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Conclusions and Recommendations
Conclusions and Recommendations
Typical values of wastewater that have been reported are given in Table 26. Huge
variations do occur owing to differences of scale and in house-keeping and management
practices of factories or plants. The quantity of water used for the various processes is a
major determining factor, high levels of wateruse being related to high emission values.
If the density of animal product processing is so low that the concentration of pollutants in
the receiving water bodies remains low, the production of wastewater does not necessarily
lead to environmental problems. However, when from the comparison of the values of
Table 26 with the European target values for urban wastewater discharge (e.g. 25 mg
BOD, 10-15 mg N and 1-2 mg P per litre), it becomes clear that, from a wastewater
production point of view, that there is a trend towards increasing densities of product
processing even at relatively small amounts of processed animal products.
The heavy metal Chromium, occurring in the waste of tanneries, has caused and will in all
likelihood continue to cause, serious environmental problems. It is common practice that
most of the chromium is released in wastewater. There are no indications of other heavy
metals in the waste of the animal processing industry causing environmental problems.
Problems caused by air pollution and solid waste disposal are minor in comparison to
those related to wastewater production. The main cause of air pollution is the use of fossil
energy, with as major exception the volatile organic compounds in the leather industry.
Particularly in slaughterhouses solid waste disposal may lead to hygienic problems, but in
principle these are relatively easy to solve. An exception is the leather waste that contains
chromium. This waste must be dumped on special grounds.
For a proper discussion of the environmental impact of slaughtering, tanning, and dairy
industry, the effects of related activities such as transportation, spoilage by the consumer,
durability of the product etc. also have to be taken into account. These activities are
especially important for the discussion concerning the advantages and disadvantages of
the various production processes and the scale at which processing is undertaken.
- solid waste data of 5.5 kg manure per ton carcass weight, obviously referring
to minor components of the manure, probably the scrapings, but with no
reference to other solid waste production (e.g. rumen content).
Most of the reported values originate from EPA-studies published in the period 1970-1975.
Even studies published at the end of the eighties refer mainly to these studies. Moreover,
huge variations in waste production per unit of product processed have been found. This
variation can be partly explained by looking at the types of products made or processes
used, but some variation remains unexplained. But even worse, also in OECD-countries
exceptions have been recorded which exceed emission values by manifold, without
mention of a possible clue of explanation.
The conclusion that needs to be drawn is clear. There is an urgent demand for proper, well
described, reference values on waste production. Monitoring programmes need to be set
up to allow for a more reliable environmental impact assessment of animal product
processing than is presently the case. These monitoring programmes should result in
emission factors per unit of product processed. Because of the diversity in processes and
waste production, proper data collection on waste processing will be an expensive and
time consuming undertaking.
The obtained reference values on waste production will always need to be translated to
locally relevant processing methods and production situations. Thus, monitoring programs
must be arranged so as to make it possible to give a correct interpretation of the reference
values.
- give a clear description of the production processes to which the data relate,
including the quantity and type of product processed;
In addition steps must be made that measurements are taken prior to wastewater
treatment and before the water is diluted with other (waste-)water. If a wastewater
treatment plant is available, the reactor performance should be determined for the
evaluation of the effectiveness of the water treatment. In such cases related parameters
should also be measured: precipitation not only results in a reduction of BOD, SS, etc., but
also increases the amount of solid waste.
In this study possibilities for waste prevention and end of pipe treatment have been treated.
No attention has been given to the development of clean processing methods as these
entail specific fundamental technical and economical knowledge.
Given the high BOD-load in the wastewater of tanneries, dairies and slaughterhouses,
anaerobic systems would seem to be the most suitable wastewater purification systems.
Simple anaerobic systems reach 50% BOD-purification, while high-rate anaerobic systems
may achieve a 90% BOD-purification rate.
In a few developed countries, environmental problems have led to the formulation of high
quality standards for discharged water. To meet these standards, a combination of
anaerobic and aerobic is required, often coupled to nutrient removal systems.
As most of the air pollution is related to fossil energy consumption, prevention as a method
to reduce environmental pollution is even more important than it is for wastewater. For
some components (e.g. VOC, dust) methods exist for the treatment of polluted air, however
frequently at high costs.