Inglês

Adjective + suffix

 -ness
Polite – politeness Happy – happiness
Present Simple
Use:  -ity
Generous – generosity Secure – security
 Permanent situations
 Daily routine /habits
 -ance
 Timetables
Ignorant – ignorance Important – importance
 Facts/ universal truths

Form: 3rd person singular: infinitive + s  -cy

Private – privacy Diplomatic – diplomacy
Present Continuous
Use:  -ence
Violent – violence Obedient – obedience
 Actions happening at the
Moment of speaking Noun + suffix
 Temporary actions
 Actions in the near future  -ship
Form: to be (am, are, is) + ing form Friend – friendship Relation – relationship

Time expressions may include:  -hood

Child – childhood
 Always, every…, occasionally, often, normally,
usually, sometimes, seldom, rarely, never, etc.
Present perfect
Past Simple
 Action started and finished
A period until now
---------------------
in the past
 Habitual actions of the past Past Now

Form: Present perfect:

Regual verbs: infinitive + ed
Irregular verbs make the past form in different ways have/has + part participle of the main verb

I/We/You/They Have(‘ve) travelled

Past Continuous
 An action that was in the progress in the past He/She/It Has (‘s) Been

Form: to be (was, were) + infinitive + ing

Time expressions may include: Presente perfect continuous

 Yesterday, the day before, then , last Use:
week/month/year, a week/month/year ago.  To express na action that started in the past and
still continuing.
Noun formation
Verb + suffix Form: have/has + been + verb(+ing)

 -al
Approve – approval Refuse – refusal

 -ance/ -ence Time markers:

Accept – acceptance Exit – existence
 How long? for, since, recently, lately, all
 -ion day…
Discriminate – discrimination Discuss – discussion
Double Comparatives
 -ment Gradual comparative
Improve – improvement Develop – development
Form: comparative + comparative
 -ing
Mean – meaning Feel – feeling Ex: better and better
 Proportional comparative Must Necessity/Deduction You must see it to
learn about cultural
Form: the + comparative/ the + comparative connection./ She
speaks Spanish.
Ex: The harder you study, the faster you’ll learn.
She must be be
The more expensive the phone is, the more
from Hispanic
functional it is. country.
Mustn‘t Prohibiton You mustn’t arrive
late.
Comparatives of Adjectives Will Facts in the future, Will you come with
Adjetives of Adj + er predictions; invitations us?
-1 syllable Ex: smaller Would Hypothetical condition Would you help me
-2 syllables (ending – y) nicer Polite request or offer
happier Should Opinon/ Advice Spanglish should be
easier a five-star movie.
Adjectives of 2 or more more + adj You should see it
syllables Ex: more modern
more expensive
less … Rules

 Always followed by an infinitive (without to)

Past Perfect/Past perfect Continuous
Past perfect
Form: had n’t + past
pasticiple: +ed; 3rd coluns of
irregular verbs
 Does not have singular or plural form
 Negative and interrogative without another
auxiliary verb
Past perfect continuous
Ex: I can’t go – negative
Can I go? – interrogative
Form: had n‘t + been +
verb+ing
 Changes the context of the following verb

Completed/finished actions in An action of the past that

the past that happened before
another past event.
Ex: When I arrived at the
school, th estudents had
already left.
Interrogativa:
They had arrived before noon.
Had they arrived before noon?
happened before another
action of the past but focus
is on the duration.
Ex: They had been
watching TV when their
mother called them.

Teenglish
 To exclude adults.
 To fit in/intergrate a group.
 They are using it in a witten language, too.
 Applications letter.
 Exams answers/essays.

Modal verbs
Can Possibility, permission What can we learn
from other
cultures?
Could Possibilitity now or in What could go
the future wrong?
May Possible actions in the I may not arrive in
future time at the cinema.
Might Possible actions in the I haven’t seen the
future(less than then film yet, but there
may) might be some
romance in the air.
I might see it next
week.