simravleebis gaerTianebas A  B simboloTi aRniSnaven, e. i.
A  B  x x  A  x  B.
eiler-vinis diagramebis gamoyenebiT A da B simravleebis gaerTianeba
Semdegnairad gamoisaxeba:

A B
A
B

1
 gansazRvreba 3. A da B simravleebis TanakveTa ewodeba yvela im elemen-
tis simravles, romlebic ekuTvnian rogorc A , ise B simravles.
A da B simravleebis TanakveTas aRniSnaven A  B simboloTi, e. i.
A  B  x x  A  x  B.

A A B
A B

A A B  
A B

gansazRvreba 4. A da B simravleebis sxvaoba ewodeba yvela im elementis

simravles, romelic ekuTvnis A -s da ar ekuTvnis B -s.
A da B simravleebis sxvaoba aRiniSneba A \ B simboloTi, e. i.
A \ B  x x  A  x  B, B \ A  x x  B  x  A.

A A B A B

A\ B B\ A
TqvenTvis cnobilia Semdegi mniSvnelovani simravleebi:
N _ naturalur ricxvTa simravle, N  {1, 2, } .
Z _ mTel ricxvTa simravle, Z  {0,  1,  3, } .
m 
Q _ racionalur ricxvTa simravle, Q   n  N, m  Z  .
n 
I _ iracionalur ricxvTa simravle anu yvela usasrulo araperiodul aTwi-
ladTa simravle
R _ namdvil ricxvTa simravle, R  Q  I .
N  Z  Q  R, I  R.
TqvenTvis cnobilia namdvil ricxvTa RerZi da wesi, romlis Tanaxmad nam-
dvil ricxvTa RerZze yovel namdvil ricxvs erTaderTi wertili Seesabameba
da piriqiT, yovel wertils namdvil ricxvTa RerZze Seesabameba erTaderTi
namdvili ricxvi.
qvemoT mocemuli iqneba namdvil ricxvTa zogierTi mniSvnelovani qvesim-
ravleebis gansazRvreba. vTqvaT, a  R , b  R , b  a .
(, a)  x x  R, x  a,

2
 (, a]  x x  R, x  a,
(a,)  x x  R, x  a,
[a,)  x x  R, x  a,
(a, b)  x x  R, a  x  b,
[a, b)  x x  R, a  x  b,
(a, b]  x x  R, a  x  b,
[a, b]  x x  R, a  x  b.
A da B simravleebis dekartuli namravli ewodeba yvela iseT (a, b) dala-
gebul elementTa wyvilebis simravles, roca damoukidebad a elementi Se-
icvleba A simravleze, xolo b _ B simravleze.
A da B simravleebis dekartuli namravli aRiniSneba A B simboloTi, e.
i.
A  B  (a, b) a  A, b  B.
vTqvaT, A  [1,9] , xolo B  [2,5] , maSin
y

A B

2
x
O 1 9
wrfivi algebris elementebi
matricebi, maTi saxeebi, operaciebi matricebze
ricxvebisgan Sedgenil marTkuTxrdis formis cxrils matrici ewodeba. ri-
cxvebs, romlebisganac matrici Sedgeba, matricis elementebi ewodeba. matri-
cebs didi laTinuri asoebiT aRniSnaven. zogadad matrici ase Caiwereba:
 a11 a12  a1n 
 
 a 21 a 22  a 2 n 
   
A 
   
   
 
a  
 m 1 a m 2 a mn 
an mokled A  aij m,n . matricis TiToeul elements aqvs ori indeqsi. pirveli
maTgani gviCvenebs striqonis, xolo meore svetis nomers. moyvanil A matrics
aqvs m striqoni da n sveti. maT matricis rigs uwodeben. Tu matrici mxo-
lod erTi striqonisgan Sedgeba, mas matric-striqoni ewodeba, xolo Tu er-
Ti svetisgan Sedgeba, _ matric-sveti. Tu m  n , maSin matrics kvadratuli
matrici ewodeba.

3
 kvadratuli matricis a11 , a 22  a nn elementebs matricis mTavari diagona-
li ewodeba. vTqvaT, A  aij n,n kvadratuli matricis elementebisTvis Sesru-
lebulia Semdegi
aij  0 , roca i  j , (1)
piroba, maSin matrics diagonaluri matrici ewodeba. (1) toloba niSnavs, rom
matricis is elementebi, romlebic mTavar diagonalze ar mdebareoben, nulis
tolia. Tu garda (1) tolobisa, kidev Sesrulebulia Semdegi
aii  1 , i  1,, n , (2)
toloba, maSin matrics erTeulovani matrici ewodeba da E asoTi aRiniSneba,
e. i.
 1 0 0  0 
 
 0 1 0  0 
 0 0 1  0 
E .
    
    
 
 0 0 0  1 
 
Tu matricis yvela elementi nulis tolia, mas nulovani matrici ewodeba da
Q asoTi aRiniSneba, e. i.
 0  0 
 
 0  0 
     .
 
  
 0  0 
 
vTqvaT, mocemulia A  aij m,n da B  bij m,n matricebi. A da B matricebis im
elementebs, romlebsac erTi da igive indeqsebi aqvT, Sesabamisi elementebi
ewodebaT. Tu A  aij m,n da B  bij m,n erTi da igive rigis matricebis Sesabami-
si elementebi tolia, maSin maT toli matricebi ewodebaT da ase aRiniSneba:
A B.
e. i. A  B niSnavs, rom
i  1,, m,
aij  bij ,
j  1,, n.
gansazRvreba 1.  ricxvis namravli A  aij m,n matricze ewodeba iseT mat-
rics, romlis yoveli elementi tolia  ricxvis namravlisa A matricis Se-
sabamis elementze da ase aRiniSneba:
  A,
e. i.   A  aij m,n . roca   1, maSin (1)  A   A .
gansazRvreba 2. erTi da igive rigis A  aij m,n da B  bij m,n matricebis jami
ewodeba iseT matrics, romlis yoveli elementi A da B matricebis Sesabami-
si elementebis jamis tolia da ase aRiniSneba:
A B,
e. i.
A  B  aij  bij m,n .

4
 gansazRvreba 3. vTqvaT, A  aij m, p matricis svetebis raodenoba B  bij p ,n
matricis striqonebis raodenobis tolia. aseT SemTxvevaSi ganimarteba A
matricis namravli B matricze. is iseTi C  cij m,n matricia, romlis elemen-
tebi Semdegi
p
cij  ai1b1 j  ai 2 b2 j    aip b pj   aik bkj , i  1,, m , j  1,, n (3)
k 1
tolobebiT ganisazRvreba. A da B matricebis namravli ase aRiniSneba: A  B ,
e. i.
A B  C ,
niSnavs (3) tolobis Sesrulebas.
matricTa namravls aqvs erTi ucnauri Tviseba. sazogadod
A B  B  A.
moviyvanoT Sesabamisi magaliTi. vTqvaT,
0 1  0 0
A    , B    .
 0 0   1 0 
maSin (3) tolobebis Tanaxmad
 0  0  11 0  0  1 0   1 0 
A  B       ,
 0  0  0 1 0  0  0  0   0 0 
 0  0  0  0 0 1  0  0   0 0 
B  A       .
 1 0  0  0 11  0  0   0 1 
amgvarad,
A B  B  A.
gansazRvreba 4. vTqvaT, mocemulia A  aij m,n matrici. Tu A matricis pir-
vel striqons CavwerT pirvel svetad, meore striqons _ meore svetad da a. S.,
maSin A matricis pirveli sveti TavisTavad Caiwereba pirvel striqonad, meo-
re sveti _ meore striqonad da a. S. miRebul matrics ewodeba A matricis
transponirebuli matrici da aRiniSneba AT , e. i.
 a11 a 21  a m1 
 
 a12 a 22  a m 2 
AT        .
 
     
a 
 1n a 2 n  a mn 

n -uri rigis determinantis cneba

arsebobs wesi, romlis Tanaxmad yovel A  aij n,n kvadratul matrics Seesa-
bameba erTaderTi ricxvi. mas A matricis determinanti ewodeba da ase aRi-
niSneba:
a11  a1n
  
det A  A 
  
a n1  a nn
es wesi SemdegSi mdgomareobs: Tu kvadratuli matrici pirveli rigisaa, anu
A  a11  , maSin det A  a11 . meore rigis determinanti ganimarteba pirveli rigis

5
determinantis saSualebiT, mesame rigisa _ meoris saSualebiT da a. S. n -uri
rigis determinanti ganimarteba (n  1) rigis determinantis saSualebiT,
n  2,3,. amis gansaxorcieleblad dagvWirdeba ori gansazRvreba. ganvixiloT
a11  a1 j  a1n
a 21  a 2 j  a 2 n
    
A
ai1  aij  ain
    
a n1  a nj  a nn
n -uri rigis determinanti.
gansazRvreba 1. a ij elementis minori ewodeba im (n  1) rigis determinants,
romelic mocemuli n -uri rigis determinantisgan i -uri striqonisa da j -uri
svetis amoSliT miiReba. a ij elementis minori aRiniSneba M ij simboloTi. a ij
elementis algebruli damateba aRiniSneba Aij simboloTi da ganisazRvreba
Semdegi
Aij  (1) i  j M ij (4)
tolobiT.
n -uri rigis determinanti (n  1) rigis determinantebis saSualebiT gamoi-
saxeba Semdegi
n
A  a11 A11  a12 A12    a1n A1n   a1 j A1 j (5)
j 1
tolobiT.
axla am tolobis gamoyenebiT miviRoT meore da mesame rigis determinante-
bis gamosaTvleli
a11 a12
 a11 (1)11 a 22  a12 (1)1 2 a 21  a11a 22  a12 a 21 , (6)
a 21 a 22
a11 a12 a13
a a 23 a 21 a 23 a 21 a 22
a 21 a 22 a 23  a11 (1)11 22  a12 (1)1 2  a13 (1)13
a32 a33 a31 a33 a31 a32
a31 a32 a33
 a11a22a33  a11a23a32  a12a21a33  a12a23a31  a13a21a32  a13a22a31
 a11a22a33  a21a32a13  a31a12a23  a13a22a31  a23a32a11  a33a12a21 (7)
formulebi.
am formulis dasamaxsovreblad arsebobs e. w. samkuTxedis wesi, romelic
simbolurad ase Caiwereba:

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ..
. . . = . . . + . . . + . . .
_ . . . ._ . . . _ .. .. ..
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ..
arsebobs (7) tolobis dasamaxsovrebeli kidev erTi, sarusis wesi, romel-
sac aseTi saxe aqvs:

6
 a11 a12 a13
a 21 a 22 a 23
a31 a32 a33
a11 a12 a13
a 21 a 22 a 23

determinantis ZiriTadi Tvisebebi

1. matricisa da misi transponirebuli matricis determinantebi tolia, e. i.
A  AT ,
aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom yvela Tviseba, romelic determinantis striqo-
nebs aqvs, eqneba svetebsac.
2. determinanti misi romelime striqonis (svetis) elementebis maT algebrul
damatebebze namravlTa jamis tolia, e. i.
A  ai1 Ai1  ai 2 Ai 2    ain Ain , i  1,, n , (1)
A  a1 j A1 j  a2 j A2 j    anj Anj , j  1,, n . (2)
am formulebs uwodeben determinantis gaSlas, Sesabamisad i -uri striqoni-
sa da j -uri svetis mimarT.
3. erTeulovani matricis determinanti erTis tolia, e. i.
E  1.
4. Tu determinantis romelime striqonis (svetis) yvela elementi nulia, maSin
determinanti nulis tolia.
5. Tu determinantis romelime ori striqoni (sveti) erTnairia, maSin deter-
minanti nulis tolia.
6. Tu determinantis romelime or striqons (svets) adgilebs SevucvliT, ma-
Sin determinanti mxolod niSans Seicvlis.
7. Tu determinantis romelime striqonis (svetis) yvela elements raime ricx-
vze gavamravlebT, maSin determinanti am ricxvze gamravldeba.
8. Tu determinantis romelime ori striqoni (sveti) proporciulia (erT-erTi
maTgani raime ricxvze meoris gamravlebiT miiReba), maSin determinanti nu-
lis tolia.
9. Tu determinantis i -uri striqonis elementebi warmodgenilia ori Sesakre-
bis saxiT, anu aik  aik  aik , k  1,, n , maSin determinanti ori iseTi determi-
nantis jamis tolia, romelTa yvela striqoni, garda i -uri striqonisa, em-
Txveva mocemuli determinantis striqonebs, xolo i -uri striqonis elemen-
tebi pirvel determinantSi arian aik , k  1,, n , ricxvebi, xolo meore deter-
minantSi _ aik , k  1,, n , ricxvebi.
10. Tu determinantis romelime striqonis (svetis) elementebs davumatebT sxva
striqonis (svetis) Sesabamis elementebs, gamravlebuls raime ricxvze, maSin
determinantis mniSvneloba ar Seicvleba.
11. determinantis romelime striqonis elementebis sxva striqonis Sesabamisi
elementebis algebrul damatebebze namravlTa jami nulis tolia, e. i.
ai1 A j1  ai 2 A j 2    ain A jn  0 , i  j . (3)
12. ori kvadratuli matricis namravlis determinanti tolia am matricebis
determinantebis namravlisa, e. i.
A B  A  B .

7
 (1) da (3) tolobebi erTad SeiZleba ase Caiweros:
 A , Tu i  j,
ai1 A j1  ai 2 A j 2    ain A jn   (4)
0, Tu i  j.

Sebrunebuli matrici

vTqvaT, A  aij n,n n -uri rigis kvadratuli matricia.

gansazRvreba 1. A matricis Sebrunebuli matrici ewodeba iseT B matrics,
romlisTvisac
A B  B  A  E .
A matricis Sebrunebuli matrici aRiniSneba A 1 simboloTi, e. i.
A  A1  A1  A  E . (1)
1
es toloba simetriulia A da A matricebis mimarT, amitom
 A.A 
1 1

ismis kiTxva: yvela kvadratul matrics gaaCnia Sebrunebuli matrici? am

SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacemamde moviyvanoT Semdegi
gansazRvreba 2. A kvadratuli matricis makavSirebeli matrici ewodeba
Semdeg
 A11 A21  An1 
 
 A12 A22  An 2 
A*       
 
     
A 
 1n A2 n  Ann 
matrics, sadac Aij A matricis a ij elementis algebruli damatebaa. amgvarad,
A matricisgan mikavSirebeli A * matricis misaRebad saWiroa, A matricis
transponirebuli AT matricis elementebi misi algebruli damatebebiT Sev-
cvaloT.

Teorema Sebrunebuli matricis Sesaxeb

Teorema. imisTvis, rom A matrics gaaCndes Sebrunebuli matrici, aucile-

beli da sakmarisia, rom A  0 .
damtkiceba. aucilebloba. vTqvaT, A matrics gaaCnia Sebrunebuli A 1 mat-
rici, maSin
A  A1  E ,
amitom
A  A 1  E .
axla, Tu visargeblebT determinantis 12-e da me-3-e TvisebebiT, miviRebT
A A 1  1 .
aqedan ki gamomdinareobs, rom
A  0.
aucilebloba damtkicebulia.
sakmarisoba. vTqvaT, A  0 . ganvixiloT

8
  a11 a12  a1n   A11 A21  A j1  An1 
  
      A12 A22  A j 2  An 2 
A  A*   ai1 ai 2  ain          .
  
            
a  A2 n  A jn  Ann 
 n1 a n 2  a nn   A1n
vTqvaT,
A  A*  C , C  cij n,n
maSin matricTa namravlis ganmartebis Tanaxmad gveqneba
cij  ai1 A j1  ai 2 A j 2    ain A jn .
axla, Tu gamoviyenebT (4) tolobas (ix. gv. 8), miviRebT, rom
 A , Tu i  j ,
cij  
0, Tu i  j.
e. i.
A  A*  A  E .
analogiurad mtkicdeba, rom
A * A  A  E .
amgvarad,
A  A*  A *  A  A  E .
am tolobis A -ze gayofis Sedegad miviRebT, rom
1 1
A*  A A * A  1.
A A
aqedan Sebrunebuli matricis ganmartebis Tanaxmad gveqneba
1
A  1  A*. (1)
A
Teorema damtkicebulia.
SevniSnoT, rom ara marto Teoremis damtkiceba moviyvaneT, aramed miRebu-
li iqna (ix. (1)) Sebrunebuli matricis gamosaTvleli formula.
gansazRvreba 3. kvadratul matrics ewodeba gadagvarebuli, Tu misi de-
terminanti nulis tolia, da aragadagvarebuli, Tu misi determinanti gan-
sxvavebulia nulisgan.
amgvarad, Sebrunebuli matrici gaaCniaT mxolod aragadagvarebul matri-
cebs.

wrfiv algebrul gantolebaTa sistema

a11 x1  a12 x 2    a1n x n  b1

a 21 x1  a 22 x 2    a 2 n x n  b2
 (1)

a m1 x1  a m 2 x 2    a mn x n  bm
am gantolebebs wrfiv algebrul gantolebaTa sistemas uwodeben. x1 , x 2 ,  ,
x n ucnobebia. maTi raodenoba n -ia, xolo gantolebaTa raodenoba _ m . roca

9
m  n , maSin sistemas kvadratuli ewodeba. b1 , b2 ,  , bm ricxvebs Tavisufali
wevrebi ewodebaT. Tu
b1  b2    bm  0 ,
maSin sistemas erTgvarovani ewodeba. ucnobebis win mdgomi koenficientebis-
gan Sedgenil A  aij m,n matrics sistemis matrici ewodeba.
 1 ,  ,  n ricxvebs ewodebaT (1) sistemis amonaxsni, Tu sistemaSi x1 ,  ,
x n ucnobebis nacvlad Sesabamisad  1 ,  ,  n ricxvebis CasmiT sistemis yove-
li gantoleba WeSmarit tolobad gadaiqceva. (1) sistemas ewodeba Tavsebadi,
Tu mas gaaCnia erTi mainc amonaxsni, da araTavsebadi, Tu mas amonaxsni ar ga-
aCnia. Tavsebad sistemaTagan ganasxvaveben gansazRvruls, romelsac erTader-
Ti amonaxsni gaaCnia, da ganusazRvrels, romelsac uamravi amonaxsni aqvs.
vTqvaT, mocemuli gvaqvs
a11 x1  a12 x 2    a1n x n  b1
a 21 x1  a 22 x 2    a 2 n x n  b2
(2)

a n1 x1  a n 2 x 2    a nn x n  bn
kvadratuli sistema.
ganvixiloT, Sesabamisad, ucnobebisgan da Tavisufali wevrebisgan Sedgeni-
li
 x1   b1 
   
 x2  b 
X    da B   2 
 
   
x  b 
 n  n
matric-svetebi. Tu gavixsenebT matricTa namravlis gansazRvrebas, davrwmun-
debiT, rom (2) sistema SeiZleba CavweroT
A X  B (2’)
saxiT. mas (2) sistemis matriculi Cawera ewodeba.
Teorema. Tu A  0 , maSin (2) sistemas eqneba erTaderTi amonaxsni da is mo-
icema
X  A1  B (3)
tolobiT.
am tolobas (2) sistemis amonaxsnis matriculi Cawera ewodeba.
damtkiceba. radgan A  0 , amitom iarsebebs A matricis Sebrunebuli A 1
matrici. axla (2) sistemis matriculi Cawera anu (2’) toloba gavamravloT
A 1 -ze. miviRebT:
A1  ( A  X )  A1  B .
aqedan gveqneba
 
A1  A  X  A1  B
E  X  A1  B
X  A1  B . (4)
Teorema damtkicebulia.

10
 krameris Teorema

(2) sistemis A matricis determinants ewodeba sistemis mTavari determi-

nanti da aRiniSneba  simboloTi, anu A   . mTavari determinantis j -uri
svetis Tavisufali wevrebiT Secvlis Sedegad miRebul determinants j -uri
damxmare determinanti ewodeba da aRiniSneba  j ' simboloTi, e. i.
a11  a1 j 1 b1 a1 j 1  a1n
a 21  a 2 j 1 b2 a 2 j 1  a 2 n
j 
      
a n1  a nj1 bn a nj1  a nn
Tu gamoviyenebT determinantis j -uri svetis mimarT gaSlis wess, gveqneba
 j  b1 A1 j  b2 A2 j    bn Anj , j  1,, n . (5)
Teorema (krameri). Tu   0 , maSin (2) sistemas aqvs erTaderTi amonaxsni da
is gamoiTvleba
j
xj  , j  1,, n (6)

formuliT. am tolobebs krameris formulebs uwodeben.
damtkiceba. (4) tolobis (ix. gv. 11) da Sebrunebuli matricis gamosaTvle-
li formulis (ix. gv. 9, (1) toloba) Tanaxmad
 x1   A11 A21  An1   b1   A11b1    An1bn 
      
             
 x   X  A 1  B  1  A 1 
A2 j  Anj   b j    A1 j b1    Anj bn 
 j   1j
   
             
x  A     
 n  1n A2 n  Ann   bn   A1n b1    Annbn 
am tolobidan da (5) tolobebidan miviRebT
 1 
 x1   1    
     
        
 x   1      j 
 j  j   
        
x      
 n  n  n 
  
j
anu x j  , j  1,2,, n .

Teorema damtkicebulia.

matricis rangi

gansazRvreba 1. A  aij m,n matricis k -uri k  min( m, n) rigis minori ewode-
ba misi romelime k striqonisa da k svetis gadakveTaze mdebare elementebis-
gan Sedgenil k -rigis determinants.
gansazRvreba 2. r ricxvs ewodeba A matricis rangi, Tu arsebobs A mat-
ricis erTi mainc r rigis nulisgan gansxvavebuli minori, xolo r  1 rigis
yvela minori (Tuki arseboben), nulis tolia.

11
 A matricis rangi aRiniSneba RgA simboloTi. advili saCvenebelia, rom
Tu matricis p rigis yvela minori nulis tolia, maSin p  1 rigis yvela mi-
noric nulis toli iqneba.
matricis rangi ar Seicvleba
1. Tu matricis striqons (svets) gavamravlebT nulisgan gansxvavebul mudmiv
ricxvze.
2. Tu matricis romelime ori striqonis (svetis) Sesabamis elementebs Sev-
krebT.
3. Tu matricis romelime or striqons (svets) adgilebs SevucvliT.
4. Tu movaxdenT matricis transponirebas.
5. Tu amovSliT matricis im striqons (svets), romlis yvela elementi nulia.

kroneker-kapelis Teorema
ganvixiloT n ucnobian m wrfiv gantolebaTa sistema (ix. gv. 9, (1) tolo-
ba). matrics, romelic am sistemis A  aij m,n matricisgan Tavisufali wevrebis
~
svetis damatebiT miiReba, gafarToebuli matrici ewodeba da aRiniSneba A
simboloTi
 a11  a1n b1 
 
~      
A
    
 
a  
 m1 a mn bn

Teorema (kroneker-kapeli). imisTvis, rom wrfiv algebrul gantolebaTa

sistema Tavsebadi iyos, aucilebeli da sakmarisia, rom gafarToebuli matri-
~
cis rangi iyos sistemis matricis rangis toli, anu RgA  RgA .
~
Tu RgA  RgA  n , maSin sistemas erTaderTi amonaxsni aqvs, xolo Tu
~
RgA  RgA  n , maSin _ uamravi.

gausis meTodi
ganvixiloT n ucnobian m wrfiv gantolebaTa sistema
a11 x1  a12 x 2    a1n x n  b1
a 21 x1  a 22 x 2    a 2 n x n  b2
 (1)

a m1 x1  a m 2 x 2    a mn x n  bm
zogadobis SeuzRudavad vgulisxmobT, rom a11  0 . sistemis pirvel ganto-
lebas ucvlelad vtovebT, xolo danarCeni gantolebebidan x1 -s gamovricxavT
Semdegi gziT: i -ur gantolebas davumatoT pirveli gantoleba, gamravlebuli
a
 i1 -ze, i  2,3,, n .
a11
amgvarad, (1) sistemidan miviRebT iseT axal sistemas, romlis yvela ganto-
leba, dawyebuli meore gantolebidan, ar Seicavs x1 ucnobs. miRebuli siste-
midan igive gziT SeiZleba miviRoT iseTi sistema, romlis yvela gantoleba,
dawyebuli mesame gantolebidan, x1 da x 2 ucnobebs ar Seicavs.

12
 vagrZelebT am process. Tu romelime etapze miviRebT gantolebas, sadac
ucnobebis win mdgomi yvela koeficienti nulia, xolo Tavisufali wevri nu-
lisgan gansxvavdeba, maSin sistema araTavsebadia (anu amonaxsni ar aqvs). Tu
ase ar moxda, maSin procesis dasrulebisas SeiZleba adgili hqondes or Sem-
Txvevas:
I. sistema miiRebs samkuTxedis formas
a11 x1  a12 x 2    a1n x n  b1
a' 22 x 2  a' 23 x3    a' 2 n x n  b' 2


a n 1n 1 x n 1  a n 1 x n  bn 1
 x n  bn
a nn
am SemTxvevaSi sistemas eqneba erTaderTi amonaxsni. bolo gantolebidan gani-
sazRvreba x n ucnobi da Semdeg zesvliT gansazRvraven danarCen ucnobebs.
II. sistema miiRebs trapeciis formas
a11 x1  a12 x 2    a1n x n  b1
 x 2    b2
a 22


all xl  all 1 xl 1    a ln x n  bl
am SemTxvevaSi sistemas eqneba uamravi amonaxsni. vigulisxmoT, rom a'll  0 . bo-
lo gantolebaSi xl 1 ,  , x n ucnobebis Semcveli wevrebi gadavitanoT marjve-
na mxares da ganvsazRvroT x l ucnobi xl 1 ,  , x n ucnobebis saSualebiT, Sem-
deg zesvliT _ danarCeni ucnobebi. amgvarad, x1 ,  , x l ucnobebi xl 1 ,  , x n
ucnobebis saSualebiT ganisazRvrebian. axla, Tu xl 1 ,  , x n ucnobebs raime
mniSvnelobebs mivaniWebT, maSin x1 ,  , x l ucnobebi Sesabamis mniSvnelobebs
miiReben da miviRebT (1) sistemis uamrav amonaxsns.

matricis sakuTrivi ricxvebi da maxasiaTebeli gantoleba

vTqvaT, mocemuli gvaqvs A  aij n,n kvadratuli matrici. ( A  E) matrics A

matricis maxasiaTebeli matrici ewodeba.
 a11   a12  a1n 
 
 a12 a 22    a2n 
( A  E )       
 
     
 a an2  a n n 1 a n n  
 n1
ganvixiloT A  E matricis determinanti.
A  E  0 (1)
gantolebas A matricis maxasiaTebeli gantoleba ewodeba.  -s im mniSvnelo-
bebs, romlebic (1) gantolebis amonaxsnia, A matricis sakuTriv ricxvebs
uwodeben.
vTqvaT,  k sakuTrivi ricxvia.

13
  x1 
 
X   
x 
 n
aranulovan matric-svets, romelic
AX  k X
gantolebis amonaxsnia, ewodeba A matricis sakuTrivi veqtori, romelic See-
sabameba A matricis  k sakuTriv ricxvs.

warmoebis dargTaSorisi balansi

vTqvaT, warmoeba Sedgeba n dargisgan. aRvniSnoT x i -T i -uri dargis mTlia-

ni produqciis moculoba. yoveli dargis produqciis garkveuli nawili gamo-
iyeneba rogorc sxva dargebSi, aseve dargis SigniT, xolo nawili saboloo
produqciis saxiT bazarze moxmarebisTvis gadis. vTqvaT, xij i -uri dargis im
produqciis moculobaa, romelic j -uri dargis produqciis warmoebisTvis ga-
moiyeneba, xolo q i _ im produqciis moculoba, romelic bazarze gadis. rad-
gan i -uri dargis produqciis mTliani moculoba n dargis mier moxmarebuli
da bazarze gasuli produqciis moculobaTa jamis tolia, amitom gveqneba
Semdegi
xi  xi1  xi 2    xin  qi , i  1,, n (1)
tolobebi. am gantolebebs dargTaSoris balansTa Sesabamisobas uwodeben.
xij i  1,, n
aij  , (2)
xj j  1,, n
sidide j -uri dargis produqciis erTeulis dasamzadeblad i -uri dargis
produqciis danaxarjia. aij sidideebs pirdapiri danaxarjebis koeficientebi
ewodebaT.
 a11 a12  a1n 
 
 a 21 a 22  a 2 n 
A       
 
     
a 
 n1 a n 2  a nn 
matrics pirdapiri danaxarjebis an teqnologiur matrics uwodeben. SeiZleba
CavTvaloT, rom aij koeficientebi drois raime monakveTSi mudmivebia, romle-
bic damokidebulia warmoebaSi Seqmnil teqnologiaze da maTi mniSvnelobebi
cnobilia. (2) tolobidan vRebulobT
xij  aij x j , i  1,, n , j  1,, n . (3)
am tolobebis gaTvaliswinebiT (1) gantolebebi ase Caiwereba:
a11 x1  a12 x 2    a1n x n  q1  x1
a 21 x1  a 22 x 2    a 2 n x n  q 2  x 2
 (4)

a n1 x1  a n 2 x1    a nn x n  q n  x n
SemoviRoT

14
  x1   q1 
   
 x2  q 
X  , Q  2
 
   
x  q 
 n  n
aRniSvnebi. X matric-svets ewodeba mTliani produqciis veqtori, xolo Q -s
_ saboloo produqciis veqtori. amis Semdeg (4) gantolebaTa sistema SeiZle-
ba CavweroT
AX  Q  X
AX  Q  E  X (5)
(E - A)X  Q
matriculi formiT.
Tu E - A matrici gadagvarebuli araa, anu E - A  0 , maSin E - A matrics eq-
neba (E - A)-1 Sebrunebuli matrici da (5) gantolebis amonaxsns eqneba aseTi
X  (E - A)-1  Q (6)
saxe.
vTqvaT,
 s11 s12  s1n 
 
 s 21 s 22  s 2 n 
(E - A)-1  S        ,
 
     
s 
 n1 s n 2  s nn 
maSin (6) toloba gaSlili saxiT ase Caiwereba
x1  s11q1  s12 q 2    s1n q n 1
x 2  s 21q1  s 22 q 2    s 2 n q n


x n  s n1 q1  s n 2 q 2    s nn q n
sabalanso analizis mizania, dadgenil iqnas iqnas pirobebi, romela dro-
sac yoveli Q veqtorisTvis (5) gantolebis (6) tolobiT mocemuli amonaxsne-
bi arauaryofiTi iqneba. aseT SemTxvevaSi A matrics uwodeben produqciuls,
xolo (4)-s (leontievis models) _ produqtiuls. arsebobs ramdenime kriteri-
umi A matricis produqtiulobisTvis. erT-erT maTgans aqvs aseTi
aij  0 , i  1,, n , j  1,, n
max a1 j  a2 j    anj   1
1 j  n

saxe da arsebobs iseTi nomeri j 0 , rom

a1 j0  a2 j0    anj0  1 .

saerTaSoriso vaWrobis modeli

qvemoT moyvanili iqneba ekonomiuri procesis maTematikuri modeli, ro-
melsac saerTaSoriso vaWrobis (wrfivi gacvlis) modeli ewodeba.
vTqvaT, mocemulia S1 , S 2 ,  , S n qveynebi, romelTa erovnuli Semosavlebi
Sesabamisad aris x1 , x 2 ,  , x n . a ij -T aRvniSnoT S j qveynis erovnuli Semosav-

15
lis is nawili, romelsac es qveyana S i qveynidan saqonlis SesaZenad xarjavs.
vigulisxmoT, rom mTeli erovnuli Semosavali ixarjeba qveynis SigniT sa-
qonlis Sesyidvaze an sxva qveynidan importze, e. i.
a1 j  a2 j    anj  1 , j  1,, n . (1)
ganvixiloT
 a11 a12  a1n 
 
 a 21 a 22  a 2 n 
A       
 
     
a 
 n1 a n 2  a nn 
matrici. mas vaWrobis struqturuli matrici ewodeba. (1) toloba niSnavs,
rom A matricis yoveli svetis elementebis jami 1-is tolia. aRvniSnoT p i -T
S i qveynis Siga da gare vaWrobis amonagebi (Semosavali miRebuli saqonlis
gayidviT), e. i.
pi  ai1 x1  ai 2 x2    xin xn , i  1,, n . (2)
vaWrobis dabalansebisTvis (aradeficiturobisTvis) yoveli qveynisTvis sa-
Wiroa, vaWrobidan amonagebi erovnul Semosavalze naklebi ar iyos, anu
pi  xi , i  1,, n . (3)
Tu davuSvebT, rom
pi  xi , i  1,, n , (4)
maSin (2) tolobebis gamoyenebiT miviRebT Semdeg
a11 x1  a12 x 2    a1n x n  x1
a 21 x1  a 22 x 2    a 2 n x n  x 2


a n1 x1  a n 2 x1    a nn x n  x n
utolobaTa sistemas. am utolobebis SekrebiT miviRebT
x1 a11  a21    an1   x2 a12  a22    an 2     xn a1n  a2n    ann   x1  x2    xn ,
aqedan (1)-is gamoyenebiT miviRebT Semdeg
x1  x2    xn  x1  x2    xn
winaaRmdegobas. maSasadame, imis daSveba, rom adgili hqondes (4) utolobebs,
SeuZlebelia. amitom (3)-is Tanaxmad gveqneba, rom
pi  xi , i  1,, n (5)
(es gasagebia imis gamoc, rom, SeuZlebelia, yvela qveyanam erTdroulad mii-
Ros mogeba). SemoviRoT
 x1 
 
x 
X  2

 
x 
 n
aRniSvna. X matrics Semosavlebis veqtors uwodeben. (2) da (5) tolobebidan
vRebulobT
xi  ai1 x1  ai 2 x2    ain xn , i  1,, n .
es tolobebi matriculi formiT ase Caiwereba
A X  X .

16
 veqtorebi, romlebic am gantolebis amoxsnaa, A matricis sakuTrivi veqto-
rebia, romlebic A matricis   1 sakuTriv ricxvs Seesabamebian.

veqtori. operaciebi veqtorebze

gansazRvreba 1. orientirebul monakveTs, anu monakveTs, romlisTvisac da-
saxelebulia saTave da bolo wertilebi, veqtori ewodeba.
veqtori, romlis saTave A wertili, xolo bolo B wertilia, aRiniSneba

AB simboloTi. zogjer veqtors erTi asoTi aRniSnaven, mag., a . veqtors, rom-
lis saTave da bolo wertilebi erTmaneTs emTxvevian, nulovani veqtori ewo-

deba da ase aRiniSneba _ 0 . A da B wertilebs Soris manZils AB veqtoris
 
sigrZe ewodeba da aRiniSneba AB simboloTi. Sesabamisad a aRniSnavs a veq-
toris sigrZes. nulovani veqtoris sigrZe 0-ia da mas mimarTuleba ar gaaCnia.
gansazRvreba 2. or veqtors toli ewodeba, Tu maT (saTavis anu modebis
wertilidan damoukideblad) toli sigrZe da erTi da igive mimarTuleba
aqvT.
gansazRvreba 3. or veqtors ewodeba kolinearuli, Tu isini erTi da igive
wrfis paraleluria, da komplanaruli, Tu erTi da igive sibrtyis parale-
luria.
veqtors, romlis sigrZe 1-is tolia, erTeulovani veqtori ewodeba.
 
vTqvaT, mocemuli gvaqvs a da b veqtorebi. aviRoT raime O wertili, mov-
 
doT masze OA  a veqtori, Semdeg A wertilze movdoT AB  b . OB veqtors
   
ewodeba a da b veqtorebis jami da aRiniSneba a  b simboloTi. Tu gvaqvs
   
a1 , a 2 ,  , a n , maSin veqtors, romlis saTave a1 veqtoris saTaves, xolo bolo
   
wertili a n -is bolo wertils emTxveva, ewodeba a1 , a 2 ,  , a n veqtorebis
  
jami da aRiniSneba a1  a2    an simboloTi.

A a1
  a2
a b
O B a1    an
 
a b
an
 
  0 ricxvis namravli a -ze aRiniSneba   a simboloTi da ewodeba iseT

b veqtors, romlisTvisac Sesrulebulia Semdegi ori piroba:
 
1) b    a ;
 
2) a da b veqtorebs aqvT erTnairi mimarTuleba, Tu   0 , da urTierT sa-
winaaRmdego, Tu   0 .
   
garda amisa, 0  a  0 da   0  0 .
  
(1) -is namravli a -ze aRiniSneba  a simboloTi da a veqtoris mopirdapire
   
veqtori ewodeba. cxadia, a   a   0 . yoveli aranulovani a veqtorisTvis
   
sruldeba Semdegi a  a  e toloba, sadac e erTeulovani veqtoria, romlis

mimarTuleba a veqtoris mimarTulebas emTxveva, anu

17
 
 a
e  . (1)
a

(1) tolobiT gansazRvrul veqtors a veqtoris mgezavi ewodeba.
 
imisTvis, rom a da b veqtorebi kolinearulebi iyvnen, aucilebeli da
sakmarisia, rom erT-erTi maTgani meores namravli iyos garkveul ricxvze.
axla moviyvanoT arakolinearul veqtorTa jamisa da sxvaobis e. w. para-
lelogramis wesi:

A b
B
   
 a b a b 
a
a


O b C
   
OB  a  b , CA  a  b .
 
gansazRvreba 4. kuTxe a da b veqtorebs Soris ewodeba im umcires kuTxes,
romliTac unda movatrialoT erT-erTi maTgani, meores rom daemTxves.
 
gansazRvreba 5. a da b veqtorebis skalaruli namravli ewodeba maTi sig-
rZeebisa da maT Soris kuTxis kosinusis namravls.
 
   
a da b veqtorebis skalaruli namravli aRiniSneba a  b simboloTi, e. i.
     
a  b  a  b  cos  , (2)
 
sadac  kuTxea a da b veqtorebs Soris.
ori veqtoris skalarul namravls aqvs Semdegi Tvisebebi:
   
   
1. a  b  b  a (komutaciurobis Tviseba)
    
      
2. a  b  c  a  b  a  c  (distribuciulobis Tviseba)
  
3. a  a  a  es toloba miiReba (2) tolobidan, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im
 
faqts, rom roca a  b , maSin   0 .
 
4. a da b veqtorebis namravli nulis tolia, Tu maT Soris kuTxe 90  -ia, an
erT-erTi maTgani nulovani veqtoria.

dekartis marTkuTxa koordinatTa sistema sivrceSi

vTqvaT, sivrceSi mocemuli gvaqvs sami ricxviTi RerZi, romlebic saTaveSi
erTmaneTs ise kveTen, rom TiToeuli maTgani danarCeni oris marTobulia.
erT-erT maTgans ewodeba OX , anu abscisTa RerZi, meores _ OY anu ordinat-
Ta RerZi, mesames _ OZ anu aplikatTa RerZi. samive RerZs erTad koordinat-
Ta RerZebi ewodeba. ganvixiloT XOY , XOZ da YOZ sibrtyeebi. isini sivrces
hyofen 8 nawilad, romlebsac oqtantebs uwodeben.
sivrcis yovel M wertils Seesabameba erTaderTi dalagebul ricxvTa sa-
meuli Semdegi wesiT:
M wertilze gavavloT sakoordinato RerZebis marTobuli sibrtyeebi.
vTqvaT, isini OX , OY da OZ RerZebs kveTen Sesabamisad M x , M y da M z wer-
tilebSi. vTqvaT, x , y da z Sesabamisad M x , M y da M z wertilebis koordi-
natebia saTanado ricxviT RerZebze. amgvarad, M wertils erTaderTi dala-

18
gebul ricxvTa ( x, y, z ) sameuli Seesabameba. maT M wertilis koordinatebi
ewodebaT da ase Caiwereba: M ( x, y, z ) . x -s ewodeba M wertilis abscisi, y -s _
ordinati, z -s _ aplikati. vTqvaT, piriqiT, mocemuli gvaqvs dalagebul ricx-
vTa ( x, y, z ) sameuli. x -s OX ricxviT RerZze Seesabameba erTaderTi M x wer-
tili, y -s OY ricxviT RerZze _ M y wertili, z -s OZ RerZze _ M z wertili.
Tu am wertilebze saTanado RerZebis marTobul sibrtyeebs gavavlebT, isini
erTaderT M wertilSi gadaikveTebian.
Z

Mz
M

k
Mx
  X
j i
My

amgvarad, sivrcis yovel wertils Seesabameba erTaderTi dalagebul ricx-

vTa sameuli da piriqiT, yovel dalagebul ricxvTa sameuls sivrceSi erTa-
derTi wertili Seesabameba. aseT SemTxvevaSi amboben, rom arsebobs urTierT-
calsaxa Sesabamisoba sivrcis wertilTa simravlesa da dalagebul ricxvTa
sameulebis simravles Soris.
  
vTqvaT, i , j da k erTeulovani veqtorebia, romelTa mimarTulebebi Sesa-
bamisad emTxveva OX , OY da OZ RerZebis mimarTulebebs. maT sabaziso veqto-
rebi ewodebaT.
   
Teorema. yoveli a veqtori i , j da k veqtorebis saSualebiT erTaderTi
saxiT Semdegnairad warmoidgineba:
   
a  xi  y j  zk , (1)
sadac x , y da z namdvili ricxvebia.

x -s, y -s da z -s a veqtoris koordinatebi ewodebaT. Tu ( x, y, z ) M werti-
lis koordinatebia, maSin
  
OM  x  i  y  j  z  k .
Tu Ax1 , y1 , z1  da Bx2 , y 2 , z 2  , maSin
  
AB  x2  x1 i   y 2  y1  j  z 2  z1 k .

operaciebi koordinatebiT mocemul veqtorebze

vTqvaT,
   
a  x1i  y1 j  z1k ,
   
b  x2 i  y 2 j  z 2 k ,

maSin
    
a  b  x1  x2 i   y1  y 2  j  z1  z 2 k

19
    
  a  x1  i  y1  j  z1  k
 
a  b  x1  x2 , y1  y 2 , z1  z 2 .
Teorema. vTqvaT,
   
a  x1  i  y1  j  z1  k , (2)
   
b  x2  i  y 2  j  z 2  k , (3)
maSin
a  b   x y

1 1  x2 y 2  z1 z 2 , (4)
x1 x2  y1 y 2  z1 z 2
cos   , (5)
2
1 x y   x y 
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
 
sadac  kuTxea a da b veqtorebs Soris.
damtkiceba. (2) da (3) tolobebisa da veqtorTa namravlis distribuciulo-
bis Tvisebis gamoyenebiT miviRebT, rom
  
 
 
     
a  b  x1i  y1 j  z1k x2 i  y 2 j  z 2 k
 
   
 
 x1 x2 i  i  x1 y 2 i  j  x1 z 2 i  k  
 
   
 
 
 y1 x2  j  i   y1 y 2  j  j   y1 z 2 j  k
     
     
 z1 x1 k  i  z1 y 2 k  j  z1 z 2 k  k . (6)
  
radgan i , j da k veqtorTagan TiToeuli danarCeni oris marTobulia, ami-
tom veqtorebis skalaruli namravlis gansazRvris Tanaxmad gveqneba
         
         
i j   j i   i  k  k  i  j  k  k  j  0 ,
     
i  i  j  j  k  k  1.
am tolobebis gamoyenebiT (6) tolobidan miviRebT (4) tolobis samarTlia-
nobas.
SevniSnoT, rom (4) formulis Tanaxmad
a  a   x12  y12  z12 ,
xolo veqtorebis skalaruli namravlis gansazRvris Tanaxmad
a  a   a  a  cos 0  a 2 .
bolo ori tolobidan vRebulobT, rom

a  x12  y12  z12 . (7)
analogiurad gveqneba

b  x22  y 22  z 22 . (8)
veqtorebis skalaruli namravlis gansazRvrebidan gvaqvs
 
a b
cos     .
 
ab
am tolobidan (4), (7) da (8) tolobebis gamoyenebiT miviRebT (5) tolobis
samarTlianobas. Teorema damtkicebulia.

veqtorTa wrfivad damoukidebloba. bazisi

vTqvaT, n  1 naturaluri ricxvia.

gansazRvreba 1. namdvil ricxvTa dalagebul n -euls n ganzomilebiani veq-
tori ewodeba.
n ganzomilebian veqtors aqvs n koordinati. vTqvaT, mocemuli gvaqvs

20
 a1 , a 2 ,  , a n (1)
n ganzomilebiani veqtorebi. veqtorTa (1) sistemas wrfivad damoukidebeli
ewodeba, Tu
1 a1  2 a2    n an  0
toloba sruldeba maSin da mxolod maSin, roca
1  2    n  0 .
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi veqtorTa (1) sistemas wrfivad damokidebeli ewodeba.
gansazRvreba 2. veqtorTa (1) sistemas ewodeba bazisi, Tu is wrfivad damo-
ukidebelia da yoveli maTgani erTeulovani veqtoria.

Tu veqtorTa (1) sistema bazisia, maSin yoveli x veqtori a1 , a 2 ,  , a n
veqtorebis saSualebiT erTaderTi saxiT Semdegnairad warmoidgineba

x  x1 a1  x2 a2    xn an ,

sadac x1 , x 2 ,  , x n namdvili ricxvebia. maT x veqtoris koordinatebi ewode-
baT.

analizuri geometriis elementebi

manZili or wertils Soris

vTqvaT, sibrtyeze mocemulia M 1 x1 , y1  da M 2 x2 , y 2  wertilebi. am werti-

lebs Soris manZili aRvniSnoT d -Ti, anu d  M 1 M 2 . samarTliania Semdegi
d  x2  x1    y 2  y1 
2 2
(1)
toloba. (1)-s or wertils Soris manZilis gamosaTvleli formula ewodeba.

monakveTis gayofa mocemuli SefardebebiT

vTqvaT, sibrtyeze mocemulia M 1 x1 , y1  da M 2 x2 , y 2  wertilebi. cnobilia,

rom M ( x, y) wertili mdebareobs M 1 M 2 monakveTze da
M 1M
.
MM 2
mtkicdeba, rom samarTliania Semdegi
x  x 2
x 1 , (1)
1 
y  y 2
y 1 . (2)
1 
tolobebi. roca   1 , maSin M M 1 M 2 monakveTis Sua wertilia. am SemTxveva-
Si (1) da (2) formulebi Rebuloben Semdeg

x1  x 2
x , (1’)
2

y1  y 2
y . (2’)
2
saxes.

21
 wrfis gantoleba kuTxuri koeficientiT

Teorema (wrfis gantoleba kuTxuri koeficientiT). vTqvaT, wrfe OX Rer-

Zis dadebiT mimarTulebasTan adgens  kuTxes da OY RerZs kveTs B(0, b)
wertilSi. maSin am wrfis gantoleba iqneba

y  kx  b (1)
sadac
k  tg (2)
Y
M ( x, y)

B(0, b) 
C


X
O A

wrfeze mdebare nebismieri M ( x, y) wertilisTvis gveqneba

OA  x, BC  OA  x, AC  OB  b,
(3)
AM  y MC  y  b
 BMC -dan
MC  BC  tg .
Tu am tolobaSi CavsvamT MC -sa da BC -s mniSvnelobebs (3) tolobidan, mivi-
RebT
y  b  x  tg
y  x  tg  b .
aRvniSnoT
k  tg .
gveqneba
y  kx  b . (4)

am gantolebas ewodeba wrfis gantoleba kuTxuri koeficientiT. k -s ewodeba

kuTxuri koeficienti, xolo b -s _ Tavisufali wevri. k tolia wrfis OX
RerZis dadebiT mimarTulebasTan Sedgenili kuTxis tangensis, xolo b _
wrfis OY RerZTan gadakveTis wertilis ordinatis. roca b  0 , maSin (4)
gantoleba miiRebs Semdeg
y  kx
saxes. es koordinatTa saTaveze gamavali wrfis gantolebaa.

wrfis zogadi saxis gantoleba

Ax  By  C  0 (1)
gantolebas, sadac A, B, C  R da
A2  B 2  0 , (2)
wrfis zogadi saxis gantoleba ewodeba. A , B , C koeficientebis cvlilebiT
SeiZleba miviRoT sibrtyeze mdebare nebismieri wrfis gantoleba.
Tu B  0 , maSin (2)-is gaTvaliswinebiT (1) gantoleba miiRebs

22
 C
x
A
saxes. es OY RerZis paraleluri wrfis gantolebaa, xolo roca A  0 , maSin
C
y
B
OX RerZis paraleluri wrfis gantolebaa. roca B  0 , maSin (1)-dan gveqneba
A C
y  x .
B B
es wrfis gantolebaa kuTxuri koeficientiT, sadac
A C
k , b .
B B

wrfeTa konis gantoleba

vTqvaT, mocemuli gvaqvs sibrtyeze mdebare M 0 x0 , y0  wertili.

gansazRvreba. sibrtyeze mdebare yvela im wrfeebis simravles, romlebic
M 0 x0 , y0  wertilze gadian, M 0 x0 , y0  wertilze gamavali wrfeTa kona ewode-
ba, xolo M 0 x0 , y0  wertils _ konis centri.
Ax  x0   B y  y0   C  0 (1)
gantolebas M 0 x0 , y0 wertilze gamavali wrfeTa konis gantoleba ewodeba.
A da B koeficientebis cvlilebiT SeiZleba M 0 x0 , y0  wertilze gamavali
nebismieri wrfis gantoleba miviRoT. roca B  0 , maSin (1)-dan miviRebT
y  y 0   x  x0  .
A
B
aRvniSnoT
A
 k,
B
maSin gveqneba
y  y 0  k  x  x0  (2)
am gantolebasac M 0 x0 , y0  wertilze gamavali wrfeTa konis gantoleba ewo-
deba. k koeficientis cvlilebiT SeiZleba miviRoT M 0 x0 , y0  wertilze gama-
vali yvela wrfis, OY RerZis paraleluri wrfis garda, gantoleba.

or wertilze gamavali wrfis gantoleba

vTqvaT, sibrtyeze mocemuli gvaqvs ori gansxvavebuli M 1 x1 , y1  da

M 2 x2 , y 2  wertili. vipovoT am wertilebze gamavali wrfis gantoleba.
Teorema (or wertilze gamavali wrfis gantoleba). Tu x1  x2 da y1  y 2 ,
maSin
y  y1 x  x1

y 2  y1 x 2  x1
gantoleba iqneba M 1 x1 , y1  da M 2 x2 , y 2  wertilebze gamavali wrfis gantole-
ba.
damtkiceba. davweroT M 1 x1 , y1  wertilze gamavali wrfeTa konis
y  y1  k x  x1  (1)

23
gantoleba. am konidan avarCioT is wrfe, romelic M 2 x2 , y 2  wertilze gaiv-
lis. amisTvis ki unda Sesruldes Semdegi
y 2  y1  k x2  x1 
toloba. aqedan
y  y1
k 2 .
x 2  x1
(1) tolobaSi k -s am mniSvnelobis CasmiT miviRebT
y  y1
y  y1  2 x  x1 ,
x 2  x1
anu
y  y1 x  x1
 (2)
y 2  y1 x 2  x1
am gantolebas or wertilze gamavali wrfis gantoleba ewodeba.
SeniSvna. a) Tu x1  x2 , maSin saZiebeli wrfe OY RerZis paraleluria da
misi gantoleba iqneba
x  x1 .
b) Tu y1  y 2 , maSin saZiebeli wrfe OX RerZis paraleluria da misi gantole-
ba iqneba
y  y1 .

wrfis gantoleba RerZTa monakveTebSi

vTqvaT, wrfe OX da OY RerZebs kveTs Sesabamisad P( p,0) da Q(q,0) werti-

lebSi. Tu visargeblebT or wertilze gamavali wrfis gantolebiT (ix. to-
loba (2)), maSin P( p,0) da Q(q,0) wertilebze gamavali wrfis gantolebas eqne-
ba Semdegi
y0 x p

q0 0 p
saxe, anu
x y
  1. (1)
p q
am gantolebas ewodeba wrfis gantoleba RerZTa monakveTebSi.

wrfis normaluri saxis gantoleba

vTqvaT, mocemuli gvaqvs wrfis gantoleba RerZTa monakveTebSi, anu
x y
  1. (1)
p q

24
 Y

Q(0, q)

 P( p,0)
X
O

gansazRvreba. wrfes, romelic koordinatTa saTaveze gadis da mocemuli

wrfis marTobulia, mocemuli wrfis normali ewodeba.
vTqvaT, h manZilia koordinatTa saTavidan mocemul wrfemde, anu
OA  h ,
xolo  kuTxea, romelsac normali adgens OX RerZis dadebiT mimarTule-
basTan.
x cos   y sin   h  0 (2)
gantolebas wrfis normaluri saxis gantoleba ewodeba.

wrfis zogadi gantolebis dayvana normalur saxeze

vTqvaT, mocemuli gvaqvs wrfis zogadi saxis
Ax  By  C  0 (1)
gantoleba. mtkicdeba, rom Tu am gantolebas gavamravlebT
1
 (2)
A2  B 2
ricxvze, sadac niSani SerCeuli iqneba ise, rom is C koeficientis sawinaaR-
mdego iyos, miviRebT wrfis normaluri saxis gantolebas, anu
A B C
x y 0
 A2  B 2  A2  B 2  A2  B 2
gantoleba wrfis normaluri saxis gantoleba iqneba. (2) tolobiT gansazR-
vrul da niSnis zemoT mocemuli wesiT SerCeul  ricxvs manormalebeli
mamravli ewodeba.
vTqvaT, mocemuli gvaqvs
Ax  By  C  0 ()
wrfe da M 0 x0 , y0  wertili, vipovoT manZili M 0 x0 , y0  wertilidan (1) wrfem-
de.
Teorema (manZili wertilidan wrfemde). manZili M 0 x0 , y0  wertilidan
Ax  By  C  0
wrfemde gamoiTvleba
Ax 0  By 0  C
d
A2  B 2
formuliT.
damtkiceba. Tavdapirvelad ganvixiloT is SemTxveva, roca (  ) wrfis
gantoleba mocemuli gvaqvs normaluri saxiT, anu
x cos   y sin   h  0 . ()

25
ganvixiloT ori SemTxveva. I SemTxveva, roca M 0 x0 , y0  wertili  wrfis ze-
da naxevarsibrtyeSi mdebareobs, da II SemTxveva, roca M 0 x0 , y0  wertili 
wrfis qveda naxevarsibrtyeSi mdebareobs.

Y
1

2
M 0  x0 , y 0 
d

X
O d
M 0  x0 , y 0 

M 0 x0 , y0  wertilze gavavloT  wrfis paraleluri  1 wrfe I SemTxvevaSi

da  2 wrfe II SemTxvevaSi. radgan  wrfis normali  1 da  2 wrfeebis nor-
malic iqneba, amitom  1 da  2 wrfeebis normaluri saxis gantolebebi Sesa-
bamisad iqnebian
x cos   y sin   (h  d )  0 1 
da
x cos   y sin   (h  d )  0 .  2 
radgan es wrfeebi M 0 x0 , y0  wertilze gadian, amitom Sesruldeba Semdegi
x0 cos   y0 sin   (h  d )  0
x0 cos   y0 sin   (h  d )  0
tolobebi. am tolobebidan ki vRebulobT:
I SemTxvevaSi
d  x0 cos   y0 sin   h ,
II SemTxvevaSi
d  x0 cos   y0 sin   h .
axla, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom manZili arauaryofiTi sididea, bolo ori
tolobidan gveqneba
d  x0 cos   y0 sin   h . (1)
roca wrfis gantoleba mocemuli gvaqvs zogadi saxiT, maSin manormale-
bel mamravlze gamravlebis Sedegad wrfis gantolebas daviyvanT normalur
saxeze da Semdeg gamoviyenebT (1) formulas. sabolood miviRebT
Ax 0  By 0  C
d . (2)
A2  B 2
am tolobas wertilidan wrfemde manZilis gamosaTvleli formula ewodeba.

kuTxe or wrfes Soris

Teorema (kuTxe or wrfes Soris). vTqvaT, mocemuli gvaqvs ori wrfis gan-
toleba kuTxuri koeficientiT:

26
 y  k1 x  b1 1 
y  k 2 x  b2 ,  2 
xolo  kuTxea, romliTac unda movatrialoT  1 wrfe dadebiTi mimarTule-
biT, rom is  2 wrfes daemTxves. maSin
k  k1
tg  2 .
1  k1  k 2
damtkiceba.
Y
2 1

A 1 2
X
O C

gvaqvs
k1  tg1 (1)
k 2  tg 2 . (2)
 ABC -dan
 2    1     2  1 ,
amitom
tg 2  tg1
tg  tg 2  1   .
1  tg 2  tg1
aqedan (1) da (2) tolobebis gamoyenebiT miviRebT
k  k1
tg  2 .
1  k1  k 2
am tolobas or wrfes Soris kuTxis gamosaTvleli formula ewodeba. calke
gamoyofen or SemTxvevas:
I. 1  2  k1  k 2 (wrfeTa paralelobis piroba)
II. 1   2  k1  k 2  1 (wrfeTa marTobulobis piroba)

maTematikuri analizi
ricxviTi mimdevroba
gansazRvreba 1. naturalur ricxvTa simravleze gansazRvrul funqcias
ricxviTi mimdevroba ewodeba.
CamovweroT naturalur ricxvTa simravleze gansazRvrul funqciis mniS-
vnelobebi:
f (1) , f (2) ,  , f (n) ,  .
SemdegSi f (1) -is nacvlad davwerT a1 -s, f (2) -is nacvlad _ a 2 -s da a. S.
a1 , a 2 ,  , a n ,  . (1)

27
(1) ricxviTi mimdevrobaa. is Semdgom SeiZleba mokled an  simboloTic aR-
vniSnoT. a n -s mimdevrobis n -uri anu zogadi wevri ewodeba. roca n  1, mivi-
RebT a1 -s, roca n  2 , _ a 2 -s da a. S. ricxviT mimdevrobebs SemdegSi ase aR-
vniSnavT: a n  , bn  , c n  ,  , x n  ,  y n  .
gansazRvreba 2. a n  ricxviT mimdevrobas ewodeba araklebadi, Tu
an  an1 n  N .
gansazRvreba 3. a n  ricxviT mimdevrobas ewodeba zrdadi, Tu
an  an1 n  N .
cxadia, rom Tu mimdevroba zrdadia, maSin is araklebadia. amave dros arsebo-
ben araklebadi mimdevrobebi, romlebic ar arian zrdadi.
gansazRvreba 4. a n  mimdevrobas ewodeba arazrdadi, Tu
an  an1 n  N .
gansazRvreba 5. a n  mimdevrobas ewodeba klebadi, Tu
an  an1 n  N .
cxadia, rom yvela klebadi mimdevroba arazrdadia. amave dros arseboben ise-
Ti arazrdadi mimdevrobebi, romlebic ar arian klebadi.
gansazRvreba 6. a n  mimdevrobas ewodeba monotonuri, Tu is arazrdadi an
araklebadia.
gansazRvreba 7. a n  mimdevrobas ewodeba zemodan SemosazRvruli, Tu arse-
bobs iseTi M ricxvi, rom
a n  M n  N .
M ricxvs a n  mimdevrobis zeda sazRvari ewodeba.
gansazRvreba 8. a n  mimdevrobas ewodeba qvemodan SemosazRvruli, Tu ar-
sebobs iseTi m ricxvi, rom
a n  m n  N .
m ricxvs a n  mimdevrobis qveda sazRvari ewodeba.
gansazRvreba 9. a n  mimdevrobas ewodeba SemosazRvruli, Tu is SemosazR-
vrulia rogorc zemodan, ise qvemodan.
an  mimdevroba SemosazRvrulia maSin da mxolod maSin, roca arsebobs
iseTi dadebiTi A ricxvi, rom
a n  A n  N .

ariTmetikuli da geometriuli progresiebi. sargeblis martivi da rTuli

ganakveTi. diskontireba

gansazRvreba 1. a n  ricxviT mimdevrobas ewodeba ariTmetikuli progresia,

Tu arsebobs iseTi d ricxvi, rom
an1  an  d n  N .
a1  a n 2a  d (n  1)
an  a1  d (n  1) , S n  n 1
2 2
tolobebs ewodebaT Sesabamisad ariTmetikuli progresiis n -uri wevrisa da
pirveli n wevris jamis formulebi.
gansazRvreba 2. bn  ricxviT mimdevrobas ewodeba geometriuli progresia,
Tu arsebobs iseTi q ricxvi, rom

28
 bn1  bn  q n  N .
bn q  b1
bn  b1  q n1 , S n 
b qn 1
n 1
 
(1)
q 1 q 1
tolobebs ewodebaT Sesabamisad geometriuli progresiis n -uri wevrisa da
pirveli n wevris jamis formulebi.
sargeblis martivi ganakveTi SemdegSi mdgomareobs: bankSi Setanil A0 ra-
odenobis Tanxas pirveli wlis bolos daericxeba sawyisi A0 raodenobis
A0  p
Tanxis p% . amitom 1 wlis Semdeg bankSi iqneba A1  A0  raodenobis Tan-
100
xa. meore wlis bolos A1 raodenobis Tanxas daericxeba sawyisi A0 Tanxis
p% . amitom 2 wlis Semdeg bankSi iqneba
A p A p
A2  A1  0  A0  2 0
100 100
raodenobis Tanxa. amgvarad, Tu yovel weliwads daericxeba sawyisi A0 Tan-
xis p% , maSin n wlis Semdeg bankSi iqneba
A p  np 
An  A0  n  0  A0 1   (2)
100  100 
raodenobis Tanxa. (2) tolobas martivi sargeblis formula ewodeba.
sargeblis rTuli ganakveTi SemdegSi mdgomareobs: bankSi Setanil A0 ra-
odenobis Tanxas pirveli wlis bolos daericxeba sawyisi A0 raodenobis
Tanxis p% . amitom 1 wlis Semdeg bankSi iqneba
A p  p 
A1  A0  0  A0 1  
100  100 
raodenobis Tanxa. meore wlis bolos A1 raodenobis Tanxas daericxeba A1
Tanxis p% . amitom 2 wlis Semdeg bankSi iqneba
A1  p
2
 p   p 
A2  A1   A1 1    A0 1  
100  100   100 
raodenobis Tanxa. amgvarad, Tu yovel weliwads daericxeba bankSi arsebuli
Tanxis p% , maSin n wlis Semdeg bankSi iqneba
n
 p 
An  A0 1   (3)
 100 
raodenobis Tanxa. (3) formulas rTuli sargeblis formula ewodeba.
diskontireba ewodeba bankSi Setanili sawyisi Tanxis gamoTvlas n wlis
Semdeg bankSi dagrovili An Tanxis saSualebiT. martivi sargeblis SemTxveva-
Si (2)-dan gveqneba
An
A0  ,
np
1
100
xolo rTuli sargeblis SemTxvevaSi (2)-dan gveqneba
An
A0  n
.
 p 
1  
 100 

29
 ricxviTi mimdevrobis zRvari

gansazRvreba. a ricxvs ewodeba x n  mimdevrobis zRvari, Tu nebismieri

  0 -sTvis moiZebneba iseTi N  ricxvi, rom
xn  a   , roca n  N  . (1)
am faqts ase aRniSnaven
lim xn  a . (2)
n 
(1) utoloba eqvivalenturia Semdegis
   xn  a   , roca n  N   xn  (a   , a   , roca n  N .
aqedan ki vRebulobT, (2) tolobis geometriuli Sinaarsi SemdegSi mdgomare-
obs: a ricxvis nebismier mcire  midamos gareT, anu (a   , a   ) intervalis
gareT moTavsebulia x n  mimdevrobis mxolod sasruli raodenoba.
mimdevrobas, romelsac aqvs zRvari, ewodeba krebadi mimdevroba, xolo ro-
melsac zRvari ar gaaCnia, _ ganSladi mimdevroba.
mtkicdeba, rom: Tu   0 ,
1
lim   0 , (3)
n  n

Tu q  1 ,
lim q n  0 . (4)
n 

(1) n mimdevroba ganSladia, anu

 lim (1) n . (5)
n 

mimdevrobis krebadobis aucilebeli piroba

Teorema (mimdevrobis krebadobis aucilebeli piroba). Tu mimdevroba kre-
badia, maSin is SemosazRvrulia.
damtkiceba. vTqvaT,
lim xn  a . (1)
n 

aviRoT   1 . zRvris gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad (1)-dan gamomdinareobs iseTi N

ricxvis arseboba, rom
a  1  xn  a  1 , roca n  N . (2)
vTqvaT,
m  min x1 , x2 ,, x N , a  1,
(3)
M  max x1 , x2 ,, x N , a  1.
(2) da (3) tolobebidan gamomdinareobs, rom
m  xn  M , n  N .
es ukanaskneli ki niSnavs, rom x n  mimdevroba SemosazRvrulia.
am Teoremis Sebrunebuli Teorema ar aris samarTliani. marTlac, (1) 
n

mimdevroba SemosazRvrulia, magram krebadi araa.

usasrulod mcire mimdevrobebi. Tvisebebi

gansazRvreba. x n  mimdevrobas ewodeba usasrulod mcire mimdevroba, Tu

lim xn  0
n 

30
anu   0 -sTvis N  iseTi, rom
xn   , roca n  N  .
Teorema 1 (ori usasrulod mcire mimdevrobis jamis Sesaxeb). usasrulod
mcire mimdevrobaTa jami usasrulod mcire mimdevrobaa.
es Teorema maTematikuri simboloebiT ase Caiwereba:
Tu
lim xn  0 (1)
n 
da
lim y n  0 , (2)
n
maSin
lim xn  y n   0 . (3)
n

damtkiceba. aviRoT   0 . (1)-dan gamomdinareobs iseTi N 1 ricxvis arsebo-

ba, rom

xn  , roca n  N1 ,
2
xolo (2) ki iseTi N 2 ricxvis arseboba, rom

yn  , roca n  N 2 .
2
aviRoT N  max N1 , N 2  . maSin bolo ori utolobidan miviRebT, rom

xn  , roca n  N ,
2

yn  , roca n  N ,
2
aqedan ki gveqneba
 
  , roca n  N .
xn  y n  xn  y n  
2 2
es ki niSnavs, rom sruldeba (3) toloba
Teorema 2. usasrulod mcire da SemosazRvruli mimdevrobebis namravli
usasrulod mcire mimdevrobaa.
Sedegi 1. usasrulod mcire da krebadi mimdevrobebis namravli usasru-
lod mcire mimdevrobaa.
Sedegi 2. usasrulod mcire mimdevrobaTa namravli usasrulod mcire mim-
devrobaa.

usasrulod didi mimdevrobebi. kavSiri usasrulod mcire mimdevrobebTan

gansazRvreba. x n  mimdevrobas ewodeba usasrulod didi mimdevroba, Tu

nebismieri A  0 ricxvisTvis moiZebneba iseTi N ricxvi, rom
xn  A , roca n  N .
garda amisa, Tu x n  mimdevrobis wevrebi, dawyebuli garkveuli nomridan da-
debiTia, maSin mimdevrobas usasrulod didi dadebiTi mimdevroba ewodeba
da am faqts ase aRniSnaven
lim xn   ,
n
xolo Tu dawyebuli garkveuli nomridan mimdevrobis wevrebi uaryofiTia,
maSin mimdevrobas usasrulod didi uaryofiTi mimdevroba ewodeba da am
faqts ase aRniSnaven

31
 lim xn   .
n

Teorema. vTqvaT, xn  0 n  N .

a) Tu xn  usasrulod mcire mimdevrobaa, maSin

1
mimdevroba iqneba usasru-
xn
lod didi mimdevroba.
b) Tu xn  usasrulod didi mimdevrobaa, maSin
1
mimdevroba iqneba usasru-
xn
lod mcire mimdevroba.

usasrulod mcire mimdevrobaTa Sefardeba

usasrulod mcire mimdevrobaTa Sefardeba SeiZleba iyos:
1) usasrulod mcire mimdevroba. moviyvanoT Sesabamisi magaliTi
1 1 a 1
a n  2 , bn  ; n 
n n bn n
a 1
lim n  lim  0 .
n  b n  n
n

aseT SemTxvevaSi amboben, rom a n  mimdevroba ufro maRali rigis usasru-

lod mcire mimdevrobaa, vidre bn  mimdevroba.
2) mimdevroba, romelsac aqvs nulisgan gansxvavebuli sasruli zRvari. Sesa-
bamisi magaliTia
A 1 a
a n  , A  0 , bn  ; n  A
n n bn
a
lim n  A .
n  b
n

aseT SemTxvevaSi amboben, rom a n  da bn  erTdaigive rigis usasrulod mci-

re mimdevrobebia. roca A  1 , maSin amboben, rom a n  da bn  eqvivalenturi
usasrulod mcire mimdevrobebia da am faqts aRniSnaven a n ~ bn .
3) usasrulod didi mimdevroba. magaliTi
1 1 a
a n  , bn  2 ; n  n ,
n n bn
a
lim n  lim n   .
n  b n 
n

aseT SemTxvevaSi amboben, rom a n  ufro dabali rigis usasrulod mcire mim-
devrobaa, vidre bn  mimdevroba.
4) ganSladi mimdevroba. magaliTi
(1) n 1 a
an  , bn  ; n  (1) n .
n n bn
a
amitom  lim n .
n  b
n
zemoT naTqvamidan gamomdinare usasrulod mcire mimdevrobaTa Sefardebas
0
uqodeben saxis ganuzRvrelobas. ganuzRvrelobis gaxsna niSnavs, CamoT-
0
vlil oTx SemTxvevaTagan konkretul SemTxvevaSi romelTan gvaqvs saqme.
32
 mimdevrobaTa ZiriTadi Tvisebebi

lim x   
lema.
n  a  xn  a   n , lim  n  0 . (1)
n n
Teorema 1 (krebad mimdevrobaTa jamis Sesaxeb). Tu
lim xn  a ,
n 

lim y n  b ,
n
maSin
lim xn  y n   a  b .
n
Teorema 2 (krebad mimdevrobaTa namravlis Sesaxeb). Tu
lim xn  a , (1)
n 

lim y n  b , (2)
n
maSin
lim xn  y n  ab , (3)
n 
damtkiceba. lemis Tanaxmad (1)-dan da (2)-dan gveqneba
xn  a   n , lim  n  0 ;
n

y n  b   n , lim  n  0 .
n
aqedan ki vRebulobT, rom
xn y n  a   n b   n   ab  a n  b n   n  n  ab   n .
usasrulod mcire mimdevrobaTa Tvisebis gamo (ix. gv. 31, Teorema 1 da gv. 32,
Sedegi 1, Sedegi 2)
lim  n  0 .
n 
bolo ori tolobidan lemis Tanaxmad vRebulobT (3) tolobis samarTliano-
bas.
Teorema 3. vTqvaT, sruldebian (1) da (2) tolobebi da b  0 . maSin
x a
lim n  .
n  y b
n

monotonuri da SemosazRvruli mimdevrobebis krebadoba

Teorema 1. Tu mimdevroba arazrdadi da qvemodan SemosazRvrulia, maSin is
krebadia.
Teorema 2. Tu mimdevroba araklebadi da zemodan SemosazRvrulia, maSin
is krebadia.
Teorema 1-dan da Teorema 2-dan gamomdinareobs Semdegi
Sedegi. Tu mimdevroba monotonuri da SemosazRvrulia, maSin is krebadia.

neperis ricxvi
SemdgomSi dagvWirdeba bernulis utoloba, romelic SemdegSi mdgomare-
obs:
vTqvaT, x  1 , maSin yoveli naturaluri n ricxvisTvis samarTliania Sem-
degi
(1  x) n  1  nx

33
utoloba.
 1 n 
Teorema (neperi).  1    ricxviTi mimdevroba krebadia.
 n  
 
damtkiceba. ganvixiloT
n 1
 1
x n  1  
 n
mimdevroba. Tu damtkicebuli iqna, rom x n  mimdevroba krebadia, maSin Teore-
ma damtkicebuli iqneba. marTlac,
n 1
 1
n 1   n 1
 1  1
lim 1    lim 
n
 lim 1   .
n 
 n n 
1
1 n 
 n
n
cxadia, rom
xn  1 ,
anu x n  mimdevroba qvemodan SemosazRvrulia. axla, Tu davamtkiceT, rom is
arazrdadia, maSin Teorema 1-is (gv. 33) Tanaxmad miviRebT neperis Teoremis
damtkicebas, e. i. dasamtkicebeli dagvrCa, rom x n  mimdevroba arazrdadia.
gvaqvs
n 1 n 1
 1  n 1 
1     n 1
xn  n n  1  (n  1) 2  n 1
  n      
x n 1  1 
n2
 n2 n  2  n(n  2)  n2
1    
 n  1  n 1 
n 1 n 1
 1  n 1  1  n 1
 1     1    .
 n(n  2)  n  2  (n  1) 2  n2
bernulis utolobis Tanaxmad
n 1
 1  1 n2
1    1  (n  1) 
2 
 .
 (n  1)  (n  1) 2
n 1
bolo ori utolobidan vRebulobT, rom
xn n  2 n 1
  1
xn 1 n  1 n  2
anu
xn  xn1 ,
e. i. x n  mimdevroba arazrdadia. Teorema damtkicebulia.
 1 n 
 1    mimdevrobis zRvari aRvniSnoT e -Ti, e. i.
 n  
 
n
 1
lim 1    e .
n 
 n
e -s neperis ricxvi ewodeba. cnobilia, rom
e  2,718281.
logariTmebs, romlebsac fuZed neperis ricxvi aqvT, naturaluri loga-
riTmebi ewodebaT. isini ase Caiwerebian:
log e A  ln A .

34
 ricxviTi mwkrivi. ricxviTi mwkrivebis krebadobis cneba
ganvixiloT
a1 , a 2 , 
ricxviTi mimdevroba. am mimdevrobisgan Sedgenil

a1  a 2     a k (1)
k 1
gamosaxulebas (simbolos) ricxviTi mwkrivi ewodeba. ganvixiloT pirveli n
wevris
n
S n   ak
k 1
jami. mas n -uri jami ewodeba. ganvixiloT kerZo jamebis
S1 , S 2 ,  (2)
mimdevroba.
gansazRvreba. (1) mwkrivs ewodeba krebadi A ricxvisken, Tu
lim S n  A .
n 
am SemTxvevaSi A ricxvs mwkrivis jami ewodeba da am faqts ase aRniSnaven:


a
k 1
k  A.

Tu (2) mimdevrobis zRvari ar arsebobs, maSin (1) mwkrivs ganSladi mwkrivi

ewodeba.

krebad mwkrivTa ZiriTadi Tvisebebi

Teorema 1. Tu (1) mwkrivi krebadia, maSin misi zogadi wevri nulisken miis-
wrafis, anu
lim a k  0 .
k 
Teorema 2. Tu


a
k 1
k A

da   R , maSin


 a
k 1
k  A .

Teorema 3. Tu


a
k 1
k A

da


b
k 1
k  B,

maSin


 a
k 1
k  bk   A  B .

35
 usasrulod klebadi geometriuli progresiis jami

b1 , b1 q , b1 q 2 ,  (1)
geometriul progresias ewodeba usasrulod klebadi geometriuli progre-
sia, Tu q  1 .
Teorema (usasrulod klebadi geometriuli progresiis jami). Tu q  1 , ma-
Sin

b

k 1
b1q k 1  1 .
1 q
(2)

damtkiceba. (1) progresiis pirveli n wevris jamis formulis Tanaxmad (ix.

gv. 29, toloba (1))
b  b qn
Sn  1 1 ,
1 q
radgan, roca q  1 , maSin
lim q n  0 ,
n 
amitom
 b qn  b
lim S n  lim  1    1 .
n  n  1  q 1 q  1 q

es ki (2) tolobis samarTlianobas niSnavs.
b1
sidides usasrulod klebadi geometriuli progresiis jami ewodeba
1 q
da mas S -iT aRniSnaven, e. i.
b
S 1 .
1 q

funqciis cneba

vTqvaT, mocemuli gvaqvs X da Y simravleebi da f wesi, romlis Tanaxmad

yovel x elements X simravlidan Seesabameba erTaderTi y elementi Y sim-
ravlidan. am y elements ase aRniSnaven
y  f (x) . (1)
am SemTxvevaSi amboben, rom mocemuli gvaqvs (1) tolobiT gansazRvruli
funqcia an asaxva, romelic X simravles Y simravleSi asaxavs. X simravles
f funqciis gansazRvris are ewodeba da D( f ) simboloTi aRiniSneba, xolo
 f ( x)xX
simravles f funqciis mniSvnelobaTa simravle ewodeba da aRiniSneba E( f )
simboloTi. cxadia, rom E( f )  Y . roca E( f )  Y , maSin amboben, rom f aris X
simravlis asaxva Y simravleze. sibrtyis yvela im wertilTa simravles, ro-
melTa koordinatebia x, f ( x)  , x  D( f ) , y  f (x) funqciis grafiki ewodeba.

elementaruli funqciebi

1. y  x  xarisxovani funqcia.
roca   N , maSin x  funqcia gansazRvrulia R -ze, e. i. D  R . roca  ken-
tia, maSin funqcia zrdadia, xolo roca  luwia, klebadia (,0] -ze da

36
zrdadia [0,) -ze. x  ,   N , funqcia gansazRvrulia yvelgan, garda x  0
wertilisa. roca   R  Z , maSin x  funqcia gansazRvrulia [0,) -ze, Tu
  0 , da (0,) -ze, Tu   0 .
n
Pn ( x)  a0  a1 x    a n x n   a K x k
k 0
funqcias ewodeba mravalwevri (polinomi), xolo
Pn ( x)
Qm ( x )
funqcias, sadac Pn (x) da Qm (x) mravalwevrebia _ racionaluri funqcia.
2. y  a x maCvenebliani funqcia, a  0, a  1 .
am funqciis gansazRvris are D  R , xolo mniSvnelobaTa simravle E  (0,) .
Tu 0  a  1 , maSin y  a x funqcia klebadia, xolo Tu a  0 , maSin zrdadia.
y  a x funqciis grafiki OY RerZs (1;0) wertilSi kveTs.
3. y  log a x logariTmuli funqcia, a  0, a  1 .
am funqciis gansazRvris are D  (0,) , xolo mniSvnelobaTa simravle
E  (-,) . Tu 0  a  1 , maSin y  log a x funqcia klebadia, xolo Tu a  0 , ma-
Sin zrdadia. y  log a x funqciis grafiki OX RerZs (0;1) wertilSi kveTs. lo-
gariTmuli funqcia maCvenebliani funqciis Seqceuli funqciaa. amitom
y  log a x funqciis grafiki y  a x funqciis grafikis simetriulia y  x wrfis
mimarT.
4. y  sin x funqcia.
am funqciis gansazRvris are D  R , xolo mniSvnelobaTa simravle E  (-1,1) .
y  sin x funqcia kentia, anu
sin( x)   sin x , x  R .
y  sin x funqcia periodulia da misi umciresi dadebiTi periodia 2 . y  sin x
funqcia zrdadia yovel
   

 2  2  k ,  2k  , k  Z
2 
segmentze, xolo klebadia yovel
 3 
 2  2 k ,   2k  , k  Z
2 
segmentze.
5. y  cos x funqcia.
am funqciis gansazRvris are D  R , xolo mniSvnelobaTa simravle E  (-1,1) .
y  cos x funqcia luwia, anu
cos( x)  cos x , x  R .
y  cos x funqcia periodulia da misi umciresi dadebiTi periodia 2 .
y  cos x funqcia zrdadia yovel
   2k , 2k  , k  Z
segmentze, xolo klebadia yovel
2k ,   2k  , k  Z
segmentze.
6. y  tgx funqcia.

37
  
am funqciis gansazRvris are D  R \   k  , xolo mniSvnelobaTa simravle
2  kZ
E  R . y  tgx funqcia kentia. is periodulia da misi umciresi dadebiTi peri-
odia  . y  tgx funqcia zrdadia yovel
   
   k ,  k  , k  Z ,
 2 2 
intervalze.
7. y  ctgx funqcia.
am funqciis gansazRvris are D  R \ k kZ , xolo mniSvnelobaTa simravle
E  R . y  ctgx funqcia kentia. is periodulia da misi umciresi dadebiTi peri-
odia  . y  ctgx funqcia klebadia yovel
k ,  (k  1) , k  Z
intervalze.
8. y  arcsin x funqcia.
am funqciis gansazRvris are D  [1,1] , xolo mniSvnelobaTa simravle
  
E  - ,  . y  arcsin x funqcia kenti, zrdadi funqciaa. is y  sin x funqciis
 2 2
  
Seqceuli funqciaa - ,  segmentze.
 2 2
9. y  arccos x funqcia.
am funqciis gansazRvris are D  [1,1] , xolo mniSvnelobaTa simravle
E  0,   . y  arccos x funqcia klebadi funqciaa. is y  cos x funqciis Seqceuli
funqciaa 0,   segmentze.
10. y  arctgx funqcia.
am funqciis gansazRvris are D  R , xolo mniSvnelobaTa simravle
  
E  - ,  . y  arctgx funqcia kenti, zrdadi funqciaa. is y  tgx funqciis
 2 2
  
Seqceuli funqciaa  - ,  intervalze.
 2 2
11. y  arcctgx funqcia.
am funqciis gansazRvris are D  R , xolo mniSvnelobaTa simravle E  0,   .
y  arcctgx funqcia klebadi funqciaa. is y  ctgx funqciis Seqceuli funqciaa
(0,  ) intervalze.

funqciis zRvari wertilSi

 x0   , x0   
intervals x 0 wertilis  midamo ewodeba. vTqvaT, f (x) fun-
qcia gansazRvrulia x 0 wertilis raime midamoSi garda, SesaZlebelia, TviT
x 0 wertilisa.
gansazRvreba 1. A ricxvs ewodeba f (x) funqciis zRvari x 0 wertilSi, Tu
nebismieri x n  mimdevrobisTvis, romlisTvisac
lim xn  x0 ,
n
sruldeba
lim f xn   A
n 

38
toloba. am faqts ase aRniSnaven
lim f ( x)  A .
x  x0

funqciis zRvris es gansazRvreba eqvivalenturia Semdegi gansazRvrebis:

gansazRvreba 1. A ricxvs ewodeba f (x) funqciis zRvari x 0 wertilSi, Tu
nebismieri   0 ricxvisTvis moiZebneba    0 ricxvi, iseTi, rom
f ( x)  A   , roca 0  x  x0    .

funqciis zRvris ZiriTadi Tvisebebi

Teorema. vTqvaT,
lim f ( x)  A
x  x0

da
lim g ( x)  B ,
x  x0

maSin
1) lim  f ( x)  g ( x)  A  B ,
x  x0

2) lim f ( x)  g ( x)  A  B ,
x  x0

f ( x) A
3) Tu B  0 , lim  .
x  x0 g ( x) B
vTqvaT, mocemuli gvaqvs
y  f (x)
funqcia da vTqvaT,
x  g (t ) .
sabolood
y  f g (t ) ,
anu y aris t cvladis funqcia. aseT SemTxvevaSi amboben, rom y aris t cvla-
dis rTuli funqcia, anu y aris g da f funqciebis superpozicia.
Teorema (rTuli funqciis zRvris Sesaxeb). Tu
lim f ( x)  A
x  x0

da
lim g (t )  x0 ,
t t0

maSin
lim f g (t )   A .
t t0

gansazRvreba 1. f (x) funqcias ewodeba usasrulod mcire funqcia a wer-

tilSi, Tu
lim f ( x)  0 .
x a

gansazRvreba 2. or usasrulod mcire f (x) da g (x) funqciebs ewodebaT

tolfasi usasrulod mcire funqciebi a wertilSi, Tu
f ( x)
lim  1.
x a g ( x)

funqciis uwyvetoba

vTqvaT, f (x) funqcia gansazRvrulia x 0 wertilis raime midamoSi.

39
 gansazRvreba 1. f (x) funqcias ewodeba uwyveti x 0 wertilSi, Tu
lim f ( x)  f x0  . (1)
x  x0

Tu gavixsenebT funqciis zRvris gansazRvrebas, maSin (1) toloba niSnavs,

rom   0 -sTvis    0 iseTi, rom
f ( x)  f x0    , roca x  x0    .
radgan
x0  lim x ,
x  x0

amitom (1) toloba SeiZleba asec Caiweros:

lim f ( x)  f  lim x  ,
x  x0  x x0 
e. i. Tu funqcia x 0 wertilSi uwyvetia, maSin SeiZleba zRvarze gadasvla
funqciis SigniT argumentSi.
Tu funqcia x 0 wertilSi uwyveti araa, maSin amboben, rom is wyvetilia x 0
wertilSi, an x 0 wertili funqciis wyvetis wertilia.
gansazRvreba 2. f (x) funqcias ewodeba uwyveti x 0 wertilSi marjvnidan
(marcxnidan), Tu
 
lim f ( x)  f x0   lim f ( x)  f x0  .
x  x0  x x0 
x  x0  x x0 
gansazRvreba 3. funqcias ewodeba uwyveti (a, b) intervalze, Tu is uwyvetia
am intervalis yovel wertilSi.
gansazRvreba 4. funqcias ewodeba uwyveti [a, b] segmentze, Tu is uwyvetia
(a, b) intervalze da uwyvetia a wertilSi marjvnidan, xolo b wertilSi
marcxnidan.

uwyvet funqciaTa ZiriTadi Tvisebebi

Teorema. vTqvaT, f (x) da g (x) funqciebi uwyvetia x 0 wertilSi. maSin x 0

wertilSi uwyveti iqneba
1) f ( x)  g ( x) funqcia
2) f ( x)  g ( x) funqcia

funqcia, Tu g x0   0
f ( x)
3)
g ( x)
Teorema (rTuli funqciis uwyvetobis Sesaxeb). vTqvaT,
y  f (x)
funqcia uwyvetia x 0 wertilSi, xolo
x  g (t )
funqcia uwyvetia t 0 wertilSi da x0  g t 0  , maSin
y  f g (t )
funqcia uwyveti iqneba t 0 wertilSi.

vaierStrasisa da koSis Teoremebi

vTqvaT, f funqcia gansazRvrulia D simravleze.

40
 gansazRvreba 1. f funqcias ewodeba qvemodan SemosazRvruli D simravle-
ze, Tu arsebobs iseTi m ricxvi, rom
f ( x)  m , x  D .
m ricxvs ewodeba f funqciis qveda sazRvari D simravleze. f funqciis D
simravleze qveda sazRvrebs Soris udidess ewodeba f funqciis zusti qveda
sazRvari D simravleze da aRiniSneba
inf f ( x) .
xD
simboloTi.
gansazRvreba 2. f funqcias ewodeba zemodan SemosazRvruli D simravle-
ze, Tu arsebobs iseTi M ricxvi, rom
f ( x)  M , x  D .
M ricxvs ewodeba f funqciis zeda sazRvari D simravleze. f funqciis D
simravleze zeda sazRvrebs Soris umciress ewodeba f funqciis zusti zeda
sazRvari D simravleze da aRiniSneba
sup f ( x) .
xD
simboloTi.
gansazRvreba 3. f funqcias ewodeba SemosazRvruli D simravleze, Tu is
SemosazRvrulia D simravleze rogorc zemodan, aseve qvemodan.
Teorema 1 (vaierStrasi). segmentze uwyveti funqcia SemosazRvrulia am seg-
mentze.
unda aRiniSnos, rom intervalze uwyveti funqciebi sazogadod ar arian
1
SemosazRvruli am intervalze. magaliTad, y  funqcia uwyvetia (0,1) inter-
x
valze, magram ar aris SemosazRvruli masze, radgan
1
lim   .
x 0 x

Teorema 2 (vaierStrasi). vTqvaT, f funqcia uwyvetia [a, b] segmentze, maSin

is am segmentze miaRwevs Tavis zust zeda da qveda sazRvrebs, anu iarsebebs
iseTi x1 , x2  [a, b] , rom
f x1   inf f ( x) , f x2   sup f ( x) .
x[ a ,b ] x[ a ,b ]

im SemTxvevaSi, roca f funqcia aRwevs Tavis zust qveda da zeda sazR-

vrebs, maSin maT Sesabamisad funqciis udidesi da umciresi mniSvnelobebi
ewodebaT. isini Sesabamisad Semdegnairad aRiniSnebian:
min f ( x) da max f ( x) .
x[ a ,b ] x[ a ,b ]

Teorema 3 (koSi). vTqvaT, f funqcia uwyvetia [a, b] segmentze da

f (a)  f (b) f (a)  f (b) . maSin is miiRebs yvela mniSvnelobebs f (a) da f (b)  f (b)
da f (a)  ricxvebs Soris.
Teorema 3-dan gamomdinareobs
Sedegi. vTqvaT, f funqcia uwyvetia [a, b] segmentze. Tu f (a) da f (b) ricx-
vebs sxvadasxva niSani aqvT, maSin am segmentze iarsebebs erTi mainc iseTi c
wertili, rom
f (c)  0 .

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 y  sin x funqciis uwyvetoba

mtkicdeba, rom ZiriTadi elementaruli funqciebi uwyveti gansazRvris

areze arian. qvemoT moviyvanT y  sin x funqciis uwyvetobis damtkicebas.
Y

A B

xx D C X
O

ganvixiloT 1-radiusiani wrewiri centriT koordinatTa saTaveSi. x


AOC -s radianuli zomaa da 0  x  . geometriuli mosazrebidan gamomdina-
2
reobs, rom
S AOC  SseqAOC  S BOC
anu
1 1 1
OC  AD  OC 2 x  BC  OC ,
2 2 2
aqedan ki gamomdinareobs, rom

sin x  x  tgx , 0  x  . (1)
2
aviRoT nebismieri x0  R . gvaqvs
x  x0 x  x0 x  x0
sin x  sin x0  2 sin cos  2 sin .
2 2 2
x  x0 
Tu vigulisxmebT, rom 
, maSin (1)-is gamoyenebiT miviRebT, rom
22
sin x  sin x0  x  x0 .
am utolobidan gamomdinareobs, rom   0 -sTvis
sin x  sin x0   , roca x  x0   .
es ki niSnavs, rom y  sin x funqcia uwyvetia x 0 wertilSi. radgan x 0 R -dan
nebismierad iyo aRebuli, amitom y  sin x funqcia uwyveti iqneba R -ze.

SesaniSnavi zRvrebi

sin x
1. lim 1 (1)
x 0 x
damtkiceba. gvaqvs (ix. gv. 42, toloba (1))

sin x  x  tgx , 0  x  .
2
am utolobis sin x -ze gayofiT miviRebT

42
 x 1 
1  , 0 x ,
sin x cos x 2
anu
sin x 
cos x   1, 0  x  .
x 2
sin x
radgan cos x da luwi funqciebia, amitom bolo utoloba samarTliania,
x

roca 0  x  . axla, Tu am utolobaSi gadavalT zRvarze, roca x  0 , mivi-
2
RebT
sin x
lim cos x  lim
 lim 1,
x 0
x x 0 x 0

sin x
1  lim  1.
x 0 x
aqedan ki gamomdinareobs (1) tolobis samarTlianoba.
log a (1  x) 1
2. lim  (2)
x 0 x ln a
damtkiceba. viciT, rom
t
 1
lim 1    e .
t 
 t
1
aRvniSnoT  x . maSin, roca t   , gveqneba, rom x  0 . amitom
t
1

lim (1  x)  e .
x
x 0

am tolobisa da y  log a x funqciis uwyvetobis gamo gveqneba

log a (1  x)
1 1
1
lim  lim log a (1  x) x  log a lim (1  x) x  log a e  .
x 0 x x 0 x 0 ln a

a x 1
3. lim  ln a (3)
x 0 x

damtkiceba. aRvniSnoT
a x 1  t .
maSin
ax  1 t ,
x  log a (1  t )
da roca x  0 , maSin t  0 . amitom
a x 1 t 1
lim  lim  lim .
log a (1  t ) log a (1  t )
x 0 x t  0 t  0

t
aqedan ki (2) tolobis gamoyenebiT miviRebT
a x 1 1
lim   ln a .
x 0 x 1
ln a

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 procentebis uwyvetad daricxvis amocana

viciT, rom Tu bankSi Setanil k 0 raodenobis Tanxas yoveli wlis bolos

daericxeba p% , maSin rTuli ganakveTis (rTuli procentis) formulis Tanax-
mad n wlis Semdeg bankSi iqneba
n
 p 
k n  k 0 1  
 100 
raodenobis Tanxa. axla, Tu erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi daricxva moxdeba t -jer
p
da yovel daricxvaze daericxeba % , maSin rTuli procentis formulis Ta-
t
t
 p 
naxmad erTi wlis Semdeg bankSi iqneba k 0 1   raodenobis Tanxa, xolo n
 100t 
wlis Semdeg
t n
 p 
k n,t  k 0 1  
 100 
raodenobis Tanxa. imis gamo, rom
t n p
 p  n
lim k n,t  lim k 0 1    k 0 e 100 ,
t  t 
 100 
pn
amitom t -s sakmaod didi mniSvnelobisTvis k 0 e 100 sidide axlos iqneba k n ,t -
sTan.
pn

k  k0e *
n
100

tolobas procentebis uwyvetad daricxvis formula ewodeba. uwyveti daricx-

vis SemTxvevaSi n wlis Semdeg k 0 Tanxidan bankSi iqneba k n* Tanxa. SevniSnoT,
rom yoveli t  1 -sTvis k n*  k n,t da gansxaveba k n* -sa da k n ,t -s Soris miT ufro
mcirea, rac ufro didia t .

44