Chapter 1

(zoology)

Presented by
 “Biological
What is biological Diversity”
diversity(biodiversity)?

BIO + Diversity

Means “life” Means “Variety”

 Biologists named and identified
About 1.7
million

(260,000🌴🌻) (50,000‍‍♂🐄)
‍ ️ (750,000🦋🐝)
Plantae Vertebrate Insect

•Thousands of newly identified

species are added every year
What is Taxonomy?

Different
levels of
classification
The broadest of the classification
are five Kingdom.
1.Monera
2.Protista
3.Plantae
4.Fungi
5.Animalia
 Monera
01 02 03
Characteristi
cs
1.microscopic
organisms
2..prokaryotic
cells
3.bacteria
kingdom
Protista
Characteristics
1.microscopic organisms
2.mostly unicellular
eukaryotes(have nucleus )
 Plantae

☘
Characteristics

🌴 1.Photosynth
esis
2.Multicellula 🌱
r
 Fungi
🍄Obtained food by breaking down dead
organisms
 Animalia
‍♂️ingestion ,eating and
digestion
‍ multicellular
♀️
Kingdom animalia includes
● Insects
● Worms
● Fish
● Reptiles
● Birds
● Mammals
 Animals that related to human health
problems

1. Protista
2. Animalia
 Kingdom Protista
(Protozoa)

The study of protista protistology

Protista unicellular
(contain a cell
nucleus),eukaryotes
Animals like protista Protozoa
Plants like protista Algae
Fungus like protista Mold
● Protista are not animals,plants and fungus.
● They do not have natural group.
Protozoa(Kingdom-Protista)
Unicellular, microscopic organism
● Animal like lifestyle(active consumers, not photosynthesis)
● Vacuoles
Food vacuole - enclose food particles for digestion
● Contractile vacuole - expel excess water
● Single cell employ features for motile
● Majority of protozoa are free living, some are parasitic and
pathogenic
(eg.Amoeba)
Animal like protista(Kingdom-Protista,Phylum-Protozoa)
Classified groups by their locomotion

1.Sarcomastigophora
a.Sarcodina - locomote by pseudopod
b.Mastigophora - locomote by flagella

2. Apicomplexa(known as Sporozoan)
-all are parasitic
-it cannot locomote, produces spores

3. Ciliophora
-locomote by cilia
**flagella longer than cilia
Flagella long up to 200 micron meter
 Phylum-Sarcodina
Amoeba
(Kingdom-Protista,Protozoa, sub Phylum-Sarcodina)
*occur throughout the world
(in marine,freshwater and terrestrial environment)
*Present pseudopod,gather food
*lack of flagella & most reproduce asexually**some produces
sexually by gametes
*Amoeboid Protozoa are more specialized than amoeba
*others are parasite or symbiont in digestive tract of various
animals while others are free living
*Entamoeba histolytica cause amoebic dysentery
 Species of Amoeba
● Chaos carolinense
● widely cultivated and studied in classroom & laboratory

● Naegleria fowleri
● also known as brain eating amoeba
● Amoeba proteus
● widely cultivated and studied in classroom & laboratory

● Entamoeba histolytica
● internal parasite that cause amoebic dysentery

● Dictyostellium discoideum
● multicellular social amoeba slime mould
 E.histolytica
● Occurs in humans,apes,monkeys,dogs,cats and rats
● Feeding stage(trophozoite)👉inhabits in lower small intestine(caecum)
and colon(also binary fission occurs and four-nucleated cysts
happens)👉passed out and ingested in food or water
● Sometimes, Amoeba invades mucosa and submucosa (trophozoites
stage of Amoeba ‘s habitats,large intestine) and maybe via portal to the
liver or maybe other parts(if so harmful,brain will be their target)
● Damages can be caused to the bowel or the liver(so rare)
● As if so poor in sanitary, symptoms start to happen loss of
blood(amoebic dysentery) or tissues-damaged,diarrhoea
 MORPHOLOGY OF Entamoeba
Histolytica
3 Phases of
Morphology

Trophozoite Pre-cystic Cystic

 Trophozoites(Pathogenic Stage)

➤Feeding and Growing stage

➤Habitat - mucosa and submucosa layers of large intestine of man

➤Shape(constantly changing)

➤Size - 20 to 30 micron

➤Movement - slow gliding

➤Move at a speed of 5 mm/s

 Characteristics of Trophozoites

➤Pseudopodium- short & round at the tip

➤Absence of a classical mitochondria

➤Cytoplasm- Ectoplasm, Endoplasm(Granular)

RBC, leucocytes and tissues debris

➤Nucleus - spherical in shape

 Nucleus of Trophozoites

➤Shape - spherical & vesicular

➤It measures 4-6 micrometers in diameter

➤It appears cartwheel-like

➤Having cartwheel-like nucleus is the diagnostic

character of E. histolytica
✣ Fresh Preparation( Not Visible)

✣ Stained Preparation :
(Wheatley trichrome staining is commonly used)

• Karyosome
• Nuclear membrane
• Linin Network
 TMI of Trophozoites

✤Only form present in the tissue

✤Appears only in diarrheic faeces & survive

only for few hours

✤Trophozoite is surrounded by the limiting

membrane called plasmalemma

✤Trophozoites tend to be more elongated in

diarrheal stool

Trophozoites of E.histolytica stained with Giemsa

 Pre-cystic Stage

➤Smaller ( size 10 to 20 micron)

➤Shape-rounded & slightly ovoid, blunt pseudopodium

➤Endoplasm ( free of RBC & other ingested food particles)

➤Nuclear structure =that of Trophozoite)

 Cystic Stage (Infective Stage)
➤Parasites(rounded, surrounded by cyst wall)

Mononucleate
➤begins(uninucleate)⇢binary fission⇢develops(binucleate & quadrinucleate)

Cytoplasm(i) chromatoid bars mature cyst ➭ spherical

body
(ii) glycogen mass Cytoplasm ➭ clear &
hyaline Binucleate cyst
Nuclear structure ➭
Trophozoite

➤Cyst varies in size( smaller ➭6 to 9 micron, larger ➭ 12 to 15 micron)

➤passes in faeces⇢ complete their development outside

Quadrinucleate
 Life Cycle

➤Only one host (man)

➤Mainly two phases of development

•Trophozoites & Cyst

➤Transitory phase
•Pre-cystic form
 1. Excystation
➤From Quadrinucleate cyst⇢Trophozoites

➤Quadrinucleate cyst⇢infective forms

➤ Q.n ingested by men with food or fluid

➤Cyst can stand gastric juice in the stomach

↳ is digested by trypsin in the small intestine

➤Cytoplasm body loosens from cyst-wall

➤Liberates a tetranucleate amoeba⇢Binary fission⇢Eight

amoebulae (metacystic trophozoites ) by Cell Division (division of Excystation
nuclei with successive fission of cytoplasm)

➤Young active amoeba⇢invade the submucous tissue of lower

small intestine (caecum) & colon
 2. Multiplication

➤Trophozoite ⇢grow at the expense of living tissue

⇢multiply in large numbers

⇢reproduce by simple binary fission(mitosis)

 2. Encystation

➤From Trophozoites⇢cystic

➤Trophozoite stage⇢unable to complete life cycle

➤Certain no. of trophozoites (in intestinal wall) ⇢discharge into

lumen of the bowel (colon) (get more food)
⪼transformed small pre-cystic forms⇢cysts develop
( In Rectum⇢mononucleate cyst⇢nucleus divides ⇢binucleate
cysts⇢tetranucleate cysts) *Binary Fission

➤Takes place within few hours

➤Cysts⇢not develop inside tissue of man(lumen of bowel)