Professional Documents
Culture Documents
45 - 37295 - EE218 - 2012 - 4 - 2 - 1 - EE 218 Sheets and Solutions
45 - 37295 - EE218 - 2012 - 4 - 2 - 1 - EE 218 Sheets and Solutions
o
3) A temperature sensor has a transfer function of 44.5 mV / C. The output
voltage is measured to be 8.86 volts. What is the expected value of the
temperature?
4) For the same sensor in problem (2), if the output voltage was first amplified by
an amplifier of gain 15 ± 0.25 and then measured by a meter of range 0 to 2 volt
and accuracy ± 1.5 % FS, find the worst case of accuracy in the measured value.
6) A Bourdon tube with resolution 2 psi . If it reads 100 psi and the pressure supply
varies between ± 1 psi . Find the range of reading in Pascal (Pa).
7) An input of 100 volt is applied to a voltmeter with resolution 0.1 volt. Find the
reading if the input is increased or decreased in the range of ± 0.1 volt.
2
8) If the power is given by P =I R (watt), calculate the relative error in power
measurement for error in resistance R and current I.
9) Calculate the relative error in power P for error in voltage V and resistance R
where P =V 2 /R (watt).
Arab Academy for Science & Technology
Course Title : Measurements & Installations
Course Code : EE218
Lecturer : Staff
Sheet N o 2
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
2) A mercury manometer reading at the top of a tower is 74.15 cm and at the bottom
is 76 cm . Calculate the height of the tower if the density of air between the top and
the bottom is 1.258 * 10 -3 g / cm3 .
4) A mercury manometer reading at the top of a tower is 94.5 KPa and at the bottom
is 76 cm Hg. Calculate the height of the tower if the density of air between top and
bottom is 1.258 * 10-3 g / cm3.
5) The barometric pressure is 91 KPa. Calculate the vapor pressure of the liquid and
the gauge reading, figure (1). The specific gravity of oil = 0.9.
Vapor only
1.2 m Oil
203 mm
B A
Mercury
Figure (1)
Vacuum
Air
Water 200 mm
3m
Mercury
Gauge
Figure (2)
Arab Academy for Science & Technology
Course Title : Measurements & Installations
Course Code : EE218
Lecturer : Staff
P
8) For the shown figure (3),
y1
A1 y1
y1 = 5 mm,
P = 50 KN / m2,
A2
D1 = 40 mm.
Find D2? Mercury
Figure (3)
9) Calculate the level of oil in the closed tank shown in figure (4). The specific
gravity of oil =0.85.
Atmosphere
Air
r 500 mm
Gauge Oil
Mercury
P=180 KPa
Figure (4)
10) A tank holds sea - water with depth 100 cm. What is the absolute pressure at the
tank’s bottom in N/m2, taking into account that the top of the tank is open to the
atmosphere ; the density of sea-water is 1.03 g / cm3 ; the atmospheric pressure is
1 bar and the acceleration due to gravity is 10 m / sec2. If the cross section area of
the tank is 1000 cm2, compute the total pressing force on the bottom of the tank.
11) If the barometric pressure is 758 mm Hg. Calculate the height h in figure (5).
241 mmHg
Vacuum pump h
Mercury
Figure (5)
12) A mercury manometer has one arm as a tube of 4 cm diameter and the other tube
Arab Academy for Science & Technology
Course Title : Measurements & Installations
Course Code : EE218
Lecturer : Staff
of 5 mm diameter inclined at 30 degree to the horizontal. Find the increase in
liquid level rise in the measuring tube.
13) Bourdon tube registers a vacuum pressure of 310 mm Hg at 1 atm. Calculate the
absolute pressure in psi.
14) A Wheatstone bridge has all 3 resistors = 120 Ω and the 4th one is the strain
gauge with its initial resistance (at no pressure) = 120 Ω and has gauge factor = 2.
The bridge supply voltage is 10V and the applied pressure causes a strain = 2500
µm/m. Calculate the offset voltage of the bridge.
Arab Academy for Science & Technology
Course Title : Measurements & Installations
Course Code : EE218
Lecturer : Staff
Sheet N o 3
LEVEL MEASUREMENT
3) In the design of a capacitance level gauge the separation distance between the two
plates is d cm and the dimensions of the plates are w meters width and h meters
height. The capacitance when the tank is empty is C pF. When certain amount of
insulating powder was poured in the tank the capacitance is changed to be 2C pF.
Arab Academy for Science & Technology
Course Title : Measurements & Installations
Course Code : EE218
Lecturer : Staff
If the dielectric constant of the powder is 3 times that of the air. Compute the ratio
of the height of the powder to the total height of the tank h.
Sheet N o 4
TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT
1) An Iron-Constantan thermocouple (TC) is used to measure temperature
between 0 o C and 300 oC at which it generates 5268 μV. If the thermal emf is
12500 μV relative to the reference junction at 20 o C. Estimate the measured
junction temperature.
2) For a certain thermistor, its resistance at 32 o F is known to be 9 KΩ. And at
212 o F is 2. Find its resistance at 77 o F.
3) A K type thermo-couple is assumed to have a linear operation range up to
1100 oC , with emf (0 o C reference) equal to 45.14 mV at this temperature. The
thermocouple is exposed to a temperature of 840 o C. The meter used as a cold
junction and its temperature is kept at 25 o C. Calculate the true thermal emf.
4) Find the length of a RTD made of Nickel wire, its diameter is 0.002 mm. Its
resistance is 100 Ω at 0 o C. For Nickel, the resistivity is about 8.7 x 10-8 Ω.cm
at 20 oC and the temperature coefficient α = 0.0068 / o C. Determine also the
value of resistance at steam point. R2 R3
5) In the bridge shown in figure, if the bridge is balanced.
R1 = 37.36 Ω , R2 = R3 = 25 Ω and R =25 Ω at 0oC.
R1 R
Find the temperature of the RTD.
Knowing that the thermal coefficient α = 0.00392 / oC. 10V
2) Water flows in a 150 mm diameter pipeline in the form of Venturi tube. The
mean velocity at the entrance is 4.5 m/sec. The U tube shows a head drop of
5 cm. Calculate the diameter of the throat.
4) An orifice meter (Cd = 0.61) measuring the flow of air in a pipe is substituting
by a Venturi meter (Cd = 0.98) having the throat diameter same as that of the
Orifice . for the same flow rate find the ratio of pressure drops for Venturi
meter to Orifice meter.
Solution of Sheet N o 1
ERROR-ACCURACY- RESOLUTION
6) A Bourdon tube with resolution 2 psi . If it reads 100 psi and the pressure supply
varies between ± 1 psi . Find the range of reading in Pascal (Pa).
The reading is 100 ± 1 psi i.e. 99 or 101 within the resolution 2 psi.
As 1psi = 6.895 KPa. The reading is (99 to 101) 6.895 KPa.
7) An input of 100 volt is applied to a voltmeter with resolution 0.1 volt. Find the
reading if the input is increased or decreased in the range of ± 0.1 volt.
The input volt varies in the resolution range, the reading is 99.9 and 100.1.
2
8) If the power is given by P =I R (watt), calculate the relative error in power
measurement for error in resistance R and current I.
Arab Academy for Science & Technology
Course Title : Measurements & Installations
Course Code : EE218
Lecturer : Staff
P= I R , if an error in resistance R is ∆R and an error in current is ∆I, the
2
Solution of Sheet N O 2
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
Law:
P = ρ.g.h
ρ Density Kg / m3 , ρHg = 13600 kg/m3.
g grarity const. 9.8 m/sec2
h depth of liquid meter.
Pressure at a point in ą liquid = weight of liquid column
Units:
Pascal ( Pa) = 1N/m2 = 1kg/ms2
1- P = ρ.g.h
water Pw = 1000* 9.8 * 3.3 = 32.34 KPa
mercury PHg =13600* 9.8 * 3.3 = 439.824 KPa / 6.895 = 63.78 psi
4- 76 cm Hg = 100 KPa
∆p = (101.325 – 94.5) * 103 = 6.825x10 3 Pa = ρ* g * H
= 1.258 * 9.8 .H H = 553.6 m
5- Pressure at A = pressure at B
91* 103 = (0.203 * 9.8 * 13600) + (1.2 * 9.8 *0.9 * 1000) + Pvap
6- Mercury P = ρHg * h * g
= 13.600 * 2* 2.54* 10-2 * 9.8
Water = 1000 * h * 9.8
h = 13.6 * 2 = 27.2 inch
8- P = ρ * h * g = ρ * (y1+ y2) * g.
A1 = (0.04) m2 = 1.256 * 10-3 m2
4
y1 =5 * 10 -3 m
50 x 103 = 13600 (y1 + y2 )* 9.8 = 133.28 103 (y1 + y2 ).
(y1 + y2 ) = 0.375 m = 375.150 mm.
Continuity equation , the same volume A1y1=A2 y2
Π (d1 / 2)2 y1= Π (d2 / 2)2 y2
Arab Academy for Science & Technology
Course Title : Measurements & Installations
Course Code : EE218
Lecturer : Staff
d2 = (y1/ y2)* d12
2
A2 =1.7 x 10 –5 m2
d2 = 4.65 mm.
10- Absolute pressure is the sum of fluid pressure and atmospheric pressure
1.03 *10 6
Pabs = P sw +Patm = ( x10x1)+ (100x 103) Patm
1000
= 10300+100 x 103 =110.3 x 103 Pa
h
Force = P x A =110.3 x 103 x1000 x10 – 4= 110.3 x 102 N .
12- Taking the length of the inclined tube as "L" and the vertical length of the inclined
tube is h2.
Volume 1 = volume 2
A1.h1 = A2.L
(D1)2.h1 = (D2)2.L
PA = PB
g.ρ.h1 = g.ρ.h2
sin 30 = opposite (vertical length of the inclined tube)/hypotenuse (length of the
inclined tube)
sin 30 = h2/L = 0.5
Arab Academy for Science & Technology
Course Title : Measurements & Installations
Course Code : EE218
Lecturer : Staff
1) In an outer type ultra sonic level gauge, the transmitter and receiver sensors are
established over a liquid tank such that their height from the bottom of the tank is
2 meters. If the time taken by the signal from the transmitting instant to the
-3
receiving instant is 2 x 10 sec. Find the liquid level height in the tank, taking
into consideration that the speed of signal is 350 m / sec.
T R
* h + d = 2m
* The time t = 2 x 10 - 3 sec.
* The speed of signal is 350 m / sec.
h+ d
Solution:
2d 2d
Speed = = 350 =
t 2 10 −3
d = 0.35m h = 2-0.35 = 1.65m
2) In a capacitance level gauge if the separation distance between the two square
electrodes is 5 cm. The capacitance C when the tank is empty is 20 x 105 pF. Certain
quantity of liquid is poured in the tank and the capacitance is dropped by 10 x 105 pF.
Arab Academy for Science & Technology
Course Title : Measurements & Installations
Course Code : EE218
Lecturer : Staff
If the fluid dielectric constant is 0.1 and the air dielectric constant is 1. Find the height
of the fluid in the tank if the width of the electrodes is w meter.
Solution.
3) In the design of a capacitance level gauge the separation distance between the two
plates is d cm and the dimensions of the plates are w meters width and h meters
height. The capacitance when the tank is empty is C pF. When certain amount of
insulating powder was poured in the tank the capacitance is changed to be 2C pF. If
the dielectric constant of the powder is 3 times that of the air. Compute the ratio of the
height of the powder to the total height of the tank h.
Solution.
K 8.85 w( h2 + 3h1 )
2C
= d *10 −2
C K 8.85 w( h2 + h1 )
d *10 −2
(h2 + 3h1)/(h1 + h2) = 2. So h1 = h2 = 0.5 h.
Solution of Sheet N O 4
TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT
1- Thermocouple:
0 o C to 300 o C 5268 μV
2 0 o C to Th o
C 12500 μV
The electro motive force: E=K (Th –Tc )
Where: K is the T / C sensitivity.
5268 =K (300 – 0 )
5268 300
12500 =K (Th –20 ) =
12500 (Th − 20)
Th = (12500 x 300-20 x 5268) / 5268 = 691.845 o C
2- Thermisror:
Ro = 9 KΩ
To = 32 o F is o
C +273 = 273 o K
RT1 = 2 KΩ
T1 = 212 o F is (212 - 32) x 5/9 o
C + 273 = 100 + 273 = 373 o K
RT2 = ? KΩ
Arab Academy for Science & Technology
Course Title : Measurements & Installations
Course Code : EE218
Lecturer : Staff
o
T2 = 77 F is (77- 32) x 5/9 o C +273 = 25+273 = 298 o K
1 1
R1 = R o e −
T
1 To
1 1
2 = 9e −
373 273
1 1
R2 = R1 e −
T T1
2
2 1 1
ln = − = −1.5
373x 273
= 1531.58697K
9 373 273 − 100
1 1
R2 = 2 e1531.87
−
= 2e
1.0336 = 5.62K
298 373
0 ÷ 1100 o C → 45.14 mv
E = K ( Th – Tc ) → E (45.14 mv ) = K (1100 - 0 )
K = 45.14 / 1100 mv / oC
E=
45.14
1100
(
840 o − 25 o = 33.44mv)
4- RTD
The RTD law: R = Ro (1+ αT) related to 0 oC.
6- Thermistor R
1 1
R = Ro e − 500
T To
1
1
20
0
-20 0 25 50 75 100 T (oC)
Given:
5
The temperature 212 oF is equal to ( 212 – 32 ) x = 100 oC + 273 = 373 oK
9
R373 = 20 KΩ , β = 3650 and RT = 500 KΩ T=?
1 1
R373 = RT −
e 373 T
1 1
20 = 500 3650 −
e 373
T
7- RTD
Given: α = 0.004 oC –1 R20 = 106 Ω
b
R1 = R2 = R3 = 100 Ω and Us = 10 v R2 R3
10 V
Arab Academy for Science & Technology
Course Title : Measurements & Installations
Course Code : EE218
Lecturer : Staff
T2 = 21 C , T1 = 20 oC and To = 0 o C
o
R21 = R20 + α ( 21 – 20 ) x Ro
R20 = Ro ( 1 + α x 20 ) → Ro = 98.148 Ω
R21 = 106 + 0.004 x 98.148 = 106.392 Ω
Resolution means the difference between the measuring device readings at T1 = 20 oC
and T2 = 21 oC
The reading of the measuring device Vab
10 xR20 10 xR3 106 100
Vab = − = 10 − = 10(0.545 − 0.5) = 0.145v
R1 + R20 R2 + R3 206 200
at T1 = 21 oC
10 xR21 10 xR3 106.392 100
Vab − = 10 − = 10(0.01548) = 0.1548v
R1 + R21 R2 + R3 206.392 200
The resolution ΔV = 0.1548 – 0.1450 = 0.0098 = 9.8 mv
1- RTD
b
R2 R3
Given: α = 0.00395 oC –1
R1 = R2 = R3 = 100 Ω and Ro = 100 Ω
Us = 10 volts
R1 RT
Va b = 0.569 volts ……… voltmeter reading. a
RT R3
Va b = 10 − = 0.569volt
R1 + RT R2 + R3 10 volt
RT
= 10 − 0.5 = 0.569volt
100 + RT
RT
= − 0.5 = 0.0569volt
100 + RT
RT = 0.5569 ( 100 + RT ) 0.4431 RT = 50.69 RT = 114.398
RT = Ro ( 1 + αT )
114.398 = 100 ( 1 + 0.00395 T )
14.394 = 0.395 T T = 36.44 oC
2
10
Power = I RT =
2
x 114.398 =0.2489 watt.
100 + 114.398
Arab Academy for Science & Technology
Course Title : Measurements & Installations
Course Code : EE218
Lecturer : Staff
Solution of Sheet N O 5
FLOW MEASUREMENT
2
( )
Notes K = A1A2 Gallon = 3.7854 liters
A − A22
1
2
1-
1
v 2 + gh + P = constant
2
kinetic energy + potential energy + pressure energy = constant.
V1
2- = gh V1A1 = V2A2 A2 = A1
V2
1 1
V12 + P1 = V22 + P2
2 2
1
2
( )
V22 − V12 = P = gh V2 − (4.5) = 2 9.8 (5 10 )
2 2 −2
3- = 800 kg / m 3 C d = 0 .9
Arab Academy for Science & Technology
Course Title : Measurements & Installations
Course Code : EE218
Lecturer : Staff
2
Q = C d K P
( )
K = A1A2
A − A22
1
2
Q
Q = A1V1 V1 =
A1
Q=? Q = Cd K
d 2 = 0.33 15 = 4.95cm
2
K = A1 A2 = 2.55313 10 −3
gas ( A1 − A2 )
2 2
Q2 K 0.4
= Q2 = 100 1.414 = 141 .4 Lit / min
100 K 0.2
Arab Academy for Science & Technology
Course Title : Measurements & Installations
Course Code : EE218
Lecturer : Staff