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HCNA 2-Network Devices and Framing
HCNA 2-Network Devices and Framing
Enterprise Networks
Branch A
Headquarters
Branch B
On-site employees
Branch C
Server Farm
Core
Aggregation/ Aggregation
Core
Access
Network Devices
• Network Hub:
– Hub is a networking device which is used to connect multiple network hosts.
– A network hub is also used to do data transfer. The data is transferred in terms of packets
on a computer network.
– When a host sends a packet to a hub, it copies the data packet to all of its ports.
– Like this, all the ports know about the data and the port for whom the packet is intended,
claims the packet.
– However, because of its working mechanism, a hub is not so secure and safe.
– Moreover, copying the data packets on all the interfaces or ports makes it slower and more
congested which led to the use of network switch.
• Network Switch:
– Switch is more intelligent than a hub.
– Hub just does data forwarding, a switch does ‘filter and forwarding’ which is a more
intelligent way of dealing with the data packets.
– So, when a packet is received at one of the interfaces of the switch, it filters the packet and
sends only to the interface of the intended receiver.
– For this purpose, a switch also maintains a CAM (Content Addressable Memory) table and
has its own system configuration and memory.
– CAM table is also called forwarding table or forwarding information base (FIB).
Transmission Medium
Coaxial
Ethernet
Fiber Optic
Serial
Ethernet Framing
• There exists however a clear distinction between the protocols that manage
physical data flow and the protocols responsible for logical forwarding and
delivery of traffic.
• The IEEE 802 standards represent a universal protocols for managing the
physical transmission of data across the physical network and comprises of
protocols including the Ethernet standard 802.3 for physical transmission
over local area networks.
• There exists however a clear distinction between the standards that manage
physical data flow and the standards responsible for logical forwarding and
delivery of traffic.
• TCP/IP has been widely adopted as the protocol suite defining the upper
layer standards, regulating the rules (protocols) and behavior involved in
managing the logical forwarding and delivery between end stations.
• Data link layer frames are used to govern transmission over the medium.
• As part of the IEEE 802.3 Ethernet standard, data is encapsulated with header and
a trailer before it can be send over Ethernet Network.
• PDU, at the data link layer is known as a frame.
• Ethernet frames contain instructions that govern how and whether data can be
transmitted over the medium between two or more points.
Frame Formats
Host A Host B
Ethernet II Frame
IEEE802.3 Frame
• The IEEE 802.3 frame type is associated with protocols with a type value
less than 1500 (0x05DC).
• Some older protocols that have existed for many years but that are still
applied in support of Ethernet networks are likely to apply the IEEE 802.3
frame type.
• One clear example of this is found in the case of the Spanning Tree
Protocol (STP) that is represented by a value of 0x03 within the type field
of the SNAP header.
• Ethernet based networks achieve communication between two end stations on a LAN
using Media Access Control (MAC) addressing that allows end systems within a multi
access network to be distinguished.
• The MAC address is a physical address that is burned into the network interface card
to which the physical medium is connected.
• This same MAC address is retrieved and used as the destination MAC address of the
intended receiver by the sender, before the frame is transferred to the physical layer
for forwarding over the connected medium.
Host A Host B
MAC:10-0B-A9-23-38-10 MAC:10-0B-A9-9D-C9-B8
D.MAC
MAC:10-0B-A9-9D-B9-C8
Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi
Lecture 2: Enterprise Networks HCNA-01
• The remaining 24 bits of the MAC address is a value that is incrementally and
uniquely assigned to each product (e.g. a Network Interface Card or similar
product supporting port interfaces for which a MAC is required).
48 bits
24 bits 24 bits
• This 8th bit is always set to 0 where the MAC address is a host MAC address, and signifies
that any frame containing this MAC address in the destination MAC address field is intended
for a single destination only.
• Where hosts exist within a shared collision domain, all connected hosts will receive the
unicast transmission but the frame will be generally ignored by all hosts where the MAC
address in the destination MAC field of the frame does not match the MAC value of the
receiving host on a given interface, leaving only the intended host to accept and process the
received data.
• Unicast transmissions are only forwarded from a single physical interface to the intended
destination, even in cases where multiple interfaces may exist.
7 bits 0
Host A Host B
unicast
Host C Host D
FF FF FF FF FF FF
Host A Host B
broadcast
Host C Host D
Multicast
• Multicast forwarding can be understood as a form of selective broadcast that allows
select hosts to listen for a specific multicast MAC address.
• Since there is no relative distinction between unicast MAC addresses and multicast
MAC address formats, the multicast address is differentiated using the 8th bit of the
first octet.
• Where this bit value represents a value of 1, it identifies that the address is part of
the multicast MAC address range, as opposed to unicast MAC addresses where this
value is always 0.
7 bits 1
Host A Host B
multicast
Host C Host D
• If the transmission of a frame is detected on the link, the host will delay the
forwarding of its own frames until such time as the line becomes available,
following which the host will begin to forward frames from the physical
interface towards the intended destination.
Frame Forwarding
• Frame is carried over the medium to its intended destination.
• In the case of a shared network, the frame may be received by multiple hosts.
• If destination mac address does not matches the host mac’s or frame is not a
broadcast frame then the frame is discarded.
• For the intended destination, the frame will be received and processed.
• The host must also confirm that the integrity of the frame has been by checking the
frame check sequence (FCS) field.
• If the values do not match, the frame will be considered as corrupted and will be
subsequently discarded.
• For valid frames, the host will then need to determine the next stage of processing by
analyzing the type field of the frame header and identify the protocol to which this
frame is intended.
• In this example the frame type field contains a hexadecimal value of 0x0800 that
identifies that the data taken from the frame should be forwarded to the Internet
Protocol (IP), prior to which, the frame header and trailer are discarded.
Frame Processing
Host A Host B
Data